INTRODUCTION
Over the five centuries that have passed since the beginning of the colonization of the countries of the American continent, a number of specific features have emerged in the Spanish language of America that distinguish it from European Spanish. Latin American countries have developed their own linguistic tradition, their own language policy, a special socio-geographical structure of speech has been determined, and unique relationships have formed between the dialect and literary levels of the language.
All this requires detailed consideration and understanding. To date, the arsenal of Spanish-American dialectology has accumulated a huge amount of material, uneven both in its factual reliability and scientific value. In our work, we were initially based on the works of Academician G.V. Stepanov, who made a huge contribution to the development of linguistic variability based on the material of the Spanish language, as well as N.M. Firsova, since she, in turn, is based on Stepanov’s concepts. For a more in-depth analysis, we are going to turn to English- and Spanish-language sources that address the issue of variability in the Spanish language in order to take into account different views on the zonal dialectological division.
There is an opinion about the “inferiority” of the Latin American version due to deviations from the classical Castilian norm. For several centuries there has been a struggle (and in some cases, promotion) of the dogma of Iberian Spanish and the transformations that occurred during colonization and continue to this day due to the influence of a number of factors that will be discussed in this work. We set ourselves the goal of understanding this issue and dispelling the existing myth about the imperfection of Spanish in Latin America, in particular the Mexican version, to show with examples that it has a right to exist, since it is a reflection of the history and modern life of huge sections of the population of various countries united one language, although it varies from territory to territory. To do this, in the second part of the work we will classify the Mexican vocabulary into semantic blocks, including both simple words and fixed expressions, noting the presence of this vocabulary in the dictionary of the Royal Academy of the Spanish Language (DRAE)
language lexical semantic Spanish
Spanish in Latin America
The concept of variability and Latin American variant
Academician G.V. Stepanov defines the variability of language as one of its fundamental properties, ensuring the ability of language to serve as a means of human communication, thinking, expression and objectification of manifestations of real life [Stepanov, 2004: 3].
It is advantageous to consider variability using the example of the Spanish-speaking area (Spain and Latin America), since it is this area that represents a unique phenomenon as an object of linguistic research. The length of the Spanish-speaking American territory alone from north to south is over 12 million km (by air); the total area of the neo-Spanish zone is determined to be 10.5 million square meters. km. Spanish is one of the most widely spoken languages in the world (approximately 329 million speakers, not including secondary speakers). It becomes obvious that the issue of its external linguistic variability deserves special attention. In addition to Spain, the Spanish language is widespread in Latin America, where it is used by the population of Mexico and most of the countries of Central America (Panama, Costa Rica, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua), the Antilles (Cuba, Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic), South America (Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela, Chile) and the Rioplata region (Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay).
The expansion of the Spanish language beyond its original distribution created the conditions for the formation of its individual varieties. (The term “variety” is used by Firsova as a generic concept to designate any form of existence of the Spanish language).
Insufficient development of the complex problem of the forms of existence of the Spanish language leads to great discrepancy and confusion in terminology regarding the status of individual varieties of the Spanish language outside Spain. Among Spanish and Latin American linguists, differential features of their classification have not yet been developed. Most often in foreign scientific and educational literature, in relation to the rank of the Spanish language used in Latin American countries, the following terms are used: idioma nacional, nuestra lengua, el idioma de + the name of the inhabitants of the country, el idioma nacional de + the name of the inhabitants countries, idioma patrio, idioma nativo, castellano, el espanol en + name of the country, lengua + definition derived from the name of the country.
In domestic scientific literature, when indicating the status of the Spanish language in various countries of Latin America, one can often find a confusion of the concepts of a national version of a literary language and a dialect. There are also such definitions as “the Latin American version of the Spanish language” (about the language of the Venezuelans), “the local version of the Spanish language” (about the language of the Bolivians). In Russian linguistics and sociolinguistics, thanks to the works of G., V. Stepanova, A.I. Home A.D., Schweitzer and a number of other scientists, a firm point of view has been established that national variants of multinational languages are subsystems of a higher rank compared to dialects. In Russian Spanish studies, following G.V. Stepanov defines the status of the Spanish language in Latin American countries as a “national variant” of the Spanish language. N.M. Firsova fully agrees with the point of view of G.V. Stepanov, who wrote that “it is methodologically erroneous, and since situations develop within states, it is also politically incorrect and tactless, to combine hierarchical structures by bringing into one stratification scale, for historical, purely linguistic or other reasons, territorial options involved in different situations, and qualify Brazilian Portuguese as a dialect of the language of Portugal, Canadian French as a dialect of French France, and Argentine Spanish as a dialect of European Spanish or vice versa" [Stepanov, 1976: 59]. National varieties of the Spanish language have their own dialects.
As for the linguistic differential features between the national varieties of the Spanish language, observations show that nowadays there are clearly visible differences in terms of literary national norms of the Spanish language at all linguistic levels (least of all at the grammatical level). There is no doubt that “the national (national) linguistic norm of Spain itself is not currently the only norm for all countries that speak Spanish” [Stepanov, 1963: 8]. In this case, we are not talking about individual deviations from the norm of the literary standard language of the former metropolis, but about deviations inherent in entire groups of Spanish-speaking people living in different territories of its distribution and belonging to different national-cultural communities. The point of view that follows from this concept “on the equality of Latin American and Iberian norms of national speech seems valuable, since the latter, being a “historical starting point,” does not embody in its current state the unconditional ideal of a common Spanish language” [Stepanov, 1966: 20].
So, according to the research of N.M. Firsova, at present, in general terms, the following classification of the forms of existence of Spanish is possible:
1. National option the Spanish language, which is characterized by such features as: 1) Spanish has the rank of an official (state) language; 2) the presence of a national literary norm; 3) Spanish is the native language of the absolute number of residents or the share of the Spanish-speaking population is more than 50% of the total population of the country; 4) the Spanish language performs a full range of social functions; 5) the language has a certain linguocultural specificity. All Latin American variants of the Spanish language have signs of a national variant, except for the Iberian one. Latin American national varieties of the Spanish language differ from each other, primarily in the number of residents of Indian origin and in the percentage of the Spanish-speaking population.
2. Territorial option the Spanish language, which is characterized by the following features: 1) Spanish has the rank of official (state); 2) lack of a national literary norm; 3) Spanish is not I'm in is native to the absolute number of residents, and the share of the Spanish-speaking population is less than 50% of the total population of the country; 4) has a well-known linguocultural specificity. These features are characteristic of the Spanish language in Equatorial Guinea.
3. Territorial dialect Spanish language. Its main features: 1) spread outside of states in which the sociolinguistic status of the Spanish language is defined as a variant (national or territorial); 2) does not have its own literary norm of the language; 3) does not have the rank of an official (state) language; 4) is not native to the absolute majority of the country’s population; 5) serves certain small groups of the population; 6) used in limited areas of communication; 7) the language has certain local specifics. These features are characteristic of the Spanish language in Morocco, Western Sahara, Andorra and the Philippines.
4. Dialect Spanish, which differs from a territorial dialect in the first way, namely, that it is typically distributed within (not outside) countries in which the sociolinguistic status of the Spanish language is defined as a variant (national or territorial). The areas of use of the dialect are limited to everyday conversation and religion. The number of dialects of the Spanish language is very large. Dialect studies in a number of Spanish-speaking countries (outside Spain) are at an early stage of development. In modern Spain, dialects such as Andalusian (andaluz), Aragones, Asturian-Leonese (murciano) and Extremaduran are usually distinguished. (extreme).
In Spanish-American studies, the view of the Spanish language of America as a single dialect has long been widespread, which has given rise to the erroneous idea that the conclusions obtained based on the analysis of linguistic factors in a limited area can be applied to the entire American area as a whole.
One of the first Spanish-American dialectologists to outline the classification of dialects by zone on the scale of the entire American area was P. E. Ureña. In the next block of my work, I will consider various zonal classifications of Latin American varieties of the Spanish language.
Spanish is one of the most widely spoken languages on the planet. Today it confidently takes its place among the top three leading languages and, quite possibly, will receive even more new speakers in the foreseeable future. The “blame” for this in the past is the Spanish conquistadors and conquerors, in the present it is the active increase in the number of people in Latin American countries that speak Spanish.All about Spanish
If you are starting to learn, then be careful about whether you are really studying Spanish and its literary version. It would never occur to a Russian-speaking person that only in Spain itself this language has several dialects, which differ quite seriously from each other. Only in the North of the country are there three accents and one dialect, which also has its own characteristic differences, especially phonetic ones.We are talking about Aragonese, Leonese and Castilian dialects, as well as Asturleonese dialects. Each of the dialects has its own dialects, localized geographically. In the southern part of this state, the Andalusian dialect is widespread.
Mexican Spanish
The capital of the Mexican dialect, as well as of Mexico itself, is Mexico City. In other regions of the country, the dialect is close to the capital, but only some lands have their own characteristics. For example, the dialects of Yucatan and Chiapas are somewhat different, but not so much that residents of different regions do not understand each other.Let us also note that it is the Mexican version of the Spanish language that is the basis for the replication of Spanish in the United States of America. One of the main differences of this dialect is the firm pronunciation of consonants and the reduction of vowels, which is not observed in any other variant of Spanish.
Argentine Spanish dialect
Do not know, ? Don't forget that in the Argentinean version of this language everything is much simpler than in classic Spanish. Argentine Spanish is called "castesciano". Its ancestor was the Castilian dialect, which was noticeably simplified. Phonetics has undergone changes. The Argentine dialect is in many ways more reminiscent of Portuguese than Spanish. It is the language of immigrant workers, which eventually captured the rest of the population. In the Argentine dialect, j is pronounced like [sh]. This applies to all words, including names or titles.Peruvian dialect of Spanish
The Peruvian dialect has the following characteristic features: the sound [z] is mixed with the sound [s], representing a cross between these two sounds. Some consonants are pronounced softer than in traditional Spanish.“Neutral” Spanish – what is it?
The non-literary version of Spanish is considered neutral. The phonetic features of “neutral” Spanish were taken from Colombian pronunciation, which is rightfully considered one of the most beautiful. However, native speakers were only confused by the pace of speech, which was too fast in the “Colombian original” and not always understandable to speakers of other dialects. Therefore, the phonetic features of the Caribbean dialect, which can safely be called relatively measured for Latin America, were also used.“Neutral Spanish” completely lacks Mexican and Argentine intonations, words, speech rate and other features. They can only be used if it is necessary to emphasize the origin of a particular person. All TV series, songs and other cultural products of Latin America today are presented to the world through the use of such “neutral Spanish”, in fact adapted so that all Spanish speakers and foreigners can find common ground and understand each other.
What should a Russian-speaking student who decides to get to know the Spanish language better do? Experts advise starting with a standard literary language that will allow you to conduct business negotiations, correspondence, and so on. Learning a particular dialect depends on your goals. If you are planning a trip to Latin American countries, then seek help directly from a native speaker who will teach you all the intricacies of the dialect of interest.
Differences between Spanish from Latin America and Spain
We are often asked about the differences between the Spanish spoken in Spain and Latin America. However, even if there are slight differences in the types of Spanish, it is necessary to emphasize the fact that all Spanish speakers understand each other, no matter where they come from: Cadiz or Cusco, Salamanca or Buenos Aires.
As mentioned above, there are differences between Spanish from Spain and Latin America. There are even subtypes of Spanish depending on the regions of Latin America or Spain!
First, let's think about the origin of the name of the language itself. In Latin America it is often called Castilian (after the region of Castile), instead of Spanish. At the same time, in some regions of Spain, where other languages such as Galician and Catalan are also spoken, Spanish is considered the official language.
Why are there differences?
When the Spanish conquistadors traveled around the world to spread “Catholicism” in exchange for precious metals, they carried with them a language that was later modified in their homeland.
A linguist named Marquardt coined the term "retraso colonial" or "colonial retention" to describe the phenomenon in which the language of colonized countries remained unchanged in contrast to the language of its country of origin. An example is the use of the word "Fall" in the US and "Autumn" in the UK. When British colonists went to the United States, "Fall" was more common than in the Latin version of British English. Some time later, the word "fall" became obsolete in Great Britain, but continues to be used in the United States. This process occurs not only with the vocabulary of the language, but also in grammar.
Later, groups of immigrants from different parts of Europe brought their linguistic traditions to Latin America. In turn, these groups encountered local linguistic features that combined to create local dialects.
Pronoun vos
The colonies were formed by groups of Spaniards from different regions of Spain. In addition, they all spoke their own dialect, which was transferred to the colonies. Over time, due to limited communication with Spain (the invention of the telephone took several centuries), the language began to develop and acquire the characteristics of the local colonists. Some elements of the imported “original” Spanish have been preserved, others have changed.
One clear example of this process is the use of the pronoun vos, especially in Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay and Uruguay. Originally, vos was a second person plural pronoun ("you"), but came to be used as a polite address in the second person singular ("you"), and later as an address among close friends ("you"). This pronoun was widely used in Spain at the time the language arrived in South America. However, after some time it fell out of use as a Spanish language, but still remained popular among the residents of Rio de la Plata. Today, just like 150 years ago, in a noisy cafe in Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay or Uruguay, you are more likely to hear “¿de dónde sos?” instead of “¿de donde eres?” (Where are you from?)
The use of vos and its various conjugation forms is becoming increasingly popular in some places in Latin America due to use among small groups of people in Bolivia, Chile, Nicaragua, Guatemala and Costa Rica.
It is important to emphasize that both forms of the pronoun tú or vos (you) will be understood by Spanish speakers around the world. Choosing one pronoun or the other will only indicate your country of origin or learning Spanish.
You are ustedes
Another difference between Spanish in Latin America is the use of ustedes (more formal) instead of the pronoun vosotros (you, plural, informal). This means that when coming to Spain, students must remember one more verb conjugation.
For example, in Spain you can say, ¿Cuál fue la última película que visteis? (what was the last movie you watched) to your friends, but you'll probably tell your grandparents ¿Cuál fue la última película que vieron? (What was the last movie you saw?) In Latin America, the second form is used in both cases.
Ustedes (you) is also used in the Canary Islands. Only the Balearic Islands and Spain use vosotros (you). If you use only the Latin American version, you will be perfectly understood in Spain. And they will even consider you very polite!
Special words
Computadora (computer in Latin America) – ordenador (computer in Spain)
The vast majority of Spanish words are universal. But there are also special cases, for example: teléfono móvil/celular (mobile phone) and ordenador/computadora (computer), in which the second word is taken from Latin American Spanish. There are also many other words that are used differently depending on the dialect. For example, in Spain they say bolígrafo (handle), in Chile lápaz pasta, in Argentina lapicera, and so on.
In general, the difference in vocabulary is no greater than between British and American English.
However: some words are still best used with caution. For example, in Spain, the verb coger means to take, catch, bring. In Latin America, coger is a colloquial term often used to describe... an act of love.
Pronunciation
The biggest differences in Spanish are in pronunciation, but even these are not that fundamental. For example, in many areas of Central America, the letter s is not always pronounced at the end of a word, and some other syllables may be dropped. In Argentina, the double l (ll), which is usually pronounced as a "ya" sound, has a "sh" sound.
Perhaps the most significant difference between pronunciation in Spain and Latin America is the concept of "ceceo" (pronunciation of the interdental sound), which is common in Madrid and other areas of Spain. According to legend, this manner of pronunciation was copied by the Spanish nobility from King Fernando. As often happens, the legend remains just one guess. Another explanation for this could be the origin of these sounds from ancient Castilian.
However, this does not explain why these elements of pronunciation did not come to the colonies. Not all changes in language are logical... just like in English.
Naturally, you will absorb the accent of the region in which you study Spanish, but this will absolutely not become a problem for mutual understanding. We all have our own pronunciation quirks, and they can't be better or worse! If you develop a particular accent while learning Spanish or any other language, it becomes part of your personality and reflects your experiences and lifestyle. Which Spanish is better to learn: from Spain or Latin America?
Some people believe that the Spanish language in Colombia is the purest and most beautiful. Others say Spanish is the sexiest in Argentina. And still others believe that Spanish in Madrid is the most correct, because it is there that the center of the Royal Academy of the Spanish Language is located. Therefore, when choosing a place to study Spanish, you need to consider where you would like to live, what places to visit and, of course, your budget . Rest assured that whatever variety of Spanish you speak will be understood throughout the Spanish-speaking world.
Nineteen countries of Latin America, seventeen regions of Spain - in each zone the language has characteristics that depend on linguistic and extra-linguistic circumstances. In this article we will get acquainted with the Mexican version of the Spanish language and outline the features that distinguish it from other varieties and dialects.
Reasons for the emergence of Mexican Spanish
Mexico is home to many ancient civilizations, some of which still retain their languages and dialects. In addition, Mexico is the northernmost country in Central America, bordering the United States. These two circumstances have a strong influence on the Mexican version of the Spanish language. When the conquistadors, led by Fernando Cortez, conquered southeastern Mexico in the 16th century, they encountered hundreds of tribes, each speaking a local dialect with individual phonetic and grammatical features. The current sociopolitical situation in the country is directly related to the English language, which also influences the speech of Spanish-speaking Mexicans.
Since ancient languages were the basis for the “introduction” of Spanish at all levels, and Spanish in Mexico is in contact with English only phonetically and lexically, it is logical to consider the features of the Mexican variant separately at each linguistic level in order to understand the Mexican features and where they come from happen.
Phonetic level of the Mexican variant
Let's start with phonetic features common to Latin American countries. Due to the fact that Spanish did not develop naturally on the American continent, but was brought and introduced artificially, it underwent simplifications that spread throughout all Latin American countries. The most important of them:
fusion of sounds: interdental sound /θ/ (letters c, z) and sound /s/, pronounced as /s/;
fusion of sounds: into a single /ʝ/ (pronounced like the Russian / й/), the semivowel /y/ and the sound indicated by the fusion of consonants /ll/ merge.
In the scientific field, these phenomena are called seseo And yeahismo. The result of such changes is the merger of words casa(house) and caza(hunting), llanta(tire) and yanta(afternoon snack). However, this does not cause any difficulties in understanding the speech of Latin Americans by Spaniards.
The phonetic feature of the Mexican version, as we noted above, is the sounds borrowed from English, contact with which has been maintained in Mexico for several centuries. In big cities, as well as in the north of the country, Mexicans use the Americanized non-vibrating sound /r/ instead of the Spanish sounds /r/ and /rr/:
merging sounds into one borrowed one: /pe§o/ instead of /pero/ and instead of /perro/;
Thus, when you arrive in Mexico and speak Spanish with the local population, you will immediately feel (or rather, hear) the closeness of the United States.
Another phonetic feature of Mexican Spanish is variety of intonations in the regions. They are studied by the special science of dialectology, since we are talking about various regional dialects of the Spanish language in Mexico, associated with the dialects of the ancient Indians. When America was conquered by the Spaniards, the indigenous peoples adopted the new language, but assimilated it into the languages of their ancestors, which is why Spanish sounds different in the southern Mexico, where the Mayan Indians lived, or in the north. It happens that northern Mexicans come to the south and have difficulty understanding their compatriots, although lexical features, which we will discuss below, most likely play a larger role here.
Morphology and grammar of the Mexican variant
Neither English nor Amerindian languages are thought to have had a strong influence on the morphology of Mexican Spanish. Despite this, we can talk about changes-simplifications in the Mexican version, associated with the fact of the artificial development of the Spanish language in Latin American countries. Thus, in ancient Indian languages there were many consonant sounds (by the way, close to the Russian sounds /ch/, /sh/, /sch/), due to which the difference in overstressed vowels in the Mexican version was no longer clear. If a Spaniard says , pronouncing each vowel, a Mexican will say , “eating” the endings, like Americans “eating” the endings of English words:
vowel reduction: instead of ;
Another trend is related to creating analogies in verb conjugations. During the development of the Spanish language in Mexico, the final consonant /s/ in the form of the 2nd person singular verb of the present tense (tu hablas) strengthened in the same position in the simple past, from where the forms estuvistes, hablastes, etc. appeared.
creating an analogy: instead of, instead of;
In connection with grammar, features common to Latin America are also important:
using the Ustedes form instead of vosotros: “- ¿Adónde van? ¡Esperenme! " instead of " - ¿Adónde vais? ¡Esperadme!”;
widespread use of the simple past tense(Pretérito Perfecto Simple) and its widespread use instead of the compound past (Pretérito Perfecto Compuesto): “Hoy estuvimos en casa” instead of “Hoy hemos estado en casa”;
These features do not distinguish Mexico's Spanish from other Latin American varieties, but are important because of the strong bias in Spain's Spanish language norms.
Lexical features of the Mexican variant
The most striking features of Mexican Spanish are associated with the most mobile and changeable layer of the language - vocabulary. Here again the influence of neighboring English and ancient Indian languages is important. The Mexican Spanish vocabulary is full of borrowings from English:
shorts (English shorts)– shorts (instead of the Castilian pantalón corto);
rentar) - rent/rent (instead of Castilian alquilar);
checar (English check)– check, find out (instead of Castilian investigar);
lunch (English lunch)– afternoon snack, lunch (instead of Castilian almuerzo), etc.
Through the Mexican variant, a considerable number of Spanish have spread to different countries. indigenisms(indígena from Spanish - native, aborigine):
Avocado, chocolate, chile etc.
Indian words associated with Mexican realities are preserved only in the Mexican version:
Pozole(corn dish) jícara(painted bowl), turush(Mayan utensils), etc.
At the same time, the spoken language of Mexicans is rich in spontaneous innovations that are not associated with the influence of other languages. The most popular expressions in Mexico:
buey- an analogue of the Spanish colloquial address tio: “Buey ¡espera!”;
¡a poco!– “come on!”, as a natural reaction to new information: “-La biblioteca está cerrada. “A poco buey, por qué estará cerrada a esta hora”;
No mames!- “come on!”, similar to the previous expression: “¡No mames buey, como puede ser posible!”
¡a huevo!- an analogue of the American colloquial exclamation “yes!”, “uhu!” (Russian colloquial “yuhu!”), used by Mexicans in joyful situations: “¡No hay clases mañana! “¡A huevo!”;
chin– the use of which coincides with the Russian use of the word “devil”: “Chin, vamos a llegar tarde por el tráfico...”
Such colloquial addresses, phrases, interjections and curses develop uniquely in each country and for the youth of Latin American countries they seem to be the most interesting and significant in the context of linguistic self-determination or the definition of residents of other regions. Latin Americans, like Spaniards, are proud of the colloquial features of their variant. So, when you are planning to go to Mexico, do not forget to learn a couple of such phrases in order to immediately make friends. ¡A huevo!
Text: Anastasia Lukyanova
| Countries: | Mexico, Colombia, Argentina and other countries in Latin America, the Caribbean and the USA. |
| Official status: | Argentina, Bolivia, Venezuela, Guatemala, Honduras, Dominican Republic, European Union, Western Sahara, Spain, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Mexico, Nicaragua, New Mexico (USA), Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico ( USA), El Salvador, Uruguay, Chile, Ecuador, Equatorial Guinea |
| Total number of media: | 385 million (430-450 million including people who speak Spanish as a second language). |
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El sistema olfativo es el sistema sensorial utilizado para la olfatibilidad. Este sistema es con frecuencia considerado, junto con el sistema gustativo.
Spanish or Castilian(Spanish: español o castellano) is an Ibero-Romance language that originated in the medieval kingdom of Castile, which included the modern territory of the province of Burgos and the regions of La Rioja and Cantabria.Belongs to the Indo-European family of languages (Romance group, Ibero-Romance subgroup). Writing based on the Latin alphabet.
Latin American Spanish The language is somewhat different from regular Spanish. It is influenced by local Latin American languages and dialects. However, the general meaning of the text can be understood in most cases.
Spanish is the native language of 358 million people (World Almanac, 1999). And if you also take into account people for whom Spanish is a second language, this figure will increase to approximately 430-450 million. Spanish is the most common language on the continent of South America.
Spanish is very unstable and constantly changing. There are many dialects of Spanish: Puerto Rican Spanish, Venezuelan Spanish, Murcian Spanish, Mexican Spanish and others. As well as a number of derivatives from Spanish: Ladino (Sephardic), Chabacano (Philippines), Papiamentu (Caribbean) and Palenquero.
Spanish alphabet
Spanish uses the Latin alphabet + an additional letter "ñ" ([ɲ]).| Letter | Pronunciation (Spanish) | Pronunciation (Russian) |
| Aa | a | a |
| Bb | be | be |
| Cc | ce | se |
| Dd | de | de |
| Ee | e | e |
| Ff | efe | efe |
| Gg | ge | xe |
| Hh | ache | ache |
| II | i | And |
| Jj | jota | hota |
| Kk | ca | ka |
| Ll | ele | Ele |
| mm | eme | eme |
| Nn | ene | ene |
| Ññ | ene | enye |
| Oo | o | o |
| Pp | pe | ne |
| cu | ku | |
| Rr | ere | era |
| Ss | ese | ese |
| Tt | te | those |
| Uu | u | at |
| Vv | uve | Uwe |
| Ww | uve double | uwe doble |
| Xx | equis | ekis |
| Yy | i griega | and Griega |
| Zz | ceda | gray hair |
In Spanish words, the stress falls on the last syllable if the word ends with a consonant (other than n or s). If a word ends with a vowel or the consonants n or s, then the stress falls on the penultimate syllable.
Online translators of Spanish Latin American
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