Personal names of people are nouns. Particular difficulty is caused by changes in cases, i.e., the declension of some names. Traditional Russian names are fully included in the grammatical system of the Russian language; borrowed names are included in the system to varying degrees, so special attention should be paid to their changes. Personal names of people are nouns. In the system of Russian grammar, nouns have grammatical gender, number and case, and these characteristics should be taken into account when used. Particular difficulty is caused by changes in cases, i.e., the declension of some names. Traditional Russian names are fully included in the grammatical system of the Russian language; borrowed names are included in the system to varying degrees, so special attention should be paid to their changes. Genus People's proper names are either masculine or feminine according to the gender referred to. This applies to both full and abbreviated and affectionate forms of names: Anna, Anya, Alexandra, Kira, Elena, Sania, Asel, Shushanik, Irene, Rosemary– female kind; Mikhail, Misha, Alexander, Peter, Igor, Yuri, Antonio, Hans, Harry, Michele – husband. kind; type name type Sasha, Valya, Zhenya, Tony, Michelle, Jackie, which can belong to both a man and a woman, is also determined by the gender of the carrier: our student Sasha Petrov- husband. genus, our student Sasha Petrova– female genus.; famous Jackie Chan- husband. genus, everyone knows Jackie (from Jacqueline) Kennedy– female genus. Number For declined names, if it is necessary to name several persons with the same name, the plural form is used: Five Nikolaevs and six Elenas are studying on the course. Indeclinable names do not have a special form for the plural: five Enrique and six Mary. Particular attention should be paid to the genitive plural form of some abbreviated inflected names (recommendation by D. E. Rosenthal): Gender. pad. pl. h. ( there aren't many whom?) male: Petey, Vasya, Vanya but: Rod. pad. pl. h. ( there aren't many whom?) female: Ol, Gal, Val. Declension Names can be indeclinable (change according to cases) and indeclinable (they have the same form for all cases). The declension depends on the final element of the name. !!! note to the name form: Daniel or Danila, Nikolay or Nikola, Emil or Emil, Maria or Marya, Karina or Karine, Alice or Alice, Pelagia or Pelagia– see section “Name options”. Male names
- Traditional Russian full male names end
- to a hard consonant (Ivan, Artyom);
- on a soft consonant (Igor), including on the th (Andrey, Arkady);
- sometimes in -a, -ya (Foma, Savva, Ilya).
| Case | according to (hard and soft) | to the vowel -a, -ya | |
| 2nd declension | 1st declension | ||
| Them. pad. | Alexey, Daniil | Georgiy | Ilya, Nikita, Danila |
| Genus. pad. | Alexey, Daniil | George | Ilya, Nikita, Danila |
| Dat. pad. | Alexey, Daniil | George | Ilya, Nikita, Danila |
| Vin. pad. | Alexey, Daniil | George | Ilya, Nikita, Danila |
| TV pad. | Alexey, Daniil | Georgiy | Ilya, Nikita, Danila |
| Etc. pad. | (o/o) Alex e, Daniel e | (o) Georgi And | (o/o) Il e, Nikita, Danile |
- If the final elements of new or borrowed names correspond to the specified characteristics (consonant, one vowel -а/-я, combination -ея, -я), then the names are easily included in the Russian nominal series and bow down:
- If a man's name ends with another element (the vowel -o, -e, -u, -yu, -ы, -i, -e, -e and combinations of two vowels, except -ee, -iya), then it does not bow: Early, Henri, Nizami, Oli, Lee, Revo, Romeo, Otto, Pedro, Carlo, Leo, Antonio, Michele, Andre, Hugh, Ru, Keanu, Gregory, Givi, France wow and etc.
- Traditional Russian full female names end
- on -a, -ya (Valeria, Antonina, Olga, Natalya),
- to a soft consonant (Love).
| Case | to the vowel –a, -ya | according to (hard and soft) | |
| 1st declension | 3rd declension | ||
| Them. pad. | Olga, Anelya, Maya | Julia | love O ve |
| Genus. pad. | Olga, Aneli, Maya | Julia | love O in and |
| Dat. pad. | Olg e, Anel e, May e | Yuli And | love O in and |
| Vin. pad. | Olga, Anelya, Maya | Julia | love O ve |
| TV pad. | Olga, Anelei, Maya | Julia | love O I view |
| Etc. pad. | (o/o) Olg e, Anel e, May e | (o) Yuli And | (o) Love O in and |
| When declension of the name Love, the vowel ABOUT saved! | |||
- If new or borrowed names have ending elements - A or -I, then such names are easily included in the Russian nominal series and are declined:
- If a female name ends with another vowel (not -а/-я), then it is not declined: Betsy, Ellie, Angie, Mary, Sue, Maro, Rosemary, Alsou and etc.
- Female names with strong consonants are only indeclinable (on the same principle as surnames of this kind): Suok, Solveig, Gretchen, Irene, Helen, Alice, Annette, Jane, Katrin, Esther, Ainush, Bibigush, Akmaral, Rusudan, Shushanik, Altyn, Gulnaz and etc.
- The most difficult question is the declension of female names ending in a soft consonant: Rachel, Shulamith, Ninel, Assol, Aigul, Zhanargul, Syumbel, Michelle, Nicole, Elle, Isabel, etc.
- Russian language help service www.gramota.ru (Recommendation: the choice is yours)
- Kalakutskaya L.P. Declension of surnames and personal names in the Russian literary language. - M.: Nauka, 1984. (Recommendation: do not incline).
- Superanskaya A.V. Dictionary of Russian personal names. – M., 2004. (Recommendation: decline)
Illustration.
It is no secret that Russian grammar is a very difficult subject, not only for foreign students of educational institutions and those studying the language on their own, but also for native speakers. One of the difficult topics that requires patience and perseverance, in this regard, is the declension of names in Russian, since there are many features and subtleties that are not so easy to guess and think out logically, as well as many exceptions that do not obey the general rule. I will try to cover all aspects of this issue in this article.
Declension. General concept and varieties
Even from the school curriculum, many remember that declension is a change in cases. There are only six cases in Russian:
- Nominative;
- Genitive;
- Dative;
- Accusative;
- Instrumental;
- Prepositional.
For each case you can ask a question:
- for the nominative it is “Who? What?";
- declining the name in the genitive case, they ask the question “Whom?” What?";
- in the dative - “To whom?” What for?";
- For the accusative, the questions “Whom?” What?";
- in the instrumental noun changes in accordance with the questions “By whom? How?",
- in the prepositional – “About whom? About what?".
When forming a question, to make the task easier, you can substitute a verb with a similar control:
Doesn't have anyone, what? Owed to whom, what? Thinking about who, what? Lives by whom, what?
Declension types
There are 3 types of declension of names in Russian: 1st, 2nd and 3rd.
According to the first type, feminine nouns ending in -а(-я) are declined. According to the second - masculine and neuter gender in -o(-e). The third declension includes those that are feminine and end in a soft sign.
For personal names, several subgroups can be distinguished, differing in the type of change by case:
Declension of male names ending with a consonant and -th
They change according to the second type, for example:
The same applies to foreign names translated into Russian:
However, you should remember the exceptions to this rule - these are the Russian names Lev and Peter. In their indirect cases the ending moves to the last syllable, in addition, a vowel is dropped in the name “Lev”.
Also worthy of attention is the declension of masculine names that are double. Moreover, in names of Russian origin both parts change, but in nouns of foreign origin only the last part changes.
|
Andrey-Victor |
Shoy-Syuryun |
|
|
Andrey-Victor |
Shoy-Syuryun |
|
|
Andrey-Victor |
Shoy-Syuryuna |
|
|
Andrey-Viktor |
Shoi-Syuryunu |
|
|
Andrey-Victor |
Shoy-Syuryuna |
|
|
Andrey-Victor |
Shoi-Syuryun |
|
|
Andrey-Victor |
Shoy-Syuryune |
The second variety is masculine and feminine names ending in -a. All changes occur according to the first declension:
Foreign names ending in -a are declined similarly to the examples given:
|
Mustafa |
|||||
The declension of masculine and feminine names with endings in the nominative case in -iya, -ya, -ya, -eya also occurs according to the first declension, regardless of their origin:
Pay attention to one important feature!
- Personal names that end in -iya receive the same ending “-ii” in three cases at once - these are the genitive, dative and prepositional cases.
- Names that end in -ya receive “-е” in the prepositional and dative cases, and “-ы” in the genitive case.
The declension of female names with a zero ending and a soft sign at the end is built according to the 3rd type.
Attention! Female names of foreign origin ending in a hard consonant and -i do not change by case, for example, Maryam, Elizabeth, Dolores, Carmen. There is a group of names that fit this rule, but fluctuate between indeclinability and the 3rd declension, these are Gazelle, Guzel, Lucille, Nicole, Aigul, Asel, Mirel, Babigul, Cecile. In colloquial speech they can change, but in official speech, as a rule, they remain unchanged.
Male and female names that end with a vowel, excluding -a and -ya, are classified as indeclinable names.
For example, Nellie, Sergo. Also, names of foreign origin with vowels at the end - Babbu, Bakke, Chamzy - do not change.
Sometimes the names of foreign writers and literary heroes are used in combination with a surname.
For example, Jules Verne, Conan Doyle, Oscar Wilde, Sherlock Holmes, Robin Hood. Often the speaker does this: he declines only the last name, leaving the first name unchanged, but this is not entirely true, because both must change: the legend of Robin Hood, the books of Oscar Wilde.
Please note that in colloquial speech it is permissible to inflect parts of the surname, but in written speech it is recommended to decline both parts.
So, we have looked at how to correctly decline names of Russian and foreign origin, what exceptions to the rules exist, what to do if a lexical unit is written with a hyphen, and whether there are indeclinable and controversial names.
In order to correctly change personal names by case, you must first familiarize yourself with the tables of declension of common nouns. This way the structure and cause-and-effect relationships will be most clear. So, the first type (feminine and masculine nouns ending in -a, -ya):
The second declension, which includes neuter nouns ending in -о, -е:
Third declension, which includes feminine nouns with a soft sign at the end:
- Declension of surnames and personal names in the Russian literary language, L.P. Kalutskaya;
- Difficulties in inflecting nouns. N. A. Eskova;
- Dictionary of difficulties of the Russian language, edited by D.E. Rosenthal;
- Etymological and morphological analysis of the declension of surnames of the pre-revolutionary era and the transformations of communist-Soviet power. A. N. Pogrebnoy-Alexandrov;
- Academic "Russian Grammar" 1980.
Let's first deal with place names ending in -ov(o), -ev(o), ev(o), -in(o), -yn(o), or, more simply, ending in -O. These are nouns - geographical names such as Sheremetyevo, Domodedovo, Ostankino, Priyutino, Medvedkovo, Abramtsevo, Peredelkino, Tsaritsyno, Pushkino, Kemerovo, Chudovo, Avtovo, Perovo, Komarovo, Murino and others. What is the correct way to say: in Kemerovo or in Kemerovo, to Avtovo or to Avtov, from Perov or from Perovo?
Geographical names of settlements, stations, cities starting with -O in modern Russian are gradually moving into the category of nouns that do not change by case. This is probably explained by the fact that in recent decades in colloquial speech these toponyms are increasingly used as indeclinables.
Directories from seven to ten years ago strictly demanded that these words be changed according to cases, while modern publications note a tendency towards inclination of geographical names to -O, which is now especially widespread. From oral speech, the unchangeable form penetrated into written sources, in particular into journalism. Stylistic dictionary of variants by L.K. Graudina, V.A. Itskovich and L.P. Katlinskaya gives the following examples of newspaper headlines:
"The Tragedy of Kosovo", "From Pushchino to Colorado".
Let us recall that initially indeclinable forms were used only in the professional speech of geographers, military officers and in the official business style of speech. The norm for using Russian geographical names starting with -o in an indeclinable form is also registered in the academic “Grammar of the modern Russian literary language” (M., 1970):
“In modern language, there is a tendency to replenish the group of words of zero declension with words - toponyms with finals -ov (o), -ev (o), -ev (o) and -in (o), for example: Ivanovo, Biryulyovo, Knyazevo, Boldino, Lyublino, Golitsyno and others." Perhaps, only the requirements for the declension of the names of settlements remain strict if they are used as an application with a generic name (city, village, town, etc.) and have options:
in the village of Pushkino (with the original form Pushkino) and in the city of Pushkin (with the original form Pushkin).
Now - the most important thing. Which is correct: to Kemerovo or to Kemerovo, to Avtovo or to Avtov, from Perov or from Perovo?
Currently, both variants are in free use - inflected and indeclinable, therefore, both can be considered normative. However, it should be remembered that there are several cases when place names ending in -o are used in an unchangeable form:
* when the gender of the geographical name and the generic name do not coincide: in the village of Bosovo, at the Sinevo station, from the village of Likhovo.
Here the words are generic names of the feminine gender (village, station, village), but with them the names retain the neuter form; another example:
on the shore of Lake Kaftino, in the village of Sinyavino, from the port of Vanino - words - geographical names retain the form of the nominative case, while generic names change according to cases;
* when little-known settlements are named together with the words village, settlement, camp, as a rule, in order to avoid coincidence with the identical names of cities in the masculine gender:
in the village of Buyanovo, but in the city of Buyanov; in the village of Pushkino, but in the city of Pushkin;
* when the name is enclosed in quotation marks. In this case, it is acceptable to use it as an indeclinable:
the stud farm in "Kashino" was one of the best in the Tver region; Construction of a new camp site has begun near the Golovlevo farm, etc.
Russian geographical names used with generic names such as city, hamlet, village, town, village, village, settlement, river and acting as appendices (standing after the named words) are declined if they are toponyms of Russian (as well as Slavic) origin or represent is a name long borrowed and mastered by the Russian language. So to the question “to incline or not to incline?” We answer: incline. The standard forms are:
in the city of Suzdal, from the city of Krasnoyarsk, etc.
Authors of the reference book "Grammatical Correctness of Russian Speech. Stylistic Dictionary of Variants" (M., 2001) Graudina L.K., Itskovich V.A., Katlinskaya L.P. believe that “it is advisable to follow two basic rules for the use of compatible forms and inconsistent forms.”
1. Declined: a) simple (not complex and not expressed in word combinations) Russian, Slavic and developed names of cities, rivers, villages, hamlets, settlements, hamlets, estates, villages, except for those ending in vowels -о, -е, -и, -s:
in the city of Moscow, in the city of Sofia, from the city of Ufa, near the city of Rybinsk, from the city of Kustanaya, in the city of Perm, on the Svetlaya River (but in the city of Sumy, to the village of Dibuny, in the city of Mytishchi, in the village of Gorki).
b) simple foreign language names of capitals, large or famous cities, rivers, except for those ending in vowels -у, -о, -е, -и, -ы:
in the capital of England London, in the cities of Prague and Budapest, in the city of Marseille, on the Seine River (but from the city of Delhi, on the Mississippi River).
2. Do not bow:
a) names of stations, towns, resorts, villages, villages, outposts:
near the village of Terek, at Bologoye station;
b) names of lakes, tracts, islands, mountains, deserts:
to Cape Chelyuskin, on Lake Baikal, in the Sahara Desert, to Mount Beshtau. However, in colloquial speech, compatible forms can be used, especially if these are Russian names that are full forms of adjectives: on Mount Zheleznaya, to Kamenny Island, at the Vysokaya Hill, to Lake Shchuchye, at Tikhoretskaya station.
c) foreign language names of principalities, kingdoms, duchies, states, provinces, little-known cities, rivers, settlements:
in the Principality of Liechtenstein, in the Kingdom of Nepal, in the state of California. d) complex names-applications and toponyms, expressed by phrases:
in the town of Santa Barbara, to the village of Upper Balkaria, in the city of Velikiye Luki, in the village of Bolshie Drynduny (since the external form of the name corresponds to the plural form, such toponyms are used in an unchangeable form. Without a generic word it is necessary to say: in Velikiye Luki, in Big Drynduny).
The exception is the names in the construction “place name on the river”: from the city of Frankfurt am Main.
It is also necessary to pay attention to the fact that in complex toponyms and toponyms expressed by combinations of words, parts of the name are usually declined:
in the city of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, in the city of Rostov-on-Don, in the city of Vyshny Volochyok.
However, in colloquial and professional speech, as well as in official business style, the inflexible version of the toponym has spread and strengthened:
in the city of Leninsk-Kuznetsky, in the city of Vyshny Volochek, in the village of Dolgiye Borody. Let us recall in conclusion that in a number of complex names the first part is not inflected at all:
Ust-Kamensk, Gus-Khrustalny, Korsun-Shevchenkovsky.
The Russian language is replete with many rules that regulate the correct use and spelling of words. But besides this, a literate person must be able to inflect various words. This topic usually raises many questions and doubts not only among schoolchildren, but also among adults. Surnames and geographical names are especially difficult for most people. We will talk about this today in our article.
Toponyms: what are they?
The declension of geographical names is subject to certain rules that you simply need to know by heart. Otherwise, you will find a lot of funny cases that will characterize you from a not very good side in front of your friends or colleagues.
Quite often, when talking about the declension of geographical names in Russian, we mean toponyms. This term refers to all geographic identifiers in general. This word came to us from the ancient Greek language; it was formed from two different words, meaning “place” and “name” in translation. Nowadays, many information sources use the word “toponyms”.
Where can I look up the rules for declension of place names?
Of course, in order to correctly decline geographical names, it is necessary not only to know the rule, but also to apply it to the place. After all, quite often even a person who considers himself literate doubts the spelling of a particular word. In this case, special dictionaries will help you, using which you can check the declension of geographical names. for example, he created an excellent assistant for schoolchildren of all ages - “Dictionary of Difficulties of the Russian Language”. This wonderful reference book can also be used by adults who want to improve their literacy level.
Types of toponyms
Before diving into a topic called “Declination of Place Names,” it’s worth finding out what toponyms are. After all, this significantly changes the rules for their declination. At the moment, the following types of toponyms are distinguished in the Russian language:
- Slavic - these include native Russian names or those that have long been mastered in the Russian language;
- compound - this type of toponym usually consists of two words;
- names of the republics;
- foreign - such names have their own categories, for each of which there is a separate declension rule.
Declension rules for Slavic toponyms
The declension of geographical names with Slavic roots is subject to a simple rule: the name always agrees with the word applied to it. These words include:
- city;
- village;
- village;
- street, etc.
In these cases, the toponym is placed in the declension of the defining word. For example, you will always say “in the city of Samara” and “in the city of Moscow”. Please note that the qualifying word “city” almost always declines the toponym that follows. This also applies to exceptions. These include the following cases:
- Toponyms that have a different gender with a defining word are not declined (for example, it would be correct to say - on Lake Salekhard);
- most often, plural toponyms are not subject to declension (for example, in the village of Topotishchi).
If we are talking about street names, then there are different rules for declension of geographical names. A feminine toponym always agrees with the word “street” being defined. In this case, names of the masculine gender are not declined; compound place names are also subject to a similar rule. As an example, the following combinations can be given:
- along Cherry Orchards Street;
- on Kaltuk street;
- to Melodichnaya street.
Place names in the form of an adjective are most often declined: on the Yellow River, at Cape Verde, etc.
Declension of geographical names ending in "o", "e"
For some reason, adults quite often forget about this rule. Even famous TV presenters and journalists make annoying mistakes. To be considered a literate person, remember that Slavic place names of the neuter gender are not declined in Russian. It would be correct to say:
- in the city of Kemerovo;
- near the city of Grodno;
- in the village of Komarkovo.
Oddly enough, this simple rule always causes a lot of difficulties. Although there is nothing complicated about it, the main thing is to remember the correct spelling.
Toponyms ending in “ov”, “ev”, “in”, “yn”: declension rules
The declension of geographical names with endings so common in the Russian language causes serious confusion. The fact is that the rules for declension of such toponyms have changed more than once over the past decades. Historically, geographical names with the endings “ov”, “ev”, “in”, “yn” have always been declined. For example, a house in Ostashkov or a dacha in Mogilev.
At the beginning of the twentieth century, there was a tendency not to decline such geographical names. This was due to a series of military operations, when, in order to avoid confusion in reports, names were used only in the nominative case. The military sought to ensure that place names in maps and various orders were identical. Over time, this approach began to be considered the norm and even used on television.
In recent years, journalism has begun to return to the original form of declension of geographical names. But using them in the nominative case is also considered normal and correct.
Complex Slavic place names
The declension of geographical names consisting of several words follows a certain rule. If we are talking about a complex toponym, then its first part is always declined, regardless of the presence or absence of a defining word. As an example, the following names can be given:
- in Rostov-on-Don;
- in Komsomolsk-on-Amur, etc.
There is one exception to this rule - the name of the city Gus-Khrustalny. The first part of this complex toponym should not be declined.
Much confusion is caused by names in which the first part is in the neuter gender. According to the rules of the Russian language, it must be subject to mandatory declension, but in recent years there has been a growing tendency towards the immutability of this part. Therefore, for example, both versions of the spelling will be correct: in Orekhovo-Zuyevo and in Orekhovo-Zuevo.
How to correctly decline toponyms - names of republics?
When you don’t know how to correctly write the name of the republic, then remember the rule that we will talk about now. Names ending in "iya" and "ee" must be consistent with the word "republic". For example, “in the Republic of Korea” or “from the Republic of Macedonia.” But this rule also has its pitfalls, as, indeed, many rules of the Russian language.
Official documents exclude the possibility of declension of such names, although journalism applies the usual rule of the Russian language to them. The exception also applies to the Federal Republic of Germany. By agreement between our countries, it was decided not to decline this name.
In all other cases, the name does not agree with the word “republic” and remains in the nominative case.
Foreign place names
It is quite difficult for a Russian person to cope with foreign-language geographical names. It's easier to remember which ones don't bow. So, the list of geographical names that are not subject to declension includes:
- Finnish names;
- Georgian and Abkhazian (except for the names of resorts);
- French place names ending with the letter "a";
- compound Italian, Portuguese and Spanish place names;
- administrative-territorial units.
You can only decline names that end in “a” and have been mastered in Russian. For example, in Verona and from Ankara. French names can be declined only if they have acquired the ending “a” in their Russian sound.
If foreign-language geographical names end in “e”, “s”, “i”, “o”, then they are classified as indeclinable. There are many examples of this rule:
- in Tokyo;
- from Mexico City;
- to Santiago.
The exception is names that in Russian are formed from a foreign word. For example, it is correct to write “in the Himalayas.”
Declension of names and surnames
Many people believe that the declension of geographical names and proper names have general rules. This is not entirely true. Of course, the rules have a lot in common, but in reality they are not identical.
Most often, the correct declension of first and last names and geographical names raises a lot of questions in the spring-summer period, when graduates graduate from school and receive certificates. Incorrect spelling of toponyms and proper names in diplomas is quite common. Knowing the rules of the Russian language will help you avoid these unpleasant moments. Let's look at the main points of the rule.
Declension of standard surnames
Declining standard surnames is quite simple - they fall into the desired form intuitively. But in the case when the surname was borrowed from a foreign language and ends in “ov”, “in”, then in the instrumental case it will have the ending “om”. For example, the surname Green in the instrumental case will sound like Green.
Questions often arise with the declension of women's surnames ending in "ina". In this case, everything depends on the nominative case of the male surname. For example, before us is Andrei Zhemchuzhina. His wife Yulia's surname will be declined as a common noun. For example, the things of Yulia Zhemchuzhina. If the husband’s name is Andrey Zhemchuzhin, then in this case we will talk about the things of Yulia Zhemchuzhina.
Non-standard surnames: how to decline?
Previously, it was believed that the declension of the surname is primarily influenced by But in fact, the predominant factor here is the ending of the surname. Everything depends on him in the first place.
Surnames ending in:
- "oh";
- "their".
Male surnames ending with a consonant are declined. If the surname ends in “ya” and is also preceded by a vowel, then the surname must be declined. In a similar case with the ending “a” the surname refers to the indeclinable.
Of course, the Russian language is not so simple. But if you remember a few of the rules we have listed, you will never blush because of the incorrect spelling of geographical names and proper names.
(Not on Cape Zeleny), Dry Creek Valley(Not valley of the Sukhoi stream), on Russian Island(Not on Russky Island).
3. Names ending with -ovo, -evo, -evo, -ino, -yno without a generalizing word: in Biryulev, in Lublin, in Novokosin;
Geographical names used in combination with a generic word are not declined if
2. names end with -e, -o: between the villages of Molodechno and Dorozhno, to the city of Grodno, from the city of Vidnoye;
3. the name in its form corresponds to the plural: in Velikiye Luki, in the city of Berezhany.
Right: in Velikiye Luki, in Uglyanets, from Vidnoye, But: in the city of Velikiye Luki, in the village of Uglyanets, from the city of Vidnoye.
Slavic names ending in
Russian and other Slavic place names on -ov(o), -ev(o), -ev(o), -in(o), -yn(o) traditionally inclined: church in Ostashkov, station in Venev, old town in Lublin, TV tower in Ostankino, dacha in Peredelkino, highway to Strogin, construction in Novokosin, route from Lublin, polytechnic college in Kolpin. For example, from M. Yu. Lermontov:
Vladimir Pakhomov, Candidate of Philological Sciences, editor-in-chief of the Internet portal GRAMOTA.RU writes:
| Geographical names of Slavic origin ending in -ovo, -evo, -ino, -yno, do not decline in combination with a generic word: from the Lyublino region, towards the Strogino district, to the Mitino area, in the city of Ivanovo, from the village of Prostokvashino, to the edge of Kosovo. If there is no generic word, then both options are normative, inflected (old) and indeclinable (new): in Lublin And in Lyublino, towards Strogin And towards Strogino, in Ivanovo And in Ivanovo, from Prostokvashin And from Prostokvashino, to Kosovo And to Kosovo, to Mitin And to Mitino, 8th microdistrict of Mitino And 8th microdistrict Mitino. In this case, the inflected version corresponds to strict literary norms (and is recommended, for example, for the speech of announcers). |
Candidate of Philological Sciences, member of the City Interdepartmental Commission on the naming of territorial units, streets and metro stations under the Moscow Government R. A. Ageeva states this rule differently:
| If before a geographical name [neuter on -ino, -evo, -ovo] there is a so-called generic geographical term (and the toponym is grammatically an appendix), then only this term can be declined, and the toponym does not have to be declined: ... in the village of Dubnevo or in the village of Dubnevo(perhaps the first option is even preferable). However, if a toponym is used without a generic geographical term, its case declension is mandatory. Thus, we will say: streets of Zhulebino district, But Zhulebina streets; I live in the Zhulebino area, But I live in Zhulebin . |
In the reference book by T. F. Ivanova and T. A. Cherkasova “Russian speech on the air” refers
| special attention to the fact that the Slavic names of the neuter gender of cities and localities, for example: Boldino, Kolpino, Borodino, Dulevo, Sarajevo, Kosovo, Tarnovo and the like, are declined according to the general rule. Only some Slavic names of settlements located on the territory of Belarus and Western Ukraine (Grodno, Rivne and the like) are not inclined. |
The endings of some names in the instrumental case should not be confused with the corresponding endings of consonant surnames of people, for example: battle of Borodino(Borodino - village), but I know Borodin(Borodin - surname).
Compound place names
The first part of complex toponyms should be declined both in combination with a generic term and without it, if the toponym is Russian or mastered in the Russian language: from Kamnya-Kashirsky, in Pereslavl-Zalessky, in Mogilev-Podolsky, in Rostov-on-Don; in the city of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, in the city of Komsomolsk-on-Amur, in the city of Rostov-on-Don. There are, however, exceptions: in Gus-Khrustalny .
It should be said about double toponyms, in which the first part of the name is morphologically neuter: Orekhovo-Zuevo, Likino-Dulevo, Orekhovo-Borisovo, Vykhino-Zhulebino, Khoroshevo-Mnevniki, Tsaritsyno-Dachnoe (former name of the railway station), Konkovo-Derevlevo and etc. The first part of such names - like other similar toponyms - is traditionally declined: train from Orekhov-Zuev , settled in Orekhov-Borisov , drove up to Tsaritsyn-Dachny. Nowadays, the first part of such names is especially susceptible to a tendency towards immutability - there are cases when only the second part is inclined.
In toponyms of two words, firmly merged into one, with the first part Spas-, Ust-, Sol- (Spas-Klepiki, Spas-Ugol, Ust-Vorkuta, Ust-Ladoga, Ust-Ilim, Sol-Vychegodsk, etc.) , only their last parts are inclined.
Hydronyms consisting of their own name and the word “river” are declined by both parts: “in the Moscow River”, “on the Kama River” and “beyond the Sister River”, etc.
Names of the republics
Official documents indicate the inflexibility of the following names of republics: Plenipotentiary Representative of the Republic of Kenya, in the Republic of Korea, Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Adygea. In journalistic and everyday speech, these place names are usually declined.
At one time, the full official name of the Federal Republic of Germany was adopted in the form . This form, for example, is used in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia. After the unification of East and West Germany, by mutual agreement between Germany and Russia, it was decided not to decline the floor Germany in the official name of the state. Right: Federal Republic of Germany(Not Federal Republic of Germany).
Other names with the word republic usually disagree: in the Republic of Singapore, in the Republic of Sakha, in the Republic of Cuba.
Foreign language geographical names
Ending with -A
Declension of names mastered in Russian into -A: in Verona, in Bukhara, to Ankara, from Yokohama.
Those ending in no inflection -A French place names: Carpentras, Courbevoie, La Ciotat. However, names that acquired the ending in Russian -A, inclined: Toulouse, Geneva, Lausanne, Seine - in Toulouse, in Geneva, in Lausanne, along the Seine.
It is not customary to decline Estonian and Finnish names: Sirgala, Kunda, Joutsa. Georgian and Abkhazian place names are also usually not declined. But the names of the resorts may be inclined: in Pitsunda.
Declension is not typical for polysyllabic toponyms of Italy, the countries of Spanish, and Portuguese: from Santa Teresa de Riva, to Santiago de Cuba, from Santiago de Compostela, from São João da Madeira, to Juiz de Fora.
The names of most administrative-territorial units of foreign countries, used in the application function, are not declined: in Alabama, in the province of Granada. But: in Alabama, in Granada.
Ending with -e, -O, -And, -s
Foreign names in -e And -O(except for the Slavic names mentioned above) in the literary language they are classified as indeclinable: in Calais, Ourense, Oslo, Tokyo, Bordeaux, Mexico City, Santiago, Grodno, Vilna, Kovno.
Titles on -And usually also inflexible: from Helsinki, from Chile, to Tbilisi, to Nagasaki, to the Gobi, along the Irrawaddy. But names like: in the Himalayas, in the Pyrenees, as a rule, are declined because they are plural nouns formed according to the rules of the Russian language from foreign roots.
Similarly, toponyms on -s also characterized by inclination: in Thebes, Tatras, Cannes, Cheboksary .
Ending in a consonant
Such names are usually not declined when used as an application: in the city of Louisville, in the city of Maubeuge, in the city of Benidorm, in the state of Texas, in the province of Quang Binh, on the island of Luzon, to Lake Chad. But for names mastered in Russian, the declension is normal: in the city of Washington, in the city of Paris, in the city of Cairo .
The inclination of such names increases sharply if they are not used as an application: from the city of Matanzas, But from Matanzas, near Kanpur city, But near Kanpur, on the Hindu Kush ridge, But on the Hindu Kush.
Compound
As a rule, only the last part of foreign language compound names can be declined: in Almaty, near Buenos Aires, to Santa Clara, from Yoshkar-Ola. Exceptions are names modeled after a “city on a river”: in Frankfurt am Main, from Stratford-upon-Avon .
If a complex toponym is used in an application function (with words city, capital, town, port and similar), then it does not change in the last part: in the city of Santa Cruz, to the city of Santa Clara.
Compound geographical names borrowed from Romance languages ending in -A unstressed: in Santiago de Cuba;
Compound names with the second part - street, - square, - park, - palace, - hills, - beach, etc. are not inclined: Beverly Hills, Long Beach, Downing Street, Union Square, Friedrich-stadt Palace, Enmore Park.
Compound geographical names like: Père Lachaise, Mine Mill, Cleveland Heights, Puerto Montt are not inclined .
Compound names of Slavic origin are declined, which are nouns in the presence of word-formation features of adjectives, for example: Biała Podlaska - from Biała Podlaska, Banska Bystrica - to Banska Bystrica.
