The peculiarity of the adverb in the Russian language is that this part of speech has no conjugation and does not change according to gender, case and number. The spelling of adverbs depends on several factors, each of which is described in this article. In addition, there are available examples for each rule, as well as exceptions to them.
Features of spelling adverbs
Adverb in Russian- this is an independent part of speech that does not change in numbers, gender and cases and has no conjugation. In phrases it can be adjacent to other adverbs, verbs, adjectives and nouns. The spelling of adverbs depends on the method of their formation and which syllable is stressed in the word.
Integrated and separate writing of adverbs
Table Integrated and separate writing of adverbs includes rules, examples and exceptions.
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They write together |
Written separately |
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Adverbs formed from adverbs, pronouns or adjectives using prefixes |
Completely, forever, why, because, rashly, completely, manually, directly |
Adverbs with prepositions formed from words that begin with a vowel |
In the morning, in the open, crazy |
|
Adverbs formed from nouns not used in modern speech |
To pieces, to pieces, to the ground, early in the morning |
Adverbs formed from prepositions without, before, with, under and nouns |
On the run, without holding back, to the fullest, in a big way Exceptions: completely, to the bottom, to the top, from time to time, foolishly, shoulder-to-shoulder, in a row, sometimes |
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Adverbs with prefixes in-, on-, formed from collective numerals |
Three, four, seven |
Adverbs formed from collective numerals and prepositions By |
Four at a time, a hundred at a time |
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Adverbs with the meaning of space and time |
Forward, upward, first |
If a noun as part of an adverb has retained its case form |
On bail (on bail), under the armpits (under the armpit), on conscience (according to conscience) |
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Adverbs in which a noun cannot be questioned |
Out loud, half way, in the morning |
Adverbs in which a qualifying word can be added between the preposition and the noun |
At a gallop (at full gallop), at a dead end (at a dead end in life) |
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Adverbs formed with a preposition V, particles floor and noun |
Exceptions: half a face, half an apple, half an egg |
Adverbs consisting of prepositions in, on and nouns with endings -ah(s) |
In our hearts, in our heads, in joy Exceptions: in a hurry, in the dark, in a hurry |
Hyphenated (semi-continuous) spelling of adverbs
The following adverbs are written with a hyphen:
- Formed from pronouns and full adjectives using a prefix in- (in Japanese, differently, in your way).
- Formed from ordinal numbers using a prefix in-(in-) (secondly, thirdly, fifthly).
- Adverbs with particles -something, -or, -that, still-, something- (from somewhere, someone, something).
- Complex adverbs formed by repeating the same word or two synonyms (little by little, a long time ago, a little bit).
“Combined and separate writing of prefixes in adverbs” is a very important topic in the school subject “Russian Language”. Thanks to its study, not only a child, but also an adult will be able to understand why some words are spelled one way and not another.
In addition, having studied this topic in detail, people are able to learn to distinguish an adverb from nominal parts of speech (for example, nouns, adjectives, numerals, etc.) combined with a preposition. This will allow them to correctly write not only the adverb itself, but also other words, and also more accurately understand their meaning.
basic information
The combined and separate spelling of prefixes in adverbs is determined different ways. It should be especially noted that, compared to other parts of speech, such cases are the most difficult and raise a lot of questions during their writing (especially among schoolchildren).
Many adverbs are exceptions to the current rules of the Russian language. Therefore, most teachers encourage you to memorize them or simply memorize them.
Adverb spelling rules
What is an adverb? Any teacher will say that this is an independent word that denotes a sign of an action or an object. What questions does she answer? Words of this class can be identified by asking them the following questions: “Where?”, “How?”, “Where?”, “Why?”, “When?”, “Why?” and where?".
To write an adverb correctly, you should know all its spelling rules. At the same time, in school curriculum a lot of time is devoted to the following topics: staging soft sign(“b”) after hissing words at the end of the word (jump up, completely, wide open, married, already, unbearably), as well as the letter “o” (hot, fresh, naked).
In addition, it is very important to know in what cases the part of speech in question should be written with a hyphen (comradely, new, wolfish, in my opinion, still, apparently, empty). However, schoolchildren spend the longest time studying the combined and separate spelling of prefixes in adverbs. This is due to the fact that such a topic is more difficult to understand and requires memorizing many words that have been excluded from the general rules.
In what cases should words be written together?
The adverb prefixes, the table of which is presented in this article, can be different (for example, na-, s-, v-, po- and others). To understand how such words are written (combined or separately), one must determine from which original part of speech they were formed. To do this, you need to refer to the basic rules of spelling adverbs in the Russian language.
So, the mentioned part of speech is written together if it was:
- Formed by combining prepositions such as “on” and “in” with Let’s give a few examples: three times, two times, four times, five times.
- Formed by the prefix method from other adverbs. Let's give an example: on the contrary, until now, the day before yesterday, through and through.
- Formed by the suffix-prefix method from adjectives. Let's give an example: close, often hard-boiled, completely.
- Formed by the prefix method from nouns, if they do not have other explanatory words (for example, down, at the beginning, left, up, obviously, right).
It should also be noted that those adverbs that were put in the comparative degree are written together. These words include: better, newer, worse, more beautiful, more attractive, simpler, older, faster, and so on.
Separate spelling of words (basic rules, examples of adverbs)
“Combined and separate writing of prefixes in adverbs” is a rather difficult topic to understand. However, almost everyone can know it. Moreover, it does not matter whether you are a school student or have long since graduated from a general education institution.
We talked above about the cases in which this part of speech is written together with prefixes. However, there are also rules in the Russian language that speak of separate writing of adverbs. This spelling of the part of speech in question also depends on Let's consider the basic rules right now:
- Adverbs that were formed by combining prepositions (except for “on” and “in”) with collective numerals are written separately. Let's give an example: three, two, one.
- Prepositions with adverbs are written separately if they were formed from nouns that have a vowel at the very beginning. For example: point-blank, point-blank, till you drop, all the way, etc.
- Adverbs are written separately if they were formed from a preposition combined with a collective numeral ending in -y or -i. For example: for three, for two, for six. It should be remembered that such adverbs as firstly, thirdly, secondly, fifthly, sixthly, etc., are written only with a hyphen.
- Prepositions with adverbs that were formed from adjectives with a vowel at the very beginning are written separately (for example, openly, backwards, etc.).
- Adverbs that are formed from combinations of nouns with prepositions should also be written separately. For example: (abroad, on the move, under the arms, on the fly, from under the arm).
- Adverbs that are formed from combinations of two identical nouns with prepositions are written separately. For example: side by side, in the end, face to face.
Negative adverbs
What is this part of speech? Negative adverbs are words that deny something. How are they different from other words? Such adverbs are characterized by the presence of the prefixes not- or neither-. Their correct spelling is very important. It should be noted that a large number of people have no idea about the spelling of such words.
So how are the prefixes not- and ni- written in adverbs? According to experts, under stress in such words it is written not-, and in the unstressed state - ni-. It should be especially noted that in both cases the prefixes are written together, except when they are separated by some preposition.
Examples of negative adverbs
- I have no time to do these things, since I have never dealt with them.
- In winter there was nowhere to hide, and they did not hide anywhere.
- There's no rush, we're in no hurry.
How do you spell the prefix v- with adverbs?
As mentioned above, adverbs with a prefix are written together if such words were formed by combining the preposition “in” with collective numerals. Let's give an example: double, triple. However, it should be noted that there are also words that are also written together, although they have nothing to do with the rule described above.
So why are adverbs with the prefix v- written together (examples of such words will be presented below)? According to experts, such adverbs include words formed by combining a preposition-prefix with a noun, into which it is impossible to insert a definition without changing their meaning, and also if the noun cannot be affixed with any Let us give an example: ford, in addition , fly in, to your heart's content, together, for hire, in an instant, at a cost, on time, again, at odds, right up, at the bend, subsequently, half-jokingly, half-seriously, really, half, rightly, scatteredly, for future use, at random, quickly, at odds, out loud, openly, dryly . The same applies to such prefixes as na-, for-, po, s-, etc.
Note
Speaking about the continuous spelling of an adverb with the prefix v-, it should be noted that depending on the meaning and context (that is, the presence of explanatory words), many of the above words can act as a combination of a noun with a preposition. In this case they are written separately. For example: to wade or enter a ford, act in secret or keep a secret, learn by heart or try by heart, be really happy or believe in the truth, break completely or put on your head, have the right to act this way or not doubt the right, etc.
Special information
It should also be noted that partly this category of words includes adverbs with the prefix v - of a colloquial style or of a professional nature. As a rule, such words have the final syllable -ku. They are all written together. Let's give a few examples: chasing, rolling, tightening, throwing, dashing, overlaying, overlapping, overturning, waddling, racing, mixed up, interspersed, sideways, sideways, tucked in, tucked in, tucked in, tucked in, squinted, tucked in, tucked in, tucked in, tucked in, tucked in ku, squat, squat, hop, sip, sip, squat, hop, squat, squat, squat, sip, sip, sip, crunch, squat, squint, scatter.
Integrated and separate writing of adverbs
| Together | Apart |
| 1. Adverbs formed by combining a) a preposition and a full adjective with a consonant: in steep, close, hand-to-hand, often etc. Exceptions: to the world, to the back, to the side, at random. b) prepositions and adverbs: forever, completely. Exceptions: see you tomorrow, no, no, no, no. c) preposition and short adj. or degree of comparison adj.: hastily, rashly, out of spite, cleaner, more etc. 2. Adverbs containing a noun that is not used in modern language: completely, from time immemorial, from time immemorial, from below, backwards, by the way, hastily, to pieces, from under the brows, on the sly, by hearsay, half asleep, early in the morning, familiar, etc. 3. Adverbs formed from different case forms of pronouns: draw, with might and main, then, then and etc. | 1. Adverbs consisting of a) a preposition IN and a full adjective with a vowel: V open , All in all etc. b) preposition IN and a noun with a vowel: in exchange, point-blank, in arms, in revenge etc. Exceptions: at random, in the morning, flatly. c) prepositions WITHOUT and BEFORE and adverbs: tirelessly, to no avail, without looking back, until I drop etc. d) preposition BEHIND and noun: behind the eyes, behind the bosom, abroad etc. d) preposition UNDER and noun: on the sly, under the arms, at your side, to match etc. e) preposition FROM and noun at most etc. e) preposition BY and noun heart to heart, shoulder to shoulder, gut, morning, conscience etc. g) prepositions WITH and noun: on a grand scale, on the run, on the fly etc. 2. Adverbs formed from a numeral with a preposition BY: two by three, one by one etc. 3. Adverb combinations denoting location and physical state, formed from a noun in the form P.p. plural with prepositions IN And ON: on the clock, in our heads, in joy, the other day and etc. |
| 4. Adverbs formed from numerals (except for the preposition BY): twice, three times, in two, for the first time, at the same time 5. Adverbs formed from nouns with spatial or temporal meaning: up, deep, down, wide, at first, forever, at first, etc. Distinguish between: rise up - into the sky-high heights, climb deep - into the depths of the forest, stand to death - go to death, arrive on time - during a walk, do it first - from the beginning of the lesson etc. 6. Adverbs formed from nouns that are not capable of having explanatory words in their given use: dry, disorganized, one by one, in a row, married, partly, by heart, shoulder, cut out, crooked, sideways, right through, completely etc. 7. Adverbs containing the element POLO-//HALF-: half-ear, half-eyed, half-voice, half-heartedly etc. Exception: after midnight | 4. Adverbial combinations consisting of repeated nouns (one of which is in the form T.p.) or nouns connected by a preposition: business as usual, side by side, word for word, honor with honor etc. Exception: crosswise, exactly - exactly 5. Phraseologisms of adverbial formation: speak to your face, scream in your hearts, drive you into a dead end, throw you off your feet and etc. |
List of adverbs with continuous spelling
Near, sideways, ford, forever, up, above, in the evening, to the full, up, deep, in the distance, into the distance, in the distance, twice, together, doubly, in addition, to the full, after, along, to the full, to pieces, suddenly, to pieces, back, borrowed, borrowed, in return, locked up, for real, in starts, passionately, inhaling, zasesh, completely, at random, briefly, crookedly, hard-boiled, together, left, flying, together, in an instant, renting, renting, saddle, saddle, skewer, at the beginning, down, below, in a draw, again, again, inside, inside, forever, forever, on time, at all, with might and main, together, truly, around, in general, with your own eyes, back home, after, for the first time, sideways, waddle, inflection, racing, forward, in front, alternately, interspersed, intercept, swim, sideways, in a low voice, completely, half a turn, half, in a hurry, on time (by measure), subsequently, in the dark, really, to the right, to the right, at a glance, a bite, a skip, a squat, half-starved, for the future, at a loss, in a daze, however, really, in vain, at once, at random, at random, at random, waddle, at random, at random, at random, at random, by surprise, scattered, stretched, level, apart, hand-to-hand, hardly, seriously, completely, galloping, casually , soon, soon, to your heart's content, after, blindly, out loud, soft-boiled, completely, old-fashioned, dry, everywhere, secretly (to do in secret, i.e. secretly; But: keep it secret, i.e. in secret), in the dark, on the sly, in a hurry, at exorbitant prices, three times, three times, four times, four times, roughly, outright, alien, in breadth, in reality, in reality.
White-hot, forever, to the top, until, red-hot, until, completely, to the bottom, until now, drunk, hitherto, until dry, until full, until here, until completely, until then, until there, completely.
For free, long ago, alive, in vain, dead, married, married, again, at the same time, familiar, at once, then, in the morning, often, why.
From the outside, from a long time ago, from afar, from afar, from yellow, from within, occasionally, from time immemorial, sideways, sparkling, gradually, from under the brows, on the sly, from time immemorial, halfway, blue, from time immemorial.
Up, back, down, in a row, by the way.
On one side, on one side, on one side, forever, forever, probably, probably, for sure, up, at the top, tipsy, forever, on the back, sobbing, unlikely, forever, towards, topsy-turvy, protruding, protruding, through, out, out, out, at attention , tightly, nakedly, headlong, at the ready, in two, for a long time, alone, the next day, back, back, to the ground, out of spite, by heart (learn), at the ready, inside out, by heart, obliquely, obliquely, the day before, finally, firmly, to the left, lightly, obviously, the other day, much, on the contrary, at random, backhand, flatly, at first, vying with each other, at the ready, vying with each other, to intercept, to the contrary, on the spot, on the spot, for show, half, finally, to the right, for example, for rent, all the way through, ahead, recklessly, on the contrary, directly, equally, wide open, sing-song, in great demand, out, along, forcefully, through, how quickly, dryly, down the drain, to death, hastily, wide open, at random, running away, in the morning, completely, on the alert, completely, frankly, in reality, not far away, unknowingly, by chance, unbearably, inconveniently, inadvertently, inadvertently, unbearably, not without reason (not without reason), shortly, unnecessarily, inopportunely, not for long, repeatedly, reluctantly, for good reason.
Down to earth, split off, not at all, since I was born (I haven’t seen it since I was born, But: fifteen years old), from here, from here, because of, from there, partly, why.
Closer, nearby, on the side, on top, on top, everywhere, even more so, rightly so, cheaper, better, for a long time, more, in a row, sometimes, completely, the day before yesterday, behind, truly, for now, little by little, little by little, in vain, by hearsay, involuntarily, little by little, below, to this day, at a distance, one by one, alternately, in pairs, across, in half, in the afternoon, simply, in vain, equally, therefore (I got sick, that’s why I didn’t come, But: be according to this), because, the day after tomorrow, in the middle, in the middle, insofar, dryly, slowly, then, because, in the morning, how much, why, therefore.
From the side, above, from above, from above, rashly, foolishly, now, from behind, from the left, too, from a young age, from the outside, first, from below, again, completely, blindly, at first, from the front, from the shoulder, early in the morning, from the right, half asleep, half asleep, casually, drunk, immediately, headlong, from childhood, from childhood, again.
Immediately. Too.
List of adverbs and adverbial expressions with separate spelling
Without knowledge, without asking, without beating around the bush, without looking back, without refusal, without enlightenment, without waking up,
indiscriminately, without asking, to no avail, without restraint, without ceasing, without fatigue, side by side.
In the form, in the heads, in the curiosity, in addition, in conclusion, in the end, in the root, in the gloss, in moderation, in ridicule, in the legs, in the leg, in exchange, in an embrace, in the edge, in the tight, in grasp, in general, fully armed, publicly, alone, to avoid, a hundredfold, openly, in retaliation, in an armful, in the dust, in opposition, in installments, retail, in a row, in hearts, in a pool , after that, on time, in the old days, to the side, in line, in silence, in three dooms, at a dead end, point-blank.
To the point of demand, to the bitter end, to the extreme, to the point of unrecognizability, to satiety, to failure, goodbye, until now, until death, until I fall.
For the eyes, abroad, abroad, for midnight, for peace, for what about what.
From abroad, from under the arm, from under the arms, from under the bushel.
Just. Small small less.
At random, on the run, on the side, forever and ever, forever, by weight, by weight, by sight, by sight, for a while, by choice, by eye, before our eyes, by sin, by miracle, the other day, on the house, at home, on the hind legs, on the envy, on the heels, on the decline, on the run, on the wear and tear, on the end, on all fours, on the haunches., on the haunches, on the way, on the fly, in a manner, for a moment, on world, on no, on flight, perfectly, by touch, by memory, afloat, by retreat, by bail, by bail, by sight, by rarity, by hand, by gallop, by glory, by laughter, by demolitions, on conscience, on guard, on slaughter, with a bang, on the go, on good, on tiptoe, on tiptoe, on the clock (on guard), on all fours,
at a pace, out of spirit, out of proportion, out of proportion, out of standard, not for free (not free), not good, not in a hurry, not to taste, beyond strength, beyond the teeth, not to the gut, not over the shoulder, not away, not out of hand, not for a penny, not an iota, toe to toe.
One on one, from young to old.
From time to time, at hand, in the evening, downhill, on the cheap, at the end, at the end, under the stomach, under the arms, under the arms, under the force, under the bushel, to match, in twos, on the sly, under the bridle, downhill , at least according to the gut, one at a time, in turn, predominantly, according to conscience, the old fashioned way, in threes, to oneself.
From side to side, from side to side, with knowledge, in sight, eye to eye, side by side, word for word, word for word, in a swoop, in a swoop, in a swoop, from beginning to end, with all that, pantalyk to get lost, at a run, from acceleration, on a grand scale, on the move, from hour to hour.
From hour to hour.
SAMPLE ASSIGNMENT
13. Determine the sentence in which both highlighted words are written CONTINUOUSLY. Open the brackets and write down these two words.
1. (C) FOR many hours the hunter sat by the hole and did not hear the fox growl or yelp.
2. Anna Mikhailovna wrote to the front (STILL) at the SAME address and (STILL) waited for the letter.
3. (IN) SOON the sun completely disappeared behind a sharp ridge, and immediately (FROM) THERE a fan of bright red rays flew into the sky.
4. My companion (STILL) followed each bird with his eyes and (IN) SECRETLY thought about the plan for our future hunt.
5. These places, known to the hunter only (BY) HEARING, (BY) RIGHT can count on wide popularity.
ANSWER: soon from there
There are several types of rules:
I. spelling adverbial suffixes;
II. spelling adverbs with a hyphen;
III. combined and separate writing of adverbs.
I. Spelling of adverbial suffixes:
1) at the end of adverbs formed from full adjectives is written:
- suffix -O – after hard consonants, for example: long - debt O;
- suffix -e – after soft consonants; For example: external - external e.
2) at the end of adverbs after sibilants under the accent it is written -o: generally O? ; without accent – -е : sing-h e.
Exception: more.
3) at the end of adverbs formed from short adjectives with the help of prefixes from- (is-), do-, s- (co-), it is written -a; For example : occasionally A, dry A, reference A ; using the prefixes in-, for-, on-, written -o ; For example: right O, directed O, simple O.
4) adverbs with the prefix po- at the end have -y; For example: for a long time, because, to the extent.
5) at the end of adverbs (and particles), after sibilants it is written ь. For example: gallop, I mean, hear, see, backhand.
Exceptions: I can’t bear to get married.
II. Spelling adverbs with a hyphen:
1) adverbs formed from full adjectives and pronouns-adjectives in a prefix-suffix way, with prefix And suffixes -oom, -emu, -i. For example: other - in a different way, real - for real, human - in a human way, English - in English, fox - in a fox way.
By analogy with words in English, French, German, Russian an adverb is written with a hyphen in Latin;
2) adverbs formed from ordinal numbers in a prefix-suffix way, with the prefix v- (vo-) And suffix - them (s); For example: first? firstly, secondly? Secondly.
3) term on-mountain;
4) adverbs with some prefix And postfixes -either, -either, -yet ; For example: somehow, for some reason, well, someday, somewhere, after all.
5) adverbs formed by repetition:
- the same word; For example: barely, just a little, just about;
- the same root, complicated by prefixes and suffixes; For example: visible and invisible, little by little, just, after all, a long time ago, willy-nilly;
- synonyms; For example: out of the blue, in good health, at the very least, unexpectedly.
Note!
a) Adverbs with the prefix po- are written together, formed:
- from possessive pronouns with final -mu; For example: because, why, therefore, therefore.
- in the prefix-suffixal way from full adjectives with the suffix -o. For example: monthly - monthly, ten - ten days, lowercase - line by line.
b) Written separately:
- adverbial combinations made up of repeated nouns with a preposition between them. For example: side by side, side to side, honor by honor.
Exception: exactly, crosswise;
- non-prepositional combinations consisting of repeated nouns (the second is in the instrumental case). For example: rank by rank, honor by honor;
- combinations with words of the same root (adverb + verb), in which the first is an adverb in -mya. For example: swarming, roaring roaringly.
V) Do not confuse adverbs (written with a hyphen) with homonymous combinations of prepositions with adjectives and adjective pronouns (written separately). In order to differentiate them, use the following rule: an adjective and an adjective pronoun can be removed from a sentence; with an adverb this operation is impossible.
For example: Trains run on the same schedule (Trains run on schedule). - Everything is still the same with us ( still cannot be withdrawn ); Events developed according to a different option (Events developed according to an option). - He did everything differently ( cannot be taken away by anyone else ).
III. Integrated and separate writing of adverbs
The combined and separate writing of adverbs and adverbial combinations is largely determined by tradition, as well as by what part of speech the adverb and adverbial combination are formed from.
1. Adverbs formed from other adverbs:
1) adverbs are written together , formed by combining prefixes with adverbs. For example: it is forbidden? absolutely, always? forever, tomorrow? the day after tomorrow, outside? outside.
2) written separately combinations of prepositions with unchangeable words used in the meaning of nouns. For example: nullify, pass the exam well, go with a bang.
In this case, after the preposition, you can put a case question of the noun. Pass the exam for (What? )Fine.
Compare: The next day we hit the road(tomorrow is an adverb meaning “the next day”, the question is asked about the word in its entirety: set off on the road (when?) – the next day) – Departure postponed until tomorrow(for tomorrow – a prepositional combination meaning “for tomorrow”, the question is asked after the preposition for: departure was postponed until (what day?) tomorrow).
2. Adverbs formed from numerals:
1) written together adverbs formed by combining “prefix in, na- + collective numeral in -e”; For example: twice, in two.
2) written separately combinations:
a) “preposition po + collective numeral in -e”; For example: twos, threes;
b) “preposition + collective numeral in -yh(s)” (note that the adverbs firstly, secondly, thirdly, etc. are written with a hyphen!); For example: for two, for three, for six.
3) written separately prepositional combinations formed by repeating the same numeral (including the collective) with a preposition between the numerals; For example: one on one, two on two;
4) adverbs and adverbial combinations with root one are written together and separately:
a) written separately combinations – alone, one at a time;
b) written together adverbs at the same time, one by one. For example: scatter individually, act together.
But written separately combinations where behind , By are prepositions . For example: to give one's life for one word; put them in solitary confinement - solitary confinement.
3. Adverbs formed from pronouns:
1) written together adverbs (including pronominal adverbs) arising from the combination “preposition + pronoun”. For example: therefore, then, at all, with might and main, completely, in a draw, and not at all.
But written separately combination of a preposition with a pronoun; For example: at all times on this matter.
2) always written separately combinations: from this, at the same time, behind this, for what, to what, to that, for nothing, for nothing, for nothing, in any way, in both.
Pay attention to the writing of phraseological units: at any cost, as if nothing had happened.
4. Adverbs formed from adjectives:
1) written together adverbs formed from adjectives in a prefix-suffix way; For example: new - again, left - on the left, lowercase - line by line.
2) written together adverbs arising from the combination “preposition + full adjective in case form" For example: manually, idle, recklessly, directly, often.
Exceptions: to the side, to the world, to the back;
3) written separately adverbs arising from the combination “preposition + full adjective in case form”, if the preposition ends with a consonant and the adjective begins with a vowel. For example: openly.
Note!
Written separately a combination of a preposition with a full adjective (in this case the adjective can be removed from the sentence or phrase; the question is posed after the preposition).
Compare: speak (how?) directly(adverb) – go out onto (what?) straight street; go outside(“preposition + adjective”).
5.Adverbs formed from a noun with prepositions
The spelling of adverbs and adverbial combinations that arose from the combinations “preposition + noun in a certain case” is largely determined by tradition.
At the same time, the combined and separate writing of adverbs and adverbial combinations depends on:
1) from the type of noun to which the adverb goes:
a) usually written together adverbs containing nominal forms that are not used in modern Russian. For example: plenty, locked up, early, in trouble, in reality.
Exceptions: fully armed, loudly, bluntly, to the point, etc.;
b) usually written together adverbs, if a definition cannot be inserted between the prefix-prefix and the noun from which the adverb is formed without changing the meaning, or if after the preposition a case question cannot be posed to the noun. For example: run skipping, refuse flatly, talk vying with each other.
Exceptions: made conscientiously, to match someone;
c) usually written together adverbs formed from prepositional-case forms, if in the modern Russian language there is a homonymous combination of a noun with a preposition (in a different meaning). For example: put your cap on one side(the cap is on the head, not on the side!) – the horse fell on its side.
Exceptions: work hard(adverb) – don't count on fame read poetry from memory(adverb) – just don’t rely on memory(noun with preposition);
d) usually written together adverbs formed from nouns with spatial and temporal meaning – top, bottom, front, back, height, depth, distance, width, century, beginning, etc.
Look up, remember forever, look back, think first.
Are written separately homonymous forms of a noun with a preposition: the noun in this case is used in its direct meaning and has a dependent adjective or noun.
Compare: Think first, answer later(adverb) – Three hours have passed since the meeting began(noun with preposition); He looked up(adverb) – He climbed to the top of the stairs(noun with preposition).
Note!
Remember the separate writing: for ever, for ever, from everlasting(i.e. for a long time, since time immemorial), forever and ever, forever and ever.
Remember continuous writing: top to bottom, top to bottom, bottom to top.
2) depending on the type of preposition:
a) usually written together adverbs with prepositions:
- TO: in a row, by the way, up, down;
Exceptions: to the point (to the point to say), in a hurry, not in a hurry.
- ABOUT : on the ground, sideways (in the meaning of “next to” - sit by the side; but: hit the side of the boat);
- FROM (IS) : from within, from afar, from time immemorial, from ancient times;
- FROM: partly, from birth in the sense of “never” (he never ate such dishes, but: from birth in the sense of “from birth” - he is ten years old);
b) usually written separately adverbial expressions with prepositions:
- WITHOUT: to no avail, without asking, without restraint, without a twinge of conscience;
- BEFORE: until I drop, until I die, until I die (tired), until I’m full (full);
Exceptions: to the top (loaded), to the bottom (sank), to the ground (burned out).
- C (CO): out of the blue, out of a pantalyk, out of a run, out of a swing, out of evil, out of excess, out of fright;
Exceptions: foolishly, too, shoulder (hit), immediately, akin, half asleep, wide awake, early in the morning, in a row, in front, behind, below, above;
- FROM UNDER: from under the bushel, from under the armpits, from under the nose;
Exceptions: from under the brows, on the sly, from below.
- BEHIND : abroad, abroad, behind the eyes, beyond midnight;
Exceptions : married, married, friend.
- UNDER: to match, under the nose, under the arm, under the bushel, under the bushel;
Exceptions : sometimes (“sometimes”), in a row.
c) written separately adverbs with the preposition in, if the original noun begins with a vowel; For example: point blank, around, in general (but: in general).
G) adverbial expressions with prepositions in, on, by are written:
- apart , if the noun still retains the ability to change by case. Compare: done conscientiously - act according to conscience, put in a dead end - find yourself in a dead end.
Exceptions: inside out(although there is from the inside out), one by one(although eating alone ), instantly(although there is for a moment), hastily(although there is no rush);
- apart, if the noun ends in -ah(s). For example: in the dark, in the hearts, on errands, in joy.
Exceptions: in the dark, in a hurry, in a hurry, in the heat of the moment (nouns without in are no longer used);
- apart, if an adjective can be placed between the preposition in, on, by and a noun, the pronoun and meaning of the noun will not change; For example: for a moment - for one moment, at a gallop - at full gallop.
- together, if the noun is no longer used separately from in, on, by. For example: on an empty stomach, in person, finally, down the drain, in the dark, in a hurry, in a hurry, in the heat of the moment.
- together, if an adjective or pronoun cannot be inserted between in, on, by and a noun (without changing the meaning of the noun). For example: for the future, to the full, flatly, in a low voice, tightly.
The writing of adverbs and adverbial combinations in many cases is determined by tradition. Therefore, if you have difficulty, you should turn to spelling dictionaries.
Continuous writing of adverbs
Adverbs formed by prefix or prefix-suffix methods from nouns with spatial and temporal meanings are written together ( top, bottom, front, back, side, height, depth, distance, near, width, century, beginning)
For example: top → V top, V top at, before top at, To top at, on top, etc.;
bottom → V bottom, V bottom at, With bottom at etc.;
side → V side, on side, With side at(but: at your side, side by side)
heights → V heights
depth → V depth
distance → V far away V gave And, poo distance;
close → V near And;
width → V breadth;
start → V began e, By began at, With began A;
century → V century, in century, in century And, before century at, on century, on century And ( But : forever and ever, from century to century).
It is necessary to distinguish adverbs that are written together, and word combinations of nouns with a preposition that coincide with them in sound, and are written separately.
adverb noun
Compare : rise (to where?) up- climb to the top(what?) tall tree.
Adverbs formed using prefixes are written together in-, on- from collective numerals.
For example: V two, V three, V four, V ten,
on two, on three,
V two, V three of us, V four, V ten;
( n o: for three, for five, etc.)
Adverbs formed from nouns are written together with the first part quite . For example: completely vote, completely turnover, completely strength, completely ear, completely prices, etc.
Note: combinations of prepositions consonant with adverbs are written separately V and a compound word with the first part floor- and the second part - the name of the unit of measurement. For example: half a meter high, weighing half a ton.
Spelling of adverbial combinations that include nouns and numerals.
Are written separately without, before, under, with And about with forms of nouns (including those not used outside of these combinations).
For example:
without end, without tension, without beating around the bush, without breath, without analysis, without asking, without silence, without fatigue;
to the point of death, to the point of unrecognizability, to the point of exhaustion, to half death, to death, to the point of falling, to hell.
Do not forget, What before- with words of spatial and temporal meaning is written together ( to the top, to the bottom).Remember that combined with before- an adverb is written to the ground .
close at hand, in the evening, turnkey, at the end, downhill, hand in hand, within reach, to match, in the morning, on the sly ( but: they are written together sometimes, in a row, drunk);
at death, with money;
in reserve.
Are written separately adverbial combinations consisting of a preposition-prefix With and shapes genitive case noun in - y(s) ) .
For example:
in sight, from hunger, from fright, from flight, from a swoop, from a swoop, from fright, from a run, from acceleration, from a swing, from a move;
from fright, from flight, from a swoop, from fright, from a run, from acceleration, from a swing.
Remember: written together immediately, right away, off the shoulder;
Do not forget that adverbs formed from nouns with spatial and temporal meanings are written together, for example: side, top, bottom, first.
Are written separately adverbial combinations of prepositions and prefixes V And With with the second part starting with vowels.
For example:
in exchange, in an embrace, in a squeeze, in a tight fit, alone, overnight, in revenge, in an armful, in a hunt, at a loss, for a favor, in a reproach, point-blank, in a reproach;
carefully, from the inside out, carefully, cautiously, eagerly, wisely, with intent.
Are written separately adverbial preposition combinations By with collective numbers.
For example: two, three, five.
Are written separately adverbial combinations formed by repeating nouns or numerals with a preposition and written in three or four words.
For example:
side by side, from side to side, eye to eye, from hour to hour, foot to foot, trail to trail, hand to hand, hand to hand, from century to century, from year to year, time after time, time after time, time after time, soul to soul, word for word, one on one, two on two, three on three.
Bibliography
- Razumovskaya M.M., Lvova S.I. and others. Russian language. 7th grade. Textbook. - 13th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2009.
- Baranov M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A. and others. Russian language. 7th grade. Textbook. - 34th ed. - M.: Education, 2012.
- Russian language. Practice. 7th grade. Ed. S.N. Pimenova - 19th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2012.
- Lvova S.I., Lvov V.V. Russian language. 7th grade. In 3 parts - 8th ed. - M.: Mnemosyne, 2012.
- Didactic materials. Section "Adverb" ().
- Adverb as part of speech ().
- Adverb as part of speech ().
- Parts of speech in Russian ().
Homework
Exercises No. 261, 262. Baranov M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A. and others. Russian language. 7th grade. Textbook. - M.: Education, 2012.
Task No. 1. Rewrite and expand the brackets.
(In) the forest was visible in the distance - (in) the blue steamer disappeared in the distance; (c) smoke rises high - (c) a dove flies into the heights of heaven; (in) the age of not forgetting my friend - (in) the age of electronics; (c) wears a coat - (c) wears a brocade cape; (at) time to come - (at) time of summer vacation; (to) raise your head - (to) attach a flag to the top of the tent; (on) the face there were mistakes - (on) the face a strand of hair fell; (for) tomorrow there will be fun - (for) tomorrow to reschedule the meeting; (to) climb to the top - (to) climb to the top of the mountain.
Task No. 2. Rewrite, opening the parentheses.
It gets dark quickly in the taiga. And despite the fact that we knew this, the darkness still took us by surprise. Parting the heavy thorny branches and feeling with our feet for the next bump, we (little) little by little moved forward. It was completely dark, but, oddly enough, there was no escape from the voracious mosquitoes and midges, just like during the day.
We walked all day (down) along the river, but the river disappeared into the darkness, somewhere (to) the left, and we had to go (at) guess. Fortunately, the nearest hunting hut was apparently not far away. And indeed, when we (one by one) crossed a narrow perch thrown across a muddy forest stream and climbed up the mountain, we found ourselves in front of a hut. Without wasting a minute and rejoicing in our hearts that our calculation was justified and we got to the place on time, we tirelessly chopped pine needles, sawed small branches with a hacksaw and laid them crosswise. My comrade no longer looks down and even begins to read poems that he once learned from memory.
With a quiet rustle, the wind sways the tops of the old cedars, as if foretelling rain tomorrow, and somewhere in the distance some night bird screams.
