If in former times almost any product was in short supply, today the greatest difficulty is choosing the right product among hundreds and thousands of analogues. Often, even one manufacturer offers dozens of models of its products, which allows the consumer to choose the product they really need. However, the path of any product from the assembly line at the factory to the consumer can be long and difficult, and therefore it is important to preserve the presentation and consumer properties of the product at all stages of its storage and transportation. For this important purpose, packaging material is used, which can be very different.

Today, packaging production is established at a high level, and allows us to solve problems of transportation and storage of almost any product, from candy to machine tools. The most popular types of packaging are polyethylene, metallized packaging, paper, and wooden frames.

Paper packaging is used mainly for single use. Paper is an environmentally friendly and safe material, and therefore is often used for storing and eating food. Paper cups wholesale, paper plates, are purchased en masse by catering establishments and fast food outlets. They do not take up much space and do not require special disposal conditions and, moreover, after recycling they can be reused in other types of paper products.

As previously mentioned, the main advantage of paper packaging is its environmental friendliness. The problem of environmental pollution has been talked about a lot for several decades, and while Western countries have seriously taken up the fight against this phenomenon, no serious steps have yet been taken in our country. However, there is some positive trend, in particular, more and more attention is being paid to the recycling of raw materials. We are all accustomed to the fact that metal can be handed over, and often get good money this way.

However, few people know that there are collection points for paper and even plastic. Today you can hand over waste paper without any problems. For large stores, this practice has already become the norm, because every day they accumulate hundreds of kilograms of cardboard, which can be returned at a favorable price. It is not always easy to remove such volumes of paper, and here the companies themselves that accept waste paper can come to the meeting. Having a pick-up service allows you not only to make a profit, but also not to spend money on transport services. The effectiveness of such recycling of raw materials is obvious, since it allows less pollution of the environment with garbage and saves green spaces from cutting down.

It is worth taking into account indirect savings, because the energy costs for making paper from wood and processing finished products differ many times. And this again has a beneficial effect on both the environment and the cost of the final product. An even more enticing prospect is the recycling of plastic, which is used literally everywhere. Bottles, toys, any plastic products can be processed into pellets and reused in production.

Thus, almost all materials used can be recycled, which means many prospects. Slowly but surely, our fellow citizens are beginning to realize the importance of recycling raw materials, and there is hope that in the future we will be able to reduce the impact on the environment to a minimum, making production virtually waste-free, and all failed or simply obsolete products will be recycled. But for such a result, the participation of the vast majority of the population is necessary, because only through joint efforts can we get rid of garbage.

Table. The height of laying above-ground gas pipelines.

Place of laying overhead gas pipelines	Minimum height of gas pipeline installation, m
On impassable parts of the territory in places where people pass	2,2
In a free area away from the passage of vehicles and the passage of people	0,5
At road intersections (from the roadbed)	4,5
At intersections of non-electrified railway tracks (from the rail head)	5,6
When crossing intra-plant railway tracks for transporting molten iron or coke	10,0

When laying gas pipelines, welded joints must be spaced at the following distances from the supports:

With gas pipeline diameter, mm	More than 200 Distance from supports, mm
Up to 200	Not less than 300
More than 200	Not less than 500

The height of the gas pipeline is standardized by document SP 62.13330.2011* Gas ​​distribution systems. Updated edition of SNiP 42-01-2002 (with Amendment No. 1).

The height of laying overhead gas pipelines and the depth of underground LPG gas pipelines should be taken as for gas pipelines of natural gas distribution and gas consumption networks.

5.3.4 The height of laying overhead gas pipelines should be taken in accordance with the requirements of SP 18.13330.

Height of laying an overwater gas pipeline

5.4.4 The height of the above-water passage of the gas pipeline from the calculated level of water rise or ice drift [high water horizon (HWH) or ice drift (GVL)] to the bottom of the pipe or span should be taken:

When crossing ravines and gullies - not lower than 0.5 m above the GVV of 5% security;

When crossing non-navigable and non-raftable rivers - at least 0.2 m above the water supply and water supply lines of 2% probability, and if there is a grub boat on the rivers - taking it into account, but not less than 1 m above the water supply line of 1% probability (taking into account the surge waves);

When crossing navigable and raftable rivers - no less than the values ​​​​established by design standards for bridge crossings on navigable rivers.

Shut-off valves should be placed at least 10 m from the boundaries of the transition or areas susceptible to erosion or landslides. The transition boundary is considered to be the place where the gas pipeline crosses the high water horizon with a 10% probability.

The need to classify gas pipelines came into our lives with the widespread spread of technologies for using gas for the needs of the population. Heating of residential, administrative, and industrial buildings, the use of gas both in cooking and in production has long become a common thing for us.

The classification of gas pipelines is necessary measures and rules for systematization laying gas lines. may differ both in their purpose and in a number of indicators, such as: pressure, the material from which it is made, location, volumes of transported gas and others.

Contents of the article

About the types of classification according to the purpose of the highway

Due to the characteristic specifics of their use, gas pipes can be classified in several directions at once. After this, for an individual gas pipeline, a number of characteristics can be compiled that determine its properties and design features.

Special reference signs located along the entire gas pipeline route can tell us about this in detail. They are sign boards measuring 140x200 millimeters, with encrypted information about the gas pipeline.

Available in green (for steel options) and yellow (polyethylene pipes) colors. Signs can be placed on the walls of buildings, as well as on special posts near the routes. These signs are installed at a distance of no more than 100 meters from each other, maintaining a line of sight zone.

When planning gas pipes, one can distinguish: street, intra-block, inter-shop and yard. The characteristics of the location do not end there, because laying and inserting communications is possible on the ground, underground and above the ground.

In the gas supply system, gas pipelines can be classify according to their intended purpose:

• distribution These are external gas pipelines supplying gas from gas sources to distribution points, as well as medium and high pressure gas pipelines connected to one facility;
• gas pipeline-inlet. This is the section from the connection to the gas distribution pipeline to the inlet device that turns off the system;
• inlet gas pipeline. This is the gap from the shutdown device to the immediate internal gas pipeline;
• inter-village Such communications are laid outside populated areas;
• interior. An internal gas pipeline is considered to be the section that starts from the inlet gas pipeline to the final unit using gas.

Classification of gas pipelines by pressure

The pressure in the pipe is the most important indicator of the functioning of the gas pipeline. By calculating this indicator, it is possible to determine the capacity limit of the gas pipeline, its reliability, as well as the degree of risk that arises during its operation.

A gas pipeline, undoubtedly, is a potentially dangerous object, and therefore the laying or insertion of gas communications with a pressure exceeding the permissible carries great risks for the gas transportation system and the safety of surrounding people. Proper classification rules will help avoid accidents at explosive sites.

Separate high, medium and low pressure gas pipelines. A more detailed classification of gas pipelines is given below:

• high pressure category I-a. The gas pressure in such a gas pipeline can exceed 1.2 MPa. This type is used to connect steam and turbine units, as well as thermal power plants, to the gas system. Pipe diameter from 1000 to 1200 mm;
• high pressure category I. The indicator ranges from 0.6 to 1.2 MPa. Used to transfer gas to gas distribution points. The pipe diameter is the same as the diameter of category I-a;
• high pressure category II. Indicator from 0.3 to 0.6 MPa. Supplied to gas distribution points for residential buildings and industrial facilities. The diameter of the high pressure line is from 500 to 1000 mm;
• medium pressure category III. The indicator can be in the range from 5 kPa to 0.3 MPa. They are used to supply gas to gas distribution points through medium pressure pipes located on residential buildings. Medium pressure pipe diameter from 300 to 500 mm;
• low pressure category IV. A pressure not exceeding 5 kPa is permissible. Such gas pipes supply the carrier directly to residential buildings. Low pressure gas pipelines have a pipe diameter of no more than 300 mm.

Types of gas pipelines by depth

Taking into account the factor of urban conditions, the load from heavy transport, the influence of snow and rain on the ground, the depth of communications in the city and their main variations require consideration of them separately.

The rules for laying gas mains also depend on the type of gas being transported. Pipes supplying dried gas can be laid in the freezing zone of the soil. The depth of installation is determined primarily by the likelihood of mechanical damage to the soil or road surface.

Dynamic loads should not cause stress in the pipes. At the same time, an increase in the laying depth directly proportionally affects the cost of road repair and construction work required when laying pipes.

• on driveways of streets with concrete or asphalt pavement, the minimum laying depth is allowed to be at least 0.8 meters; in the absence of such covering, a laying depth of 0.9 meters is allowed;
• the minimum depth for laying pipes transporting dry gas is assumed to be 1.2 meters from the ground surface;
• on streets and intra-block areas where there is guaranteed to be no traffic and there will be no traffic, the laying rules allow for the laying depth to be reduced to 0.6 meters;
• The depth of the underground gas pipeline depends on the presence of water vapor and the level of soil freezing. When transporting dry gas, the laying depth is usually 0.8 meters.

Laying a gas pipeline in a trench.mp4 (video)

Main gas pipelines and their security zones

Main gas pipelines are entire complexes of technical structures, the main task of which is to transport gas from the place of its production to distribution points, and then to the consumer. In close proximity to the city they become local. The latter, in turn, serve to distribute gas throughout the city and deliver it to industrial enterprises.

The design and installation of main communications must take into account the volume of gas, the power of the equipment working with it, gas pressure and, of course, the rules for laying main gas pipelines. The location of the main gas pipeline near the facility that needs to be gasified does not mean that the tie-in will be applied specifically to it.

The tie-in can be laid several kilometers from the gasified section. In addition, the tie-in must take into account the practical possibility of providing the consumer with a given power and pressure in the pipe.

Main pipes have different capacities. It is influenced, first of all, by the fuel and energy balance of the area in which the pipeline is planned to be laid. At the same time, it is necessary to rationally determine the annual amount of gas, taking into account the volume of the resource, for the future after the start of operation of the complex.

Typically, the performance parameter characterizes the amount of gas supplied per year. Throughout the year, this figure will fluctuate downward due to the uneven use of gas by the population over the seasons. In addition, this is also affected by changes in ambient temperature.

The security zone of the main gas pipeline implies a section on both sides of the gas pipeline, limited by two parallel lines. Security zones for main gas pipes are required due to the explosiveness of such communications. And therefore it must be carried out taking into account the required distance.

To maintain the required length of security zones, the following rules must be taken into account:

• for high pressure lines. Category I – the security zone is 10 m;
• for high pressure pipes Category II – the security zone is 7 m;
• for medium pressure lines. – the security zone is 4 m;
• for low pressure pipes – the security zone is 2 m.

Transportation of gas to the consumer.

Due to the remoteness of the sources from the place of consumption of natural gas, its delivery is carried out through main lines at a pressure of up to 5 MPa and a pipeline diameter of up to 1.6 m. In all newly laid gas pipelines, in order to increase the throughput capacity, the pressure is increased to 7.5 MPa. To maintain pressure when pumping gas over long distances, booster compressor stations are installed every 120-150 km. The transfer of flammable gas from the main line to consumers is carried out using networks of appropriate pressure (medium and low), GDS and hydraulic fracturing. Due to the great unevenness and seasonality of gas consumption schedules, it is necessary to make gas reservations. To level out seasonal irregularities and store gas, large-volume underground storage facilities (former oil and gas fields) are used. Daily and hourly uneven consumption is leveled out using special storage facilities and gas tanks. Due to the high explosion and fire hazard, gas networks, gas distribution systems and hydraulic fracturing units, shut-off and control equipment and equipment, in accordance with the current Construction Norms and Regulations, are subject to increased requirements. Gas can be delivered to local consumers using underground and above-ground installations. Underground installation is mainly used. Aboveground installation is allowed on the territory of PP, communal and residential areas under a number of specially specified conditions.

To supply gas from group installations, steel gas pipelines are used, laid underground and designed for a pressure of pure gas of 3–5 kPa, and of gas-air mixtures - 1.5–3 kPa.

Underground gas pipelines. The routing of gas pipelines through the territory of populated areas, inside blocks or courtyards should ensure the shortest length of gas pipelines and branches from them to residential buildings, as well as the maximum distance from above-ground buildings (especially those with basements) and non-pressure underground communications (sewer pipes, channels for heating pipes and others containers through which gas can spread). The routing of gas pipelines through undeveloped areas should be carried out taking into account the layout of their future development.

In accordance with the requirements of the current “Safety Rules in the Gas Industry” of the Gosgortekhnadzor of the Russian Federation, the horizontal distances between low-pressure gas pipelines (up to 5 kPa) and other structures must be clear, m, not less than:

To the foundation of buildings and structures, overpasses and tunnels - 2;

External lighting, contact network and communication supports - 1;

The axles of the extreme track of the railway gauge 1520 mm - 3.8;

The tram's extreme track axles are 2.8;

Side stone streets, roads - 1.5;

The outer edge of the ditch or to the bottom of the embankment of the street, road - 1;

Foundations for support of overhead power lines with voltage up to 1 kV and outdoor lighting - 1, above 1 to 35 kV - 5, and above - 6;

Tree trunks - 1.5;

Shrubs - not standardized.

When laying gas pipelines between buildings and under the arches of buildings, as well as in certain sections of the route where the given distances cannot be maintained, it is allowed to reduce them to values ​​that ensure the safety of all underground structures during the construction and repair of each of them. If it is necessary to reduce the distance, long seamless pipes with increased wall thickness are used; bent bends are used; welded joints are checked by physical control methods; The pipes are protected from corrosion by highly reinforced insulation.

The minimum horizontal clear distances between utility underground networks must be, m, not less than:

To the water supply - 1;

Domestic sewerage - 1;

Drainage and rainwater drainage - 1;

Gas pipelines of low, medium, high pressure - 0.5;

Power cables up to 100 kV and communication cables - 1;

Heating networks and common collectors – 2.

Laying two or more gas pipelines in one trench is allowed at the same or different levels (steps). The distances between gas pipelines must be sufficient for installation and repair of pipelines, but not less than 0.4 m for pipes with a diameter of up to 300 mm.

Vertical clear distances when crossing underground gas pipelines of all pressures with other underground structures and communications must be, m, not less than:

Water supply, sewerage, drainage, telephone sewerage, etc. - 0.15;

Heating network channel - 0.2;

Electrical cable, telephone armored cable - 0.5;

Oil-filled electric cable (110–220 kV) - 1.

Rice. 33. Scheme of gas supply to an industrial enterprise from medium-pressure urban gas pipelines.

1 – medium (or high) pressure city gas distribution pipeline; 2 – gas pipeline entry; 3 – valve with compensator in a deep well; 4 – underground inter-shop gas pipelines of medium or high pressure; 5 – hydraulic fracturing and central gas flow measurement point; 6 – underground inter-shop gas pipelines of medium pressure; 7 – tap; 8 – above-ground gas pipelines laid along the wall of the building; 9 – cabinet main control unit (CVD); 10 – valve with compensator in a deep well (shop shut-off device); 11 – fitting with a tap and plug for taking a sample; 12 – purge gas pipeline; 13 – disconnecting device (valve) at the entrance to the workshop; 14 – tap in a shallow well; 15 – above-ground inter-shop gas pipelines laid along columns; 16 – U-shaped compensator; 17 – valve on an overhead gas pipeline with a platform and ladder for servicing it; 18 – intra-shop GRU.

Reducing the distance between the gas pipeline and the electrical cable or armored communication cable is possible if they are laid in cases, and the clear distance between the gas pipeline and the wall of the case must be, m, not less than: when laying the electric cable - 0.25; armored communication cable - 0.15, and the ends of the case should extend 1 m on both sides from the walls of the gas pipeline being crossed.

Overhead gas pipelines. These gas pipelines are more accessible to the supervision of maintenance personnel, are less susceptible to deformation, and allow you to quickly eliminate possible problems and carry out repair work without disconnecting consumers. Low and medium pressure gas pipelines are allowed to be laid on the external walls of residential and public buildings of at least IV degree of fire resistance and on separate fireproof supports, and low pressure gas pipelines with a nominal pipe diameter of up to 50 mm - along the walls of residential buildings.

Overhead gas pipelines should be designed taking into account the compensation of longitudinal deformations and, if necessary, when self-compensation is not ensured, the installation of compensators (not stuffing boxes) should be provided. The height of the gas pipeline should be selected taking into account the provision of its inspection and repair. Flanged or threaded connections on gas pipelines should not be provided under window openings and balconies of buildings. Gas pipelines laid along the outer walls of buildings, overpasses, supports, as well as risers at the exit from the ground, if necessary, must be protected from mechanical damage. Gas pipelines must have a slope of at least 0.003; condensate removal devices must be installed at the lowest points. Thermal insulation must be provided for these gas pipelines.

The minimum horizontal clear distances from above-ground gas pipelines laid on supports to residential and public buildings must be at least 2 m. Clear distances between jointly laid and intersecting above-ground gas pipelines and pipelines for other purposes must be accepted for a gas pipeline diameter of up to 300 mm, at least gas pipeline diameter, but not less than 100 mm. The distances between the supports of above-ground gas pipelines should be determined in accordance with the requirements of the current “Guidelines for the calculation of steel pipelines for various purposes.”

Disabling devices. On gas pipelines, it is planned to install disconnecting devices at gas pipeline inputs into individual buildings or their groups (two adjacent buildings or more), as well as in front of external (open) gas consuming installations. On underground gas pipelines they should be installed in shallow wells with compensators. On gas pipelines with a nominal bore of less than 100 mm, U-shaped compensators should be used predominantly. When steel fittings are connected to gas pipelines by welding, compensators are not installed.

The installation of shut-off devices at the inputs of low-pressure gas pipelines should, as a rule, be provided outside the building. For fittings located at a height of more than 2.2 m, platforms made of non-combustible materials with ladders or a remote drive should be provided. To service fittings that are rarely used, it is allowed to use a portable ladder.

When laying two or more gas pipelines in one trench, the installed shut-off valves must be offset relative to each other at a distance that ensures ease of maintenance and repair.

Gas pipelines indoors. Indoors, gas pipelines are laid openly along the walls, parallel to the floor (ceiling). The length of LPG gas pipelines from risers to gas appliances is minimal. Pipes are not allowed to cross living rooms, and when passing through walls, smoke and ventilation ducts are not allowed. When attaching gas pipelines to walls, it is necessary to maintain distances that ensure the possibility of inspecting and repairing gas pipelines and the shut-off valves installed on them. Installing taps with a stop nut towards the wall is unacceptable.

The relative location of gas pipelines and electrical wiring inside buildings must meet the following requirements:

A distance of at least 10 cm must be maintained from an openly laid electrical wire (electrical wire) to the wall of the gas pipeline (it can be reduced to 5 cm when laying electrical wires in tubes);

at the intersection of the gas pipeline with an openly laid electrical wire, the latter must be enclosed in a rubber or ebonite tube protruding 10 cm from each side of the gas pipeline;

When a hidden electrical wire is laid, a distance of at least 5 cm must be maintained from the wall of the gas pipeline, counting to the edge of the sealed furrow.

Where the gas pipeline intersects with other pipelines (water supply, sewerage), their pipes should not touch. To turn off the gas, in addition to the tap on each riser, taps are installed at the entrance to the apartment, in the stairwell (at the stair riser), on the branch from the riser to the appliances in the kitchen and in front of each appliance. If the riser is located in the kitchen and only one gas appliance is installed in the apartment (stove without a meter), a shut-off valve at the outlet from the riser may not be installed. Gas pipelines laid indoors must be made of steel pipes. Pipe connections should usually be made by welding. Threaded and flanged connections are allowed only in places where shut-off valves and gas appliances are installed. Detachable connections of gas pipelines must be accessible for inspection and repair.

The laying of gas pipelines inside buildings and structures should be open. In the premises of consumer service enterprises, public catering and laboratories, it is allowed to lay gas supply pipelines to individual units, gas appliances in a concrete floor, followed by sealing the pipes with cement mortar. In this case, anti-corrosion insulation must be provided for the pipes. Where the gas pipeline enters and exits the floor, cases must be provided that protrude above them by at least 3 cm.

Fundamentally, the design of gas pipelines for supplying industrial and municipal enterprises with increased gas consumption is distinguished by the possibility of using medium pressure. According to the “Safety Rules in the Gas Industry” and SNiP 42-01-02, inter-shop gas pipelines at industrial enterprises can be either underground or aboveground. The choice of method for laying inter-shop gas pipelines depends on the degree of saturation of the territory with underground communications, the type of soil and coatings, the nature of construction structures and buildings, the location of the shops consuming gas, and technical and economic considerations. As a rule, enterprises give preference to above-ground laying of inter-shop gas pipelines.

Gas supply schemes for enterprises, like the methods of laying gas pipelines, are varied. When choosing a scheme, it is necessary to be guided by technical and economic requirements, as well as reliability and safety requirements: ensuring the necessary parameters of combustible gas (pressure and flow) in front of the gas burners of heating units; minimum capital and metal investments (minimum diameters and lengths of gas pipelines, number of hydraulic fracturing stations and gas distribution units); ensuring reliable and safe construction, installation, commissioning and operation.

Rice. 34. Scheme of gas supply to the enterprise from the city low-pressure gas pipeline.

1 – city low-pressure gas distribution pipeline; 2 – gas pipeline entry; 3 – valve with compensator in a deep well; 4 – hydraulic valve; 5 – purge gas pipeline; 6 – fitting with a tap and plug for taking a sample; 7 – underground inter-shop (yard) low-pressure gas pipelines; 8 – tap in a shallow well.

Depending on the gas flow and pressure, the operating mode of heating units, the territorial location of gas consumers at the enterprise and technical and economic indicators, and taking into account the practice of design and operation, several standard gas supply schemes for industrial and municipal enterprises are distinguished.

Municipal enterprises with relatively low gas consumption and heating units operating on low-pressure gas (factory kitchens, canteens, built-in heating boiler houses with sectional boilers, etc.), as a rule, are connected to city low-pressure gas pipelines or tank farms (for complexes autonomous gas supply with propane-butane mixtures) (Fig. 33).

The gas supply circuit consists of a gas pipeline input with a common shut-off device, inter-shop gas pipelines with shut-off devices in front of each shop, purge gas pipelines and elements such as control tubes, control conductors, condensate collectors (for wet gases), compensators, etc.

A general shut-off device (valve) is installed at the gas pipeline inlet. It is designed to shut off the gas supply during repairs or failure of the gas supply system. Purge gas pipelines are designed to remove air and the gas-air mixture and fill the system with clean gas during the initial and subsequent (after repairs of inter-shop gas pipelines or long-term shutdown of the system) startups. To determine the quality of the purge, a fitting with a tap is installed on the purge gas pipeline to take a sample of the medium, the composition of which can be determined on a gas analyzer.

In the gas supply scheme under consideration, underground laying of gas pipelines is conventionally accepted. The diagram does not show condensate collectors: for centralized gas supply, dried natural gas is used, and when using wet flammable gases, gas pipelines are laid with a slope and condensate collectors are installed at low points in the system.

Medium and large industrial enterprises are connected to medium or high pressure urban gas distribution pipelines (Fig. 34). As an example, it is assumed that in shops 2 and 3 heating units operate on medium pressure gas (the gas pressure in front of the burners of the units is assumed to be equal), and in shops 1 and 4 - on low pressure gas. After the general shut-off device, a gas control point (GRP) is installed on the inter-shop gas pipeline of the initial gas pressure, designed to reduce the gas pressure from high or medium to the medium pressure required for the heating units of shops 2 and 3, taking into account pressure losses. A central gas flow measurement point is installed in the gas distribution center building, intended for business settlements between the enterprise and the supplier. In shops 1 and 4, a gas control unit (GRU) is additionally installed to use low-pressure gas.

For inter-shop gas pipelines, a mixed laying scheme has been adopted - underground and aboveground. Aboveground gas pipelines can be laid along the external walls and fireproof coatings of industrial buildings with production facilities classified as fire hazard categories B, D and E, as well as along free-standing columns (supports) and overpasses made of fireproof materials. Important note: high-pressure gas pipelines can be laid along the walls of industrial buildings only above the windows of the upper floors or along blank walls.

The diameters of gas pipelines are determined by hydraulic calculations at maximum gas flow, taking into account the future growth in consumption associated with the development of the enterprise and acceptable pressure losses. All underground steel gas pipelines are protected from corrosion caused by soil and stray electrical currents. For this purpose, both passive and active protection measures are used.

Features of autonomous gas supply systems using low and medium pressures include the predominant use of burners with forced air supply, optimized for operation on low pressure gas. In this case, there is no need to reduce the pressure, as is necessary to do when supplied from centralized natural gas pipelines (the pressure reduction in the regulators reaches 0.1–0.2 MPa).

Table 3.

Gas pressure in supply lines for different consumers

Gas consumers	Gas pressure, MPa
Industrial buildings in which the gas pressure is determined by production requirements	1,2
Other industrial buildings	0,6
Domestic buildings of industrial enterprises, separate, attached to industrial buildings and built into these buildings	0,3
Administrative buildings	0,005
Boiler houses - free-standing on the territory of industrial enterprises - free-standing on the territory of settlements - attached, built-in and roof-top industrial buildings - attached, built-in and roof-top public, administrative and domestic buildings - attached, built-in and roof-top residential buildings	1,2 0,6 0,6 0,3 0,005
Public buildings (except for buildings in which the installation of gas equipment is not permitted by the requirements of SNiP 2.08.02) and warehouses	0,005
Residential buildings	0,003

Table 4.

Gas pressure in above-ground gas pipelines depending on the class of consumers and location features

Placement of above-ground gas pipelines	Gas pressure in the gas pipeline, MPa, no more
1. On free-standing supports, columns, overpasses and shelves	1.2 (for natural gas); 1.6 (for LPG)
2. Boiler rooms, industrial buildings with premises of categories B, G and D and State Tax Service (GNP) buildings, public and domestic buildings for industrial purposes, as well as built-in, attached and roof boiler rooms to them: a) on the walls and roofs of buildings of I and II degrees fire resistance class fire hazard C0 (according to SNiP 21-01) II degree of fire resistance class C1 and III degree of fire resistance class C0 b) on the walls of buildings III degree of fire resistance class C1, IV degree of fire resistance class C0 IV degree of fire resistance classes C1 and C2	1,2* 0,6* 0,3* 0,005
3. Residential, administrative, public and domestic buildings, as well as built-in, attached and roof boiler rooms to them - along the walls of buildings of all degrees of fire resistance - in cases where the SHRP is placed on the external walls of buildings (only up to the SHRP)	0,005 0,3

External gas pipelines, structures / SNiP 2.04.08-87*

General instructions

4.1. The requirements of this section apply to the design of external gas pipelines from gas distribution stations or gas distribution centers to gas consumers (external walls of buildings and structures).

4.2. Projects of external gas pipelines laid through the territory of settlements should be carried out on topographic plans on the scale provided by GOST 21.610-85. It is allowed to carry out inter-settlement gas pipeline projects on plans M 1:5000 when the route axis is fixed in kind. It is allowed not to draw up longitudinal profiles of sections of a gas pipeline laid in areas with calm terrain, in the absence of intersections of the gas pipeline with natural barriers and various structures.

* Sections, paragraphs, tables, formulas to which changes have been made are marked in these building codes and regulations with an asterisk.

4.3. The laying of external gas pipelines in settlements should be provided for. As a rule, underground in accordance with the requirements of SNiP 2.07.01-89*. Aboveground and above-ground installation of external gas pipelines is permitted inside residential areas and courtyards, as well as in other individual sections of the route.
The laying of gas pipelines in relation to the metro should be provided in accordance with the requirements of SNiP 2.07.01.89*.
On the territory of industrial enterprises, the laying of external gas pipelines should, as a rule, be carried out above ground in accordance with the requirements of SNiP II-89-80*.

4.4.* The choice of route for underground gas pipelines should be made taking into account the corrosive activity of soils and the presence of stray currents in accordance with the requirements of GOST 9.602-89.

4.5.* Gas ​​pipeline entries into residential buildings must be provided in non-residential premises accessible for inspection of gas pipelines. In existing residential buildings owned by citizens as personal property, it is allowed to enter a gas pipeline into a residential building where a heating stove is installed, provided that the disconnecting device is located outside the building.
Gas pipeline entries into public buildings should be provided directly into the room where gas appliances are installed, or into corridors.
The placement of disconnecting devices should, as a rule, be provided outside the building.

4.6. Gas pipeline entries into buildings of industrial enterprises and other production buildings should be provided directly into the room where the gas-consuming units are located, or into an adjacent room, provided that these rooms are connected by an open opening. In this case, the air exchange in the adjacent room should be at least three times per hour.

4.7. Gas pipeline entries should not pass through foundations or under the foundations of buildings. It is allowed to cross foundations at the inlet and outlet of hydraulic fracturing gas pipelines.
4.8. Entry of gas pipelines into technical undergrounds and technical corridors and distribution through these premises in residential buildings and public buildings is allowed only when external low-pressure gas pipelines are connected to them in intra-block collectors.

4.9. It is not allowed to enter gas pipelines into basements, elevator rooms, ventilation chambers and shafts, waste bins, transformer substations, switchgears, engine rooms, warehouses, rooms classified as explosion and fire hazard categories A and B.
4.10. Design solutions for bushings should be made taking into account the requirements of paragraphs. 4.18 and 4.19*.

4.11. Connections of steel pipes should be made by welding.
Detachable (flange and threaded) connections should be provided in places where shut-off valves are installed, on condensate collectors and water seals, in places where instrumentation and electrical protection devices are connected.

4.12. It is not allowed to provide detachable connections in the ground on gas pipelines.

Underground gas pipelines

4.13.* The minimum horizontal distances from underground and above-ground (in embankment) gas pipelines to buildings (except for gas distribution centers) and structures should be taken in accordance with the requirements of SNiP 2.07.01-89*. The indicated distances from the gas fracturing buildings to the incoming and outgoing gas pipelines are not standardized.
It is allowed to reduce the distances specified in SNiP 2.07.01-89* by up to 50% for gas pipelines with a pressure of up to 0.6 MPa (6 kgf/cm2), when laying them between buildings and under the arches of buildings, in cramped conditions on certain sections of the route, as well as from gas pipelines with pressure over 0.6 MPa (6 kgf/cm2) to detached non-residential and ancillary buildings.
In these cases, in areas of approach and 5 m in each direction from these areas, the following should be provided:
the use of seamless or electric-welded pipes that have passed 100% control of the factory welded joint using non-destructive methods, or electric-welded pipes that have not passed such control, but are laid in a case; checking all welded (assembly) joints using non-destructive testing methods.

The distance from the gas pipeline to the outer walls of wells and chambers of other underground utility networks should be taken at least 0.3 m. In areas where the clear distance from the gas pipeline to wells and chambers of other underground utility networks is from 0.3 m to the standard distance for a given communications, gas pipelines should be laid in compliance with the requirements for laying gas pipelines in cramped conditions.

When laying electric-welded pipes in a case, the latter must extend at least 2 m in each direction from the wall of the well or chamber.
The distances from the gas pipeline to the supports of overhead communication lines, the contact network of trams, trolleybuses and electrified railways should be taken as to the supports of overhead power lines of the corresponding voltage.

The minimum distances from gas pipelines to the heating network of channelless installation with longitudinal drainage should be taken similarly to the channel installation of heating networks.
The minimum clear distances from the gas pipeline to the nearest pipe of a ductless heating network without drainage should be taken as to the water supply. Distances from anchor supports that extend beyond the dimensions of the heating network pipes should be taken taking into account the safety of the latter.

The minimum horizontal distance from the gas pipeline to the pressure sewer can be taken as to the water supply.
The distance from the gas pipeline to the narrow gauge railway tracks should be taken as to the tram tracks according to SNiP 2.07.01-89*.
Distances from gas pipelines to warehouses and enterprises with flammable materials should be taken according to the standards of these enterprises, but not less than the distances specified in SNiP 2.07.01-89*.
The minimum horizontal and vertical distances from gas pipelines to main gas and oil pipelines should be taken in accordance with the requirements of SNiP 2.05.06-85.
Distances from inter-settlement gas pipelines with a pressure of 0.6 MPa or more to the base of the embankment and the edge of the excavation slope or from the outermost rail at the zero marks of the railways of the general network should be taken at least 50 m. In cramped conditions, in agreement with the relevant railway departments of the Russian Ministry of Railways, a reduction is allowed the specified distance to the values ​​​​given in SNiP 2.07.01-89*, provided that the gas pipeline is laid in this section at a depth of at least 2.0 m, the pipe wall thickness is increased by 2-3 mm more than the calculated one and all welded joints are checked using non-destructive testing methods .

4.14. It is allowed to lay two or more gas pipelines in one trench, at the same or different levels (in steps). In this case, the clear distances between gas pipelines should be sufficient for installation and repair of pipelines.

4.15.* The vertical clear distance at the intersection of gas pipelines of all pressures with underground utility networks should be taken at least 0.2 m, with electrical networks - in accordance with the PUE, with cable communication lines and radio broadcast networks - in accordance with VSN 116-87 and VSN 600-81, approved by the USSR Ministry of Communications.

4.16. In places where underground gas pipelines cross heating network channels, communication manifolds, channels for various purposes with a passage above or below the structure being crossed, it is necessary to provide for the laying of a gas pipeline in a case extending 2 m on both sides from the outer walls of the crossed structures, as well as testing by non-destructive testing methods of all welded joints within the intersection and 5 m to the sides from the outer walls of the intersected structures.
At one end of the case there should be a control tube extending under the protective device.

4.17. The depth of laying gas pipelines should be at least 0.8 m to the top of the gas pipeline or casing.
In places where traffic is not expected, the depth of gas pipelines can be reduced to 0.6 m.

4.18. The laying of gas pipelines transporting undrained gas must be provided below the zone of seasonal soil freezing with a slope towards the condensate collectors of at least 2 ‰.
Entrances of undrained gas pipelines into buildings and structures must be provided with a slope towards the distribution gas pipeline. If, due to the terrain conditions, the required slope to the gas distribution pipeline cannot be created, it is permissible to lay the gas pipeline with a bend in the profile and install a condensate collector at the lowest point.
The laying of LPG vapor phase gas pipelines should be provided in accordance with the instructions in Section. 9.

4.19.* Gas ​​pipelines where they pass through the outer walls of buildings should be enclosed in cases.
The space between the wall and the case should be carefully sealed to the full thickness of the structure being crossed.
The ends of the case should be sealed with elastic material.

4.20. The laying of gas pipelines in soils containing construction waste and humus should be provided with a foundation for the gas pipeline made of soft or sandy soil with a thickness of at least 10 cm (above protruding uneven foundations); backfilling with the same soil to the full depth of the trench.
In soils with a bearing capacity of less than 0.025 MPa (0.25 kgf/cm2), as well as in soils containing construction waste and humus, the bottom of the trench should be strengthened by lining antiseptic wooden beams, concrete beams, installing a pile foundation or compacting crushed stone or gravel. In this case, adding soil under the gas pipeline and backfilling it should be done as indicated in the first paragraph of this paragraph.

4.21. In the presence of groundwater, measures should be taken to prevent the floating of gas pipelines, if this is confirmed by calculations.

Overhead and ground gas pipelines

4.22.* Aboveground gas pipelines should be laid on free-standing supports, shelves and columns made of non-combustible materials or along the walls of buildings.
In this case, the following installations are permitted:

• on free-standing supports, columns, overpasses and shelves - gas pipelines of all pressures;
• along the walls of industrial buildings with premises of categories B, D and D - gas pipelines with pressure up to 0.6 MPa (6 kgf/cm2);
• on the walls of public buildings and residential buildings of at least III-IIIa degree of fire resistance - gas pipelines with a pressure of up to 0.3 MPa (3 kgf/cm2);
• on the walls of public buildings and residential buildings of IV-V degree of fire resistance - low pressure gas pipelines with a nominal pipe diameter, as a rule, no more than 50 mm, and when gas pressure regulators are placed on the external walls and other structures of these buildings - gas pipelines with a pressure of up to 0.3 MPa - in areas before they are introduced into the regulators.

Transit laying of gas pipelines is prohibited:

• along the walls of buildings of children's institutions, hospitals, schools and entertainment enterprises - gas pipelines of all pressures;
• along the walls of residential buildings - medium and high pressure gas pipelines.

It is prohibited to lay gas pipelines of all pressures in buildings with walls made of panels with metal cladding and polymer insulation and in buildings of categories A and B.

4.23. Overhead gas pipelines laid on the territory of industrial enterprises and supports for these gas pipelines should be designed taking into account the requirements of SNiP II-89-80* and SNiP 2.09.03-85.

4.24. High-pressure gas pipelines are allowed to be laid along blank walls, above windows and doorways of single-story and above the windows of the upper floors of multi-story industrial buildings with explosion and fire hazard rooms of categories B, D and D and auxiliary buildings interconnected with them, as well as separate boiler house buildings.
In industrial buildings, it is allowed to lay low and medium pressure gas pipelines along the sashes of non-opening windows and to intersect the said gas pipelines with light openings filled with glass blocks.

4.25. The distances between gas pipelines laid along the walls of buildings and other utility networks should be taken in accordance with the requirements for laying gas pipelines indoors (Section 6).

4.26. It is not allowed to provide detachable connections on gas pipelines under window openings and balconies of residential buildings and public buildings of a non-industrial nature.

4.27. Aboveground and above-ground gas pipelines, as well as underground gas pipelines in areas adjacent to the points of entry and exit from the ground, should be designed taking into account longitudinal deformations due to possible temperature effects.

4.28. The height of laying overhead gas pipelines should be taken in accordance with the requirements of SNiP II-89-80*.
In a free area outside the passage of vehicles and the passage of people, it is allowed to lay gas pipelines on low supports at a height of at least 0.35 m from the ground to the bottom of the pipe.

4.29. Gas pipelines at the points of entry and exit from the ground should be enclosed in a case. In places where the possibility of mechanical damage to gas pipelines is excluded (impassable part of the territory, etc.). installation of cases is not necessary.

4.30. Gas pipelines transporting undrained gas should be laid with a slope of at least 3 ‰ with installation of condensate removal devices (drain fittings with a shut-off device) at the lowest points. Thermal insulation should be provided for these gas pipelines.

4.31. The laying of LPG gas pipelines should be provided in accordance with the instructions of Section. 9.

4.32. The horizontal clear distances from above-ground gas pipelines laid on supports and above-ground (without embankment) to buildings and structures should be taken no less than the values ​​​​indicated in Table. 6.

4.33. The distance between above-ground gas pipelines and other above-ground and above-ground utilities should be taken taking into account the possibility of installation, inspection and repair of each of the pipelines.

4.34. The distances between gas pipelines and overhead power lines, as well as cables should be taken according to the PUE.

4.35.* The distances between the supports of above-ground gas pipelines should be determined in accordance with the requirements of SNiP 2.04.12-86.

4.36. It is allowed to provide for laying on free-standing supports, columns, overpasses. Shelves of gas pipelines with pipelines for other purposes in accordance with SNiP II-89-80*.

4.37. The joint laying of gas pipelines with electrical cables and wires, including those intended for servicing gas pipelines (power, for signaling, dispatching, valve control), should be provided in accordance with the instructions of the PUE.

4.38. The laying of gas pipelines on railway and road bridges should be provided in cases where this is allowed by the requirements of SNiP 2.05.03-84*, while the laying of gas pipelines should be carried out in places that exclude the possibility of gas accumulation (in case of leakage) in the bridge structures.

Gas pipeline crossings through water barriers and ravines

4.39. Underwater crossings of gas pipelines through water barriers should be provided on the basis of hydrological, geotechnical and topographic survey data.

4.40. Underwater crossings across rivers should be located on straight, stable stretches with gently sloping, non-eroded river banks with a minimum width of the floodplain. The underwater crossing should be designed, as a rule, perpendicular to the dynamic axis of the flow, avoiding areas composed of rocky soils.

Table 6

Buildings and constructions	Clear distance, m, to buildings and structures from overhead gas pipelines laid on supports and ground ones (without embankment)
	low pressure	medium pressure	high pressure category II	high pressure category I
Industrial and warehouse buildings with premises of categories A and B	5*	5*	5*	10*
The same categories B, D and D	-	-	-	5
Residential and public buildings I-IIIa degree of fire resistance	-	-	5	10
The same, IV and V degrees of fire resistance	-	5	5	10
Open warehouses of flammable and combustible liquids and warehouses of combustible materials located outside the territory of industrial enterprises	20	20	40	40
Railway and tram tracks (to the nearest rail)	3	3	3	3
Underground utility networks: water supply, sewerage, heating networks, telephone sewerage, electrical cable blocks (from the edge of the foundation of the gas pipeline support)	1	1	1	1
Roads (from a curb, the outer edge of a ditch or the bottom of a road embankment)	1,5	1,5	1,5	1,5
Fencing of open switchgear and open substation	10	10	10	10
* For hydraulic fracturing gas pipelines (incoming and outgoing), the distance is not standardized. Note. The sign “-” means that the distance is not standardized.

4.41. As a rule, underwater crossings of gas pipelines with a width of water barriers at a low-water horizon of 75 m or more should be provided. In two lines with a throughput of each 0.75 of the calculated gas flow.
It is allowed not to provide a second (backup) line of the gas pipeline when laying:
looped gas pipelines, if when the underwater crossing is disconnected, uninterrupted gas supply to consumers is ensured:
dead-end gas pipelines to industrial consumers, if these consumers can switch to another type of fuel for the period of repair of the underwater crossing.

4.42. When crossing water barriers less than 75 m wide by gas pipelines intended for gas supply to consumers that do not allow interruptions in the gas supply, or when the width of the floodplain is more than 500 m at the level of the high water horizon (HWH) with a 10% probability and duration of flooding by flood waters of more than 20 days, as well as mountain rivers and water obstacles with an unstable bottom and banks, laying a second (reserve) line is allowed.

4.43. The minimum horizontal distances from bridges to underwater and overwater gas pipelines at places where they cross water barriers should be taken according to Table. 7.

4.44. The wall thickness of pipes for underwater passages should be taken 2 mm more than the calculated one, but not less than 5 mm. For gas pipelines with a diameter of less than 250 mm, it is allowed to increase the wall thickness to ensure negative buoyancy of the gas pipeline.

4.45. The boundaries of the underwater transition of the gas pipeline, which determine the length of the transition, should be considered the area limited by the water supply not lower than the 10% supply level. Shut-off valves should be placed outside the boundaries of this area.

4.46. The distances between the axes of parallel gas pipelines at underwater crossings should be at least 30 m.
On non-navigable rivers with a bed that is not subject to erosion, as well as when crossing water barriers within settlements, it is allowed to lay two gas pipelines in one trench. In this case, the clear distance between gas pipelines must be at least 0.5 m.
When laying gas pipelines in floodplain areas, the distance between gas pipelines can be taken the same as for the linear part of the gas pipeline.

4.47. The laying of gas pipelines at underwater crossings should be deepened into the bottom of the crossed water barriers. The design elevation of the top of a ballasted gas pipeline should be taken at 0.5 m, and at crossings through navigable and floating rivers, 1 m below the predicted bottom profile, determined taking into account possible erosion of the riverbed within 25 years after the completion of construction of the crossing.

Table 7

		Horizontal distance between the gas pipeline and the bridge, m, when laying the gas pipeline
Water obstacles	Bridge type	above the bridge		below the bridge
		from the overwater gas pipeline	from an underwater gas pipeline	from the overwater gas pipeline	from an underwater gas pipeline
Shipping freezing	All types	According to SNiP 2.05.06-85		50	50
Shipping anti-freeze	Same	50	50	50	50
Non-navigable freezing	Multi-span	According to SNiP 2.05.06-85		50	50
Non-navigable anti-freeze	Same	20	20	20	20
Non-navigable pressure gas pipelines:
low	Single and double span	2	20	2	10
medium and high	Same	5	20	5	20

At underwater crossings through non-navigable and non-raftable water barriers, as well as in rocky soils, it is allowed to reduce the depth of laying gas pipelines, but the top of the ballasted gas pipeline in all cases must be below the level of possible erosion of the bottom of the reservoir for the estimated life of the gas pipeline.

4.48.* The width of the trench along the bottom should be taken depending on the methods of its development and the nature of the soil, the regime of the water barrier and the need for a diving survey.
The steepness of the slopes of underwater trenches must be taken in accordance with the requirements of SNiP III-42-80.

4.49. Calculation of underwater gas pipelines against floating (for stability) and their ballasting should be carried out in accordance with the requirements of SNiP 2.05.06-85.

4.50. For gas pipelines laid in sections of underwater crossings, solutions should be provided to protect the insulation from damage.

4.51. Identification signs of the established types should be provided on both banks of navigable and timber-rafting water barriers. At the border of the underwater crossing, it is necessary to provide for the installation of permanent benchmarks: if the width of the barrier at low-water horizon is up to 75 m - on one bank, with a larger width - on both banks.

4.52. The height of laying the overwater passage of the gas pipeline should be taken (from the bottom of the pipe or span):
when crossing non-navigable, non-floating rivers, ravines and gullies where ice drift is possible. - not less than 0.2 m above the water supply level with a 2% probability and from the highest ice drift horizon, and if there is a grub boat on these rivers - at least 1 m above the water supply level with a 1% probability;
when crossing navigable and raftable rivers - no less than the values ​​​​established by the design standards for underbridge clearances on navigable rivers and the basic requirements for the location of bridges.

Gas pipeline crossings across railways, tramways and roads

4.53.* Intersections of gas pipelines with railway and tram tracks, as well as with roads, should be provided, as a rule, at an angle of 90°.
The minimum distance from underground gas pipelines at places where they are crossed by tram and railway lines should be taken as follows:
to bridges, pipes, tunnels and pedestrian bridges and tunnels (with large crowds of people) on railways - 30 m;
to the switches (the beginning of the points, the tail of the crosses, the places where suction cables are connected to the rails) - 3 m for tram tracks and 10 m for railways;
to the contact network supports - 3 m.
Reducing the specified distances is allowed in agreement with the organizations in charge of the crossed structures.
The need to install identification posts (signs) and their design at gas pipeline crossings through the railways of the general network is decided in agreement with the Russian Ministry of Railways.

4.54.* The laying of underground gas pipelines of all pressures at intersections with railways and tramways, roads of I, II and III categories, as well as expressways within the city, main streets and roads of general city importance should be provided in steel cases.
The need to install casings on gas pipelines at the intersection of main streets and regional roads, freight roads, as well as local streets and roads is decided by the design organization depending on the intensity of traffic. In this case, it is allowed to provide non-metallic cases that meet the conditions of strength and durability.
The ends of the cases must be sealed. At one end of the case there should be a control tube extending under the protective device, and on inter-settlement gas pipelines - an exhaust candle with a sampling device, placed at a distance of at least 50 m from the edge of the roadbed.
In the interpipe space of the case it is allowed to lay an operational communication cable, telemechanics, telephone, electrical protection drain cable intended for servicing the gas supply system.

4.55.* The ends of the case should be brought out at distances, m, not less than:
from the extreme drainage structure of the railway subgrade (ditch, ditch, reserve) - 3;
from the extreme rail of the railway track - 10; and from the path of an industrial enterprise - 3;
from the outermost rail of the tram track - 2;
from the edge of the roadway - 2;
from the edge of the roadway - 3.5.
In all cases, the ends of the cases must be extended beyond the base of the embankment to a distance of at least 2 m.

4.56.* The depth of laying the gas pipeline under railways, tram tracks and roads should be taken depending on the method of construction work and the nature of the soil in order to ensure traffic safety.
The minimum depth of gas pipeline laying to the top of the casing from the base of the rail or the top of the covering at zero marks and notches, and in the presence of an embankment from the base of the embankment should be provided, m:
under the railways of the general network - 2.0 (from the bottom of drainage structures - 1.5), and when performing work using the puncture method - 2.5;
under tram tracks, railways of industrial enterprises and roads:
1.0 - when performing open-pit work;
1.5 - when performing work using the punching method, horizontal drilling or panel penetration:
2.5 - when performing work using the puncture method.
At the same time, at the intersections of railways of the general network, the depth of laying the gas pipeline in areas outside the casing at a distance of 50 m on both sides of the ground should be at least 2.10 m from the surface of the earth to the top of the gas pipeline.
When constructing crossings under the railways of the general network in heaving soils for gas pipelines with the temperature of the transported gas in winter above 5 ° C, their minimum installation depth should be checked to ensure that conditions are met under which the influence of heat release on the uniformity of frost heaving of the soil is excluded. If it is impossible to ensure the specified temperature regime, replacement of heaving soil or other design solutions should be provided.
The thickness of the walls of gas pipeline pipes at crossings through the railways of the general network must be taken 2-3 mm more than the calculated one, and for these sections in all cases a very reinforced type of insulating coating must be provided.

4.57. The height of laying overhead gas pipelines at intersections with electrified and non-electrified railway tracks, tram tracks, highways, and trolleybus contact networks should be taken in accordance with the requirements of SNiP II-89-80.

Building regulations

Section 5. Placement of hydraulic fracturing. GRU deployment. Hydraulic fracturing and gas distribution equipment. Placement of combined regulators. Section 10. Permanently frozen soils. Mining areas. Seismic areas. Areas with heaving, subsidence and swollen soils.

5.1.1 The placement of external gas pipelines in relation to buildings, structures and parallel adjacent utility networks should be carried out in accordance with the requirements of SNiP 2.07.01, and on the territory of industrial enterprises - SNiP II-89.

When laying underground gas pipelines with a pressure of up to 0.6 MPa in cramped conditions (when the distances regulated by regulatory documents are not possible), in certain sections of the route, between buildings and buildings, as well as gas pipelines with a pressure of over 0.6 MPa when they are brought closer together with detached ancillary buildings (buildings without permanent presence of people), it is allowed to reduce the distances specified in SNiP 2.07.01 and SNiP II-89 by up to 50%. In this case, in areas of approach and at a distance of at least 5 m in each direction from these areas, the following should be used:

seamless or electric-welded steel pipes laid in a protective case, with 100% physical control of factory welded joints;

polyethylene pipes laid in a protective case, without welded joints or connected by parts with embedded heaters (ZH), or connected by butt welding with 100% control of the joints by physical methods.

When laying gas pipelines at distances corresponding to SNiP 2.07.01, but less than 50 m from public railways in the convergence area and 5 m in each direction, the laying depth must be at least 2.0 m. Butt welded joints must pass 100% - nal control by physical methods.

In this case, the wall thickness of steel pipes must be 2–3 mm greater than the calculated one, and polyethylene pipes must have a safety factor of at least 2.8.

5.1.2 The laying of gas pipelines should be provided underground and above ground.

In justified cases, it is allowed to lay gas pipelines above ground along the walls of buildings inside residential courtyards and neighborhoods, as well as in certain sections of the route, including sections of transitions through artificial and natural barriers when crossing underground communications.

Above-ground and above-ground gas pipelines with embankment can be laid in rocky, permafrost soils, wetlands and other difficult soil conditions. The material and dimensions of the embankment should be taken based on thermal engineering calculations, as well as ensuring the stability of the gas pipeline and embankment.

5.1.3 Laying gas pipelines in tunnels, collectors and canals is not permitted. An exception is the laying of steel gas pipelines with a pressure of up to 0.6 MPa in accordance with the requirements of SNiP II-89 on the territory of industrial enterprises, as well as in channels in permafrost soils under roads and railways.

5.1.4 Pipe connections should be permanent. Connections of steel pipes with polyethylene and

in places where fittings, equipment and control and measuring instruments (instruments) are installed. Detachable connections of polyethylene pipes with steel pipes in the ground can only be provided if a case with a control tube is installed.

5.1.5 Gas pipelines at the points of entry and exit from the ground, as well as gas pipeline entries into buildings should be enclosed in a case. The space between the wall and the case should be sealed to the full thickness of the structure being crossed. The ends of the case should be sealed with elastic material.

5.1.6 Gas pipeline entries into buildings should be provided directly into the room where gas-using equipment is installed, or into an adjacent room connected by an open opening.

It is not allowed to enter gas pipelines into the premises of the basement and ground floors of buildings, except for the introduction of natural gas pipelines into single-family and semi-detached houses.

5.1.7 Shut-off devices on gas pipelines should be provided:

in front of detached or blocked buildings;

to disconnect risers of residential buildings above five floors;

in front of outdoor gas-using equipment;

in front of gas control points, with the exception of gas distribution points of enterprises, on the gas pipeline branch to which there is a shut-off device at a distance of less than 100 m from the gas distribution point;

at the exit from gas control points connected by gas pipelines;

on branches from gas pipelines to settlements, individual microdistricts, blocks, groups of residential buildings, and when the number of apartments is more than 400, to a separate house, as well as on branches to industrial consumers and boiler houses;

when crossing water barriers with two lines or more, as well as with one line when the width of the water barrier at a low-water horizon is 75 m or more;

at the intersection of railways of the general network and highways of categories I–II, if the shut-off device that ensures the cessation of gas supply at the crossing section is located at a distance from the roads of more than 1000 m.

5.1.8 Shutting off devices on above-ground gas pipelines laid along the walls of buildings and on supports should be placed at a distance (within a radius) from door and opening window openings of at least:

for low pressure gas pipelines – 0.5 m;

for medium pressure gas pipelines – 1 m;

for high-pressure gas pipelines of category II – 3 m;

for high-pressure gas pipelines of category I – 5 m.

In areas of transit laying of gas pipelines along the walls of buildings, the installation of disconnecting devices is not allowed.

5.2.1 Gas pipelines should be laid at a depth of at least 0.8 m to the top of the gas pipeline or casing. In places where traffic and agricultural machinery are not expected, the depth of laying steel gas pipelines can be at least 0.6 m.

5.2.2 The vertical (clear) distance between the gas pipeline (case) and underground utilities and structures at their intersections should be taken taking into account the requirements of the relevant regulatory documents, but not less than 0.2 m.

5.2.3 At places where gas pipelines intersect with underground communication manifolds and channels for various purposes, as well as at places where gas pipelines pass through the walls of gas wells, the gas pipeline should be laid in a case.

The ends of the casing must be brought out at a distance of at least 2 m on both sides from the outer walls of the crossed structures and communications, when crossing the walls of gas wells - at a distance of at least 2 cm. The ends of the casing must be sealed with waterproofing material.

At one end of the case at the top point of the slope (with the exception of places where the walls of the wells intersect), a control tube should be provided that extends under the protective device.

In the interpipe space of the casing and the gas pipeline, it is permitted to lay an operational cable (communications, telemechanics and electrical protection) with a voltage of up to 60 V, intended for servicing gas distribution systems.

5.2.4 Polyethylene pipes used for the construction of gas pipelines must have a safety factor in accordance with GOST R 50838 of at least 2.5.

It is not allowed to lay gas pipelines from polyethylene pipes:

on the territory of settlements at pressure above 0.3 MPa;

outside the territory of settlements at pressure above 0.6 MPa;

for transporting gases containing aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons, as well as the liquid phase of LPG;

when the temperature of the gas pipeline wall under operating conditions is below minus 15 °C.

When using pipes with a safety factor of at least 2.8, it is permitted to lay polyethylene gas pipelines with pressures exceeding 0.3 to 0.6 MPa in settlements with predominantly one- or two-story and cottage residential buildings. In the territory of small rural settlements, it is permitted to lay polyethylene gas pipelines with a pressure of up to 0.6 MPa with a safety factor of at least 2.5. In this case, the laying depth must be at least 0.8 m to the top of the pipe.

5.3.1 Depending on the pressure, overhead gas pipelines should be laid on supports made of non-combustible materials or along the structures of buildings and structures in accordance with Table 3

Table 3

Placement of above-ground gas pipelines	Gas pressure in the gas pipeline, MPa, no more
1. On free-standing supports, columns, overpasses and shelving	1.2 (for natural gas); 1.6 (for LPG)
2. Boiler houses, industrial buildings with premises of categories B, G and D and GNS (GNP) buildings, public and domestic buildings for industrial purposes, as well as built-in and attached roof boiler houses to them:
a) on the walls and roofs of buildings of I and II degrees of fire resistance, fire hazard class SO (according to SNiP 21-01)
II degree of fire resistance class C1 and III degree of fire resistance class CO
b) on the walls of buildings of Ill degree of fire resistance class C1, IV degree of fire resistance class CO
IV degree of fire resistance classes C1 and C2
3. Residential, administrative, public and service buildings, as well as built-in, attached and roof boiler rooms
on the walls of buildings of all degrees of fire resistance
in cases of placement of SHRP on the external walls of buildings (only for SHRP)
* The gas pressure in the gas pipeline laid on building structures should not exceed the values ​​​​indicated in table 2 for the corresponding consumers.

5.3.2 Transit laying of gas pipelines of all pressures along the walls and above the roofs of buildings of children's institutions, hospitals, schools, sanatoriums, public, administrative and domestic buildings with large numbers of people is not allowed.

It is prohibited to lay gas pipelines of all pressures along the walls, above and below rooms of categories A and B, determined by fire safety standards, with the exception of GRP buildings.

In justified cases, transit laying of gas pipelines not exceeding average pressure with a diameter of up to 100 mm is permitted along the walls of one residential building not lower than the III degree of fire resistance class CO and at a distance to the roof of at least 0.2 m.

5.3.3 High-pressure gas pipelines should be laid along blank walls and sections of walls or at least 0.5 m above the window and door openings of the upper floors of industrial buildings and adjacent administrative and domestic buildings. The distance from the gas pipeline to the roof of the building must be at least 0.2 m.

Low and medium pressure gas pipelines can also be laid along the frames or mullions of non-opening windows and cross window openings of industrial buildings and boiler rooms filled with glass blocks.

5.3.4 The height of laying overhead gas pipelines should be taken in accordance with the requirements of SNiP 11-89.

5.3.5 On pedestrian and automobile bridges built from non-combustible materials, it is permitted to lay gas pipelines with a pressure of up to 0.6 MPa from seamless or electric-welded pipes that have undergone 100% control of factory welded joints by physical methods. Laying gas pipelines over pedestrian and automobile bridges built from flammable materials is not permitted.

5.4.1 Underwater and overwater gas pipelines where they cross water barriers should be placed at a horizontal distance from bridges in accordance with Table 4.

5.4.2 Gas pipelines at underwater crossings should be laid deep into the bottom of the water barriers being crossed. If necessary, based on the results of floating calculations, it is necessary to ballast the pipeline. The elevation of the top of the gas pipeline (ballast, lining) must be at least 0.5 m, and at crossings through navigable and floating rivers - 1.0 m below the predicted bottom profile for a period of 25 years. When carrying out work using directional drilling - at least 2.0 m below the predicted bottom profile.

5.4.3 At underwater crossings the following should be used:

steel pipes with a wall thickness 2 mm greater than the calculated one, but not less than 5 mm;

polyethylene pipes having a standard dimensional ratio of the outer diameter of the pipe to the wall thickness (SDR) of no more than 11 (according to GOST R 50838) with a safety factor of at least 2.5 for transitions up to 25 m wide (at the level of maximum water rise) and not less 2.8 in other cases.

When laying a gas pipeline with a pressure of up to 0.6 MPa using directional drilling, polyethylene pipes with a safety factor of at least 2.5 can be used in all cases.

5.4.4 The height of laying the surface passage of the gas pipeline from the calculated level of water rise or ice drift according to SNiP 2.01.14 (high water horizon - GVV or ice drift - GVL) to the bottom of the pipe or span should be taken:

when crossing ravines and gullies - not lower

Table 4

Water obstacles	Bridge type	The horizontal distance between the gas pipeline and the bridge, not less than m, when laying the gas pipeline
above the bridge	below the bridge
from an overwater gas pipeline with a diameter, mm	from an underwater gas pipeline with a diameter, mm	from the overwater gas pipeline	from an underwater gas pipeline
300 or less		300 or less		all diameters
Shipping freezing	All types
Shipping anti-freeze
Non-navigable freezing	Multi-span
Non-navigable anti-freeze
Non-navigable for gas pipelines pressure: low medium and high	Single and double span
Note – Distances are from overhanging bridge structures.

0.5 m above GVV 5% probability;

when crossing non-navigable and non-floating rivers - at least 0.2 m above the water supply line and water line of 2% probability, and if there is a crutch boat on the rivers - taking it into account, but not less than 1 m above the water supply line of 1% probability;

when crossing navigable and raftable rivers - no less than the values ​​​​established by design standards for bridge crossings on navigable rivers.

Shut-off valves should be placed at a distance of at least 10 m from the transition boundaries. The transition boundary is considered to be the place where the gas pipeline crosses the high water horizon with a 10% probability.

5.5.1 The horizontal distances from the places where underground gas pipelines intersect tramways, railways and highways must be no less than:

to bridges and tunnels on public railways, tram tracks, roads of categories I–III, as well as to pedestrian bridges and tunnels through them – 30 m, and for non-public railways, motor roads of categories IV–V and pipes – 15 m ;

to the turnout zone (the beginning of the switches, the tail of the crosses, the points where suction cables are connected to the rails and other track intersections) - 4 m for tram tracks and 20 m for railways;

to the contact network supports – 3m.

It is permitted to reduce these distances in agreement with the organizations in charge of the crossed structures.

5.5.2 Underground gas pipelines of all pressures at intersections with railway and tram tracks, highways of categories I–IV, as well as main city streets should be laid in cases. In other cases, the issue of the need to install cases is decided by the design organization.

Cases must meet the conditions of strength and durability. At one end of the case there should be a control tube extending under the protective device.

5.5.3 The ends of the casings when crossing gas pipelines of public railways should be placed at a distance from them not less than those established by SNiP 32-01. When laying inter-settlement gas pipelines in cramped conditions and gas pipelines on the territory of settlements, it is allowed to reduce this distance to 10 m, provided that an exhaust candle with a sampling device is installed at one end of the case, placed at a distance of at least 50 m from the edge of the roadbed (the axis of the outermost rail at zero marks).

In other cases, the ends of the cases should be located at a distance:

at least 2 m from the outermost rail of tram tracks and 750 mm gauge railways, as well as from the edge of the roadway of streets;

at least 3 m from the edge of the road drainage structure (ditch, ditch, reserve) and from the outermost rail of non-public railways, but not less than 2 m from the base of the embankments.

5.5.4 When gas pipelines cross 1520 mm gauge public railway lines, the gas pipeline laying depth must comply with SNiP 32-01.

In other cases, the depth of laying the gas pipeline from the base of the rail or the top of the road surface, and in the presence of an embankment, from its base to the top of the casing, must meet safety requirements, but be no less than:

when performing open-pit work – 1.0 m;

when carrying out work using the method of punching or directional drilling and shield penetration – 1.5 m;

when performing work using the puncture method - 2.5 m.

5.5.5 The thickness of the walls of steel gas pipeline pipes when crossing public railways should be 2–3 mm greater than the calculated one, but not less than 5 mm at distances of 50 m in each direction from the edge of the roadbed (the axis of the outer rail at zero marks) .

For polyethylene gas pipelines in these sections and at the intersections of highways of categories I–Ill, polyethylene pipes of no more than SDR 11 with a safety factor of at least 2.8 should be used.

5.6.1 Gas supply to cities with a population of more than 1 million people. when the seismicity of the area is more than 6 points, as well as cities with a population of more than 100 thousand people. if the seismicity of the area is more than 7 points, it should be provided from two sources or more - main gas distribution stations with their placement on opposite sides of the city. In this case, high and medium pressure gas pipelines should be designed in a loop with their division into sections by shut-off devices.

5.6.2 Transitions of gas pipelines through rivers, ravines and railway tracks in excavations, laid in areas with seismicity of more than 7 points, must be provided above ground. The structures of the supports must ensure the possibility of movements of gas pipelines that occur during an earthquake.

5.6.3 During the construction of underground gas pipelines in seismic areas, in mined and karst areas, at intersections with other underground utilities, at the corners of turns of gas pipelines with a bend radius of less than 5 diameters, in places where the network branches, transition of underground to above-ground, location of permanent connections “polyethylene-steel”, as well as within settlements, control tubes should be installed every 50 m in linear sections.

5.6.4 The depth of laying gas pipelines in soils of varying degrees of heaving, as well as in bulk soils, should be taken to the top of the pipe - at least 0.9 of the standard freezing depth, but not less than 1.0 m.

With uniform heaving in pounds, the depth of laying the gas pipeline to the top of the pipe should be:

not less than 0.7 standard freezing depth, but not less than 0.9 m for medium heaving soils;

not less than 0.8 standard freezing depth, but not less than 1.0 m for strongly and excessively heaving soils.

5.6.5 For LPG tank installations with underground tanks in heaving (except slightly heaving), medium and highly swelling soils, provision must be made for above-ground laying of liquid and vapor phase gas pipelines connecting the tanks.

5.6.6 If the seismicity of the area is more than 7 points, in undermined and karst areas, in areas of permafrost, pipes with a safety factor of at least 2.8 should be used for polyethylene gas pipelines. Welded butt joints must undergo 100% control by physical methods.

5.7.1 To restore (reconstruct) worn-out underground steel gas pipelines outside and on the territory of urban and rural settlements, the following should be used:

at a pressure of up to 0.3 MPa inclusive, drawing polyethylene pipes in a gas pipeline with a safety factor of at least 2.5 without welded joints or connected using parts with a seal, or connected by butt welding using welding equipment of a high degree of automation;

at a pressure from 0.3 to 0.6 MPa inclusive, stretching polyethylene pipes in a gas pipeline without welded joints or connected using parts with welded joints or butt welding using highly automated welding equipment with a safety factor for gas pipelines in settlements of at least 2, 8, and outside settlements - at least 2.5. The space between the polyethylene pipe and the worn-out steel gas pipeline (frame) along its entire length must be filled with sealing (sealing) material (cement-sand mortar, foam material);

at a pressure of up to 1.2 MPa, lining (using Phoenix technology) the cleaned inner surface of gas pipelines with a synthetic fabric hose using a special two-component glue, subject to confirmation in the prescribed manner of their suitability for these purposes at the specified pressure or in accordance with standards (technical conditions) ; the scope of which extends to this pressure.

5.7.2 Restoration of worn-out steel gas pipelines is carried out without changing the pressure, with an increase or decrease in pressure compared to the existing gas pipeline.

In this case, it is allowed to save:

intersections of restored areas with underground utilities without installing additional casings;

depth of installation of restored gas pipelines;

distances from the restored gas pipeline to buildings, structures and utilities according to its actual location, if the pressure of the restored gas pipeline does not change or when the pressure of the restored gas pipeline increases to 0.3 MPa.

Restoring worn-out steel gas pipelines with increasing pressure to high is permitted if the distances to buildings, structures and utilities meet the requirements for a high-pressure gas pipeline.

5.7.3 The ratio of the sizes of polyethylene and steel pipes during reconstruction by the pulling method should be selected based on the possibility of free passage of polyethylene pipes and parts inside steel ones and ensuring the integrity of polyethylene pipes. The ends of the reconstructed sections between the polyethylene and steel pipes must be sealed.