Test option No. 1
(theme “Biosphere”)
The test consists of 3 parts.
1. ecosystem 3) biosphere
2. noosphere 4) view
2. changes their habitat
1. hydrosphere 3) lithosphere
1. simpler
1. biogeocenosis 3) biosphere
1. animals 3) mushrooms
2. bacteria 4) plants
1. type of animal 3) kingdom
1. oxygen 3) climate
A. plants D. bacteria
What is the biomass of the land surface, soil and oceans?
Test option No. 2
(theme “Biosphere”)
The test consists of 3 parts.
The first part contains questions under the letter A. In them you need to choose only one correct answer.
The second part contains questions under the letter B. These tasks can be:
· or to choose several correct answers;
· tasks to establish correspondence positions between processes and objects, as well as a description of their properties and characteristics;
· tasks to determine the sequence of biological phenomena or processes
The third part (under the letter “C”) includes a detailed answer to the question posed.
1. creation of nature reserves
1. biogeocenoses 3) biorhythms
1. biosphere 3) biosphere
3. reduction of biodiversity
3. cosmic energy
4. Solar energy
C1. Give a detailed answer to the following question.
C2. Give a detailed answer to the following question.
The doctrine of the biosphere.
Test option No. 3
(theme “Biosphere”)
The test consists of 3 parts.
The first part contains questions under the letter A. In them you need to choose only one correct answer.
The second part contains questions under the letter B. These tasks can be:
· or to choose several correct answers;
· tasks to establish correspondence positions between processes and objects, as well as a description of their properties and characteristics;
· tasks to determine the sequence of biological phenomena or processes
The third part (under the letter “C”) includes a detailed answer to the question posed.
4. increased photosynthesis
1. reserve 3) community
1. gas 3) storage
1. reserves 3) reserves
2. biogeocenoses 4) natural parks
IN 1. Select several correct statements. The gas function of living matter includes the following processes:
D. breathing process
C1. Give a detailed answer to the following question.
C2. Give a detailed answer to the following question.
Test option No. 4
(theme “Biosphere”)
The test consists of 3 parts.
The first part contains questions under the letter A. In them you need to choose only one correct answer.
The second part contains questions under the letter B. These tasks can be:
· or to choose several correct answers;
· tasks to establish correspondence positions between processes and objects, as well as a description of their properties and characteristics;
· tasks to determine the sequence of biological phenomena or processes
The third part (under the letter “C”) includes a detailed answer to the question posed.
A1. A set of populations of different species, interconnected by food and energy connections, as well as with factors of inanimate nature, the cycle of substances, living for a long time in a certain territory, is called:
1. ecosystem 3) biosphere
2. noosphere 4) view
A2. In the cycle of substances the greatest role is played by:
1. abiotic factors 3) living organisms
2. anthropogenic factors 4) biological rhythms
A3. The main reason for the decline in the number of species on Earth in the twentieth century is the action of the anthropogenic factor, since it:
1. weakens competition between species
2. changes their habitat
3. Helps lengthen food chains
4. affects seasonal changes in nature
A4. The youngest of all spheres of the Earth is the biosphere, since it arose only with the advent of:
1. hydrosphere 3) lithosphere
2. atmosphere 4) life on Earth
A5. The reason for the decrease in soil fertility under human influence is:
1. application of fertilizers 3) erosion, salinization
2. creation of forest belts in the steppe 4) alternation of cultivated plants
A6. Biotechnological methods of food production are more efficient because they:
1. simpler
2. allow you to get environmentally friendly products
3. does not require special conditions
4. does not require skilled labor
A7. An ecosystem created by man for growing crops is called:
1. biogeocenosis 3) biosphere
2. agrocenosis 4) experimental station
A8. In most ecosystems, the primary source of organic matter and energy is:
1. animals 3) mushrooms
2. bacteria 4) plants
A9. The source of energy for photosynthesis in plants is light, which is classified as a factor:
1. non-periodic 3) abiotic
2. anthropogenic 4) biotic
A10. Living organisms have repeatedly used the same chemical elements during the existence of the biosphere due to:
1. synthesis of substances by organisms 3) circulation of substances
2. the breakdown of substances by organisms 4) the constant supply of substances from Space
A11. The structural and functional unit of the biosphere is
1. type of animal 3) kingdom
2. plant department 4) biogeocenosis
A12. The reason for the negative impact of humans on the biosphere, manifested in disruption of the oxygen cycle, is:
1. creation of artificial reservoirs 3) reduction of forest area
2. land irrigation 4) drainage of swamps
A13. What function of living matter underlies its ability to accumulate chemical elements from the environment?
1. gas 3) concentration
2. redox 4) biogeochemical
A14. The following is most actively involved in the cycle of substances and energy conversion in the biosphere:
1. oxygen 3) climate
2. living matter 4) heat of the earth’s interior
IN 1. Select several correct statements. The biosphere includes:
A. plants D. bacteria
B. bioinert substance D. biogenic substance
B. living matter E. inert matter
C1. Give a detailed answer to the following question.
What are the reasons for the stability of the biosphere?
C2. Give a detailed answer to the following question.
What are the main functions of living matter in the biosphere?
Test option No. 5
(theme “Biosphere”)
The test consists of 3 parts.
The first part contains questions under the letter A. In them you need to choose only one correct answer.
The second part contains questions under the letter B. These tasks can be:
· or to choose several correct answers;
· tasks to establish correspondence positions between processes and objects, as well as a description of their properties and characteristics;
· tasks to determine the sequence of biological phenomena or processes
The third part (under the letter “C”) includes a detailed answer to the question posed.
A1. In preserving the diversity of plant and animal species in the biosphere, the following is of great importance:
1. creation of nature reserves
2. expansion of the area of agrocenoses
3. increasing the productivity of agrocenoses
4. pest control of agricultural plants
A2. The closed, balanced cycle of substances in the ecosystem causes:
1. self-regulation 3) ecosystem changes
2. population fluctuations 4) ecosystem stability
A3. Russian scientist V.I. Vernadsky created the doctrine of:
1. biogeocenoses 3) biorhythms
2. the leading role of living matter in the biosphere 4) photoperiodism
A4. The introduction of low-waste technologies into industrial production allows:
1. protect the biosphere from pollution
2. increase the productivity of agrocenoses
3. accelerate the circulation of substances in the biosphere
4. slow down the cycle of substances in the biosphere
A5. The coniferous forest is home to many species associated with each other and with factors of inanimate nature, which is why it is called:
1. biosphere 3) biosphere
2. biogeocenosis 4) reserve
A6. The largest role in the cycle of substances is played by
1. abiotic factors 3) anthropogenic factors
2. limiting factors 4) living matter
A7. The removal by humans of a significant amount of biomass from the ecosystem makes the cycle of substances unbalanced, which causes:
1. unstable ecosystem 3) self-regulation in the ecosystem
2. stable ecosystem 4) increasing population size
A8. The mass of living matter in the biosphere is very small, but it plays a huge role in...
1. creation of the lithosphere 3) creation of the World Ocean
2. transformation of matter and energy 4) formation of continents
A9. The negative consequences of human impact on the biosphere are manifested in:
1. change in atmospheric pressure
2. regulation of the population of game animals
3. reduction of biodiversity
4. creation of new varieties of plants and animal breeds
A10. Changes by organisms in the process of vital activity of the habitat in an ecosystem are the cause of:
1. circulation of substances 3) the emergence of adaptations in organisms
2. changes in ecosystems 4) emergence of new species
A11. Industrial wastes - salts of heavy metals: lead, cadmium - cause poisoning in people, the birth of deformities, entering their body:
1. during the process of reproduction 3) with inhaled air
2. via power supply circuits 4) with wastewater
A12. The name "Biosphere" was first given:
1. To Linnaeus 3) V.I. Vernadsky
2. Zh.B. Lamarck 4) V.N. Sukachev
A13. The biosphere exists mainly due to:
1. cosmic energy and intraplanetary thermal energy
2. intraplanetary thermal energy
3. cosmic energy
4. Solar energy
A14. The upper boundary of the biosphere is limited by:
1. bird flight altitude 3) ozone layer
2. spore detection height 4) has no upper limit
IN 1. Select several correct statements. The functions of living matter in the biosphere include:
A. cumulative D. concentration
B. redox D. gas
B. conductive E. oxidative
C1. Give a detailed answer to the following question.
What is the significance of the cycle of substances in nature for the existence of the biosphere? Give examples.
C2. Give a detailed answer to the following question.
The doctrine of the biosphere.
Test option No. 6
(theme “Biosphere”)
The test consists of 3 parts.
The first part contains questions under the letter A. In them you need to choose only one correct answer.
The second part contains questions under the letter B. These tasks can be:
· or to choose several correct answers;
· tasks to establish correspondence positions between processes and objects, as well as a description of their properties and characteristics;
· tasks to determine the sequence of biological phenomena or processes
The third part (under the letter “C”) includes a detailed answer to the question posed.
A1. The process of periodic decrease in population size under the influence of environmental factors to a certain limit and its subsequent increase is called:
1. biological rhythm 3) self-regulation
2. circulation of substances 4) migration of atoms
A2. The process of destruction of organic substances by decomposers to inorganic ones and their return to the environment is an important link in:
1. metabolism 3) circulation of substances
2. self-regulation 4) seasonal changes in the life of organisms
A3. Mass cutting down of dominant, environment-forming tree species in a forest can lead to:
1. increased circulation of substances 3) lengthened food chains
2. emergence of food chains 4) change of ecosystem
A4. Acid rain, which is formed as a result of atmospheric pollution with nitrogen and sulfur oxides, leads to:
1. improvement of mineral nutrition of plants
2. destruction of forests in a number of regions of the globe
3. improvement of water metabolism in plants
4. increased photosynthesis
A5. Photosynthesis and respiration are functions of living matter:
1. redox 3) biogeochemical
2. gas 4) concentration
A6. In many countries around the world, “green” parties have been created whose actions are aimed at:
1. protection of the biosphere 3) protection of human rights to clean air
2. refusal to use any technology 4) suspension of the development of the biosphere
A7. Ecosystems in which the shooting of rare species of animals and the collection of plants are prohibited are called:
1. reserve 3) community
2. agroecosystem 4) forest park
A8. Great species diversity, self-regulation, balanced circulation of substances are signs of:
1. agroecosystem 3) unstable ecosystem
2. sustainable ecosystem 4) ecosystem development
A9. The ability of organisms to convert some substances into others and form salts and oxides is the function of living matter:
1. gas 3) storage
2. concentration 4) redox
A10. The biosphere as a global ecosystem consists of:
1. biotic and chemical components
2. biotic and dead components
3. living and chemical components
4. biotic and abiotic components
A11. The living matter of the biosphere is formed by a combination of individuals of all species:
1. animals, including humans 3) plants and humans
2. plants and animals 4) living organisms inhabiting the planet and people
A12. Biogenic migration of atoms is called... the cycle:
1. biochemical 3) biogeochemical
2. chemical 4) biological
A13. All species of plants and animals and their natural environment are protected in:
1. reserves 3) reserves
2) biogeocenoses 4) natural parks
A14. Despite the constant use by plants of inorganic substances absorbed from the soil, their supply in the soil does not dry out, as the following occurs:
1. metabolism 3) circulation of substances
2. change of biogeocenoses 4) self-regulation
IN 1. Select several correct statements. The gas functions of living matter include the following processes:
A. return of molecular nitrogen to the atmosphere by bacteria
B. assimilation of atmospheric molecular nitrogen by nodule bacteria
B. the ability to accumulate a certain substance in the cells of horsetails and sedges
D. breathing process
D. accumulation of iodine in the cells of kelp seaweed
E. accumulation of chemicals in the cells of organisms
C1. Give a detailed answer to the following question.
Name the components and boundaries of the biosphere.
C2. Give a detailed answer to the following question.
What are the reasons for the stability of the biosphere?
Answer key to tests on the biosphere.
Question number
| option | |||
| 1,4 | 2,5 | 3,6 | |
| A1 | |||
| A2 | |||
| A3 | |||
| A4 | |||
| A5 | |||
| A6 | |||
| A7 | |||
| A8 | |||
| A9 | |||
| A10 | |||
| A11 | |||
| A12 | |||
| A13 | |||
| A14 | |||
| IN 1 | BVDE | GD | ABG |
| | Search on the site: |
Biosphere test
1. Anthropogenic factors include
1) draining swamps, deforestation, road construction
2) plants, bacteria, fungi, animals, viruses
3) minerals, plants, water salinity, plowing of fields
4) air and water temperature, atmospheric pressure
2. In the biosphere
1) plant biomass is equal to animal biomass
2) the biomass of animals is many times greater than the biomass of plants
3) plant biomass is many times greater than animal biomass
4) the ratio of plant and animal biomass is constantly changing
3. According to V.I. Vernadsky oxygen is a substance
1) alive 2) bioinert 3) biogenic 4) inert
4. The upper boundary of the biosphere is located at an altitude of 17-20 km from the Earth’s surface, since there
1) no oxygen 3) very low temperature
2) there is no light 4) the ozone layer is located
5. The shell of the Earth, inhabited by living organisms and transformed by them, is called
1) hydrosphere 2) lithosphere 3) noosphere 4) biosphere
6. The highest concentration of living matter is observed
1) at the junction of the atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere
2) in the lower layers of the hydrosphere
3) in the upper atmosphere
4) in the lithosphere at a depth of 200 m
7. The living matter of the planet’s biosphere is the totality of all
1- all plants and animals 2- multicellular organisms
3- microorganisms 4- living organisms
8. The boundaries of the biosphere are determined
1- conditions unsuitable for life 2- fluctuations in positive temperatures
3- amount of precipitation 4- cloudiness of the atmosphere
9. In accordance with the ideas of V.I. Vernadsky refers to bioinert bodies
1- soil 2- minerals 3- atmospheric gases 4- animals
10. Producers of organic substances in the biosphere are
1- producers 2- decomposers 3- consumerss 1st order 4th consumers 2nd order b
11.The boundaries of the biosphere in the atmosphere are defined:
a) to the height of the ozone layer; c) limited by the height of the stratosphere.
b) extend beyond the ozone layer;
12. A holistic doctrine of the biosphere was proposed by:
a) J.B. Lamarck; c) V.I.Vernadsky.
b) E. Suess;
13. Find the correspondence “living---bio-inert---inert”:
a) “green plants---water---soil”;
b) “soil---water---green plants”;
c) “green plants—soil—water.”
14.Organisms that feed on ready-made organic substances:
a) autotrophs; c) eukaryotes.
b) heterotrophs;
15. Find the correspondence “consumers---destroyers---producers”:
a) “consumers---reducers---producers”;
b) “decomposers—producers—consumers”;
c) “producers---consumers---decomposers.”
16. Organisms that independently form organic substances from inorganic compounds:
a) autotrophs; c) prokaryotes.
b) heterotrophs;
17. The term “biosphere” was introduced into science by:
a) V. I. Vernadsky; c) J. Lamarck.
b) E. Suess;
18. The upper boundary of the biosphere passes at an altitude:
a) 15-17 km; c) 25-50 km.
b) 16-25 km;
19. In the lithosphere, living organisms are found at depth:
a) 3 km; c) 12 km.
b) 8 km;
20. The lower boundary of the biosphere in the lithosphere is theoretically determined:
a) the presence of water; c) high temperature.
b) aeration conditions;
21. Organisms that create organic substances from inorganic ones are called:
a) producers; c) decomposers
b) consumers; .
22. The main producers in the biosphere are:
a) bacteria; c) green plants.
b) mushrooms;
23. Organisms that decompose dead organic matter and return inorganic substances to the environment are called:
a) producers; c) reducers.
b) consumers;
24. What is the limiting factor that largely prevents the existence of life in the upper atmosphere?
a) air composition; c) ultraviolet radiation;
b) temperature; d) humidity.
MUNICIPAL BUDGET EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION
"SECONDARY SCHOOL No. 1"
TEST ON THE TOPIC
"BIOSPHERE"
(theoretical part)
tests in the form of the Unified State Exam
GENERAL BIOLOGY
9 – 11 CLASS
prepared
biology teacher
Andreeva Elvira Yurievna
Norilsk – 2010
Test option No. 1
(theme “Biosphere”)
The test consists of 3 parts.
C1. Give a detailed answer to the following question. What is the biomass of the land surface, soil and oceans?
Test option No. 2
(theme “Biosphere”)
The test consists of 3 parts.
The first part contains questions under the letter A. In them you need to choose only one correct answer.
The second part contains questions under the letter B. These tasks can be:
or to choose several correct answers;
tasks to establish correspondences of positions between processes and objects, as well as a description of their properties and characteristics;
tasks to determine the sequence of biological phenomena or processes
Test option No. 3
(theme “Biosphere”)
The test consists of 3 parts.
The first part contains questions under the letter A. In them you need to choose only one correct answer.
The second part contains questions under the letter B. These tasks can be:
or to choose several correct answers;
tasks to establish correspondences of positions between processes and objects, as well as a description of their properties and characteristics;
tasks to determine the sequence of biological phenomena or processes
- reserves 3) reserves biogeocenoses 4) natural parks
IN 1. Select several correct statements. The gas function of living matter includes the following processes: A. return of molecular nitrogen to the atmosphere by bacteriaB. assimilation of atmospheric molecular nitrogen by nodule bacteriaB. the ability to accumulate a certain substance in the cells of horsetails and sedges. breathing process D. accumulation of iodine in the cells of the seaweed Laminaria E. accumulation of chemicals in the cells of organisms
Test option No. 4
(theme “Biosphere”)
The test consists of 3 parts.
The first part contains questions under the letter A. In them you need to choose only one correct answer.
The second part contains questions under the letter B. These tasks can be:
or to choose several correct answers;
tasks to establish correspondences of positions between processes and objects, as well as a description of their properties and characteristics;
tasks to determine the sequence of biological phenomena or processes
A1. A set of populations of different species, interconnected by food and energy connections, as well as with factors of inanimate nature, the cycle of substances, living for a long time in a certain territory, is called:
- ecosystem 3) biosphere noosphere 4) species
- abiotic factors 3) living organisms anthropogenic factors 4) biological rhythms
- weakens competition between species changes their habitat helps lengthen food chains affects seasonal changes in nature
- hydrosphere 3) lithosphere of the atmosphere 4) life on Earth
- application of fertilizers 3) erosion, salinization, creation of forest belts in the steppe 4) alternation of cultivated plants
- simpler ones allow you to obtain environmentally friendly products does not require special conditions does not require skilled labor
- biogeocenosis 3) biosphere agrocenosis 4) experimental station
- animals 3) fungi bacteria 4) plants
- non-periodic 3) abiotic anthropogenic 4) biotic
- synthesis of substances by organisms 3) circulation of substances, breakdown of substances by organisms 4) constant supply of substances from Space
- type of animal 3) kingdom division of plant 4) biogeocenosis
- creation of artificial reservoirs 3) reduction of forest area, irrigation of land 4) drainage of swamps
- gas 3) concentration redox 4) biogeochemical
- oxygen 3) climate living matter 4) heat of the earth's interior
IN 1. Select several correct statements. The biosphere includes: A. plants G. bacteriaB. bioinert substance D. biogenic substanceB. living matter E. inert matter
C1. Give a detailed answer to the following question. What are the reasons for the stability of the biosphere?
C2. Give a detailed answer to the following question. What are the main functions of living matter in the biosphere?
Test option No. 5
(theme “Biosphere”)
The test consists of 3 parts.
The first part contains questions under the letter A. In them you need to choose only one correct answer.
The second part contains questions under the letter B. These tasks can be:
or to choose several correct answers;
tasks to establish correspondences of positions between processes and objects, as well as a description of their properties and characteristics;
tasks to determine the sequence of biological phenomena or processes
A1. In preserving the diversity of plant and animal species in the biosphere, the following is of great importance:
- creating nature reserves expanding the area of agrocenoses increasing the productivity of agrocenoses combating pests of agricultural plants
- self-regulation 3) ecosystem changes, population fluctuations 4) ecosystem stability
- biogeocenoses 3) biorhythms of the leading role of living matter in the biosphere 4) photoperiodism
- protect the biosphere from pollution increase the productivity of agrocenoses accelerate the circulation of substances in the biosphere slow down the circulation of substances in the biosphere
- biosphere 3) biosphere biogeocenosis 4) reserve
- abiotic factors 3) anthropogenic factors limiting factors 4) living matter
- unstable ecosystem 3) self-regulation in an ecosystem stable ecosystem 4) increasing population size
- creation of the lithosphere 3) creation of the World Ocean transformation of matter and energy 4) formation of continents
- changes in atmospheric pressure regulating the population of game animals reducing biodiversity creating new varieties of plants and animal breeds
- cycle of substances 3) the emergence of adaptations in organisms, changes in ecosystems 4) the emergence of new species
- in the process of reproduction 3) with inhaled air through food chains 4) with wastewater
- To Linnaeus 3) V.I. Vernadsky Zh.B. Lamarck 4) V.N. Sukachev
- cosmic energy and intraplanetary thermal energy intraplanetary thermal energy cosmic energy solar energy
- flight altitude of birds 3) ozone layer altitude of spore detection 4) has no upper limit
IN 1. Select several correct statements. The functions of living matter in the biosphere include: A. cumulative D. concentrationB. redox D. gasV. conductive E. oxidative
C1. Give a detailed answer to the following question. What is the importance of the cycle of substances in nature for the existence of the biosphere? Give examples.
C2. Give a detailed answer to the following question. The doctrine of the biosphere.
Test option No. 6
(theme “Biosphere”)
The test consists of 3 parts.
The first part contains questions under the letter A. In them you need to choose only one correct answer.
The second part contains questions under the letter B. These tasks can be:
or to choose several correct answers;
tasks to establish correspondences of positions between processes and objects, as well as a description of their properties and characteristics;
tasks to determine the sequence of biological phenomena or processes
A1. The process of periodic decrease in population size under the influence of environmental factors to a certain limit and its subsequent increase is called:
- biological rhythm 3) self-regulation by the circulation of substances 4) migration of atoms
- metabolism 3) circulation of self-regulation substances 4) seasonal changes in the life of organisms
- strengthening of the cycle of substances 3) lengthening of food chains, emergence of food chains 4) change of ecosystem
- improvement of mineral nutrition of plants, destruction of forests in a number of regions of the globe, improvement of water metabolism in plants, increased photosynthesis
- redox 3) biogeochemical gas 4) concentration
- protection of the biosphere 3) protection of human rights to clean air, refusal to use any technology 4) suspension of the development of the biosphere
- nature reserve 3) community agroecosystem 4) forest park
- agroecosystem 3) unstable ecosystem stable ecosystem 4) ecosystem development
- gas 3) storage concentration 4) redox
- biotic and chemical components biotic and dead components living and chemical components biotic and abiotic components
- animals, including humans 3) plants and humans plants and animals 4) living organisms inhabiting the planet and humans
- biochemical 3) biogeochemical chemical 4) biological
- reserves 3) reserves
A14. Despite the constant use by plants of inorganic substances absorbed from the soil, their supply in the soil does not dry out, as the following occurs:
- metabolism 3) circulation of substances change of biogeocenoses 4) self-regulation
IN 1. Select several correct statements. The gas functions of living matter include the following processes: A. return of molecular nitrogen to the atmosphere by bacteriaB. assimilation of atmospheric molecular nitrogen by nodule bacteriaB. the ability to accumulate a certain substance in the cells of horsetails and sedges. breathing process D. accumulation of iodine in the cells of the seaweed Laminaria E. accumulation of chemicals in the cells of organisms
C1. Give a detailed answer to the following question. Name the components and boundaries of the biosphere.
C2. Give a detailed answer to the following question. What are the reasons for the stability of the biosphere?
Answer key to tests on the biosphere.
question number
Task A. Write down the numbers of the correct answers.
1.
2. a) J.-B. Lamarck; b) V.I. Vernadsky; c) E. Suess; d) E. Leroy.
3. The boundary of the biosphere in the atmosphere is at an altitude of: a) 77 km; b) 12.5 km, c) 10 km; d) 2 km.
4.
5.
6. Living matter is:
7.
8.
9.
10. The noosphere is:
11.
12.
13.
14. The concentration of life on the bottom of the World Ocean is called: a) plankton; b) nekton; c) benthos; d) neuston.
15.
a) absence of water in the liquid phase; b) salt concentration over 270 g/l;
c) lack of mineral nutrition elements; d) all of the above conditions.
16.
a) life;
17.
18.
a) living organisms accumulate and transmit energy through the food chain;
b) green plants use CO 2 and release O 2 into the atmosphere;
c) chemoautotrophs oxidize chemical elements;
d) living organisms accumulate various chemical elements.
19.
10.
20.
a) hydrosphere; b) lithosphere; c) atmosphere; d) biosphere.
21. The doctrine of the biosphere was created:
22.
23.
a) plankton; b) nekton; c) benthos; d) neuston.
24.
a) absence of water in the liquid phase; b) salt concentration over 270 g/l;
c) lack of mineral nutrition elements; d) all of the above conditions.
25.
26.
a) oil, coal, limestone; b) water, soil; c) granite, basalt; d) plants, animals, bacteria, fungi.
27.
a) living organisms accumulate and transmit energy through the food chain;
b) green plants use CO 2 and release O 2 into the atmosphere;
c) chemoautotrophs oxidize chemical elements;
d) living organisms accumulate various chemical elements.
28. The biosphere is a global self-regulating system with its own input and output: a) yes; b) no.
29.
1.
The biosphere is: a) the watery shell of the Earth populated by living organisms;
b) the air shell of the Earth, populated by living organisms;
c) the solid shell of the Earth, populated by living organisms;
d) part of all the shells of the Earth populated by living organisms.
2. The term “biosphere” was proposed by: a) J-B. Lamarck; b) V.I. Vernadsky; c) E. Leroy; d) no answer.
3. The boundaries of the biosphere are determined by: a) the presence of water in the liquid phase; e) degree of water salinity;
b) favorable temperature conditions; c) radiation level; d) the presence of oxygen and carbon dioxide;
4.
a) plankton; b) nekton; c) benthos; d) neuston.
5.
6. The totality of all living organisms of the biosphere V.I. Vernadsky suggested calling:
7.
a) oil, coal, limestone; b) water, soil; c) granite, basalt; d) plants, animals, bacteria, fungi.
8.
a) living organisms accumulate and transmit energy through the food chain;
b) green plants use CO 2 and release O 2 into the atmosphere;
c) chemoautotrophs oxidize chemical elements;
d) living organisms accumulate various chemical elements.
9.
10. The noosphere is:
Task B.
1.
2.
3.
(4.
5.
6.
8. For example: anchovy--->mackerel--->dolphin.)
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30. What is included in the concept of “living matter”?
31.
32.
33.
34.
they are very small compared to the productivity of producers.)
36.
Test on the topic “Fundamentals of the doctrine of the biosphere”
Option 1 Task A. Write down the numbers of the correct answers.
1. The shell of the Earth inhabited by living organisms is called:
a) hydrosphere; b) lithosphere; c) atmosphere; d) biosphere.
2. The doctrine of the biosphere was created:
a) J.-B. Lamarck; b) V.I. Vernadsky; c) E. Suess; d) E. Leroy.
3. The boundary of the biosphere in the atmosphere is at an altitude:
a) 77 km; b) 12.5 km, c) 10 km; d) 2 km.
4. The film of life on the surface of the oceans is called:
a) plankton; b) nekton; c) benthos; d) neuston.
5. In the Dead Sea, the factor limiting the spread of life is:
a) absence of water in the liquid phase; b) salt concentration over 270 g/l;
c) lack of mineral nutrition elements; d) all of the above conditions.
6. Living matter is:
a) the totality of all plants in the biosphere; b) the totality of all animals in the biosphere;
c) the totality of all living organisms in the biosphere; d) there is no correct answer.
7. The inert matter of the biosphere includes:
a) oil, coal, limestone; b) water, soil; c) granite, basalt; d) plants, animals, bacteria, fungi.
8. The concentration function of living matter is the ability to:
a) living organisms accumulate and transmit energy through the food chain;
b) green plants use CO 2 and release O 2 into the atmosphere;
c) chemoautotrophs oxidize chemical elements;
d) living organisms accumulate various chemical elements.
9. The biosphere is a global self-regulating system with its own input and output: a) yes; b) no.
10. The noosphere is:
a) the sphere of past life; b) the sphere of intelligent life; c) the sphere of future life; d) there is no correct answer.
Answers: 1 - g; 2 - b; 3 - a; 4 - g; 5 B; 6 - in; 7 - in; 8 - g; 9 - a; 10 - b.
Task B. Briefly answer the questions asked.
1. Living matter is a powerful geological force that transforms the face of the planet. Give examples of the influence of living matter on the Earth's shells.
(Changes in the gas composition of the atmosphere; accumulation of rocks and minerals; involvement of dead organic remains in the cycle, etc..)
2. What substance of the biosphere is called biogenic? Give examples.
(Biogenic - created by living organisms: oil, coal, limestone, etc.)
3. Why does the boundary of the biosphere in the atmosphere pass at an altitude of 77 km?
(Above - strong ultraviolet radiation, low air temperature, lack of oxygen and carbon dioxide, high level of radiation.)
4. List the functions of living matter. Reveal the essence of the energy function.
(
Energy consists of the ability of green plants to assimilate and transmit the energy of the Sun through the food chain.)
5. What is soil? What experiment can be done to prove the presence of water in the soil?
(Soil is the upper, loose, fertile layer of the lithosphere on which plants grow and develop. To prove the presence of water in the soil, you need to place a small amount of soil in a test tube and heat it - condensation will appear on the walls of the test tube.)
6. What is the importance of nitrogen in plant life?
(Nitrogen atoms are found in many organic molecules. In the absence of this substance, normal growth and accumulation of phytomass of plant stems and leaves are impossible.)
(The biomass of producers in the World Ocean is approximately 2.6 billion tons, which is approximately 8.5% of the total biomass. However, the productivity of producers is 430 billion tons, which is the entire productivity of the World Ocean.)
8. Draw up a nektonic food chain in the World Ocean. ( For example: anchovy--->mackerel--->dolphin.)
9. What impact has man's use of fire had on the Earth's biosphere?
(Negative - creation of pyrogenic landscapes, desertification, changes in ecosystems. For example, the Sahara, Kalahari, and savannas of Australia are pyrogenic landscapes.)
Option 2 Task A. Write down the numbers of the correct answers.
1.
The biosphere is: a) the watery shell of the Earth populated by living organisms;
b) the air shell of the Earth, populated by living organisms;
c) the solid shell of the Earth, populated by living organisms;
d) part of all the shells of the Earth populated by living organisms.
2. The term “biosphere” was proposed by: a) J.-B. Lamarck; b) V.I. Vernadsky; c) E. Suess; d) E. Leroy.
3. The boundaries of the biosphere in the hydrosphere pass at a depth:
a) 1 km; b) 2 km; c) 10 km; d) the hydrosphere is completely populated by living organisms.
4. The concentration of life at the bottom of the World Ocean is called:
a) plankton; b) nekton; c) benthos; d) neuston.
5. In the White Sands Desert (USA), the factor limiting the spread of life is:
a) absence of water in the liquid phase; b) salt concentration over 270 g/l;
c) lack of mineral nutrition elements; d) all of the above conditions.
6. The totality of all living organisms of the biosphere V.I. Vernadsky suggested calling:
a) life; b) biomass; c) living matter; ttg) there is no correct answer.
7. Bioinert matter of the biosphere includes:
a) oil, coal, limestone; b) soil; c) granite, basalt; d) plants, animals, bacteria, fungi.
8. The gas function of living matter is the ability to:
a) living organisms accumulate and transmit energy through the food chain;
b) green plants use CO 2 and release O 2 into the atmosphere;
c) chemoautotrophs oxidize chemical elements;
d) living organisms accumulate various chemical elements.
9. The biosphere is a global unregulated system that has an input but no output: a) yes; b) no.
10.
Eugene Leroy: a) created the doctrine of the biosphere; b) proposed the term “biosphere”;
c) proposed the term “noosphere”; d) was a friend of V.I. Vernadsky.
Answers: 1 - g; 2 - in; 3 - g; 4 - in; 5 - a; 6 - in; 7 - b; 8 - b; 9 - b; 10 - in.
Task B. Briefly answer the questions asked.
1. Give several definitions of the biosphere.
(The biosphere is the living shell of the Earth. The biosphere is the shell of the Earth inhabited by living organisms. The biosphere is an open, global, self-regulating system with its own input and output.)
2. What factors determine the boundaries of the biosphere in the atmosphere?
(Hard ultraviolet light, low air temperature, lack of oxygen and carbon dioxide, high level of radiation, etc.)
3. What are the main functions of living matter in the biosphere? Reveal the essence of the gas function.
(Energy, redox, gas, concentration.
Gas is the ability of living organisms to change the gas composition of the atmosphere, for example, green plants absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen.)
4. What substance of the biosphere is biogenic? Give examples.
(Biogenic - a substance created by living organisms, for example, oil, coal, limestone.)
5. What is soil? What experiment can be done to prove the presence of minerals in the soil?
(Soil is the upper, loose, fertile layer of the lithosphere on which plants grow and develop. To prove the presence of minerals in the soil, a small amount of soil must be dissolved in water, filtered, and the filtrate evaporated. A small amount of mineral salts will remain on the watch glass.)
6. What is the importance of potassium in plant life?
(Potassium ions are present in the cytoplasm of all living cells and are involved in many biochemical processes. One of the functions of potassium in the plant body is to influence the formation of the root system.)
7. Give an example of a benthic food chain.
(For example: detritus--->bivalves--->sea stars.)
(The biomass of decomposers in the World Ocean is an insignificant part of the total biomass, and productivity is generally less.)
9. What impact did the emergence of cities have on the Earth's biosphere?
(The negative impact is the concentration of the population and the associated environmental pollution with household and industrial waste, the disappearance of plant and animal species, etc.)
Option 3 Task A. Write down the numbers of the correct answers.
1. The living shell of the Earth, inhabited by living organisms, is called:
a) hydrosphere; b) lithosphere; c) atmosphere; d) biosphere.
2. The doctrine of the biosphere was created:
a) J.-B. Lamarck; b) C. Darwin; c) E. Suess; d) there is no correct answer.
3. The boundaries of the biosphere in the lithosphere on land pass at a depth:
a) 100-200 m; b) 1-2 km; c) 3-4 km; d) 100-200 km.
4. A group of living organisms passively floating in the depths of the World Ocean is called:
a) plankton; b) nekton; c) benthos; d) neuston.
5. On the slopes of Mount McKinley (Alaska), the factor limiting the spread of life is:
a) absence of water in the liquid phase; b) salt concentration over 270 g/l;
c) lack of mineral nutrition elements; d) all of the above conditions.
6. The totality of all living organisms in the biosphere is called:
a) inert substance; b) bioinert substance; c) living matter; d) biogenic substance.
7. Biogenic matter in the biosphere includes:
a) oil, coal, limestone; b) water, soil; c) granite, basalt; d) plants, animals, bacteria, fungi.
8. The redox function of living matter is the ability to:
a) living organisms accumulate and transmit energy through the food chain;
b) green plants use CO 2 and release O 2 into the atmosphere;
c) chemoautotrophs oxidize chemical elements;
d) living organisms accumulate various chemical elements.
9. The biosphere is a global self-regulating system with its own input and output: a) yes; b) no.
10. The doctrine of the noosphere was developed by:
a) V.I. Vernadsky; b) E. Leroy; c) P. Teilhard de Chardin; d) all answers are correct.
Answers: 1 - g; 2 - g; 3 - in; 4 - a; 5 - in; 6 - in; 7 - a; 8 - in; 9 - a; 10 - g.
Task B. Briefly answer the questions asked.
1. Who was the first to create a coherent doctrine of the biosphere?
(IN AND. Vernadsky.)
2. What factors determine the boundaries of the biosphere in the hydrosphere?
(High pressure, lack of light, salinity of the aquatic environment above 270 g/l.)
3. List the main functions of living matter. Expand the concept of concentration function.
(Energy, redox, gas, concentration.
Concentration is the ability of living organisms to accumulate chemical elements, for example, calcium in mollusk shells.)
4. What substance of the biosphere is bioinert? Give examples.
(Bioinert is a substance of the biosphere that arises from the interaction of living organisms and the environment - soil.)
5. What is soil? What experiment can be done to prove the presence of humus in the soil?
(Soil is the upper, loose, fertile layer of the lithosphere on which plants grow and develop. To prove the presence of humus in the soil, you need to place the soil in a test tube and heat it. After some time, the characteristic smell of burning organic matter will appear.)
6. What is the importance of soil aeration in plant life?
(Aeration is the degree to which the soil is saturated with air. Air is necessary for plant roots to breathe.)
7. How and why does the color of algae change with depth?
(As you dive deeper, the color of the algae changes from green to brown and red. This is due to a decrease in the amount of sunlight reaching deeper layers of water and, accordingly, a decrease in the amount of chlorophyll and an increase in the amount of carotenoids.)
8. Compare the biomass of the land surface with the biomass of the World Ocean.
(The biomass of the land surface is approximately 800 times greater than the biomass of the World Ocean. However, on land, the bulk of the biomass is made up of producers, while in the World Ocean, on the contrary, more than 90% is consumers.)
9. List the three main stages in human evolution that had the greatest impact on the biosphere.
(The use of fire, the Neolithic revolution (domestication of plants and animals) and scientific and technological progress.)
Option 4 Task A. Write down the numbers of the correct answers.
1. The biosphere is:
a) the water shell of the Earth, populated by living organisms;
b) the air shell of the Earth, populated by living organisms;
c) the solid shell of the Earth, populated by living organisms;
d) part of all the shells of the Earth populated by living organisms.
2. The term "biosphere" was proposed by:
a) J-B. Lamarck; b) V.I. Vernadsky; c) E. Leroy; d) there is no correct answer.
3. The boundaries of the biosphere are determined:
a) the presence of water in the liquid phase; ttb) favorable temperature conditions;
c) radiation level; d) the presence of oxygen and carbon dioxide; id) degree of water salinity;
f) all of the above factors.
4. A group of living organisms actively swimming in the depths of the World Ocean is called:
a) plankton; b) nekton; c) benthos; d) neuston.
5. In Arctic deserts, the factor limiting the spread of life is:
a) absence of water in the liquid phase; b) lack of mineral nutrition elements;
c) unfavorable temperature conditions; d) all of the above conditions.
6. The totality of all living organisms of the biosphere V.I. Vernadsky suggested calling:
a) life; b) biomass; c) living matter; d) there is no correct answer.
7. The living matter of the biosphere includes:
a) oil, coal, limestone; b) water, soil; c) granite, basalt;
d) plants, animals, bacteria, fungi.
8. The energetic function of living matter is the ability to:
a) living organisms accumulate and transmit energy through the food chain;
b) green plants use CO 2 and release O 2 into the atmosphere;
c) chemoautotrophs oxidize chemical elements;
d) living organisms accumulate various chemical elements.
9. The biosphere is a global closed self-regulating system that has no input or output: a) yes; b) no.
10. The noosphere is:
a) stage of intelligent life; b) the sphere of intelligent life; c) stage of development of the biosphere; d) all answers are correct.
Answers: 1 - g; 2 - g; 3 - e; 4 - b; 5 - g; 6 - in; 7 - g; 8 - a; 9 - b; 10 - g.
Task B. Briefly answer the questions asked.
1. IN AND. Vernadsky wrote: “Living matter... like a mass of gas spreads over the earth’s surface and exerts a certain pressure on the environment.” How do you understand this statement?
(Living matter is distributed over almost the entire earth's surface, wherever there are suitable conditions for life. Living matter exerts powerful pressure on all the shells of the Earth. For example, it changes the gas composition of the atmosphere, promotes the formation of rocks (oil, coal, limestone), oxidizes rocks, etc.)
2. What factors determine the boundaries of the biosphere in the lithosphere?
(The presence of water in the liquid phase, the presence of free oxygen and carbon dioxide, a certain temperature regime, the presence of a minimum of mineral nutrition, etc.)
3. What is included in the concept of “living matter”? ( The totality of all living organisms in the biosphere.)
4. List the main functions of living matter. Expand the concept of redox function.
(Energy, redox, gas, concentration.
Redox is the ability of living organisms to oxidize and reduce chemical elements.)
5. What is soil? What experiment can be done to prove the presence of air in the soil?
(Soil is the upper, loose, fertile layer of the lithosphere on which plants grow and develop. To prove the presence of air in the soil, you need to throw a small amount of soil into the water - bubbles will be visible.)
6. What effect does phosphorus have on plant life?
(Phosphorus atoms are found in many organic molecules. The lack of this substance in plants inhibits the processes of flowering and fruiting.)
7. Give an example of a planktonic food chain.
(For example: phytoplankton--->zooplankton--->jellyfish.)
(In terms of biomass, consumers make up more than 90% of the total biomass of the World Ocean, but their productivity is very low compared to the productivity of producers.)
9. What impact did the domestication of plants and animals have on the Earth's biosphere?
(Negative - changes in ecosystems, disappearance of many species of plants and animals.)
The largest ecosystem.
hydrosphere
atmosphere
biosphere
Biosphere- this is the geological shell of the Earth, covering part atmosphere, the entire hydrosphere and the upper part of the lithosphere together with the organisms that inhabit them. The biosphere is the largest ecosystem, uniting into a single planetary cycle the individual cycles of substances from each of the ecosystems.
Living environments of the biosphere.
water, soil
ground-air environment
both answers are correct
Within the biosphere, four main habitats can be distinguished. This water, ground-air, soil environment and formed by living organisms themselves. Water serves as a habitat for many organisms. From water they obtain all the substances necessary for life: food, water, gases. Therefore, no matter how diverse aquatic organisms are, they all must be adapted to the main features of life in the aquatic environment. These features are determined by the physical and chemical properties of water. Ground-air environment, mastered in the course of evolution later than aquatic, is more complex and diverse, and it is inhabited by more highly organized living organisms. The most important factor in the life of the organisms living here are the properties and composition of the air masses surrounding them. The density of air is much lower than the density of water, so terrestrial organisms have highly developed supporting tissues - the internal and external skeleton. The forms of movement are very diverse: running, jumping, crawling, flying, etc. Birds and some types of insects fly in the air. Air currents carry plant seeds, spores, and microorganisms. Soil life extraordinarily rich. Some organisms spend their entire lives in soil, others spend part of their lives. Living conditions in the soil are largely determined by climatic factors, the most important of which is temperature. The bodies of many organisms serve as living environments for other organisms. The living conditions inside another organism are characterized by greater constancy compared to the conditions of the external environment. They do not have developed sensory organs or organs of movement, but they develop adaptations for retention in the host’s body and effective reproduction.
A phenomenon in which a substance is transferred in closed cycles, repeatedly circulating between organisms and the environment.
food chain
cycle of substances
there is no right answer
Biosphere cycle necessarily includes living and nonliving components. Organic matter can be reused by plants only after decomposition by decomposers to inorganic components. The connection between living and nonliving matter in the biosphere cycle is carried out by the migration of chemical elements that are part of both organic and inorganic compounds.
The main source of energy in the biosphere.
Sun
oil deposits
producers
The main source of energy to support life in the biosphere is the Sun. Its energy is converted into the energy of organic compounds as a result of photosynthetic processes occurring in phototrophic organisms. Energy accumulates in the chemical bonds of organic compounds that serve as food for herbivores and carnivores. Organic food substances are decomposed during metabolism and excreted from the body. Excreted or dead remains are decomposed by bacteria, fungi and some other organisms. The resulting chemical compounds and elements are involved in the cycle of substances. The biosphere needs a constant influx of external energy, because... all chemical energy is converted into heat. Therefore, the storage of solar energy by plants in organic matter plays an extremely important role in the distribution and abundance of living organisms.
Deposits of oil, coal, and peat were formed in the process of the cycle:
nitrogen, hydrogen
oxygen
carbon
In the Paleozoic era, the initial stage of accumulation of oil and gas of organic origin occurs carbon. During the Carboniferous period, forests, consisting mainly of ferns and horsetails, became widespread on land. It is from tree trunks that fall into the water that do not rot that huge reserves of coal are formed.
Bacteria that break down urea into ammonium ions and carbon dioxide take part in the cycle...
nitrogen and carbon
phosphorus and sulfur
oxygen and carbon
One of the special groups of ammonifiers are bacteria that decompose urea. Urea is the main component of urine in humans and most animals. A person secretes bacteria that decompose from 30 to 50 g of urea per day. Under the influence of bacteria, urea decomposes and ammonium carbonate is formed. The latter quickly disintegrates into water, ammonia and carbon dioxide .
The cycle of substances is based on processes such as...
species dispersal
photosynthesis and respiration
natural selection
The natural source of carbon used by plants for the synthesis of organic matter is carbon dioxide, which is part of the atmosphere or is dissolved in water. In progress photosynthesis Carbon dioxide is converted into organic matter that serves as food for animals. Breath, fermentation and combustion of fuel return carbon dioxide to the atmosphere.
Nodule bacteria are included in the cycle...
carbon
phosphorus
nitrogen
The circulation of nutrients is usually accompanied by their chemical transformations. Nitrate nitrogen, can be converted into protein, then converted into urea, converted into ammonia and again synthesized into the nitrate form under the influence of microorganisms. The biochemical nitrogen cycle involves various mechanisms, both biological and chemical.
Solar energy is captured...
producers
decomposers
consumers of the first order
Only green plants are able to capture light energy and use simple inorganic substances in nutrition. Such organisms are separated into a separate group and called autotrophs, or producers- producers of biological substances. They are the most important part of any community because almost all other organisms directly or indirectly depend on the supply of matter and energy stored by plants. On land, autotrophs are usually large plants with roots, while in water bodies their role is taken on by microscopic algae that live in the water column (phytoplankton).
According to scientists, the greatest contribution to the strengthening of the greenhouse effect is:
ozone
carbon dioxide
nitrogen dioxide
Ozone, which forms the ozone shield, is formed in:
hydrosphere
Earth's mantle
atmosphere
The first living organisms developed in water, which protected them from exposure to ultraviolet rays. Oxygen released during photosynthesis in the upper layers atmosphere under the influence of ultraviolet rays it turned into ozone (its molecule contains three oxygen atoms - O 3). As ozone accumulated, an ozone layer was formed, which, like a screen, reliably protected the Earth’s surface from ultraviolet solar radiation that was harmful to living organisms. This allowed living organisms to reach land and colonize it.
The largest number of species is found in ecosystems:
tropical rainforest
taiga
temperate deciduous forests
Today, about 500 thousand plant species are known on Earth, and every year botanists discover new ones. The diversity of plant species (floristic) varies significantly in the natural regions of the planet. Obviously, there are far fewer species in deserts than in jungles. But how can we determine where there are more species - in the steppes or in forests and why, for example, there are more of them in evergreen tropical forests than in broad-leaved forests. These questions are answered by the science of biogeography, which studies the geographic patterns of formation of biological diversity on Earth. In order to assess which areas are species-poor and which are rich, biodiversity maps are drawn up. They display areas with different numbers of species per unit area in different colors.
A specific (or local) flora is the number of higher vascular plants in an area of approximately 100 km 2 . On the Franz Josef Islands in the subpolar region it does not exceed 50-100 species, in the tundra it is 200-300, in the taiga - 400-600, in the forest-steppe it reaches 900 species, in the steppes - 900-1000, in the tropics- more than 1000.
The most dangerous reason for the depletion of biological diversity - the most important factor in the stability of the biosphere - is...
chemical pollution of the environment
direct extermination
habitat destruction
One of the features of living matter.
ability to quickly occupy all available space
reproductive capacity
ability to photosynthesize
The main features of living matter include:
- The ability to quickly explore all available space.
- The movement is not only passive, but also active.
- Stability during life and rapid decomposition after death.
- High adaptation to various conditions.
- High reaction rate.
