Before presenting a very brief and superficial dictionary of Polish borrowings in Ukrainian vocabulary, I would like to once again draw the attention of readers to the complete scientific inconsistency of the modern theory of Ukrainian philologists about the emergence of the Ukrainian language. Strictly speaking, there is no theory as such. There is only a statement that the Ukrainian language has always been, at least at the beginning of our chronology, it was "intertribal language". In other words, Polans, Dulebs, Dregovichi, Ulichs, Drevlyans, Northerners, Vyatichi and Radimichi communicated with each other in Ukrainian. And Ukrainian philologists explain the mysterious absence of ancient written monuments in the Ukrainian language by the fact that from the very beginning of writing in Rus', discrimination against the Ukrainian language also allegedly arose: clerks, chroniclers and other "bookish" people did not want to use their native Ukrainian language for anything , shy of him. They did not appreciate, so to speak, "Ridnu Mova". They explain the presence in the modern Ukrainian language of many Polonisms not by elementary and obvious Polonization, but by the lexical fund inherited in parallel with the Poles from the ancient glades.
All these views, even to the smallest extent, do not correspond to historical realities.
In fact, the words that we now call Polonisms never existed in the Russian language, just as they did not exist in the language of the ancestors of the Poles - the Poles: the Poles then spoke the same Slavic language as the Polans, and the Novgorod Slovenes, and Radimichi, and Vyatichi, and other Slavic tribes. Only much later, the Slavic language of the ancient Poles, having experienced the influence of Latin and Germanic languages, became the Polish language that we know now. Consequently, all the countless polonisms that exist in our modern Ukrainian language penetrated into it relatively recently, during the time of Polish rule on the lands future Ukraine. And it is precisely these Polonisms that have made the current Ukrainian language so different from Russian. A conscientious philologist will never challenge an opinion that has written that " the Old Russian language is far from the specifics of modern Ukrainian dialects, and therefore it must be recognized that the vocabulary of the latter, in all essentials that distinguishes it from Great Russian dialects, was formed in Lately
"Recently, there are pan-Ukrainian nationalists, and not "at the beginning of our chronology", in the time of Ovid or even the biblical Noah, as you would like to assert. Lately - this is under the Poles!
Is it necessary to prove that in the language of the Polans there was not and could not be such modern Polish-Ukrainian words as parasolka, zapalnichka, zhuyka, bagnet, zhnivarka, palvo, kava, zukerka, naklad, spital, strike, papir, valіza, kravatka, videlka, vibuh, garmata, whiteness, plaque, preparation, banking, etc., etc.? No, Panov, the Slavic-Russian language of the inhabitants of ancient southern Rus' became, over time, the Russian-Polish dialect, i.e., the Ukrainian language, because it absorbed a lot of all kinds of Polonisms. If there were no Polish domination, there would be no Ukrainian language now.
It should also be noted that many Polonisms were introduced into our language artificially, deliberately, with the sole purpose of deepening the difference between the Ukrainian and Russian languages. Of the many such words, let's take one as an example: "guma" (rubber). Rubber was created at a time when Ukraine had long ago returned to the bosom of a single all-Russian state, therefore, a new, in all respects, useful substance in both Russian and Ukrainian languages should have been called the same word "rubber". The question is, how did rubber come to be called in Ukrainian in the same way as in Polish - guma (guma)? The answer is clear: as a result of a purposeful, deliberate policy of polonization under the false name "de-Russification". There are many such examples.
It is noteworthy that the process of "de-Russification" has now flared up with renewed vigor. Literally every day, the Ukrainian mass media, instead of the usual, rooted words, present us with new, supposedly primordially Ukrainian: "sports" instead of an athlete, "policeman" instead of a policeman, - "agency" instead of an agency, "charge" instead of circulation, "kill" instead of sports pain , "rose" instead of roses - you can't list everything! Of course, all these "Ukrainian" words are taken directly from the Polish language: sportowjec, policiant, agencia, naklad, uboliwat, rozwoj... Thus, it should be clear that in Ukraine the concepts of "de-Russification" and "Polishization" are synonyms .
True, there are individual cases when one wants to remove some painfully "Moskal" sounding word, but the corresponding Polish one does not fit either. Here are two typical examples. To replace the "wrong" word with derussifiers airport the Polish word is clearly not suitable, as it sounds exactly the same: airport. I had to invent a completely new, unprecedented word "letovoysche". Or, for the Ukrainian stage, the previously generally accepted designation of a vocal-instrumental ensemble with the word “group” (in Ukrainian “group”) seemed unacceptable to derussifiers. But the Polish similar word sounds too much like a Muscovite - grupa. And again I had to make do with my own resources: to use the pastoral term "herd" (herd). Suppose, they say, the new term is associated with a herd of sheep, if only it does not look like Russian! In addition, it is difficult to call the new transcription of many proper names and names being imposed now other than an insane caricature of the Ukrainian language: the Sagara Desert, the Geops Pyramid, Sherlock Holmes, Mrs. Gadson, etc. The bitter fruits of "de-Russification"!
Naturally, word creation of this kind is absolutely unacceptable for the vast majority of Ukrainian citizens. Maybe all these new "Ukrainian" words caress the ears of the inhabitants of some western regions, accustomed to living under Polish rule, but for those who have not been subjected to long-term Polonization, they seem unnatural and absolutely alien.
Especially for those who are trying to turn our language into Polish, I declare: leave our Ukrainian language alone! Remember well that your insane Polishization of it can lead to the fact that this ugly "newspeak" will become alien to us and the majority of Ukrainian citizens will have to abandon it in favor of a more understandable and close to us Russian language. Come to your senses, gentlemen, before it's too late!
The following brief dictionary of Polish borrowings shows how far the Polonization of the Slavic Russian language of the southern Rus, now called Ukrainians, has gone.
The dictionary contains a certain number of words of non-Slavic (non-Polish) origin, but their clearly Polish form clearly indicates that they entered the Ukrainian language exclusively through the Polish language.
in Ukrainian In Polish In Russian
1. aby aby if only
2. agency agencia agency
3. ale ale but
4. ale f ale z however
5. gazebo altanka gazebo
6. amateur amateur
7. ambasada ambasada embassy
8. arkush arkusz sheet (paper)
9. bagnet bagnet bayonet
10. bagno bagno swamp
11. bajka fairy tale
12. balamut balamut red tape, rake
13. balia balia tub (for washing)
14. barwa barwa paint
15. batog batog whip
16. baszta tower
17. fretless bezlad mess
18. belkotanie mumbling
19. bielizna underwear
20. blazen jester
21. blakitny blue
22. blyskawica zipper
23. blaszanka tin
24. bo bo because
25. boїvka bojowka retinue
26. borg borg duty
27. marriage brak shortage
28. brama brama gate
29. brotherhood brotherhood brotherhood
30. bryl bryla lump
31. brud brud dirt
32. brutalny brutal
33. budynek house
34. burshtin bursztyn amber
35. waga waga weight
36. wada wada disadvantage
37. wapno lime
38. varta warta guard
39. wartosc cost
40. great wielki big
41. wielceszanowny dear
42. warstwa layer, layer
43. rowing
44. evening party wieczornica gatherings
45. vibachati wybaczat sorry
46. wyborczy selective
47. wybuch wybuch burst
48. wydatny outstanding
49. Visiblecircle widnokrag horizon
50. vidowisko spectacle
51. vikonati wykonac perform
52. wykreslic cross out
53. vikrity wykryc expose
54. wymagac demand
55. wymiar measurement
56. blasphemy wyniszcza
57. winny winny owes (e.g. money)
58. winyatok wyjatek exception
59. wypadek case
60. wyprobowanie test
61. wir whirlpool, whirlwind
62. virushati wyruszaс to go out
63. wystawa wystawa staging
64. vitrimati wytrwaс endure
65. pull out wyciagna
66. wychowanie upbringing
67. Vision Wieden Vienna
68. wiadomo known
69. odszkodowac refund
70. vіk wiek age
71. vlada wlada power
72. wloch italian
73. vovkulak wilkolak werewolf
74. wodospad waterfall
75. wojowniczy warlike
76. infusion wplyw influence
77. right wprawny dexterous, skillful
78. wprovadzic enter
79. wrazliwosc sensibility
80. wreck wreczcie in the end
81. intervene wtracac sie intervene
82. wiazien prisoner
83. gaj grove
84. gawron crow
85. hook hak hook
86. halas halas hubbub
87. Galuz galaz industry
88. ganek ganek porch
89. ganba ganba disgrace
90. garmata armata cannon
91. hart hardening
92. haslo haslo slogan
93. gatunek grade
94. gwalt gwalt violence
95. generation generacia generation
96. ginuti ginasc perish
97. godnosc dignity
98. glod hawthorn
99. gnobiti gnebic oppress
100. pus gnoj manure
101. goiti goic heal
102. golic golic shave
103. loudly glosno loudly
104. holota holota poor
105. gospodarka economy
106. gotowka cash (money)
107. rowing grobla dam
108. Greek hreczkociej provincial
109. community
110. grono grono brush, cluster
111. chest grudzien december
112. gubic lose
113. guzik guzik button
114. guma guma rubber
115. hurkot roar
116. daremno nadaremnie useless
117. darma darmo in vain
118. dzvіn dzwon bell
119. dziob dziob beak
120. girl dziewczyna girl
121. dіzhka dzieza sour
122. dobrobyt welfare
123. bring dowiesc prove
124. dokola dokola around
125. dogana nagana reprimand
126. burn down do gory up
127. dodavati dodawasc
128. dodom do domu home
129. doradza adviser
130. enough dosyc
131. drugorzedny secondary
132. unity
133. greed pozadac desire
134. complaint zaloba mourning
135. jart zart joke
136. zhvavo zwawo lively
137. zebrak beggar
138. resin zywica resin
139. lively zywienie food
140. live bait zywcem live
141. rye zyto rye
142. life zycie life
143. stubble zniwa harvest
144. joden zoden none
145. zhuzhil zuzel slag
146. zujka chewing gum
147. z z out, s
148. because of zza because of
149. score zabic kill
150. zabobon zabobon superstition
151. oblige
152. zabraniac
153. zabudova zabudowa development
154. zabutek zabutek ancient monument
155. zawada zawada hindrance
156. zawsze always
157. zawziety stubborn
158. zawczasu beforehand
159. zawitac to visit
160. zagarbati zagarnac assign
161. hardened zahartowany
162. perish
163. zagoїti zagoic heal
164. zgubic lose
165. to demand
166. zazdrіst zazdroscґ envy
167. zaznac test
168. zaznaczyc underline
169. zaimek pronoun
170. zaklad enterprise
171. zaklopotany preoccupied
172. zakohany zakochany in love
173. twist zakretka screwdriver
174. zakuty zakuty shackled
175. zalezec deposit to depend
176. zalecac sie to look after
177. zaloga crew
178. zaludniac
179. swing zamach attempt
180. close zamknac lock
181. Zamowic order
182. zamozny prosperous
183. Zamordowac kill
184. zamuliti zamulic silt
185. zamіst zamiast instead
186. zanadto too much
187. zanedbany zaniedbany running
188. zanotowac zanotowac write down
189. zanuryati zanurzac submerge
190. zachecic to induce
191. fuse
192. inflammation
193. light a zapalic to smoke
194. zapalniczka lighter
195. spare tire zapaska apron
196. zapewnic persuasive
197. zaciekly fierce
198. zapytanie question
199. flood zaplaw spill, flood
200. zapobiegliwy prudent
201. zaproponowac
202. zapchati zapchac shove
203. zapiaty buttoned
204. zaraditi zaradzic advise
205. zaraz now
206. earn zarobic earn
207. ambush zasada principle, basis
208. to sing
209. zastosuvati zastosowac apply
210. intercessor zastepca deputy
211. call
212. zatoka zatoka bay
213. zatrimati zatrzimac detain
214. close
215. zacietosc stubbornness
216. zauwazyc notice
217. capture zachwyt delight
218. zahіd zachod west
219. zatsіkaviti zaciekawiac to interest
220. zaszkodzic to harm
221. zbankrutowac go bankrupt
222. zboczyc to go astray
223. zbroya zbroja weapon
224. wake up zbudzic wake up
225. zbudowac build
226. zbіg zbieg confluence, coincidence
227. zbіzhzhya zboze bread, cereals
228. call zwazac to take into account
229. zwierchnosc power, control
230. zwykly familiar
231. zwyrodnialy degenerate
232. zwyczaj custom
233. call zwloczenie delay
234. sgasly
235. zgvaltuvannya zgwalcenie rape
236. zgoda zgoda consent
237. burn z gory from above
238. rabble
239. building zdatnosc ability
240. zdaje sie it seems
241. zdobycz zdobycz mining
242. get well zdolac handle
243. zdrapati zdrapac scrape off
244. zdrobnialy crushed
245. zysk zysc profit, profit
246. evil zle bad, nasty
247. evil zlodziej thief
248. zloczynca criminal
249. zmowa zmowa conspiracy
250. wrinkle
251. zmusity zmusic force
252. change
253. changeable zmienny
254. znayda znajda foundling
255. knowledge znany famous
256. resentment
257. to hate znienawidzic to hate
258. znienacka suddenly
259. znikati znikac to disappear
260. I know I know again, again
261. znecac sie
262. zobov’yazati zobowiazac oblige
263. outward zewnetszny
264. to satisfy
265. zoshit zeszyt notebook
266. zrada zdrada treason
267. zranku z ranu in the morning, in the morning
268. zreszta
269. zrobiti zrobic make
270. zrozumialy clear
271. zruynuvati zrujnowac destroy
272. zsuwati zsuwac to shift
273. skepticism
274. zuchwale brazenly, impudently
275. indyk
276. other inny other
277. kawa kawa coffee
278. kawiarnia cafe
279. kaidani kajdany shackles
280. kanapa sofa
281. kashket kaszkiet cap
April 282
283. kelih kielich glass
284. keruvati kierowac to rule
285. kieszen pocket
286. knur knur hog
287. kolysanka cradle
288. kolo kolo circle
289. kolo kolo about
290. komora pantry
291. koszyk basket
292. kosztownosc jewel
293. krawat tie
294. krawiec tailor
295. stealing kradziez theft
296. kropla drop
297. krzesiwo flint and flint
298. krok krok step
299. krokwa krokiew rafter
300. kruk kruk raven
301. shaggy kudlaty
302. kulka ball
303. kula kula bullet
304. kupa kupa pile
305. curcha kurcze chicken
306. cut kat angle
307. kuhol kufol mug
308. lagodny tender, soft
309. laznia bathhouse
310. lan lan field
311. weasel laska mercy
312. lajati lajac scold
313. ledwie barely
314. lament howl
315. Linden lipiec July
316. famously licho misfortune, evil
317. lizhko lozko bed
318. loboda loboda quinoa
319. puddle lugowy alkaline
320. luska luska husk, scales
321. lupati lupaс split
322. maєtok majatek estate
323. makuchy cake
324. malaria painting
325. mapa mapa map
326. mieszkaniec inhabitant
327. miasto city
328. move mowic to speak
329. mozliwie
330. squint
331. mule mul silt
332. murowany stone
333. musiec must
334. muslin muslin
335. naboj charge
336. navkolo naokolo around
337. nadzwyczajne extremely
338. nadmir nadmiar excess
339. najblizczy nearest
340. najmita hired laborer
341. naklad circulation
342. succulent
343. napіy napoj drink
344. naming narzeczony groom
345. natchnienie inspiration
346. non-verbal niedorzeczny absurd, absurd
347. week niedzeiela sunday
348. inconspicuous niezliczony countless
349. inhuman nieludzki inhuman
350. nesvidomist nieswiadomosc ignorance
351. endless nieskonczony
352. suddenly, unexpectedly
353. notatka note
354. nosze stretcher
355. oburytis oburzyc sie outraged
356. ohidny ohydny nasty
357. sign
358. eye oko eye
359. aksamit velvet
360. opir opor resistance
361. oprіch oprocz except
362. oslіn oslona fencing
363. definitively ostatecznie
364. pagorb pagorek hillock
365. pazur pazur claw
366. palac palace
367. paliwo fuel
368. palic smoke
369. pan pan master
370. Panich panicz barchuk
371. panna panna young lady
372. panuvati panowac to dominate
373. panschina pansczyzna corvee
374. papier paper
375. parasol parasolka umbrella
376. parkan fence
377. pasha pasza feed
378. hell pieklo hell
379. penzel pedzel brush (for drawing)
380. przeszkodzic to obstruct
381. perly pearls
382. liver pieczen roast
383. food pytanie question
384. arrogance
385. subjective
386. insidious podsteny
387. pidsumovywac to sum up
388. pohwa pochwa scabbard
389. plama spot
390. close poblizu near
391. guilty powienien must
392. poviadomic
393. to inform powiadomiac
394. powietze air
395. powstanie rebellion
396. poglad
397. gift podarunek gift
398. in a different way po drugie second
399. podrapac scratch
400. pose pose outside
401. pozyczac to borrow
402. swearing
403. pokotem side by side
404. pologowy puerperal
405. polowac to hunt
406. popyt demand
407. porada porada advice
408. porazka porazka defeat
409. porac sie to mess around
410. porcelain porcelana
411. posada position
412. drought
413. back of the head
414. potega power
415. probable prawdopodobnie probably
416. pragnienie thirst, longing
417. ensign proporzec banner, flag
418. prasuvati prasowac to iron (linen)
419. pryzba zavalka
420. przykrosc annoyance
421. primus przymus coercion
422. przynajmniej at least
423. puchlina puchlina tumor
424. razem together
425. raptom raptem suddenly
426. regot rzegot laughter
427. reshta reszta remainder, surrender
428. rice rys trait
429. rіdky rzadki liquid
430. rіk rok year
431. robiti robic do
432. rozwaga prudence
433. rozmova rozmova conversation, conversation
434. rozpacz despair
435. rozpusta debauchery
436. Russian
437. redhead rudy
438. ruch movement
439. smazy fry
440. belongings skarb treasury, treasure
441. skarga skarga complaint
442. skorystac take advantage
443. skron temple
444. scubati skubac pinching
445. smak taste
446. smaragd emerald
447. smereka smereka tree
448. smutek sadness, sadness
449. snidanie breakfast
450. spis spisa spear
451. spowiedz confession
452. spodіvatsya spodziewc sie to hope
453. sprytny sprytny
454. welcome spizyjac to promote
455. prostuvati sprostowac refute
456. sprzeciw resistance
457. spiz bronze
458. stajnia
459. scieskac compress
460. stolec chair
461. Strava strawa food
462. strike strike strike
463. conscience
464. surma surma pipe (signal)
465. shodek step
466. so tak yes
467. tesla ciesla carpenter
468. torba torba bag
469. tortury
470. keep trimati trzymac
471. trumna trumna coffin
472. local tutejszy
473. uwaga attention
474. uwiezenie imprisonment (to prison)
475. please please agreement
476. ugory up
477. umowa contract
478. avoid
479. uroda beauty
480. farba farba paint
481. fieranka curtain
482. fortress forteca fortress
483. furman furman driver
484. hvilina chwila minute
485. furtka gate
486. choroba disease
487. hility chyliс to tilt
488. chiba
489. hort chart greyhound
490. tsvintar cwentarz cemetery
491. cegla cegla brick
492. cebula onion (vegetable)
493. calkowicie whole
494. zukerka cukierek candy
495. czapla heron
496. sorcerer czarownik sorcerer
497. hour czas time
498. chastka czastka share
499. chekati czekac wait
500. worm czerwiec June
501. chervony czerwony red
502. trzewik shoe
503. chi czy or
504. chinny czynny active (e.g. law)
505. why czemu why
506. chuprina czupryna hair
507. shawl szal frenzy, madness
508. szubienica gallows
509. bug szyba window glass
510. tavern szynk tavern
511. closet szkapa nag
512. shkira szkora leather
513. szkoda harm
514. slub marriage (marriage)
515. noble szlachetny noble
516. smagati whip
517. shohvilini co chwyla every minute
518. szpital hospital
519. piece sztuczny artificial
520. shukati szukat search
521. pike szczupak pike
522. szczur rat
523. yak jak like
524. jaki jaki
525. jakis jakis some
526. jakosc quality
527. jakos jakos somehow (once upon a time)
An anecdote instead of an epigraph.
A Ukrainian and a Russian are arguing over whose language is more stupid.
English: - I just can't understand your "nezabarom" - is it behind the bar or in front of the bar
Ukrainian: - And your "compare" - tse srav, chi nі?
The Ukrainian language, of course, cannot but smile with the creativity of philological turns.
In addition, the figures of the Ukrainian language do not cease to "please" us with regular innovations and new words.
Ukrainians - just let's not offend, here we will just post some funny and cool Ukrainian words, and whether they are funny or not, everyone will decide for himself.
PS. Perhaps among the words in this topic, not quite correct translations will slip, well, that's okay.
I remind you:
The Ukrainian letter "i" is read like the Russian "y";
The Ukrainian letter "e" is read like the Russian "e";
So let's go:
Gynecologist - pihvozaglyadach;
Parachutists are scavengers;
Lighter - spalahuyka;
Butterfly - zalupivka;
Calculate - pidrahuy;
Horrors - zhakhi;
Elevator - intersurface drotochid;
Koshchei the immortal - the undying stalker;
Sexual maniac - pisyunkovy villain;
Mirror - pikoglyad;
Kinder Surprise - egg-spodіvaiko;
Juicer - sikovichovichuvalka;
Helicopter - guintokril;
Gearbox - screen perepikhuntsiv;
Podzhopnik - pisrachnik;
Basketball - koshikivka;
Photography - Svitlina;
Polyhedron - granchak;
Perpendicular - Stirchak;
Cheburashka - nest;
Bench press - rip-rip;
Rustle, rustle - shishirkhnuti;
Purse - pulares;
A bottle of vodka - beer;
Half-gray - spackling;
Panic, vanity - a coward;
Spot - flame;
Ear - woo;
Handset - hearing aid;
Vacuum cleaner - smoktopil;
Syringe - shtrykalka;
Socks - scarves;
You are right - you are making a walkie-talkie; (and I'm a gunner:hahaha:)
He laid eyes on me - he laid his eye on me;
Alexander Pushkin - Sashko Garmatny;
Probably many have read Ilf and Petrov. Has anyone tried to read them translated into Ukrainian?
Translation from Russian by M. Pilinskaya and Y. Mokreev; publishing house of fiction "Dnepro" 1989
ROZDIL VI DIAMANT DIM
Ipolit Matviyovich, having taken the heads of castor capillaries from the head, combed the hair, for some kind of dotik combing, weaving a friendly herd of electric sparks, and, coughing loudly, having told Ostapov Bender, the first on the path of life to go through the world, that’s all, what did youmu know about diamanti z slіv died mother-in-law.
With a protracted warning, Ostap kіlka once stared at his feet, and, furiously rude, screaming in a hoarse voice:
Kriga has reclined, gentlemen of the jury! Kriega sat down.
And yet, a year later, the offenders were sitting at a sly table, resting their heads, reading a long list of kostovnosti, which they embellished when their mother-in-law's fingers, neck, hair, chest and hair.
P.S. From myself, as a resident of Ukraine, I will add that part of the Ukrainian meanings of words is not the Ukrainian language, but a terrible mixture of Polish-Austrian-Western Ukrainian dialects. (A.Danilov)
accentuate - akzentuiren - emphasize, emphasize, put an accent
gazebo - Altan, der, Balkon mit Unterbau (in it from it. alt - high) - gazebo, gazebo. At first, large balconies were called that, then - platforms, ledges and gazebos from which you can admire the surrounding landscape.
bavovna - Baumwolle, die - cotton
bugnet - Bajonett, das - bayonet
bastard - Bastard, der, (in German from French) - bastard, illegitimate child
blakitny - blau - blue, sky-colored
badge - Blech, das - tin
blashany (blashany dah) - blechern (blechernes Dach) - tin (tin roof)
borg - Borg, der - debt, loan
brakuvati (chogos) - brauchen - need (something), lack (something);
meni marriage (chogos) - es braucht mir (etwas) - I lack (something), I need (something);
change pennies - es braucht mir Geld - I don't have enough money, I need money; I miss the hour - es braucht mir Zeit - I don't have enough time, I don't have time
brovar - Brauer, der - brewer (the name of the district center in the Kyiv region of Brovary comes from the word "brovar")
brewery - Brauerei, die - brewery, brewery
brovarstvo - Brauerei, die - brewing
brutal - brutal - rough
brucht - Bruch, der - scrap, scrap metal
buda, booth - Bude, die - it. shop, stall, gatehouse;
buduvati - Bude, die (German shop, stall, gatehouse) - build
budinok - Bude, die (German shop, stall, gatehouse) - building, house
burnus - Burnus, der, -nusse, - Arabic cloak with a hood
bursa - Burse, die - bursa, a medieval school with a hostel
bursak - Burse, der, - student of bursa
wabiti - Wabe, die (German honeycomb) - attract
vagat - vage (German indefinite, shaky) - to hesitate, not to decide
vagitna (female) - waegen (German to weigh) - pregnant ("gained weight")
wag - Waage, die - scales;
important - Waage, die (German scales) - weighty, important;
vazhiti - Waage, die (German scales), waegen (German to weigh) - weigh, weigh;
varta - Wart, der (German guardian, guard) - guard;
vartovy - Wart, der (German keeper, guardian) - sentry;
vartuvati - warten (German to wait, take care of a child or the sick, perform official duties) - to stand on the clock; guard, protect
watch - Wache, die, Wachte, die, - security, military guard, naval watch, shift;
vvazhati - waegen (German to dare, dare, take risks) - to have an opinion
viser - (from German Visier, das - visor) - pattern
vovna - Wolle, die - wool
vogky - feucht - wet
guy - Hain, der - grove, forest, copse, oak forest
haiduk - Haiduck (Heiduck), der (from the Hungarian hajduk - driver) (German Hungarian hired warrior, partisan, Hungarian courtier) - hired warrior, servant, traveling footman
hook - Haken, der - hook, hook, hook
halmo - Halm, der (in it. stalk, straw, straw, maybe the Ukrainians slowed down the cart with a bunch of straw?) - brake
halmuvati - Halm, der (in it. stalk, straw, straw, maybe the Ukrainians slowed down the cart with a bunch of straw?) - slow down
garth - Haertung, die - hardening, hardening
gartuvati - haerten - to harden (in the village of Bobrik, Brovarsky district, Kyiv region, a dialect word was used, derived from gartuvati - gartanachka, which meant potatoes baked in a pot on a fire)
gas - Gas, das (German gas) - kerosene
gatunok - Gattung, die - grade, type, variety, quality
hubbub - Gewalt, die (German violence, power) - a loud cry
gvaltuvati - Gewalt, die (German violence, power), jemandem Gewalt antun (German to rape someone) - to rape
gendlyuvati - handeln - to trade (in Ukrainian it is more often used in an ironic, condemning sense)
hetman (the word hetman came to the Ukrainian language through the Polish language) - Hauptmann, der (German captain, centurion, chief) - hetman
gesheft - Gescheft, das (German business, occupation, business, shop) - trading
gop! (exclamation) - Hops, der, hops!, hopsassa! (in it. - jump, jump) - gop!
hopak - Hops, der, hops!, hopsassa! (German jump, jump) - hopak, Ukrainian dance
grati (multiplier, plural) - Gitter, das - lattice (prison or window)
soil - Grund, der, (German soil, bottom, land) - soil, foundation, justification
priming - gruendlich - thoroughly,
priming - gruendlich - solid
priming, priming - gruenden (German: to lay the foundation for something, to substantiate) - to substantiate
gukati - gucken, kucken, qucken (German watch) - call someone from a distance, call loudly
gum - Gummi, der - rubber, rubber
gum - Gummi- - rubber, rubber
humor - Humor, der, nur Einz. - humor
gurok, pl. gurki - Gurke, die, - cucumber (dialect heard in the city of Gogolev, Kiev region)
dah - Dach, das - roof
ladies - Damespiel, der - checkers
drit - Draht, der, Draehte - wire
druk - Druck, der - pressure; printing (books, newspapers, etc.)
drukarnia - Druckerei, die - typography
drukar - Drucker, der - printer
drukuvati - druecken - print
dyakuwati - danken - give thanks
education (obsolete) - Edukation, die - education, upbringing; from this Latin word comes the Ukrainian adjective "edukovy" - educated, educated. From this adjective arose the distorted common folk ironic "midikovan" (an arrogant person with a claim to education) and the expression: "midikov, only not druk" (with a claim to education, but still not printed)
zhovnir (obsolete) - Soeldner, der (in it from it. Soldo - a monetary unit, lat. Solidus) - a hired warrior
zaborguvati - borgen - make debts, borrow
istota - ist (German is, exists - third person singular present tense of the verb sein - to be) - being (organism)
kapelyuh - Kappe, die - hat
chapel - Kapelle, die (chapel also matters in it) - chapel
karafka - Karaffe, die - pot-bellied glass vessel with a stopper, for water or drinks, often faceted, decanter
karbovanets - kerben (in it. make notches, notches but with something) - ruble, i.e. minted, with notches
karbuvati - kerben - notch, mint (money)
kvacha - in it. quatsch - colloquial slap!, bam!, clap!, absurd; noun Quatsch, der (nonsense, rubbish, goofy) - a piece of rags for spreading grease on a frying pan, and in a children's game - one who is obliged to catch up with other players and transfer the role of kwach with his touch, the name of this game, an exclamation when transferring the role of kwach
ticket - Quittung, die (receipt, receipt for receiving something) - ticket (entrance, travel card)
kailo - Keil, der (German wedge, dowel, dihedral angle) - kailo, a manual mining tool for breaking off brittle rocks, a long steel pointed wedge mounted on a wooden handle
keleh - Kelch, der - goblet, bowl, vessel with a leg
kermach - Kehrer, der - helmsman, helmsman
kermo - Kehre, die, (German turn, meander of the road) - steering wheel
keruvati - kehren (in German it matters to turn) - to manage, lead
kleinodi - Kleinod, das - treasures, jewels (through Polish klejnot - jewel, precious object), regalia, which were military insignia of Ukrainian hetmans (mace, bunchuk, banner, seal and timpani)
dumplings - Knoedel, der (in German Knoedel = Kloss - dumplings without filling, made from many components: eggs, flour, potatoes, bread and milk) - dumplings without filling or stuffed
color - Couleur, die (in German this word is of French origin) - color
coma - Komma, das - comma
kohati - kochen (German to boil) - to love
kosht (for your own kosht) - Kost, die (German food, table, food, food) - account (at your own expense)
koshtoris - der Kostenplan (pronounced koshtenplan) - estimate
koshtuvati (skilki koshtuє) - kosten (was kostet?) - cost (how much does it cost?)
kravatka - Krawatte, die - tie
kram - Kram, der - goods
kramar - Kraemer, der - shopkeeper, petty trader, huckster
Kramnitsa - Kram, (German goods) - shop, shop
kreida - Kreide, die - chalk
criminal - kriminell - criminal
crisis - Krise, die - crisis
krumka (bread) - Krume, die (German (bread) crumb, pl. crumbs, arable layer of the earth) - a slice, a cut piece of bread
kushtuvati - kosten - to taste
kshtalt (through Polish from German) - Gestalt, die - sample, appearance, form
kilim - Kelim, der - carpet (in German and Ukrainian, this word is of Turkish origin)
kitzia - Kitz, das, Kitze, die - kitty
lan - Land, das (German country, land, soil) - field, field
lantuh - Leintuch (German linen shawl, linen) - row, rope (coarse sackcloth or clothing), a large bag of row or ponytail ("ponitok" - peasant homespun half-cloth), sacking for cart tires, for drying grain bread, etc. The word got into the Ukrainian language from German through Polish (lantuch - a rag, a rag).
lanzug - Langzug (German long pull, long line) - rope
element (arguably voiced rozmov; galas) - Lamentation (complaint, cry) - a very loud conversation; cry, lamentation.
lementuvati (speak more loudly; galasuvati; shout out of pain, suffering, or wailing about help; make gamir, chirping at once (about people); shout (about creatures, birds, etc.); unimportantly: show interest to some kind of food, actively discussing yoga, turning to the new respect of the wide community; - lamentieren (complain, lament, loudly express one's displeasure) - speak very loudly, scream, lament; scream in pain or call for help; make noise (about people); shout (about animals , birds, etc.); scornfully: show interest in any issue, actively discuss it, drawing the attention of the general public to it.
lizhko - liegen (German to lie) - bed
likhtar - from him. Licht, das light, fire is a lantern
deprive, deprive - from him. lassen (in it. - this verb has the meaning "leave" and many other meanings) - leave, leave
meadow - from him. Lauge, die - lye, lye
loh - from him. Loch, das (German hole, hole, hole, pocket, ice hole, peephole, hole) - cellar
lusterko - from him. Luest, die (German joy, pleasure) - mirror
Lyada - from him. Lade, die (German chest, drawer) - a movable lid, a door that closes a hole inside something, a chest lid
malyuvati - malen - draw
little ones - malen (draw) - drawing
painter - Maler, der - painter, artist
manirny - manierlich (German courteous, polite, well-mannered) - emphatically courteous, cutesy
matir - Mutter, die - mother
molasses - Melasse, die - molasses (sweet thick brown syrup, which is a waste when sugar is obtained)
blizzard - Schmetterling, der - butterfly (insect), moth
morgue - Grossen Magdeburger Morgen; 0.510644 Hektar - unit of land area; 0.5 ha (Western Ukrainian dialect)
mur - Mauer, die - stone (brick) wall
musiti - muessen - to be obliged, to owe
nіsenіtnitsya - Sensus, der, Sinn, der (German "Sensus", "Sinn" - meaning; Ukrainian "sens" - meaning - come from Latin "sensus") - nonsense, absurdity, absurdity, absurdity, nonsense
nirka - Niere, die - kidney (human or animal organ)
oliya - Oel, das (German liquid vegetable or mineral oil, oil) - liquid vegetable oil
ocet (in Ukrainian from Latin acetum) - Azetat, das (German acetate, salt of acetic acid) - vinegar
pava - Pfau, der - peacock
palace - Palast, der - palace
papier - Papier, das - paper
pasuvati - passsen - to approach something (to a person, etc.), to be at the right time
penzel - Pinsel, der - brush (for drawing or painting)
perlin (pearl) - Perle, die - pearl, pearl
peruca - Peruecke, die - wig
perucarnia - Peruecke, die (German wig) - hairdresser
pilaf - Pilaw (read pilaf), (in it options: Pilaf, Pilau), der - pilaf, an oriental dish of lamb or game with rice
pinzel - Pinsel, der - brush (for drawing)
plativka - Platte, die - plate, record
parade ground - Platz, der - area (in the village)
plundruvati - pluendern - plunder, plunder, devastate
dance - Flasche, die - bottle
pump - Pumpe, die - pump, pump (in Russian, the word "pump" is used less often)
porcelain - Porzellan, das - porcelain
sloppy - happen (nach D), haeppchenweise - hastily, grab (something with your teeth, mouth, eat hastily, swallow food in pieces)
proposition - poponieren (offer) - offer
to pronounce - poponieren - to offer
glad - Rat, der - advice (instruction or collegiate body); cognate Ukrainian words: radnik - adviser; narada - meeting
walkie-talkie (in Wislov: ty maesh walkie-talkie) - Ratio, die (German reason, logical thinking) - correctness (in expression: you are right)
rahuvati - rechnen - count (money, etc.)
rahunok - Rechnung, die - count, count
reshta - Rest, der - remainder
robotar - Roboter, der - robot
risik - Risiko, das - risk
rinva - Rohr, das - gutter, groove
rura ( obsolete word) - Rohr, das - (water) pipe
ryatuvati - retten - to save
celery - Sellerie, der oder die - celery
sense - Sensus, der, Sinn, der - meaning (in German and Ukrainian, this word came from Latin)
scurvy - Skorbut, der - scurvy
relish - Geschmack, der - taste
relish - schmecken - to taste
savory - schmackhaft - delicious, tasty
list - Spiess, der - spear
rates - Stau, Stausee, der - pond
statute - Statut, das - charter
strike - Streik, der - strike, strike (from English)
strіha - Stroh, das (straw); Strohdach, das (thatched roof) - thatched roof
strum - Strom, der - electric current
strumok - Strom, der (German river, stream) - stream
stringy - Strunk, der (German rod, stem) - slender
stribati - streben (German to strive) - to jump
banner - goes back to Old Norse. stoeng (Old Swedish - stang) "pole, pole" - flag, banner
teslyar - Tischler, der - carpenter
torturi (in Ukrainian it is used only in the plural) - Tortur, die - torture
tremtiiti - Trema, das (German trembling, fear) - to tremble
Ugryshchyna - Ungarn, das - Hungary
fine (western Ukrainian dialect) - fein (German thin, small, graceful, noble, rich, good, excellent, weak, quiet, beautiful) - beautiful (in Western Ukrainian dialect this word came from English)
fach - Fach, das - specialty
fahivets - Fachmann, der - specialist
fortress - Fort, das, -s, -s - fort, fortress
jointer - Fugebank, die, pl. Fugebaenk - jointer
wagon - Fuhre, die - wagon
furman - Fuhrmann, der - carrier
hapati - happen (nach D) (in it. - grab something with your teeth, mouth, eat hastily, swallow food in pieces) - grab
hut - Huette, die (German hut, hut, hut, cabin) - house
hut - Huette, die (German hut, hut, hut, cabin) - hut
farm - Huette, die (German hut, hut, hut, cabin) - farm
tsvirinkati - zwitschen - twitter, chirp
flowers - Zwecke, die (in it. a short nail with a wide hat, a button) - a nail
cegla - Ziegel, der - brick
chainshop - Ziegelei, die - brick factory
ceber - Zuber, der - tub, tub with ears
tsil - Ziel, das - goal
tsibula - Zwiebel, die - onion (plant)
civilian - zivil - civilian, civilian
qina (obsolete) - Zinn, das - tin
tsitska (roughly) - Zitze, die - female breasts
tsukor - Zucker, der - sugar
sequence - Herde, die - herd, herd, herd, flock
chipati - ziepen jemandem - jemandem an den Haaren oder an der Haut schmerzhaft ziehen - it hurts to pull someone by the hair or skin - touch, hurt someone
checks - Schachspiel, das - chess
shahrai - Schacherei, die (German petty trade, business dealing, haggling) - swindler
Šibenik - schieben schieben (German to move, push) - hangman, hooligan
shibenitsa - schieben (German to move, push) - gallows
bug - Scheibe, Fensterscheibe, die - window glass
ham - Schincken, der oder die - ham, piece of ham
shinkar - Schenk, der - innkeeper
tavern - Schenke, der - tavern, tavern
way - from the German schlagen - beat, tamp - road, way
shop (Western Ukrainian dialect), - Schuppen, der - fenced off part of the yard or barn, most often with walls made of boards (especially for storing carts and other equipment)
shukhlyada - Schublade, die - drawer
shcherbaty - Scherbe, die, (in it. shard, fragment) - with one fallen out, knocked out or broken tooth (this word is also in Russian)
fair - Jahrmarkt, der, (in it. annual market) - fair (this word is also in Russian)
The Ukrainian people formed on the border with the Great Steppe. Initially, a strong Turkic influence was present in its ethnic type and culture. The Huns, Avars, Bulgars, Khazars, Pechenegs, Polovtsy left a deep mark here ... The Khazar influence extended to the point that the first Kyiv princes bore the title of Khagan.
Cossack - the same as Kazakh - a free man
Some historians believe that the word "Cossack" comes from the Khazars. Most historians, not agreeing with this, still recognize the Turkic origin of the word "Cossack". It is identical to the self-name of the people of the Kazakhs - Kazak - which meant a free man among the Turks.
Historically, the Cossacks go back to the settlements of the Torks, Berendeys, Kovuy, Cherny Klobuks and other Turkic tribes on the southern outskirts of the Kyiv, Pereyaslav and Chernigov principalities. Here they carried out sentry service to protect the borders from the Polovtsians (the collective name that in ancient Rus' called everyone living in the steppe - in the "Field"). The wandering Slavic people, nicknamed roamers, also left here from feudal requisitions and duties. Here, from the mixture of peoples and cultures, a new historical community was formed - the Cossacks - which borrowed a lot from the Turks. And this applies not only to Ukrainian, but also to all other Cossacks. Due to the fact that the Cossacks began to be considered the main element in the formation of the Ukrainian nationality and statehood, the Turkic influence in the culture of Ukrainians was clearly expressed.
Through the Turks, the Cossacks came into contact with other Eastern cultures. Another ethnic group that took a significant part in the formation of the Cossacks is the Circassians (more broadly: the peoples of the Adyghe language group of the Western Caucasus). No wonder there has always been another name for the Cossacks - Cherkasy. In ancient Rus', the Circassians were called Kasogs. In this name, some also see the origins of the name "Cossacks".
Cossack Mamai
The main character of Ukrainian folklore in the XVIII-XIX centuries was a Cossack named Mamai. It was a kind of poetic and nostalgic collective image of a Cossack, which embodied the dream of the bygone Ukrainian liberty. Pictures depicting Mamai with a sedentary man on his head, playing the bandura, were copied by hand and stood in almost every Ukrainian hut. The origin of the name is quite transparent and hardly needs explanation.
A number of Ukrainian surnames are, according to some linguists, a Turkic trace. These are, for example, Karachenko, Gerashchenko (from “kara” - black), Garmyz, Chepurko (from the dialect forms of the words “red”, “beautiful”), Golchenko, Goluenko (from “goal” - hand), Ishchenko (from “seek "- stomach), etc. The characteristic ending of many Ukrainian surnames in -uk / -yuk (-chuk / -chuk), -ak (-chak), which is unusual for other Slavic peoples, is also considered by many to be Turkic (cf. Turkic historical names: Kuchuk, Gayuk, Kutluk, Gzak, Konchak, etc.).
Kuren, Maidan and others
Russian also has a lot of words of Turkic origin. Therefore, of great interest are Turkisms that are available only in the Ukrainian language, as well as those that were borrowed into the Russian language already from Ukrainian.
The former include, for example, harbuz, kavun, tyutyun, cauldron, kanchuk, koliba, tavern, chobot, maidan. At its core, the Turkic verb "bachiti", the adjective "chepurny", the particles "hai" and "chi". Many words were inherent in purely Cossack life and are now perceived as archaisms: bunchuk, haydamak, sagaydak, ataman, kosh, chicken. Among the Turkisms, perceived by the Russians through the Ukrainians, may include a wild boar, a shepherd, a flock, a yar. In total, linguists count up to 4,000 lexemes of Turkic origin in the Ukrainian language, borrowed from ancient times until the end of the 18th century.
Some words could come from the Turkic languages to Russian and Ukrainian languages in parallel and independently, or even to Old Russian (horse (d), fog, mound, san or "shana" in Ukrainian). Of curiosity are words that sound the same, but have different meanings in both languages, such as “(g) watermelon”, or, in particular, “kabak”, which among Ukrainians is a synonym for garbuza (pumpkin), and among Russians it means drinking institution.
national life
The legendary Cossack Mamai is characterized not only by the name of a Turkic, in all likelihood, origin, but also by the textbook appearance of a Cossack. Traditional Cossack clothing - wide colored trousers, a wide sash and a high ram's hat - are characteristic oriental attributes common in the culture of the Turks, Crimean Tatars and many Caucasian peoples. Here they are merged. The Cossack combat hairstyle was first described in the annals of the ancient Russian prince Svyatoslav, but it is believed that this fashion already came from the steppe - from the Avars, Bulgars, and even earlier, from the Huns or even the Sarmatians.
The long-standing custom of Ukrainians to cook thick meat broth with a lot of fat has a clear parallel with the traditional cuisine of the Turkic peoples - the famous Kazakh shurpa, etc. True, in the national cuisine of Ukrainians, lamb was replaced by pork, which was caused by the predominant development of pig breeding in the 15th-17th centuries. (Crimean Tatars, when they made their raids, being Muslims, did not covet pork), but the cooking method remained the same. The same applies to dishes made from boiled dough with filling (the Russians also borrowed them in the form of dumplings, but through the Finno-Ugric peoples).
The very same Ukrainian hut (although this word is not of Turkic, but of Ugric or Iranian origin) also demonstrates a typical example of the construction equipment of the southern steppe peoples - from unbaked brick mixed with straw and dung (dung; a word borrowed from Turkic). From such a short-lived material, according to legend, was built, for example, the capital of the Golden Horde, Sarai, from which, therefore, not a trace remained.
This article focuses only on those elements of traditional Ukrainian culture that are of Turkic and, more broadly, southern and eastern origin. It does not at all follow from what has been said that it is precisely these elements of culture that predominate in the national image of Ukrainians or that Ukrainians somehow stand out among other Slavic peoples by the abundance of these elements.
The Russian and Ukrainian languages, which have common roots, at first glance seem very similar. But it's not. In fact, they have more differences than similarities.
One roots
As you know, Ukrainian and Russian belong to the same group of East Slavic languages. They share a common alphabet, similar grammar, and considerable lexical uniformity. However, the peculiarities of the development of the cultures of the Ukrainian and Russian peoples led to noticeable differences in their language systems.
The first differences between Russian and Ukrainian are already found in the alphabet. In the Ukrainian alphabet, which took shape at the end of the 19th century, unlike the Russian one, the letters Ёё, Ъъ, Yы, Еэ are not used, but there are Ґґ, Єє, Іі, Її, which are not in Russian.
As a result, the pronunciation of some sounds of the Ukrainian language, which is unusual for Russian. So, the letter “Ї”, which is absent in Russian, sounds approximately like “YI”, “Ch” is pronounced more firmly, as in Belarusian or Polish, and “G” conveys a guttural, fricative sound.
Close languages?
Modern studies show that the Ukrainian language is closer to other Slavic languages - Belarusian (29 common features), Czech and Slovak (23), Polish (22), Croatian and Bulgarian (21), and it has only 11 common features with Russian.
Some linguists, on the basis of these data, question the unification of the Russian and Ukrainian languages into one language group.
Statistics show that only 62% of words are common to Russian and Ukrainian. According to this indicator, the Russian language in relation to Ukrainian is only in fifth place after Polish, Czech, Slovak and Belarusian. For comparison, it can be noted that English and Dutch are 63% similar in lexical composition - that is, more than Russian and Ukrainian.
Divergence of paths
The differences between the Russian and Ukrainian languages are largely due to the peculiarities of the formation of the two nations. The Russian nation was centrally formed around Moscow, which led to the dilution of its vocabulary with Finno-Ugric and Turkic words. The Ukrainian nation was formed by uniting the South Russian ethnic groups, and therefore the Ukrainian language largely retained the Old Russian basis.
By the middle of the 16th century, the Ukrainian and Russian languages had significant differences.
But if the texts of that time in the Old Ukrainian language are generally understandable to a modern Ukrainian, then, for example, documents from the era of Ivan the Terrible are very difficult to “translate” by a resident of today's Russia.
Even more noticeable differences between the two languages began to appear with the beginning of the formation of the Russian literary language in the first half of the 18th century. The abundance of Church Slavonic words in the new Russian language made it incomprehensible to Ukrainians.
For example, let's take the Church Slavonic word "thank you" from which the well-known "thank you" arose. The Ukrainian language, on the contrary, retained the old Russian word"Dakuyu", which now exists as "Dakuyu".
From the end of the 18th century, the Ukrainian literary language began to form, which, being in line with the pan-European processes, gradually got rid of ties with the Russian language.
In particular, there is a rejection of Church Slavonicisms - instead, emphasis is placed on folk dialects, as well as borrowing words from other, primarily Eastern European languages.
To what extent the vocabulary of the modern Ukrainian language is close to a number of Eastern European languages and far from Russian, the following table can clearly show:
An important feature of the Ukrainian language is its dialectical diversity. This is a consequence of the fact that certain regions of Western Ukraine are part of other states - Austria-Hungary, Romania, Poland, Czechoslovakia. Thus, the speech of a resident of the Ivano-Frankivsk region is far from always clear to a person from Kiev, while a Muscovite and a Siberian speak the same language.
Game of meanings
Despite the fact that there are a lot of common words in Russian and Ukrainian languages, and even more words similar in sound and spelling, they often have different semantic shades.
Let's take, for example, the Russian word "other" and the related Ukrainian word "inshiy". If these words are similar in sound and spelling, then their meaning has noticeable differences.
More exact match Ukrainian word"inshiy" in Russian will be "other" - it is somewhat more formal and does not carry such emotional and artistic expressiveness as the word "other".
Another word - "sorry" - in both languages is identical in spelling and pronunciation, but differs in semantic meaning. In Russian, it exists as a predicative adverb. Its main task is to express regret about something, or pity for someone.
In Ukrainian, used as an adverb, the word "sorry" has a similar meaning. However, it can also be a noun, and then its semantic shades are noticeably enriched, becoming consonant with such words as sorrow, bitterness, pain. “Oh, it’s a pity that the hardship has come all over Ukraine.” In this context given word not used in Russian.
Western style
You can often hear from foreign students that the Ukrainian language is more close to European languages than Russian. It has long been noticed that a translation from French or English in some respects it is easier and more convenient to do it in Ukrainian than in Russian.
It's all about certain grammatical constructions. Linguists have such a joke: in European languages “the priest had a dog” and only in Russian “the priest had a dog”. Indeed, in the Ukrainian language in such cases, along with the verb "is", the verb "to have" is used. For example, the English phrase "I have a younger brother" in Ukrainian can sound both like "I have a younger brother" and like "I have a younger brother." 
The Ukrainian language, unlike Russian, adopted modal verbs from European languages. So, in the phrase “I may tse zrobiti” (“I must do this”), modality is used in the sense of obligation, as in English - “I have to do it”. In Russian, this function of the verb "to have" has long disappeared from use.
Another indicator of the difference in grammar is that the Russian verb “wait” is transitive, while the Ukrainian “chekati” is not, and, as a result, it is not used without a preposition: “I check on you” (“waiting for you”). For comparison, in English - "waiting for you".
However, there are cases when borrowings from European languages are used in Russian, but they are not in Ukrainian. So, the names of the months in Russian are a kind of tracing paper from Latin: for example, March - martii (Latin), März (German), march (English), mars (French). The Ukrainian language here has retained its connection with the Slavic vocabulary - "birch".
