Environmental environmental factors. Natural environment: main factors and general characteristics Natural factors

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Ministry of Education and Science of Russia

federal state budgetary educational institution

higher education

"St. Petersburg State Technological Institute

(Technical University)"

UGS (code, name) 38.00.00 Economics and management

Direction of training (code, name) 03/38/02 Management

Profile (name) Financial management

Faculty of Economics and Management

Department of Management and Marketing

Topic Natural and anthropogenic factors affecting the state of the environment

Academic discipline Life safety

Course 1Group 669зSF-1

Head, Erygina A.V.

Associate Professor, Candidate of Economic Sciences

Saint Petersburg

Introduction

1. Anthropogenic factors influencing environmental pollution and their consequences

2. Typology of anthropogenic pollution

3. Natural factors influencing environmental pollution and their consequences

4. Prevention and methods of eliminating environmental pollution

Bibliography

Introduction

Recently, more and more attention has been paid to the problem of environmental pollution, movements have been organized to protect and protect resources, and relevant departments and laws have been formed. Not so long ago, humanity began to understand how its life activity is inextricably linked with solving environmental problems, and began to take action to save its only home, planet Earth.

In our age of advanced technology, when almost all the necessary resources can be obtained by turning to science, it is a shame to continue to treat the environment in a barbaric manner. Naturally, the development and use of more environmentally friendly mining methods, timely and proper disposal of waste is costly, but what will we do with the money that we were able to save, for example, after cutting down a forest and, without replenishing it, when there is no clean water and air left? What kind of planet will we leave, and will it be suitable for life for our children, what seeds of difficulties have already been planted, and most importantly, how will the next generations cope with these sprouts?

Not having the required level of development, man destroyed the territory when he mastered it; a good example for this can be used the data obtained by the famous Dutch navigator and explorer A. Ya. Tasman. When the navigator and his crew approached the shores of what is now Tasmania, they did not notice the aborigines, but drew attention to the clouds of smoke rising in different places above the forest. Subsequent explorers of the island also encountered an abundance of bonfires and fires, and although the activities of the aborigines were quite extensive, they were engaged in hunting, gathering, fishing, the main “lever” with the help of which the landscape was rebuilt was fire. As a result of such activities, a change in vegetation occurred on the territory of Tasmania, and the nature of the soil and climate irreversibly changed. Having data from previous years, and not building theories, but seeing firsthand what such unreasonable actions lead to, it is necessary to sound the alarm and save the territories as a matter of urgency, and in no case neglect the opportunity to preserve the remaining resources.

anthropogenic pollution consequence

1. Anthropogenicfactors influencing the state of the environment.

The work of any production (industrial, agricultural, etc.) is accompanied by the generation of waste. They enter the environment in the form of emissions into the atmosphere, emissions into water bodies, solid industrial and household waste.

In modern times, human pressure on the environment has increased significantly. Cities are being built and expanded, areas for agricultural activities are taking up forests and swamps, thereby reducing the biological diversity of the natural environment.

Each production, in the process of its work, creates waste, the processing of which nature cannot cope with.

2. Typology of anthropogenic pollution

The typology of anthropogenic pollution can be considered as follows:

By the nature of the factors	By scale	By origin of the pollutant	By pollution objects
Chemical- pollution resulting from the release of chemical substances into the natural environment in excess of the norm.	Local- pollution of a small area around an operating enterprise or settlement. Typical for cities and large enterprises and mining areas.	Quantitative Pollution- the result of the return into the environment of those substances that occur in nature in a natural state, but in smaller volumes (iron compounds, wood, etc.)	Air pollution- the main sources of such pollution are thermal power plants, metallurgy, industries and transport. The active growth of cities, whose activities lead to the formation of smog, also has an effect.
Biological- pollution formed by the introduction into the environment and the proliferation of non-characteristic microorganisms in it, leading to diseases.	Regional- pollution within large territories and water areas, but not growing to the scale of the planet	Qualitative pollution is associated with the entry into the environment of substances unknown to nature, created by chemistry (plastics, chemical fibers, rubber, etc.)	Hydrosphere pollution- water bodies are polluted by surface runoff and wastewater. The main sources are housing and communal services, agriculture, fishing and industry.
Physical- pollution leading to changes in the physical parameters of the environment. Such pollution can be: thermal, light, noise, radiation, etc. All types of pollution are not typical for living nature.	Global- pollution detected anywhere in the world, far from the source		Lithosphere pollution- contamination of the fertile soil layer causes storage and burial of waste (industrial and domestic). In an effort to increase productivity, fertilizers and pesticides are used, which also have a detrimental effect on the condition of the soil.

3. Natural factors influencinge on the state of the environment

Natural sources of environmental pollution are natural hazardous geological processes or phenomena that are not the result of human activity.

Such pollution caused by natural sources includes:

Dust storms

· Green spaces during the period of active flowering

Steppe and forest fires

Volcanic eruptions

· Floods

· Mudflows

Weathering of rocks

· decomposition of organisms.

· Earthquakes

· Biological self-pollution of water bodies, in the form of blooms during the period of active algae growth.

Natural sources of pollution, as a rule, are not permanent and do not cause significant and irreversible pollution to the environment.

4. Warning and remediesenvironmental pollution

As mentioned earlier, natural sources of pollution are not associated with human activity and can only be recognized in advance, which will make it possible to prepare for a future problem and, if possible, prevent the situation from developing into a catastrophe.

Thus, it is possible in advance, thanks to the necessary equipment, to detect a dangerous situation and react to it competently, and to prevent some factors, such as fires, altogether.

As for anthropogenic factors of environmental pollution, much more effort needs to be made.

The main directions for solving environmental protection problems are:

· Improvement of technological processes and development of new equipment with lower emissions of impurities and waste into the environment.

· Replacement of toxic waste with non-toxic waste.

· Replacement of non-recyclable waste with recyclable ones.

· Application of passive protection methods, which include measures aimed at limiting emissions from industrial production with subsequent disposal.

· Construction of treatment facilities is necessary

· Use of low sulfur fuel

· Land reclamation

· Application of “clean” technologies and recycling water supply systems.

Conclusion

So, to summarize, we can state the following: the problem of environmental pollution comes first and requires active and urgent human activity. It is necessary to understand the inextricable connection between a high quality of life and a high quality of the environment; such concepts are indivisible. Only active actions aimed at protecting the environment will be able to contain and mitigate the environmental crisis that has already arrived. This topic has been relevant for many years, and requires, in addition to attention and publicity, real and united actions of all inhabitants of the Earth. There should be no divisions into states on such an issue; the world needs to unite and jointly develop and put into practice methods to save the environment from the harmful effects of human activity on it, because It is this factor that causes the most tangible and negative consequences. Without working collectively and for results, there can be no talk of any positive dynamics.

Bibliography

· Erygina A.V. Lecture 10. Environmental protection [Electronic resource] / A.V. Erygina. - Electron. text data - St. Petersburg: SPbGTI, 2016. - Access mode: http://zfem.ru/file.php/1665/lec/BZhD_lec10.pdf.

· Environmental protection: Textbook, for technical. specialists, universities / Ed. NW. Belova. - M.: Higher School, 2004. - 319 p.

· Megaencyclopedia of Cyril and Methodius [Electronic resource] / - Electron. text data - Access mode: http://megabook.ru/article/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5 %D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5%20%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5 %D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%20%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%B5 %D0%B9%20%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B (Date of access: 11/21/2016)

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Which surround living organisms, promoting or hindering their development. The habitat can directly or indirectly influence them, and from it they receive everything they need to maintain life. Organisms release metabolic products into the environment, which then, in turn, take part in natural processes. It consists of various elements as well as those created by man in the process of his activity. These elements have different effects on organisms, they can harm or have a neutral effect, but some are necessary for them. Depending on this, there are many classifications and in this article we will look at the most common of them.

Definition of the natural environment

Since the natural environment is, in essence, the surrounding natural elements, then, based on this, two categories are distinguished: natural and those created by man. The understanding of the natural environment also differs depending on the global scope of this concept, because by it we can mean the entire outer space that surrounds our planet, and in a narrower sense we can refer to this as the biosphere and the outer shell of the Earth. It is more correct to understand the habitat as the interaction of different elements of the surrounding world, since the perception of elements in a static state does not fully correspond to reality.

So, we can deduce several components of the natural environment:

It consists of elements interacting with each other.
The natural environment can be understood in different aspects and scales, but its main feature is that it is a set of living conditions for a living being.
It affects the life of organisms in different ways: favorably, unfavorably and neutrally.
There are natural environmental factors and those artificially created by man.

Natural environment and abiotic factors

These are a number of conditions that relate to the inorganic environment. They, in turn, are divided into chemical and physical. In the first category, inorganic nature is considered from the point of view of its chemical composition. For example, there is a big difference between fresh and salt water; some organisms can live in each of them, while others cannot exist. The chemical composition of the atmosphere, soil and other environmental elements is also considered here. Physical factors include temperature of air, soil, water, pressure level, direction and radiation parameters. Surface topography and climate data are also considered here. Currently, ecologists are paying special attention to the climate, which has an unfavorable trend of change due to the anthropogenic factor.

Natural environment and biotic factors

Natural environment and anthropogenic factors

These are the factors that arise due to human activities. They can be both positive and negative. A person is able to change the environment, adapting it to meet his needs. For example, operating a plant without the use of filters can cause very heavy emissions. Waste can be disposed of in rivers and buried in the soil, which forces animals to leave their usual environment, and they may even die. On the other hand, there are organizations that are trying to restore the number of individuals of endangered species, and this also applies to anthropogenic factors. Since human activity is very diverse, it can indirectly or directly influence environmental conditions, and in the middle of the 20th century, during the active growth of industry, scientists identified such a concept as the “noosphere,” which is understood as the shell of the Earth that has been changed by man.

Games (game exercises)

Games in exercise therapy are divided into 4 groups of increasing load: 1) games on the spot; 2) sedentary; 3) mobile; 4) sports. Οʜᴎ allow the use of selective influence, a fairly accurate dosage of the intensity of exercises, versatile in their influence on the volitional qualities of patients. Games are used to normalize functions or consolidate various compensations.

Natural factors of nature are used in the following forms: a) solar irradiation in the process of exercise therapy and sunbathing as a hardening method; b) aeration during exercise therapy and air baths as a hardening method; c) partial and general douches, rubdowns and hygienic showers, bathing in fresh water and in the sea.

The most favorable environmental conditions and wider opportunities for the use of exercise therapy are available in resorts and sanatoriums, where movement, sun, air and water are powerful factors in the patient’s health.

Hardening- a set of methods for purposefully increasing the functional reserves of the body and its resistance to the adverse effects of physical environmental factors (low or high air temperature, water, low atmospheric pressure, etc.) through systematic training dosed exposure to these factors.

Hardening is one of the most important areas of prevention, an integral part of health promotion measures in sanatoriums, rest homes, and boarding houses. Hardening can be considered as an adaptation that is achieved through systematic repeated exposure to one or another physical factor on the body, which causes a restructuring of metabolism and some physiological functions aimed at ensuring homeostasis; at the same time, neurohumoral and metabolic processes in various organs and systems are improved.

Hardening is specific, ᴛ.ᴇ. is determined by a gradual decrease in the body’s sensitivity only to the action of a certain physical factor.

The human body, despite the diverse influence of external factors, has a high ability to maintain

the constancy of its internal environment (blood composition, body temperature, etc.), at which only its life activity is possible. The slightest violation of this constancy already indicates a disease.

A seasoned person has high vitality, is not susceptible to disease, and is able to remain calm, cheerful, and optimistic in any conditions.

The most effective are systematic hardening training using the influence of various natural and climatic factors.

When starting hardening with air, water and sun, it is extremely important to consider the following.

It is extremely important to start hardening with the simplest forms (air baths, rubbing, dousing with cool water, etc.) and only then gradually increase the hardening dosage and move on to more complex forms. You can start swimming in cold and icy water only after appropriate preparation and consultation with a doctor.

It is useful to be in the fresh air more often and longer. In this case, you need to dress so as not to experience either cold or excessive heat for a long time (excessive wrapping creates hothouse conditions for the skin and blood vessels, which contributes to overheating, and a decrease in temperature leads to rapid hypothermia and

cold).

Hardening should not be abused. Thus, when exposed to cold, one should not allow chills and blue skin to appear, and when exposed to sunlight, redness of the skin and overheating of the body should not be allowed.

Sun hardening. The sun's rays are a strong irritant. Under their influence, certain changes occur in almost all physiological functions: body temperature rises, breathing becomes faster and deeper, blood vessels dilate, sweating increases, and metabolism is activated.

With proper dosage, regular solar irradiation has a positive effect on the functional state of the nervous system, increases the body's resistance to solar radiation, and improves metabolic processes. All this

improves the functioning of internal organs, increases muscle performance, and strengthens the body's resistance to diseases.

Abuse of sunbathing can cause serious complications, including such as anemia, metabolic disorders, and with increased radiation activity of the sun - the development of leukemia. For this reason, when starting solar hardening procedures, it is extremely important to strictly observe gradualism and consistency in increasing irradiation dosages, taking into account the state of health, age, physical development, climatic and radiation conditions of the solstice and other factors.

It is better to start sunbathing in the summer - in the morning (from 8 to 11 o'clock), in spring and autumn - in the afternoon (from 11 to 14 o'clock) in places protected from the wind.

Healthy people should begin sun hardening by staying in direct sunlight for 10-20 minutes, gradually increasing the duration of the procedure by 5-10 minutes, bringing it to 2-3 hours (no more). After every hour of hardening, it is extremely important to rest for at least 15 minutes in the shade.

Air hardening is the simplest, most accessible and easily perceived form of hardening. It increases the body's resistance to hypothermia, protects against colds, improves respiratory function, metabolism, and the functioning of the cardiovascular system. Such hardening can be carried out regardless of the time of year and weather conditions (during physical exercise, while on a hiking trip, while walking, etc.).

An important form of hardening is air baths(Table 2.2). It is best to start taking them on warm days in places protected from the wind, you can move (for example, while doing physical exercises), while the duration of the procedure is dosed individually (depending on the health status and degree of hardening of those involved, as well as according to air temperature and humidity).

Table 22 Duration of the hardening procedure (min)

Hardening with water. Systematic dousing and bathing, especially in cold water, combined with physical exercise and massage, are a powerful stimulant of vigor and a source of health.

The influence of cold water reflexively causes a constriction of blood vessels in the skin (and it contains "/3 volumes of blood). Due to this, part of the peripheral blood moves to the internal organs and the brain and carries with it additional nutrients and oxygen to the body cells. Following the initial short-term the narrowing of the skin vessels begins the second reflex phase of the reaction - their expansion, while redness and warming of the skin occurs, which is accompanied by a pleasant feeling of warmth, vigor and muscle activity. The narrowing and then expansion of the blood vessels are like gymnastics of the cardiovascular system, promoting intense blood circulation. It causes the mobilization and entry into the general bloodstream of the reserve mass of blood, especially that found in the liver and spleen.

Under the influence of cold water, the diaphragm is activated, ventilation of the lungs increases, breathing becomes deeper and freer, and the amount of hemoglobin, red blood cells and white blood cells in the blood increases. All this has a beneficial effect on increasing oxidative processes and metabolism in general. At the same time, the main point in water hardening is the improvement of the thermoregulation apparatus, as a result of which the body temperature remains within optimal limits in the most unfavorable environmental conditions, and the body’s defenses are always in “combat mode.”

readiness."

At the same time, it should be remembered that when the body is cooled for an excessively long time, a persistent narrowing of the blood vessels of the skin occurs, heat loss increases excessively, and heat production is insufficient to compensate for such losses. This can cause serious deviations in the body's functioning and lead to undesirable consequences. For this reason, when hardening the body with cold water, great importance should be attached to the dosage of cold loads and gradual increase in their build-up.

Particularly beneficial is a comprehensive system of hardening training, combining various forms of hardening with physical activity.

Body rubdown- the softest means of hardening. In this case, you should first use water at room temperature, reducing the latter gradually over 2-3 weeks.

up to 10-12 °C. After adapting to wiping, you can start dousing or showering.

An effective means of hardening, which intensively trains the thermoregulation mechanism and significantly increases the tone of the nervous system, is a contrast shower (alternately warm and cold). Taking into account the dependence of the water temperature difference, a distinction is made between a high-contrast shower (temperature difference of more than 15 °C), medium-contrast (water temperature difference of 10-15 °C) and low-contrast (water temperature difference of less than 10 °C).

Practically healthy people can start hardening with a medium-contrast shower and, as they adapt to it, move on to a high-contrast shower.

Swimming in open water- the most effective means of hardening with water. It is better to start it in the summer and continue systematically, taking at least 2-3 baths a week. When swimming, the aquatic environment has a slight massaging effect on the body - muscles, subcutaneous vessels (capillaries) and nerve endings; at the same time, an increased consumption of thermal energy occurs, at the same time, heat production in the body itself increases, which ensures the maintenance of normal body temperature with proper dosage for the entire period of bathing.

The duration of stay in water should be regulated depending on its temperature and weather conditions, as well as the degree of training and health status of those involved in hardening.

Systematic hardening water a must for everyone who wants to achieve the highest form of cold hardening - “winter swimming”. Winter swimming gives the greatest hardening effect.

2.5. Forms and methods of therapeutic physical culture

The main forms of exercise therapy include: a) morning hygienic exercises (UGT); 6) LH procedure (session); c) dosed ascents (jurrenkur); d) walks, excursions and short-range tourism.

2.5.1. Morning hygienic exercises

Hygienic Gymnastics at home is carried out in the morning and is a good means of transition from sleep to wakefulness, to the active work of the body.

The physical exercises used in hygienic gymnastics should be easy. Static exercises that cause strong tension and holding your breath are unacceptable here. Exercises are selected that affect various muscle groups and internal organs. In this case, it is necessary to take into account the state of health, physical development and the degree of workload.

The duration of gymnastic exercises should be no more than 10-30 minutes; the complex includes 9-16 exercises. These include general developmental exercises for individual muscle groups, breathing exercises, exercises for the torso, relaxation, and abdominal muscles.

All gymnastic exercises should be performed freely, at a calm pace, with gradually increasing amplitude, involving first small muscles and then larger muscle groups.

You should start with simple exercises (warm-up) and then move on to more complex ones.

Each exercise carries a certain functional load.

1. Walk slowly. Causes a uniform increase in breathing and blood circulation, “tunes” for the upcoming activity.

2. Stretching type exercise. Deepens breathing, increases the mobility of the chest, flexibility of the spine, strengthens the muscles of the shoulder girdle, and corrects posture.

3. Raising the arms with abduction to the sides and back, slow rotation of the shoulder joints, flexion and extension of the arms. These and similar movements increase joint mobility and strengthen arm muscles.

4. Exercises for the feet. Helps increase joint mobility, strengthen muscles and ligaments.

5. Squats. Strengthens the muscles of the legs and abdominals, and has a general training effect.

6. Walk with slow deep breathing. Promotes relaxation and restoration of body functions.

7. Jerking and swinging movements of the arms. They develop the muscles of the shoulder girdle, strengthen ligaments, and help increase the range of movements.

8. Bend the body forward. Strengthens the back muscles, increases the flexibility of the spine (combines well with deep, energetic breathing).

9. Bending and other exercises for the muscles of the back and spine. Helps increase its flexibility.

10. Lunges with movement of the arms and torso. They develop and train the butt muscles well.

11. Strength exercises for arms. Increase muscle strength.

12. Turns, bends, rotation of the body. Increases mobility

strength of the spine and strengthen the muscles of the torso.

13. Raising outstretched legs in a lying position. Strengthens the abdominal muscles.

14. Running, jumping. Train and strengthen the cardiovascular system, increase endurance.

15. Walking at the end of the lesson. Promotes uniform reduction

physical activity, breathing restoration.

Environmental factors is a complex of environmental conditions affecting living organisms. Distinguish inanimate factors— abiotic (climatic, edaphic, orographic, hydrographic, chemical, pyrogenic), wildlife factors— biotic (phytogenic and zoogenic) and anthropogenic factors (impact of human activity). Limiting factors include any factors that limit the growth and development of organisms. The adaptation of an organism to its environment is called adaptation. The external appearance of an organism, reflecting its adaptability to environmental conditions, is called life form.

The concept of environmental environmental factors, their classification

Individual components of the environment that affect living organisms, to which they respond with adaptive reactions (adaptations), are called environmental factors, or environmental factors. In other words, the complex of environmental conditions affecting the life of organisms is called environmental environmental factors.

All environmental factors are divided into groups:

1. include components and phenomena of inanimate nature that directly or indirectly affect living organisms. Among the many abiotic factors, the main role is played by:

climatic(solar radiation, light and light conditions, temperature, humidity, precipitation, wind, atmospheric pressure, etc.);
edaphic(mechanical structure and chemical composition of the soil, moisture capacity, water, air and thermal conditions of the soil, acidity, humidity, gas composition, groundwater level, etc.);
orographic(relief, slope exposure, slope steepness, elevation difference, altitude above sea level);
hydrographic(water transparency, fluidity, flow, temperature, acidity, gas composition, content of mineral and organic substances, etc.);
chemical(gas composition of the atmosphere, salt composition of water);
pyrogenic(exposure to fire).

2. - the totality of relationships between living organisms, as well as their mutual influences on the habitat. The effect of biotic factors can be not only direct, but also indirect, expressed in the adjustment of abiotic factors (for example, changes in soil composition, microclimate under the forest canopy, etc.). Biotic factors include:

phytogenic(the influence of plants on each other and on the environment);
zoogenic(the influence of animals on each other and on the environment).

3. reflect the intense influence of humans (directly) or human activities (indirectly) on the environment and living organisms. Such factors include all forms of human activity and human society that lead to changes in nature as a habitat for other species and directly affect their lives. Every living organism is influenced by inanimate nature, organisms of other species, including humans, and in turn has an impact on each of these components.

The influence of anthropogenic factors in nature can be either conscious, accidental, or unconscious. Man, plowing virgin and fallow lands, creates agricultural land, breeds highly productive and disease-resistant forms, spreads some species and destroys others. These influences (conscious) are often negative, for example, the thoughtless resettlement of many animals, plants, microorganisms, the predatory destruction of a number of species, environmental pollution, etc.

Biotic environmental factors are manifested through the relationships of organisms belonging to the same community. In nature, many species are closely interrelated, and their relationships with each other as components of the environment can be extremely complex. As for the connections between the community and the surrounding inorganic environment, they are always two-way, reciprocal. Thus, the nature of the forest depends on the corresponding type of soil, but the soil itself is largely formed under the influence of the forest. Similarly, temperature, humidity and light in the forest are determined by vegetation, but the prevailing climatic conditions in turn affect the community of organisms living in the forest.

Impact of environmental factors on the body

The impact of the environment is perceived by organisms through environmental factors called environmental. It should be noted that the environmental factor is only a changing element of the environment, causing in organisms, when it changes again, adaptive ecological and physiological reactions that are hereditarily fixed in the process of evolution. They are divided into abiotic, biotic and anthropogenic (Fig. 1).

They name the entire set of factors in the inorganic environment that influence the life and distribution of animals and plants. Among them there are: physical, chemical and edaphic.

Physical factors - those whose source is a physical state or phenomenon (mechanical, wave, etc.). For example, temperature.

Chemical factors- those that originate from the chemical composition of the environment. For example, water salinity, oxygen content, etc.

Edaphic (or soil) factors are a set of chemical, physical and mechanical properties of soils and rocks that affect both the organisms for which they are a habitat and the root system of plants. For example, the influence of nutrients, humidity, soil structure, humus content, etc. on plant growth and development.

Rice. 1. Scheme of the impact of the habitat (environment) on the body

— human activity factors affecting the natural environment (hydrosphere, soil erosion, forest destruction, etc.).

Limiting (limiting) environmental factors These are factors that limit the development of organisms due to a lack or excess of nutrients compared to the need (optimal content).

Thus, when growing plants at different temperatures, the point at which maximum growth occurs will be optimum. The entire temperature range, from minimum to maximum, at which growth is still possible is called range of stability (endurance), or tolerance. The points limiting it, i.e. the maximum and minimum temperatures suitable for life are the limits of stability. Between the optimum zone and the limits of stability, as it approaches the latter, the plant experiences increasing stress, i.e. we're talking about about stress zones, or zones of oppression, within the stability range (Fig. 2). As you move further down and up the scale from the optimum, not only does stress intensify, but when the limits of the body's resistance are reached, its death occurs.

Rice. 2. Dependence of the action of an environmental factor on its intensity

Thus, for each species of plant or animal there is an optimum, stress zones and limits of stability (or endurance) in relation to each environmental factor. When the factor is close to the limits of endurance, the organism can usually exist only for a short time. In a narrower range of conditions, long-term existence and growth of individuals is possible. In an even narrower range, reproduction occurs, and the species can exist indefinitely. Typically, somewhere in the middle of the resistance range there are conditions that are most favorable for life, growth and reproduction. These conditions are called optimal, in which individuals of a given species are the most fit, i.e. leave the greatest number of descendants. In practice, it is difficult to identify such conditions, so the optimum is usually determined by individual vital signs (growth rate, survival rate, etc.).

Adaptation consists in adapting the body to environmental conditions.

The ability to adapt is one of the main properties of life in general, ensuring the possibility of its existence, the ability of organisms to survive and reproduce. Adaptations manifest themselves at different levels - from the biochemistry of cells and the behavior of individual organisms to the structure and functioning of communities and ecological systems. All adaptations of organisms to existence in various conditions have been developed historically. As a result, groupings of plants and animals specific to each geographical zone were formed.

Adaptations may be morphological, when the structure of an organism changes until a new species is formed, and physiological, when changes occur in the functioning of the body. Closely related to morphological adaptations is the adaptive coloration of animals, the ability to change it depending on the light (flounder, chameleon, etc.).

Widely known examples of physiological adaptation are winter hibernation of animals, seasonal migrations of birds.

Very important for organisms are behavioral adaptations. For example, instinctive behavior determines the action of insects and lower vertebrates: fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, etc. This behavior is genetically programmed and inherited (innate behavior). This includes: the method of building a nest in birds, mating, raising offspring, etc.

There is also an acquired command, received by an individual in the course of his life. Education(or learning) - the main way of transmitting acquired behavior from one generation to another.

The ability of an individual to manage his cognitive abilities to survive unexpected changes in his environment is intelligence. The role of learning and intelligence in behavior increases with the improvement of the nervous system—an increase in the cerebral cortex. For humans, this is the defining mechanism of evolution. The ability of species to adapt to a particular range of environmental factors is denoted by the concept ecological mystique of the species.

The combined effect of environmental factors on the body

Environmental factors usually act not one at a time, but in a complex manner. The effect of one factor depends on the strength of the influence of others. The combination of different factors has a noticeable impact on the optimal living conditions of the organism (see Fig. 2). The action of one factor does not replace the action of another. However, with the complex influence of the environment, one can often observe a “substitution effect”, which manifests itself in the similarity of the results of the influence of different factors. Thus, light cannot be replaced by excess heat or an abundance of carbon dioxide, but by influencing temperature changes, it is possible to stop, for example, plant photosynthesis.

In the complex influence of the environment, the impact of various factors on organisms is unequal. They can be divided into main, accompanying and secondary. The leading factors are different for different organisms, even if they live in the same place. The role of a leading factor at different stages of an organism’s life can be played by one or another element of the environment. For example, in the life of many cultivated plants, such as cereals, the leading factor during the germination period is temperature, during the heading and flowering period - soil moisture, and during the ripening period - the amount of nutrients and air humidity. The role of the leading factor may change at different times of the year.

The leading factor may be different for the same species living in different physical and geographical conditions.

The concept of leading factors should not be confused with the concept of. A factor whose level in qualitative or quantitative terms (deficiency or excess) turns out to be close to the limits of endurance of a given organism, called limiting. The effect of the limiting factor will also manifest itself in the case when other environmental factors are favorable or even optimal. Both leading and secondary environmental factors can act as limiting factors.

The concept of limiting factors was introduced in 1840 by the chemist 10. Liebig. Studying the influence of the content of various chemical elements in the soil on plant growth, he formulated the principle: “The substance found in the minimum controls the yield and determines the size and stability of the latter over time.” This principle is known as Liebig's law of the minimum.

The limiting factor can be not only a deficiency, as Liebig pointed out, but also an excess of factors such as, for example, heat, light and water. As noted earlier, organisms are characterized by ecological minimums and maximums. The range between these two values is usually called the limits of stability, or tolerance.

In general, the complexity of the influence of environmental factors on the body is reflected by V. Shelford’s law of tolerance: the absence or impossibility of prosperity is determined by a deficiency or, conversely, an excess of any of a number of factors, the level of which may be close to the limits tolerated by a given organism (1913). These two limits are called tolerance limits.

Numerous studies have been carried out on the “ecology of tolerance”, thanks to which the limits of existence of many plants and animals have become known. Such an example is the effect of air pollutants on the human body (Fig. 3).

Rice. 3. The influence of air pollutants on the human body. Max - maximum vital activity; Additional - permissible vital activity; Opt is the optimal (not affecting vital activity) concentration of a harmful substance; MPC is the maximum permissible concentration of a substance that does not significantly change vital activity; Years - lethal concentration

The concentration of the influencing factor (harmful substance) in Fig. 5.2 is indicated by the symbol C. At concentration values of C = C years, a person will die, but irreversible changes in his body will occur at significantly lower values of C = C MPC. Consequently, the range of tolerance is limited precisely by the value C MPC = C limit. Hence, Cmax must be determined experimentally for each pollutant or any harmful chemical compound and its Cmax must not be exceeded in a specific habitat (living environment).

In protecting the environment, it is important upper limits of body resistance to harmful substances.

Thus, the actual concentration of the pollutant C actual should not exceed C maximum permissible concentration (C fact ≤ C maximum permissible value = C lim).

The value of the concept of limiting factors (Clim) is that it gives the ecologist a starting point when studying complex situations. If an organism is characterized by a wide range of tolerance to a factor that is relatively constant, and it is present in the environment in moderate quantities, then such a factor is unlikely to be limiting. On the contrary, if it is known that a particular organism has a narrow range of tolerance to some variable factor, then it is this factor that deserves careful study, since it may be limiting.

Hardening is specific, i.e. is determined by a gradual decrease in the body’s sensitivity only to the action of a certain physical factor.

The human body, despite the diverse influence of external factors, has a high ability to maintain

A seasoned person has high vitality, is not susceptible to disease, and is able to remain calm, cheerful, and optimistic in any conditions.

The most effective are systematic hardening training using the influence of various natural and climatic factors.

When starting hardening with air, water and sun, you must consider the following.

Hardening must begin with the simplest forms
(air baths, rubbing, dousing with cool
water, etc.) and only after that gradually increase
hardening dosage and move on to more complex
forms. Start swimming in cold and icy water
only after appropriate preparation and
consultation with a doctor.

It is useful to be in the fresh air more often and longer. At
you need to dress in such a way as not to experience it during
for a long time neither cold nor excessive heat
(excessive wrapping creates greenhouse conditions for
skin and blood vessels, which contributes to overheating, and a decrease in
temperature leads to rapid hypothermia and

cold).

Hardening should not be abused. Thus, when exposed to cold, one should not allow chills and blue skin to appear; when exposed to sunlight, redness of the skin and overheating of the body should not be allowed.

improves the functioning of internal organs, increases muscle performance, and strengthens the body's resistance to diseases.

Abuse of sunbathing can cause serious complications, including such as anemia, metabolic disorders, and with increased radiation activity of the sun - the development of leukemia. Therefore, when starting solar hardening procedures, it is necessary to strictly observe gradualism and consistency in increasing irradiation dosages, taking into account the state of health, age, physical development, climatic and radiation conditions of the solstice and other factors.

It is better to start sunbathing in the summer - in the morning (from 8 to 11 a.m.), in spring and autumn - in the afternoon (from 11 a.m. to 2 p.m.) in places protected from the wind.

Healthy people should begin sun hardening by staying in direct sunlight for 10-20 minutes, gradually increasing the duration of the procedure by 5-10 minutes, bringing it to 2-3 hours (no more). After every hour of hardening, you need to rest for at least 15 minutes in the shade.

An important form of hardening is air baths(Table 2.2). It is best to start taking them on warm days in places protected from the wind, you can move (for example, while doing physical exercises), while the duration of the procedure is dosed individually (depending on the health status and degree of hardening of the participants, as well as in accordance with the temperature and air humidity).

Table 22 Duration of the hardening procedure (min)

Hardening with water. Systematic dousing and bathing, especially in cold water, combined with physical exercise and massage, are a powerful stimulant of vigor and a source of health.

Under the influence of cold water, the diaphragm is activated, ventilation of the lungs increases, breathing becomes deeper and freer, and the amount of hemoglobin, red blood cells and white blood cells in the blood increases. All this has a beneficial effect on increasing oxidative processes and metabolism in general. However, the main point in water hardening is the improvement of the thermoregulation apparatus, as a result of which the body temperature remains within optimal limits in the most unfavorable environmental conditions, and the body’s defenses are always in “combat mode.”

readiness."

At the same time, it should be remembered that when the body is cooled for an excessively long time, a persistent narrowing of the blood vessels of the skin occurs, heat loss increases excessively, and heat production is insufficient to compensate for such losses. This can cause serious deviations in the body's functioning and lead to undesirable consequences. Therefore, when hardening the body with cold water, great importance should be attached to the dosage of cold loads and gradual increase in their build-up.

Particularly beneficial is a comprehensive system of hardening training, combining various forms of hardening with physical activity.

Body rubdown- the softest means of hardening. In this case, you should first use water at room temperature, reducing the latter gradually over 2-3 weeks.

up to 10-12 °C. After adapting to wiping, you can start dousing or showering.

An effective means of hardening, which intensively trains the thermoregulation mechanism and significantly increases the tone of the nervous system, is a contrast shower (alternately warm and cold). Depending on the difference in water temperature, there are high-contrast showers (temperature difference more than 15 °C), medium-contrast (water temperature difference 10-15 °C) and low-contrast (water temperature difference less than 10 °C).

Practically healthy people can start hardening with a medium-contrast shower and, as they adapt to it, move on to a high-contrast shower.

The duration of stay in water should be regulated depending on its temperature and weather conditions, as well as the degree of training and health status of those involved in hardening.

Systematic hardening water a must for everyone who wants to achieve the highest form of cold hardening - “winter swimming”. Winter swimming gives the greatest hardening effect.

2.5. Forms and methods of therapeutic physical culture

The main forms of exercise therapy include: a) morning hygienic exercises (UGT); 6) LH procedure (session); c) dosed ascents (jurrenkur); d) walks, excursions and short-range tourism.

2.5.1. Morning hygienic exercises

Hygienic Gymnastics at home is carried out in the morning and is a good means of transition from sleep to wakefulness, to the active work of the body.

The duration of gymnastic exercises should be no more than 10-30 minutes; the complex includes 9-16 exercises. These can be general developmental exercises for individual muscle groups, breathing exercises, exercises for the torso, relaxation exercises, for the abdominal muscles.

All gymnastic exercises should be performed freely, at a calm pace, with gradually increasing amplitude, involving first small muscles and then larger muscle groups.

You should start with simple exercises (warm-up) and then move on to more complex ones.

Each exercise carries a certain functional load.

1. Walk slowly. Causes a uniform increase in breathing and
blood circulation, “sets up” for the upcoming lesson.

2. Stretching type exercise. Deepens breathing, increases
chest mobility, spine flexibility, strengthens
muscles of the shoulder girdle, corrects posture.

3. Raising your arms, moving them to the sides and back, slow
rotation of the shoulder joints, flexion and extension of the arms. These and
Such movements increase joint mobility,
strengthens arm muscles.

4. Exercises for the feet. Helps increase mobility
joints, strengthening muscles and ligaments.

5. Squats. Strengthens the muscles of the legs and abdominals,
have a general training effect.

6. Walk with slow deep breathing. Promotes races
weakening and restoration of body functions.

7. Jerking and swinging movements of the arms. Develop muscles
shoulder girdle, strengthen ligaments, help increase
range of movements.

8. Bend the body forward. Strengthens the back muscles, increases
improves the flexibility of the spine (combines well with deep,
vigorous breathing).

9. Bending and other exercises for the back muscles and hips
night light Helps increase its flexibility.

10. Lunges with movement of the arms and torso. Well developed and
train leg muscles.

11. Strength exercises for arms. Increase muscle strength.

12. Turns, bends, rotation of the body. Increases mobility

strength of the spine and strengthen the muscles of the torso.

13. Raising outstretched legs in a lying position. Strengthens
abdominal muscles.

14. Running, jumping. Train and strengthen the cardiovascular system
system, increase endurance.

15. Walking at the end of the lesson. Promotes uniform reduction

physical activity, breathing restoration.

Physiotherapy

The procedure (lesson) of physical therapy is the main form of exercise therapy. Each procedure consists of three sections: introductory, main and final.

Introductory section The procedure allows you to gradually prepare the patient’s body for increasing physical activity. Use breathing exercises and exercises for small and medium muscle groups and joints. For main section a training (general and special) effect on the patient’s body is carried out. IN final period By carrying out breathing exercises and movements covering small and medium muscle groups and joints, overall physical tension is reduced.

Methodology for the LH procedure. When carrying out the procedure, the following rules must be observed.

1. Nature of exercises, physiological load,
dosage and starting points must be adequate
general condition of the patient, his age characteristics and
state of fitness.

2. Exercise should have an impact
to the entire body of the patient.

3. The procedure must combine general and special
impact on the patient’s body, therefore it is necessary
use both general strengthening and special
exercises.

4. When drawing up a procedure, the principle should be observed
gradualness and sequence of increase and decrease
physical activity, maintaining optimal physiology
ical load “curve”.

5. When selecting and conducting exercises, it is necessary
alternate muscle groups involved in performing fi
sic loads.

6. The treatment course must be partially updated daily
and complicate the exercises used. The LG procedure should include:
introduce 10-15% of previous exercises to ensure
consolidation of motor skills; at the same time it is necessary
consistently diversify and complicate the methodology.

7. The last 3-4 days of the treatment course must be devoted to

teaching patients gymnastic exercises recommended for subsequent exercises at home.

8. The volume of methodological material in the procedure must correspond to the patient’s movement pattern.

The correct use of physical exercise involves the distribution of physical activity, taking into account its optimal physiological “curve”. The latter usually refers to the dynamics of the body’s reactions to physical exercise throughout the entire procedure. The distribution of physical activity in LG procedures is carried out according to the principle of a multivertex curve.

Initial provisions. In PH there are three main starting positions: lying (on your back, on your stomach, on your side), sitting (in bed, on a chair, on a couch, etc.) and standing (on all fours, supported by crutches, “playpen”, parallel bars, chair back, etc.). For example, for diseases of the respiratory system, you can perform exercises in the initial position lying down, reclining with the head end of the bed raised, sitting and standing. If the tubular bones of the lower extremities are damaged (skeletal traction is applied), the exercises are performed in the initial position lying on the back.

Basics of the LH technique. The LG methodology is based on: a) didactic principles (visuality, accessibility, systematic teaching, gradualism and sequence of exercises, individual approach); b) correct selection and determination of the duration of physical exercises; c) the optimal number of repetitions of each exercise; d) physiological pace of movements;

e) adequacy of force tension to the patient’s capabilities;

e) degree of complexity and rhythm of movement.
Exercise intensity may be small

moderate, large and maximum. To the exercises low intensity These include exercises covering small and medium muscle groups, performed at a slow and medium pace, breathing exercises (static) and exercises aimed at relaxing muscles. Exercises moderate intensity involve medium (performed at a medium and fast pace) and large (performed at a slow and medium pace) muscle groups and joints in movement. They use breathing exercises (dynamic), exercises with gymnastic apparatus, and sedentary games. The duration of the recovery period is 5-7 minutes. Exercises high intensity characterized by the involvement of a larger number of muscle groups and joints, performed at a medium and fast pace

(exercises on gymnastic apparatus, with weights and resistance, fast walking, running, jumping, games, etc.). The duration of the recovery period is more than 7-10 minutes. Exercises maximum intensity(speed running) is used quite rarely in LG.

The dosage of physical activity in PH classes depends on the objectives of the treatment period, the characteristics of the course of the disease, the functional capabilities of the body, the age of the patient and his fitness.

The total load consists of the body’s energy expenditure for performing muscular work (various physical exercises). Its compliance with the patient’s functional capabilities can be judged by external signs of fatigue and the reaction of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems.

Local load has mainly local effects. This is the effect of physical exercises to normalize muscle tone with paresis of the limbs.

You can vary physical activity using various methods (Scheme 2.3).

Methods for performing the LH procedure. When carrying out the LG procedure, two methods are used - individual and group. The individual method is used in patients with limited physical activity due to a serious condition caused by an underlying disease or surgical intervention. A variant of the individual method is independent, prescribed to a patient in cases where it is difficult for him (due to various reasons) to regularly visit a medical facility or when he has completed inpatient treatment and has been discharged for follow-up treatment on an outpatient or home basis. The group method is most common in medical institutions (clinic, hospital, sanatorium-resort treatment). The selection of patients into groups should be based on the underlying disease and their functional state.

2.5.3. Therapeutic dosed walking

Walking is the most accessible type of cyclic exercise. It can be recommended to people of all ages, with varying physical fitness and health status, regardless of their professional activity. Walking is used for prevention and rehabilitation after cardiovascular and other diseases.

While walking, muscle contraction alternates with relaxation, which allows you to withstand prolonged physical activity; The main muscle groups are involved in the work, the activity of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems moderately increases, and energy consumption increases. When walking on level ground at a speed of 4-6 km/h, oxygen consumption increases 3-4 times compared to the resting state.

Walking must be combined with correct, measured breathing. Physical activity while walking is mainly dosed by the distance and speed of movement. The duration of walks is increased depending on how you feel. Favorable signs should be considered smooth, undifficult breathing, light perspiration, a feeling of satisfaction, slight physical fatigue, an increase in heart rate after a walk by 10-20 per minute compared to the initial values and its normalization after 5-10 minutes of rest. Walking can be normal, accelerated and measured.

Normal walking improves metabolism, normalizes work

heart, increases blood circulation, ventilation of the lungs and is one of the most accessible means of promoting health.

Fast walking develops muscles, develops endurance, perseverance and other strong-willed qualities.

Dosed walking used for the prevention of cardiovascular and other diseases, it is accompanied by lower energy consumption than even the slowest running. With regular exercise in measured walking, a person’s physical performance increases. Over time, you can start doing recreational jogging.

Dosed, or health-improving, walking is recommended for people of all ages with varying physical fitness. For patients with impaired fat and salt metabolism, it is recommended to start it with 1-2 km, gradually adding 500 m; sometimes the length of the route can be up to 10 km or more for trained people.

It is advisable to devote 30-45 minutes to healthy walking every day.

Alternating walking and running. Dosed by distance, speed, time spent. While walking, breathing calms down and the load on the body as a whole is reduced. To restore strength, it is recommended to perform breathing and relaxation exercises while walking.

Running and walking are of great hygienic importance and, in terms of their accessibility and effectiveness, are among the best means of health improvement. Running and walking involve the human musculoskeletal system, cause increased activity of the nervous, cardiovascular and respiratory systems, improve the functions of all organs, and dramatically increase metabolism in the body.

2.5.4. Physical exercise V water

The peculiarities of the influence of the aquatic environment are explained by the laws of Archimedes and Pascal. Due to the reduction in the mass of the affected limb, it is easier to perform movements. In addition, the temperature factor (heat) contributes to less manifestation of reflex excitability, weakening of pain and muscle tension. Swimming and physical exercises in water using special devices and implements allow you to move the limbs with the support load on them and on the spine completely turned off. They may provide increased muscle strength in the lower extremities

and torso with pronounced symptoms of their weakness (atrophy, paresis) in the absence of axial load, help correct spinal deformities and increase adaptation to loads of varying intensity, general endurance and hardening.. When determining indications for the use of physical exercises in water, it is necessary to take into account the patient’s condition and primarily the cardiovascular system.

The main indications for the use of physical exercises in water should be considered: a) spastic and flaccid paresis and paralysis due to traumatic damage to the central nervous system, damage to the blood vessels of the brain; b) paresis and paralysis due to spinal fractures (with and without disruption of the integrity of the spinal cord); c) arthritis, arthrosis; d) osteochondrosis of the spine; e) impaired motor function after bone fractures, osteoarticular reconstructive and plastic surgeries, operations on peripheral nerves; e) contractures.

LH in water is especially useful for spastic paresis and paralysis, mainly during the period of active movements that are difficult to perform in a normal environment.

Exercise equipment

Exercise machines of various designs are widely used during the period of rehabilitation treatment. With their help, motor qualities are purposefully formed (general, speed and speed-strength endurance, speed, coordination, strength, flexibility), which is one of the indicators of health. The use of simulators in medical institutions can significantly expand the range of means and methods of exercise therapy and increase not only the health-improving, but also the therapeutic effectiveness of exercises.

Training devices can be for individual or collective use, and their effect on the body can be local or general. The ability to dose physical activity and target specific muscle groups allows using exercise equipment to selectively influence the cardiovascular, respiratory and nervous systems, and the musculoskeletal system. In this regard, they are indicated for coronary artery disease, hypertension, vegetative-vascular dystonia, chronic nonspecific lung diseases, arthritis, arthrosis, etc.

Exercising on simulators is contraindicated when equipped

acute chronic coronary insufficiency, myocardial infarction less than 12 months old, aneurysm of the heart and aorta, exacerbation of thrombophlebitis, the possibility of bleeding, acute inflammatory kidney diseases; acute infectious diseases or their exacerbation; severe cardiac arrhythmias (caroxysmal tachycardia, atrial fibrillation, etc.); pulmonary failure with a decrease in vital capacity by 50% or more of the normal value; pregnancy more than 22 weeks; high degrees of myopia; diabetes mellitus (severe form). .

The technical features of the simulators are determined by the need for the primary development of one or another motor quality or several at the same time. Technical devices such as a treadmill, cycling and rowing machines and the like allow you to specifically develop general, speed and speed-strength endurance. Various designs of expanders and rollers promote the development of dynamic strength and flexibility. With the help of a mini-trampoline, coordination of movements is improved. Exercise machines with different effects on the body can be combined in one device and called universal (for example, the “Health” gymnastic complex). With their help, you can develop almost all motor qualities.

Traction therapy

Traction therapy (extensio)- one of the main methods of restorative treatment of injuries and diseases of the musculoskeletal system and their consequences (deformations, contractures, degenerative processes in the spine, etc.). The essence of the method is that with the help of short-term or long-term traction, muscle retraction is overcome or a gradual stretching effect is applied to a particular area of the body in order to eliminate contracture and deformation.

▲ Underwater traction (traction) is a healing method that combines the physical effects of water (fresh, mineral, sea) on the body with traction techniques. The action of water (at a temperature of 36-37 ° C) on proprioceptors helps to reduce the tone of the striated muscles, as a result of which the distance between the vertebral bodies increases and the intervertebral foramina through which pass

spinal roots. In addition, a decrease in muscle
high tone with this method, ensuring the elimination
muscle contractures, helps eliminate sucking
relieve spasm and improve blood circulation at the right time
wife's area.

Underwater traction is widely used in the rehabilitation of orthopedic and neurological patients to reduce intervertebral disc protrusion in spinal osteochondrosis; with disc displacement, spinal curvature, contractures or arthrosis of the hip, knee and ankle joints and with some reflex disorders.

Underwater traction is relatively contraindicated in case of concomitant diseases of the cardiovascular system, kidneys, liver, and gall bladder.

There are vertical and horizontal underwater traction.

Vertical underwater traction is carried out with
using various simple devices (a circle of
foam, wooden parallel handrails) and more
complex structures in a special pool (with
water temperature 36-37 °C). For example, with cervical
osteochondrosis initially underwater traction
start with 5-7 minutes of immersion in water, usually without load,
using a head holder; subsequent procedures
supplemented with the use of a load (1-3 kg) on the lumbar
Department. If well tolerated, the weight of the load is
further increase.

For arthrosis of the hip joint, the load is suspended on cuffs fixed above the ankle joint.

Horizontal under/ed traction at
localization of the process in the lumbar spine
carried out by longitudinal traction of the spine or
sagging of the body in a regular or large bathtub, on
traction shield. The patient is fixed using a bodice,
the straps of which are attached at the head end of the shield.
A semi-corset is applied to the patient’s lumbar region
with straps, to which it is attached using cables
suspended through a system of blocks, a load is suspended overboard.
During the first three procedures, no load is used, check
body movement is carried out under the influence of mass
sick. Subsequently, the load is used for 4-
5 minutes, gradually increasing its mass.

All types of underwater traction can be combined with others

means of exercise therapy (physical exercises, massage, position correction), with physiotherapy methods (ultrasound, therapeutic mud). In some cases, for acute pain syndrome, phonophoresis of hydrocortisone or analgin, UV rays - erythemal doses, diadynamic currents are first used.

▲ Correction by position in the water. This is the final one
procedure after physical exercise in water, under
water massage, traction hydrotherapy - therapeutic
activities preparing intra- and peri-
tissue tissues to their intense stretching.

The essence of correction by position in warm water is to give the patient’s limbs or torso a certain fixed position, accompanied by tension in the tissues of the ligamentous-articular-muscular apparatus. Correction by position in water allows you to increase the amplitude of passive movements with persistent limitation of the range of movements in the joints (with secondary changes in tissues after prolonged immobilization of the limb, as well as due to scar processes and post-traumatic functional disorders).

The main indications for correction by position in water are the limitation of movements in the joints and the presence of contracture of various etiologies and severity. In addition, the position of the torso in warm water with spinal kyphosis can help reduce discogenic pain and pain observed during the initial symptoms of spondylolisthesis.

▲ Dry traction (traction). Everywhere
available traction on a regular functional bed
(its head end rises to a height of 50-60 cm,
the strap is passed through the patient's chest, axillary
depressions and is fixed to the headboard at the level
torso). Fixation of the patient is also possible with
using two soft rings supporting it
armpits (this traction is used for
spinal injury).

For traction, there are also special designs of tables with a shield sliding on rollers, which ensures greater efficiency of the procedure by reducing the loss of traction due to friction.

After the procedure, wearing unloading orthopedic corsets is indicated. The indication for the use of a corset is the cessation of pain during traction (in the vertical

position). Unloading corsets reduce the axial load on the spine by transferring part of the body mass to the ilium.

Wearing a corset must necessarily be combined with physical therapy exercises and massage in order to avoid progressive weakening of the trunk muscles.

2.6. Autogenic training

Autogenic training (AT) is one of the methods of medical rehabilitation, including therapeutic self-hypnosis, self-knowledge, neurosomatic training, sedative and activating psychotraining, carried out under conditions of muscle relaxation and leading to self-education and mental self-regulation of the body.

The main goals of the AT method are mastering the skills of self-management of the internal mechanisms of human life, training these mechanisms and increasing the possibility of their correction.

Autogenic training is widely used in the clinic for somatic diseases, organic pathology of the nervous system, in surgery, psychiatry, as well as in healthy people as a powerful means of mental hygiene in sports practice, with increased neuro-emotional stress, hypokinesia, sensory deprivation, human desynchronosis, as a method stimulation of abilities and creativity in everyday life and at work. In addition, AT is considered as one of the necessary and effective forms of exercise therapy, using general developmental, special, breathing and other physical exercises to regulate muscle tone, which, being a reflected reflex manifestation of higher nervous activity, actively influences the processes of mobilization and reduction of the level of excitation of the central nervous system, and, consequently, on the activity of all organs and systems of the human body.

▲ Physical aspects of AT:

Developing the ability to regulate tone transversely
striped and smooth muscles of the trunk, of course
stages, organs for complete or differentiated
muscle relaxation or increased tone
individual muscles;

Acquiring the skill of rhythmic breathing through
mental regulation of the intervals of the inhalation and exhalation phases;

Mastering the skills of reduced, slow,

shallow breathing, as well as physical differentiated sensation of parts of your body and organs.

▲ To psychological aspects AT relate:

Cultivating a person’s skills in “figurative representation”
bets";

Autogenic meditation (meditation - reflection,
contemplation), autogenic immersion;

Developing the skill of mobilizing psychophysiological
states, etc.