Part I
1. Horizontally, D.I. Mendeleev’s table is divided into periods, which are divided into:
a) small, these are periods – 1, 2, 3;
b) large, these are periods - 4, 5, 6, 7.
2. Vertically, D.I. Mendeleev’s table is divided into groups, each of which is divided into:
a) main, or A group;
b) side, or In group.
Group IA is a group of alkali metals.
Group IIA is a group of alkaline earth metals.
Group VIIA is a group of halogens.
Group VIIIA is a group of noble or inert gases.
4. Analogies of the language of chemistry with the Russian language.
5. Complete the table “Names and symbols of chemical elements.”
6. Examples of names of chemical elements (indicate the chemical sign in brackets) in accordance with etymological sources.
1) Properties of simple substances
Hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), fluorine (F)
2) Astronomy
Selenium (Se), tellurium (Te), uranium (U)
3) Geography
Germanium (Ge), gallium (Ga), polonium (Po)
4) Ancient Greek myths
Tantalum (Ta), promethium (Pm), lutetium (Lu)
5) Great scientists
Mendelevium (Md), rutherfordium (Rt), einsteinium (Es)
Part II
1. Establish a correspondence between the position of a chemical element in D.I. Mendeleev’s Periodic Table and the chemical sign. 
A - 5; B - 1; AT 2; G – 4
2. Select symbols or names of chemical elements from one large period. Using the letters corresponding to the correct answers, you will form the name of the metal that is used to make sparklers: magnesium.
1) potassium M
2) Br A
5) manganese G
6) Cu H
8) Ca And
9)Zn
3. Write the names of the following chemical elements in the appropriate columns:
Cl, He, Br, Ne, Li, I, K, Ba, Ca, Na, Xe, Sr.
4. Fill in the blanks in the logic diagram.
Chemical element (H, O) → chemical reaction (H₂O) → chemical production (2 H₂O = 2 H₂ + O₂).
5. Make a generalization:
chemical elements - carbon, silicon, tin, lead - belong to group IVA.
6. In the left column of the table, write down on what basis the chemical elements are divided into two groups.
7. Establish a correspondence between the pronunciation and the chemical sign (symbol).
A – 3; B – 6; AT 2; G – 7; D – 5; E – 1.
8. Cross out the “extra”:
Curium, mendelevium, bromine, einsteinium.
9. General etymological source of names of chemical elements:
U, Te, Se is a planetarium.
10. Elements are named after various states or parts of the world:
Germanium, gallium, francium, dubnium.
Chemistry, like any science, requires precision. The system for presenting data in this area of knowledge has been developed over centuries, and the current standard today is an optimized structure containing all the necessary information for further theoretical work with each specific element.
When writing formulas and equations, it is extremely inconvenient to use integers, and today one or two letters are used for this purpose - the chemical symbols of the elements.
Story
In the ancient world, as well as in the Middle Ages, scientists used symbolic images to represent various elements, but these signs were not standardized. Only by the 13th century were attempts made to systematize the symbols of substances and elements, and from the 15th century, newly discovered metals began to be designated by the first letters of their names. A similar naming strategy is used in chemistry to this day.
Current state of the naming system
Today, more than one hundred and twenty chemical elements are known, some of which are extremely difficult to find in nature. It is not surprising that back in the middle of the 19th century, science knew about the existence of only 63 of them, and there was neither a single naming system nor an integral system for presenting chemical data.
The last problem was solved in the second half of the same century by the Russian scientist D.I. Mendeleev, relying on the unsuccessful attempts of his predecessors. The naming process continues today - there are several elements with numbers from 119 and higher, conventionally designated in the table by the Latin abbreviation of their serial number. The pronunciation of the symbols of chemical elements of this category is carried out according to the Latin rules for reading numerals: 119 - ununenniy (literally “one hundred and nineteenth”), 120 - unbiniliy (“one hundred and twentieth”) and so on.
Most of the elements have their own names, derived from Latin, Greek, Arabic, and German roots, in some cases reflecting the objective characteristics of substances, and in others acting as unmotivated symbols.
Etymology of some elements
As mentioned above, some names and symbols of chemical elements are based on objectively observable characteristics.
The name glow-in-the-dark phosphorus comes from the Greek phrase “to bring light.” When translated into Russian, quite a lot of “telling” names are revealed: chlorine - “greenish”, bromine - “foul-smelling”, rubidium - “dark red”, indium - “indigo color”. Since the chemical symbols of elements are given in Latin letters, the direct connection of the name with the substance for a Russian speaker usually goes unnoticed.
There are also more subtle naming associations. Thus, the name selenium comes from the Greek word meaning “Moon”. This happened because in nature this element is a satellite of tellurium, the name of which in Greek also means “Earth”.
Niobium is named similarly. According to ancient Greek mythology, Niobe is the daughter of Tantalus. The chemical element tantalum was discovered earlier and its properties are similar to niobium - thus, the logical “father-daughter” connection was projected onto the “relationships” of chemical elements.
Moreover, it was not by chance that tantalum received its name in honor of a famous mythological character. The fact is that obtaining this element in its pure form was fraught with great difficulties, which is why scientists turned to the phraseological unit “Tantalum flour”.
Another interesting historical fact is that the name platinum literally translates as “silver,” i.e. something similar, but not as valuable, as silver. The reason is that this metal melts much more difficult than silver, and therefore did not find use for a long time and was not of particular value.
General principle for naming elements
When looking at the periodic table, the first thing that catches your eye is the names and symbols of the chemical elements. It is always one or two Latin letters, the first of which is capital. The choice of letters is determined by the Latin name of the element. Despite the fact that the roots of words come from ancient Greek, Latin, and other languages, according to the naming standard, Latin endings are added to them.
It is interesting that most of the symbols will be intuitive to a Russian speaker: aluminum, zinc, calcium or magnesium are easily remembered by a student the first time. The situation is more complicated with those names that differ in the Russian and Latin versions. It may take a long time for a student to remember that silicon is silicium and mercury is hydrargyrum. Nevertheless, you will have to remember this - the graphic representation of each element is oriented towards the Latin name of the substance, which will appear in chemical formulas and reactions as Si and Hg, respectively.
To remember such names, it is useful for students to do exercises like: “Match the symbol of a chemical element and its name.”
Other naming methods
The names of some elements originated from Arabic and were “stylized” into Latin. For example, sodium gets its name from a root stem meaning “bubbling matter.” Arabic roots can also be traced in the names of potassium and zirconium.
The German language also had its influence. From it come the names of such elements as manganese, cobalt, nickel, zinc, tungsten. The logical connection is not always obvious: for example, nickel is an abbreviation for the word meaning “copper devil.”
In rare cases, the names were translated into Russian in the form of tracing paper: hydrogenium (literally “giving birth to water”) turned into hydrogen, and carboneum into carbon.
Names and place names
More than a dozen elements are named after various scientists, including Albert Einstein, Dmitri Mendeleev, Enrico Fermi, Ernest Rutherford, Niels Bohr, Marie Curie and others.
Some names come from other proper names: names of cities, states, countries. For example: moscovium, dubnium, europium, tennessine. Not all toponyms will seem familiar to a native Russian speaker: it is unlikely that a person without cultural preparation will recognize in the word nihonium the self-name of Japan - Nihon (lit.: Land of the Rising Sun), and in hafnia - the Latin version of Copenhagen. Finding out even the name of your native country in the word ruthenium is not the easiest task. Nevertheless, Russia is called Ruthenia in Latin, and the 44th chemical element is named after it.
The names of cosmic bodies also appear in the periodic table: the planets Uranus, Neptune, Pluto, Ceres. In addition to the names of characters from ancient Greek mythology (Tantalum, Niobium), there are also Scandinavian ones: thorium, vanadium.
Periodic table
In the periodic table that is familiar to us today, named after Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev, the elements are presented in rows and periods. In each cell, a chemical element is designated by a chemical symbol, next to which other data is presented: its full name, serial number, distribution of electrons across layers, relative atomic mass. Each cell has its own color, which depends on whether the s-, p-, d- or f- element is highlighted.
Principles of recording
When writing isotopes and isobars, the mass number is placed at the top left of the element symbol - the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus. In this case, the atomic number, which is the number of protons, is placed on the lower left.
The charge of the ion is written on the top right, and on the same side below the number of atoms is indicated. Symbols for chemical elements always begin with a capital letter.
National recording options
The Asia-Pacific region has its own variants of writing the symbols for chemical elements, based on local writing methods. The Chinese notation system uses radical signs followed by characters in their phonetic meaning. Symbols for metals are preceded by the sign “metal” or “gold”, gases - with the radical “steam”, non-metals - with the hieroglyph “stone”.
In European countries there are also situations where the signs of elements when recorded differ from those recorded in international tables. For example, in France, nitrogen, tungsten and beryllium have their own names in the national language and are indicated by corresponding symbols.
Finally
When studying at school or even a higher educational institution, it is not at all necessary to memorize the contents of the entire periodic table. You should keep in mind the chemical symbols of the elements that are most often found in formulas and equations, and look up less commonly used ones from time to time on the Internet or in a textbook.
However, in order to avoid errors and confusion, you need to know how the data in the table is structured, in which source to find the required data, and clearly remember which element names differ in the Russian and Latin versions. Otherwise, you may accidentally mistake Mg for manganese and N for sodium.
To get practice at the initial stage, do the exercises. For example, provide the chemical element symbols for a random sequence of names from the periodic table. As you gain experience, everything will fall into place and the question of memorizing this basic information will disappear by itself.
As in any science, chemistry has its own system of symbols, its own language. The lesson is devoted to familiarization with the language of chemical science and the study of symbols of chemical elements. You will find out when and by whom modern symbols of chemical elements were invented.
Topic: Initial chemical ideas
Lesson: Chemical Element Symbols
Back in the Middle Ages, during the time of alchemy, various signs were used to designate substances, mainly metals. After all, the main goal of alchemists was to obtain gold from various metals. Therefore, each of them used their own notation system.
In the 19th century There was a need to use symbols that were understandable to all scientists. And John Dalton was one of the first to propose such symbolism. But his notation was inconvenient to use.
Rice. 1. John Dalton and his system of naming chemical elements
The modern system of chemical signs was proposed at the beginning of the 19th century. Swedish chemist Jons Jakob Berzelius. The scientist proposed to designate chemical elements the first letter of their Latin name. In those days, all scientific articles were published in Latin; it was generally accepted and understandable for all scientists.
For example, the chemical element oxygen (in Latin Oxygenium) received the designation O.
And the chemical element hydrogen (Hydrogenium) is H. If the names of several elements began with the same letter, then the second or one of the subsequent letters of the name was indicated in the symbol of the element. For example, mercury (Hydrargyrum) is designated Hg.
Please note that the first letter of the symbol of a chemical element is always capitalized; if there is a second letter, then it is lowercase. It is necessary to remember not only the names of the elements and their symbols, but also the pronunciation, i.e. how these characters are read.
There are no specific rules for pronunciating the signs of chemical elements. They must be learned by heart. The signs of some chemical elements are pronounced in the same way as the corresponding letter: oxygen - “o”, sulfur - “es”, phosphorus - “pe”, nitrogen - “en”, carbon - “ce”.
The signs of other elements are pronounced in the same way as the names of the elements themselves: “sodium”, “potassium”, “chlorine”, “fluorine”.
The pronunciation of some signs corresponds to their Latin name: silicon - “silicium”, mercury - “hydrargyrum”, copper - “cuprum”, iron - “ferrum”.
Rice. 2. Symbols and names of some chemical elements
The sign of a chemical element has several meanings. Firstly, it refers to all the atoms of a given element. Secondly, the sign of a chemical element can designate one or more atoms of a given element. For example, the entry O can mean "the chemical element oxygen" or "one atom of oxygen."
To designate several atoms of a given chemical element, you need to put a number corresponding to the number of atoms in front of its sign. For example, the notation 3N means “three nitrogen atoms.”
The number preceding the sign of a chemical element is called a coefficient.
1. Collection of problems and exercises in chemistry: 8th grade: to the textbook by P.A. Orzhekovsky and others. “Chemistry, 8th grade” / P.A. Orzhekovsky, N.A. Titov, F.F. Hegel. - M.: AST: Astrel, 2006.
2. Ushakova O.V. Chemistry workbook: 8th grade: to the textbook by P.A. Orzhekovsky and others. “Chemistry. 8th grade” / O.V. Ushakova, P.I. Bespalov, P.A. Orzhekovsky; under. ed. prof. P.A. Orzhekovsky - M.: AST: Astrel: Profizdat, 2006. (p. 19-21)
3. Chemistry: 8th grade: textbook. for general education institutions / P.A. Orzhekovsky, L.M. Meshcheryakova, L.S. Pontak. M.: AST: Astrel, 2005.(§8)
4. Chemistry: inorg. chemistry: textbook. for 8th grade. general education institutions / G.E. Rudzitis, Fyu Feldman. - M.: Education, OJSC “Moscow Textbooks”, 2009. (§6)
5. Encyclopedia for children. Volume 17. Chemistry / Chapter. ed.V.A. Volodin, Ved. scientific ed. I. Leenson. - M.: Avanta+, 2003.
Additional web resources
1. Unified collection of digital educational resources ().
2. Electronic version of the journal “Chemistry and Life” ().
Homework
p.19-21 No. 1-5 from the Workbook in Chemistry: 8th grade: to the textbook by P.A. Orzhekovsky and others. “Chemistry. 8th grade” / O.V. Ushakova, P.I. Bespalov, P.A. Orzhekovsky; under. ed. prof. P.A. Orzhekovsky - M.: AST: Astrel: Profizdat, 2006.
Subject: The language of chemistry. Signs of chemical elements. Relative atomic mass of chemical elements.
Lesson objectives:
1) Introduce students to the symbols and names of some chemical elements.
2) Form the concept of relative atomic mass.
3) Show the difference between the concepts of “atomic mass” and “relative atomic mass”.
4) Teach to find the value of relative atomic mass.
Basic concepts: chemical sign, atomic mass unit, relative atomic mass.
Equipment:Presentation, student report about Y.Ya. Berzelius, individual cards.
During the classes
I. Organizational moment
II. Announcement of the topic and objectives of the lesson
III. Repetition of previously studied material
1) frontal survey of students on teacher questions;
2) individual cards.
IV. Learning new material
Slide 1 .
Slide 2 .
Epigraph to the lesson by Stepan Shchipachev:
There is nothing else in nature
Neither here nor there, in the depths of space:
Everything - from small grains of sand to planets
It consists of uniform elements.
Slide 3 .
Who is the founder of Slavic writing?
Analogy table view.
Slide 4 .
The ancient Greek sages were the first to say the word “element,” and this happened five centuries BC.
The ancient Greeks considered the “elements” to be earth, water, air and fire.
Slide 5 .
The concept of a chemical element was introduced into science by the famous English scientist Robert Boyle, and the definition was given by John Dalton.
Slide 6 .
The father of chemical writing is the Swedish scientist J.Ya. Berzelius, he proposed using the initial letters of their Latin names as symbols (“letters”) of chemical elements, and if the first letters coincide, use the second letter.
Slide 7 .
For example:
Hydrogen (in Latin “hydrogenium”, Hhydrogenium) – N;
- oxygen (in Latin “oxygenium”, Oxygenium) - ABOUT;
- carbon (in Latin “carboneum”, Carboneum) – C;
- fluorine (in Latin “fluorum”, Fluorum) – F;
- iron (in Latin “ferrum”, F e
rrum)– Fe;
- gold (in Latin “aurum”, Aurum) – Au.
The student presents a report on Y.Ya. Berzelius
Slide 8 .
Currently, 110 chemical elements are known, and the existence of 89 elements has been established on earth, the remaining elements are obtained artificially. These elements form all the diversity of the world around us, all substances known to mankind. The number of chemical elements is limited, and their combinations are practically limitless.
Slide 9 .
A chemical element is a specific type of atom. All known chemical elements are in the D.I. table of elements. Mendeleev.
Slide 10 .
Introduction to the Periodic Table
The teacher draws attention to the fact that each element has its own symbol, understandable to scientists of any country. These symbols are the same all over the world. There is no need to memorize the chemical symbols of all existing elements; for this purpose, there is a periodic table of chemical elements in the chemistry laboratory.
Slide 11 .
Atoms of one element are the same, but atoms of different elements differ from each other, primarily in their mass. Atoms, like any particles of matter, have mass, but it is very small. The teacher gives examples: the mass of the lightest atom - the hydrogen atom is 1.67 × 10−23 g, the C atom is 1.995 × 10−23 g, the O atom is 2.66 × 10−23 g.
We can give this example: the number of hydrogen atoms in 1 cm3 at a temperature of 0°C and a pressure of 1 atm is so large that if we count them at a rate of two atoms per second, then it will take about 900 billion years to count everything.
The masses of atoms, expressed in grams, are so small that they are inconvenient to use, and therefore it became necessary to introduce a new unit of measurement for the mass of an atom - atomic mass unit (a.m.u.), which is equal to 1/12 of the mass of a carbon atom, i.e. 1.66 10–24 g.
The teacher shows how to calculate the mass of several chemical elements in atomic mass units.
Slide 12 .
The teacher talks about the work of J. Dalton, who compiled the first table of relative atomic masses of elements on October 21, 1803 at the Manchester Philosophical Society.
J. Dalton presented the first table of atomic masses of elements. It was called “The First Table of the Relative Weights of the Finite Particles of Bodies.”
“All previously existing theories of corpuscles agree that they are small identical balls. I believe that atoms (the smallest indivisible particles) of one element are identical to each other, but different from the atoms of other elements. If at the moment nothing definite can be said about their sizes, then we can talk about their basic physical property: atoms have weight. In confirmation of this, allow me to read my second work: “The first table of the relative weights of finite particles of bodies.”
The teacher shows a table of rounded atomic masses in class and reports that in practice they use the relative atomic mass of elements - a dimensionless value rounded to whole numbers (exception is chlorine; A r(Cl) = 35.5).
Work on developing in students the ability to find the value of the relative atomic masses of elements in the periodic table of chemical elements.
Slides 13-18 .
Did you know?
The heaviest of natural elements is UranusU .
FluorineF - the most furious in the kingdom of non-metals, nothing can resist its “onslaught”.
The name of the rarest element on Earth is astatineAt . In the thickness of the earth's crust it contains only 69 mg.
It is believed that the most unfortunate element name has nitrogen N . In Greek " a-zoos" means "lifeless". But this gas, which is part of the air, is not poisonous at all, it is simply unsuitable for breathing.
The following elements are named after countries:
Mg (№ 12)
- magnesium - Magnesia Peninsula;
Sc (№ 21) –
scandium – Scandinavia;
Cu (№ 29)
– copper - island of Cyprus;
Ge (№ 3)
– germanium – Germany;
Ru (№ 44)
– ruthenium – Russia;
Fr (№ 87)
– france – France.
Elements named after scientists:
MD (№ 101)
– mendelevium – D.I. Mendeleev;
No (№ 102)
–
nobelium - A. Nobel;
Cm (No. 96)– curium – Pierre and Marie Curie;
Es (No. 99)– einsteinium – A. Einstein;
Fm (No. 100)– fermium – E. Fermi;
Lr (No. 103)– lawrensium – E. Lawrence;
Rf (No. 104)– rutherfordium – E. Rutherford;
Bh (No. 107)– bohrium – N. Boron;
Mt (No. 109)– meitnerium – L. Meitner.
There are names of elements due to the color of simple substances and compounds:
sulfur S(from Indian " Syrah" - light yellow color);
chlorine Cl(from Greek " chloros" - green);
iodineI(from Greek " iodes" - violet);
chromium Cr derived from the Greek " chromium"- colored, due to the varied colors of the compounds of this element.
Titles bromine Br And osmium Os come from the Greek words " bromos" And " osme", meaning "stench", "smell"; It is clear what exactly was the strongest impression on the chemists who discovered these elements.
Elements named after the gods and heroes of Ancient Greece:
titanium Ti;
niobium Nb;
tantalum T;
promethium Pm;
vanadium V.
Slides 19-23 .
Let's play!
Comic questions
Which element is always happy? (Radon)
- what gas claims that it is not it? (Neon)
- what element can “give birth” to water? (Hydrogen)
- which element consists of 2 animals? (Arsenic)
- Which element “revolves” around the Sun? (Uranus)
- Which element is a “giant”? (Titanium)
LOGORIF is a game in which letters in a word are not replaced by others, but are discarded or new ones are added.
From the name of which chemical element, dropping the first two letters, can you get the name of one of the common games? (Gold is lotto.)
From the name of which chemical element, by dropping the last letter, can you get a word-cry with which soldiers go on the attack, and civilians go to the parade? (Uranus - hurray.)
To the name of which chemical element can you add two letters at the end and get the name of a ship that sank after colliding with an iceberg? (Titan - Titanic.)
To the name of which chemical element can you add three letters at the end to get the name of the hero of the ancient Greek myth who went to Colchis for the Golden Fleece? (Argon - Argonaut.)
METOGRAM – a task in which, by replacing one of the letters of a word, a new one is obtained.
From the name of which chemical element, replacing the first letter with another, you can get a word denoting the name:
Strait between Europe and Asia; (Phosphorus - Bosphorus)
- an area where there is a lot of water in the soil; (Gold is a swamp)
- name of the instrument; (Gold is a chisel)
- from the name of which chemical element, replacing the last letter with another, can you get a word denoting the name of the mountain system that is the border between Europe and Asia? (Uranus – Ural)
ANAGRAM is a task in which from the same word, by rearranging syllables and letters, as well as by reverse reading, you can get completely new words.
From the name of which chemical element, replacing the last letter and reading from the end, can you get a word denoting the name of an animal, which can be both domestic and wild? (Nitrogen – goat)
From the name of which chemical element, by moving the first letter to the end, you can get the name:
Mineral; (Fluorine – peat)
- one of the types of quadrangle. (Bromine - rhombus)
Slide 24 .
5. Homework
§7, ex. 16, 17 (p. 25), §8, exercises 18, 19 (p. 25).
Learn the signs of chemical elements.
Municipal state educational institution
"Popovo-Lezhachanskaya secondary school"
Regional seminar for chemistry teachers
Glushkovsky district, Kursk region
Open lesson in chemistry in 8th grade on the topic: “Signs of chemical elements”
Prepared by:
Kondratenko Olga Vasilievna,
teacher of chemistry and biology
MCOU "Popovo-Lezhachanskaya" secondary school
Glushkovsky district, Kursk region
Popovo-Lezhachi village
Chemistry, 8th grade
Date: 09/29/2015
Lesson #12
Subject:Chemical element signs
Target: consolidate the knowledge and skills of students on the topics “Methods of knowledge in chemistry”, “Pure substances and mixtures”, “Chemical elements”, “Relative atomic mass of chemical elements”.
Lesson objectives:
Educationals:
- test students' knowledge and skills on topics“Methods of knowledge in chemistry”, “Pure substances and mixtures”, “Chemical elements”, “Relative atomic mass of chemical elements”using interactive learning tools;
- summarize students’ knowledge on the topics studied;
- identify gaps in mastering educational material.
Educational:
- develop chemical language, logical thinking, attention, memory, interest in modern chemical science, student curiosity, the ability to draw conclusions and generalizations;
- develop the skill of working with various sources of information in order to search and select the necessary material.
Educational:
- to form positive motivation for educational activities and a scientific worldview;
- develop a culture of mental work; skills of business cooperation in the process of problem solving, working in groups;
- cultivate the ability to work in a team, politeness, discipline, accuracy, and hard work;
- develop the ability to formulate and argue your own opinion, independence.
Planned results:
personal: students' readiness and ability for self-development and self-determination; responsible attitude to learning; the ability to set goals and make life plans; formation of a communicative culture, the values of a healthy and safe lifestyle;
meta-subject: be able to set a goal and plan ways to achieve it, choosing more rational ways to solve a given problem; learn to adjust your actions in connection with changes in the current situation; be able to create, apply and transform signs and symbols, models and diagrams to solve educational and cognitive problems; be able to consciously use verbal means in accordance with the task of communication to express their thoughts and needs; be able to organize joint work with peers in a group; be able to find information in various sources; possess the skills of self-control and self-esteem;
subject:
know: basic chemical concepts “chemical element”, “simple substance”, “complex substance”, signs of basic chemical elements; composition of simple and complex substances; the role of chemistry in human life and in solving environmental problems;
be able to: using the formula to distinguish a simple substance from a complex one; distinguish a chemical element from a simple substance; analyze and objectively evaluate skills in safe handling of substances; establish connections between actually observed chemical phenomena and processes occurring in the microcosm; use various methods for studying substances.
Lesson type: knowledge control.
Forms of work: group, work in pairs, play.
Teaching methods: problematic presentation, partially search-based.
Teaching Techniques: posing problematic issues.
Means of education: computer, projector, Power Point presentation
Equipment for teachers and students: computer, projector, periodic table of chemical elements, laboratory stand, ring, porcelain cup, alcohol lamp, filter paper, scissors, beakers, glass rod, contaminated salt mixture, water.
Literature:
For the teacher:
- Gorkovenko M. Yu. Lesson developments in chemistry, grade 8, for textbooks by O. S. Gabrielyan, L. S. Guzei, G. E. Rudzitis. - M: “VAKO”, 2004;
- Radetsky A. M., Gorshkova V. P. Didactic material: chemistry grades 8-9 - M: Prosveshchenie, 1997.
For the student:
Chemistry: inorganic chemistry: a textbook for the 8th grade of general education institutions / G. E. Rudzitis, F. G. Feldman. - M: “Enlightenment”, 2014
During the classes:
I.Organizational moment (1 min)
Teacher: Good afternoon I ask everyone to sit down. I congratulate you on another wonderful day. And you and I continue to create magic in chemistry lessons.
II.Motivation for learning activities (1 min)
Teacher: Today we have an unusual lesson. It will take the form of a game. The score of your work at the end of the lesson will be higher, the more points you score. The number of tasks and their type are selected in such a way that you can earn more than 40 points for completing the work. You will receive a grade according to the conversion charts located on your desks.
| ANSWER FORM |
|
| TASKS | Number of points scored |
| 1. “Attention, question!” (7 points) | |
| 2. “Seven-flowered flower.” (7 points) | |
| 3. "Tic-tac-toe." (3 points) | |
| 4. “Young chemists and chemists.” (15 points) | |
| 5. “Strip me.” (4 points) | |
| 6. "Associations". (9 points) | |
| 7. “I’m a master of inventions.” (7 points) | |
| 8. “Parade of chemical elements.” (3 points) | |
| 9. “Logical circles.” (6 points) | |
| 10. "Pyramid". (3 points) | |
| 11. Competition “Terms”. (12 min) | |
| 12. Competition “Last Chance” (10 min) | |
III.Control and correction of knowledge
1. Attention, question! (10 min)
Teacher: Explain the etymology of the names of chemical elements.
Student: The names of the elements have different etymologies. They come from:
names of countries and continents - for example, the name ruthenium comes from the Latin name of Russia, and the names europium and americium come from the names of the continents: Europe and America;
the names of outstanding chemists - for example: mendelevium, nobelium, rutherfordium;
names of planets - for example: uranium, neptunium, plutonium;
names of rivers - for example, rhenium.
All known elements have symbols. The symbolic designation of elements was proposed in 1814 by J. J. Berzelius. Previously, various abbreviations for elements and connections were also used. One of these types of designations were graphic symbols.
Teacher: What do we know from the history of the development of the language of chemistry?
Student: Back in the Middle Ages, during the time of alchemy, various signs were used to designate substances, mainly metals. After all, the main goal of alchemists was to obtain gold from various metals. Therefore, each of them used their own notation system. In the 19th century There was a need to use symbols that were understandable to all scientists. And John Dalton was one of the first to propose such symbolism. But his notation was inconvenient to use.
Teacher: Tell us about the system of designation of chemical elements by Y.Ya. Berzelius
Student: The modern system of chemical signs was proposed at the beginning of the 19th century. Swedish chemist Jons Jakob Berzelius. The scientist proposed to designate chemical elements by the first letter of their Latin name. In those days, all scientific articles were published in Latin; it was generally accepted and understandable for all scientists. For example, the chemical element oxygen (in Latin Oxygenium) received the designation O. And the chemical element hydrogen (Hydrogenium) - H. If the names of several elements began with the same letter, then the second or one of the subsequent letters of the name was indicated in the symbol of the element. For example, mercury (Hydrargyrum) is designated Hg. Please note that the first letter of the symbol of a chemical element is always capitalized; if there is a second letter, then it is lowercase. It is necessary to remember not only the names of the elements and their symbols, but also the pronunciation, i.e. how these characters are read. There are no specific rules for pronunciating the signs of chemical elements. They must be learned by heart. The signs of some chemical elements are pronounced in the same way as the corresponding letter: oxygen - “o”, sulfur - “es”, phosphorus - “pe”, nitrogen - “en”, carbon - “ce”. The signs of other elements are pronounced in the same way as the names of the elements themselves: “sodium”, “potassium”, “chlorine”, “fluorine”. The pronunciation of some signs corresponds to their Latin name: silicon - “silicium”, mercury - “hydrargyrum”, copper - “cuprum”, iron - “ferrum”.
Teacher: What is the meaning of the symbols of chemical elements?
Student: The sign of a chemical element has several meanings. Firstly, it refers to all the atoms of a given element. Secondly, the sign of a chemical element can designate one or more atoms of a given element. For example, the entry O can mean "the chemical element oxygen" or "one atom of oxygen."
To designate several atoms of a given chemical element, you need to put a number corresponding to the number of atoms in front of its sign. For example, the notation 3N means “three nitrogen atoms.” The number preceding the sign of a chemical element is called a coefficient.
Student: Attempts to streamline ancient chemical signs continued until the end of the 18th century. At the beginning of the 19th century, the English chemist J. Dalton proposed denoting atoms of chemical elements with circles, inside which were placed dots, dashes, the initial letters of the English names of metals, etc. Dalton's chemical symbols became somewhat widespread in Great Britain and Western Europe, but were soon replaced by purely alphabetic ones signs that the Swedish chemist J. J. Berzelius proposed in 1814. The principles he expressed for composing chemical signs have remained valid to this day. In Russia, the first printed message about Berzelius's chemical signs was made in 1824 by the Moscow doctor I. Ya. Zatsepin.
Teacher: What are the designation principles?
Student: Modern symbols for chemical elements consist of the first letter or the first and one of the following letters of the Latin name of the elements. In this case, only the first letter is capitalized. For example, H - hydrogen (lat. Hydrogenium), N - nitrogen (lat. Nitrogenium), Ca - calcium (lat. Calcium), Pt - platinum (lat. Platinum), etc. For newly discovered transuranic elements that are not yet received a name approved by IUPAC, they use three-letter designations meaning a numeral - a serial number. For example, Uut - ununtrium (lat. Ununtrium, 113), Uuh - unungexium (lat. Ununhexium, 116). Hydrogen isotopes have special symbols and names: H - protium 1H, D - deuterium 2H, T - tritium 3H. To designate isobars and isotopes, the symbol of a chemical element is preceded by a mass number at the top (for example, 14N), and at the bottom left is the element's atomic number (for example, 64Gd). In the case where the mass number and atomic number are not indicated in chemical formulas and chemical equations, each chemical sign expresses the average relative atomic mass of its isotopes in the earth's crust. To indicate a charged atom, the charge of the ion (eg Ca2+) is indicated at the top right. The number of atoms of a given element in a real or conditional molecule (for example, N2 or Fe2O3) is indicated at the bottom right. Free radicals are indicated by a dot on the right (eg Cl·).
Student: Chemists of the ancient world and the Middle Ages used symbolic images, letter abbreviations, and combinations of both to designate substances, chemical operations, and instruments. The seven metals of antiquity were depicted with astronomical signs of the seven celestial bodies: the Sun (gold), the Moon (☽, silver), Jupiter (♃, tin), Venus (♀, copper), Saturn (♄, lead), Mercury (☿, mercury) ,Mars (♁, iron). Metals discovered in the 15th-18th centuries - bismuth, zinc, cobalt - were designated by the first letters of their names. The sign for wine spirit (Latin spiritus vini) is made up of the letters S and V. The signs for strong vodka (Latin aqua fortis, nitric acid) and golden vodka (Latin aqua regis, aqua regia, a mixture of hydrochloric and nitric acids) are made up of the sign for water Ñ and capital letters F and R respectively. The glass sign (Latin vitrum) is formed from two letters V - straight and inverted.
Teacher: Tell us about international and national symbols.
Student: The symbols given in the Periodic Table of Elements are international, but along with them, in some countries, symbols derived from the national names of the elements are used. For example, in France, instead of the symbols for nitrogen N, beryllium Be and tungsten W, Az (Azote), Gl (Glucinium) and Tu (Tungstène) can be used. In the USA, Cb (Columbium) is often used instead of the niobium symbol Nb. China uses its own version of chemical signs, based on Chinese symbols. Most symbols were invented in the 19th and 20th centuries. Symbols for metals (except mercury) use the radical or (“gold”, metal in general), for non-metals that are solid under normal conditions - the radical (“stone”), for liquids - (“water”), for gases — (“steam”) . For example, the symbol for molybdenum consists of a radical and a phonetic that specifies the pronunciation mu4.
Physical education minute (1 min)
2. Game “Flower-seven-flowered” (7 points)(2 minutes.)
Inscribe in each petal of a seven-flowered flower physical bodies or substances (according to options), which must be selected from a specific list.
Nail, zinc, vase, hammer, iron, table salt, spoon, magnesium, gold, water, ice floe, apple, pencil, glass.
Physical bodies Substances
Answers:
Bodies: nail, vase, hammer, spoon, ice floe, apple, pencil.
Substances: zinc, iron, table salt, magnesium, gold, water, glass.
3. Tic-tac-toe game (3 points) (1 min)
Find the winning path in the tables:
Ioption- homogeneous mixtures;
IIoption- heterogeneous mixtures.
Answer:
The top line is homogeneous mixtures;
The bottom line is heterogeneous mixtures.
4. Competition “Young Chemists” (15 points, 1 point for each correct answer) (2 min)
Which team can name the most safety rules in the chemistry classroom?
5. Competition “Divide me” (4 points), 1 point for the correct answer) (3 min)
Match the mixture with the method by which it can be separated into pure substances.
Answer:
Ioption
IIoption
6. Competition"Associations".(9 points)(2 minutes)
Participants must name laboratory equipment that, by function, appearance or name, is associated with the object shown in the picture;
7. Competition “I’m a master of inventions” (7 points, 1 point per element). (1 min)
Name as many chemical elements as possible using the letters of the term "Tungsten".
Answer: vanadium, osmium, lithium, francium, rhodium, aluminum, magnesium.
8. Competition “Parade of Chemical Elements” (3 points). (1 min)
Fill out the table.
Answer:
10 . Competition "Pyramid" (3 points) (2 min)
Make a pyramid of chemical elements based on their atomic masses.
Answer:
11. Competition “Terms”. (12 points, 1 point for correct answer) (2 min)
The teacher dictates the names of chemical elements, and students write them down with symbols on the board.
Answer:
N, Na, Ba, Ca, H, O, C, Al, Mg, K, Cl, F.
12. Competition “Last Chance” (10 points, 1 point for correct answer) (2 min)
Teams take turns answering questions without repeating themselves. The last one to answer wins. Translate the following expressions from chemical language into conventional language:
Not all that glitters is aurum. (All that glitters is not gold).
White, like calcium carbonate. (White as chalk).
Ferrum character. (Iron character).
The word is argentum, and silence is aurum. (The word is silver and silence is gold).
A lot of money has leaked. (A lot of water has passed under the bridge).
Which element is always happy. (Radon).
Which gas claims that it is not it? (Neon).
Which element “orbits” the Sun? (Uranus).
Which element is a real “giant” (Titanium).
Which element is named after Russia? (Ruthenium).
IV. Psummarizing. (1 min.)
Teacher: All this time, over the course of twelve lessons, you and I have been trying to open the symbolic door and enter the interesting country called chemistry. We were able to open it a little and see what was behind it. It’s interesting there, there’s a lot of unknowns that attract us. Now we will decide whether you are ready for the serious tests that await us. Let's find out whether you have enough knowledge for this, whether you have mastered these topics well. Yes, not just learned, but which of you did it better.
(Announcement of grades by points)
V.Homework(1 min)
§12, No. 1-4 p.44. Creative task: make a chemical crossword puzzle.
VI.Reflection(1 min)
Today I found out...
it was difficult…
I realized that...
I learned…
It was interesting to know that...
I was surprised...
