All existing types of covers and binding covers can be classified by design (covers according to the method of attachment to the book block), spine shape, presence of edges and type of corners. Some of them are also used for. GOST 22240-76 provides for four types of covers and five types of binding covers. Each type is assigned a number and name. type 1 - cover for saddle stitching; type 2 - cover for ordinary cover; type 3 - cover for cover; type 4 - composite cover with spine edging; type 5 - composite binding cover; type 6 - binding cover made of one piece; type 7 - one-piece binding cover; type 8 - binding cover with overlay sides and overlay spine; type 9 - binding cover with overlay sides and edged spine. According to the design, covers are divided into covers made of one piece (types 1, 2, 3) and into composite covers (type 4). Type 1 covers are mainly made for publications, equipped with an insert, and fastened to a notebook block (up to 5 mm thick) with wire during saddle stitching. The processing of brochures made with saddle stitch covers is relatively low. If the cover is included in the brochure, then such a cover is called “your own”. If the cover is made as a separate element (it differs from the block in a more colorful print or a thicker type of paper), then this cover has the term “foreign”. Covers of type 2 with double creasing and type 3 with quadruple creasing, respectively, are intended for fastening the block in a notebook style with threads or adhesive seamless joint (SBS). When opening a brochure, the main load falls on the spine, which can lead to the cover being torn from the book block. Based on this, the design of type 3 cover is more durable. To attach the cover to the block, glue is applied to both the spine and the sides of the block. In this case, when opening the brochure, the load acts not on the spine, but on the decorative one on the outside of the cover (the thickening on the inside). This type of cover is the most common and is very often decorated with a dust jacket made of thin paper, glued to the spine and folded along the front edge ("English brochure"). Type 4 cover design is composite. The sides of such a cover can be completed together with the book block, or can be glued to the outer pages in the same way as endpapers. When making a brochure with this type of cover, the border strip-spine is glued with an overlap of 10-15 mm over the spine of the book block. Such covers are not widely used due to unreliable adhesive connections, since when varnishing or laminating, the inner surface of the cover has low adhesive properties. But with the development of technology, this drawback was overcome. New types of brochures have been created with free space between the cover and the block, improving openability, which is very important when perceiving images and tables that cross the spine. Book blocks made using new technologies allow them to lie freely when opened. The blocks are called lay-flat books. The edging strip is applied using elastic and durable polyurethane adhesive (PUR). Let's look at some types of cover fastenings belonging to type 4, which have become widespread recently.
This brochure has a bordered block that is connected to the back cover only with a narrow strip of glue. Typically the block is up to 10 mm thick, and the cover, which has double or triple creasing, is completely open. The edging material is fabric, which bends much easier than paper. As a result, the block opens more easily. One of the varieties of the Swiss brochure is the brochure for filing. The brochure has an additional part of the cover (15 mm) in the spine area, on which there are holes with metal rings (eyelets) for fastening to any surface.Otabint Brochure
The Otabind brochure was developed by the Finnish publishing group Otava. The block is also glued with fabric tape in the area of the spine with an overlap. The cover with six-time creasing is glued to the block with a strip of glue located between the two outer pairs of creasing points directed inward. To add solidity, this edition is equipped with a cover with a flap. In a number of countries, this type of brochure is chosen for the production of textbooks, since their production is not as expensive as sewing with thread. After the patenting of the Otabint brochure by the Dutch company Nexpoor (the patent expired 10 years ago), a similar brochure design appeared among other developers, using similar fastening methods, one way or another circumventing the patent. The same type of binding is used as the Otabind brochure. The cover does not stick to the block in the spine area, which is sealed with fabric tape. Then the spine is deformed so that when opened it experiences less stress. The disadvantage of such seamless fastening is the low degree of automation of the production process. This once again proves that seamless fastening technologies have room to develop. Development is proceeding in two directions: improving the block design and developing new gluing technologies. Next, we will consider traditional binding covers, the design of which, “honed over centuries,” has almost reached perfection. Binding covers consisting of one piece belong to type 6. Solid covers, belonging to type 7, consist of four parts: two cardboard sides, a gap and a cover material. Binding covers of types 5, 8, 9 are composite, equipped with six parts: two cardboard sides, a ledge and three independent parts of the cover material (the spine and two cover sides). The cardboard sides in type 5 lids are covered with cover sides with the flaps bent inward on three sides, the fourth on top of the spine. Lids of types 8 and 9 have cardboard sides pasted with folded flaps on all four sides (the cardboard sides themselves are glued in the same way as type 5 on top of the spine). The difference between binding covers of types 8 and 9 is the presence and absence of a gap, which gives rigidity to the spine of the cover.Traditional binding covers
Type 5 binding covers are used in the production of textbooks for secondary schools, some works of political and fiction literature, publications for children, etc. The technology for assembling such a lid with pre-sealed sides is very labor-intensive. Most often they are produced with paper cover sides, which leads to low wear resistance. To increase the durability of the covering material, lamination and varnishing are used, however, these operations increase the cost of binding. Type 5 covers with a fabric spine on the sides are beautiful in appearance, durable and wear-resistant, but complemented by embossing, they are expensive to manufacture. They are used in the production of expensive gift and anniversary editions, encyclopedias and monographs. Very often, such a binding is used when printing on small-format digital equipment, while other binding covers of type 6, 7 require a one-piece cover. Type 6 binding covers are cheap to produce and the manufacturing technology is simple. But the two main requirements for binding covers - rigidity and openability - come into conflict in this design. Covers made from one piece on the basis of thin cardboard without edges degenerate into brochures with covers glued to the block using endpapers. Type 6 covers have received a modern development and are called integral binding, for which experts see a bright future. This binding consists of a solid cardboard blank with folded and glued edges and scoring along the spine lines. The required rigidity can be ensured by selecting cardboard of the required density and laminating film. In terms of durability, integral binding is between “hard” and “soft”. The total weight of a book in this binding is reduced by 15-20%. Taking the main advantages from the cover: manufacturability and low cost, it is distinguished by a more solid appearance and practicality. If necessary, this type of binding can be subjected to any type of finishing, including lamination and embossing. If you increase the size of the flaps and do not glue them onto a cardboard base, the resulting binding cover is called semi-integral. Binding lids type 7. This type of lids is most widespread. This popularity is due to its simplicity, durability and inexpensive production compared to other lids. Covering materials on a fabric or paper basis with a polymer coating (such as vinyl, balacron) are used. A variation of such binding is covers with cellophane paper covering material (7BC). For decorative purposes, multicolor prints with lamination are used as a covering material. Depending on the shape of the spine, binding covers are distinguished between straight and round (cylindrical) spines. Based on the presence or absence of edges, covers and binding covers are classified as with or without edges, respectively. If there is no edging, then the size of the cardboard sides corresponds to the format of the publication (book block). The size of covers and binding covers with edging is larger than the size of the book block by the amount of edging on three sides. See: Depending on the type of corners, the lids come with straight, round and straight glued corners. With additional finishing of the binding cover, for example embossing, special requirements are imposed on the covering material. GOST of 1976 did not include plastic binding covers with welded joints of parts and a number of other rarely used types. Also, new types of bindings that appeared after the adoption of this GOST were not included (their description is given in the article on types of binding). 1 - binding cover; 2 - cardboard side; 3 - backlog; 4 - cover spine; 5 - cover side; 6 - covering material; 7 - overhead side; 8 - patch spine; 9 - edging material; 10 - adhesive layer; 11 - creasing line; 12 - block; 13 - flyleaf.The Green Print company will print books starting from 1 copy. This is very convenient for customers, as it makes it possible to make a book sample. Having received an advance copy, the publisher will be able to assess, even before release, how well the book is made.
Using this method of printing books makes it possible to quickly correct the presented material, correct mistakes, change color, etc. This way the book will be of impeccable quality. In addition, if you print a book in a small edition, you can estimate the actual reader demand for this publication. Printing books from 1 copy is an excellent solution for those companies that order printed products for corporate use.
What factors influence the price of printing?
High quality book printing is ensured through the use of new technologies, modern equipment and high-quality material. The offset method, which is used in the production of printing, is characterized by excellent productivity and low cost. However, it is only suitable when the user orders a large print run. For small batches, the operation of an offset machine is quite expensive, which is reflected in the price of the product.
In this case, digital book printing would be the best option. For small orders, as a rule, this method is used. It ensures high quality products, as well as excellent production speed. Having ordered books, brochures, catalogs and other printed materials, very soon you will be able to use them for their intended purpose.
The price of the product depends on other factors. These include the quality of binding. If the customer chooses an adhesive connection using a soft cover, then the production of books does not foresee any special costs. The classic hardcover version is more expensive. To print such a book in a printing house will require more time and labor. Therefore, the price of such a product will be much higher.
Regardless of the method or quantity of books produced, our company guarantees their excellent quality, presentable appearance and affordable price. Ordering the printing of books, catalogs or booklets from the Green Prince printing house will not be difficult. To do this, you need to visit our website and leave your order online or call. By contacting us, you can be sure that you will receive high-quality printing very soon. The prices for our services will pleasantly surprise any of our customers.
It's no secret that today almost every person is forced to carry a whole set of documents with them. To preserve them and protect them from damage, a better way like a cover has not yet been found. However, it is not always possible to buy a suitable “crust” format for a document, and this niche for small businesses is partly empty. Getting your start-up capital by starting the production of various covers for documents is a very realistic way.
- Where to start making covers for documents
- Document cover manufacturing technology
- How much money do you need to start a business making document covers?
- How much can you earn
- How to choose equipment
- Which OKVED code must be specified for the production of document covers?
- What documents are needed to open
- Which taxation system to choose for the production of document covers
- Do I need permission to open?
Where to start making covers for documents
The essence of this type of activity is that when starting, you make minimal investments, such as:
- purchasing a sewing machine that can process the edges of the product and high-quality stitching of leather, vinyl, and suede;
- purchasing the material needed to make custom covers;
- purchase of fabric - for the inside of products;
- buying cardboard - for the shape and strength of the cover;
- purchasing transparent plastic for the “envelope” that secures the document.
If suddenly you do not have the opportunity to purchase a machine, then you should not give up this idea, because such a product can be made in any way you like, even by hand, since the dimensions are not very large.
Document cover manufacturing technology
This work should be performed in the following order:
- open the document and measure its width and height;
- make allowances: width 2.5 - 3 cm, height 0.5 - 1 cm;
- According to the size of the resulting triangle, it is worth cutting out the front side of the cover;
- make allowances for fabric and cardboard (interior decoration) of 0.5 cm;
- cut the plastic along the front side (the width of the size of the closed document is 1/2 - 1/3);
- connect all prepared parts together;
- stitch by hand or on a sewing machine.
Your cover is ready, but this is not enough to promote your business, as it needs to be decorated.
For these purposes, the following decoration techniques are often used:
- decoupage;
- decoration with beads, rhinestones, crystals;
- embossing, gilding;
- addition of pieces of plastic, leather, fabric.
How much money do you need to start a business making document covers?
Making covers for various documents to order has many advantages, including:
- lack of large investments to start production;
- the demand for this type of product;
- free niche for beginning entrepreneurs;
- simple technological process;
- availability and low cost of materials and equipment;
- high profitability.
Let's calculate the cost of manufacturing 20 pieces of a product. To do this you will need the following materials.
The only drawback in this type of production is the difficulty of selling products. However, this issue is easily resolved. To do this, you can enter into an agreement with pavilions that are located in office centers and document processing organizations.
Also, many organizations and enterprises constantly issue passes and permits to their employees, for which you can provide a whole range of covers. Don't forget that your income depends on how carefully you took care of how to sell your product.
How much can you earn
If you make simple covers for documents, then their cost ranges from 50 to 150 rubles. You won't be able to make a lot of money here. But if you produce an exclusive product, then the price indicators increase to 500 - 1500 rubles. At the same time, the cost will be in the range of 50 - 100 rubles. Thus, the net profit from one cover for documents will be from 400 - 450 to 1450 - 1400 rubles. Monthly earnings will depend on the quantity of goods sold.
How to choose equipment
Selecting equipment for this line of business does not pose any particular difficulties. To make a document cover you will need:
- printer and scissors;
- sewing machine and consumables;
- needles and latches;
- glue and leather embossing kit;
- fine sandpaper, etc.
Which OKVED code must be specified for the production of document covers?
The application submitted for registration indicates the OKVED code, according to which the business will be established. For the named area of activity, it will be necessary to indicate code 18.1, which includes not only printing activities, but also the provision of services in this area of activity.
What documents are needed to open
Registration of this type of business can be done in two ways. In the first case, documents are submitted for an individual entrepreneur, and in the second - a legal entity. The first option is more acceptable, as it requires minimal financial investment, a small package of documents is provided (application, receipt of payment of state duty, photocopy of passport) and takes no more than 5 days. In addition, you will need to register with government agencies and open a bank account. For a legal entity, the list of documents has been expanded. If you register it, it is better to choose a limited liability company.
Which taxation system to choose for the production of document covers
In order not to spend extra money from paying taxes, it is best to choose a simplified one. It will allow you to pay 6% tax on the income received. If desired, you can provide documents confirming expenses and in this case pay 15% of net profit.
Do I need permission to open?
To start producing covers for documents and selling them, you will not need to obtain additional permits and licenses.
Every person has documents that they want to protect from dirt. And this is not only a passport, but also a student ID, driver’s license, birth certificate, and so on. Covers are most often used to protect papers. You can build your own business by manufacturing such products, which will bring considerable profit. The main thing is to acquire the necessary materials, tools and some experience.
Making covers for documents requires strict adherence to technology. Otherwise, the products will be of poor quality.
What you will need
The manufacturing process of such products is quite simple. The main thing is to be careful and follow the basic rules. To start making document covers, you need to purchase everything you need. This requires base material, varnish, lining, cardboard blanks that give rigidity to the products. You also need to decide in advance what you will make the covers from. Artificial leather substitutes, genuine leather, and vinyl can be used as the main material. A lot depends on the choice. In addition, the service life of the cover depends on the wear resistance of the base material.
The lining is necessary to maintain the attractive appearance of the product. It is usually made from artificial materials. Particular attention should be paid to the varnish. Colors and other characteristics of the coating usually depend on the purpose of the cover. It is best to use acrylic composition in cans. Making covers for documents is a simple process. The main thing is to maintain consistency. Cardboard pieces should be inserted between the lining. This will make the product more rigid and protect it from kinks and tears. That's all you need for business. You can start making document covers.
Business benefits
PVC, leather and other materials as a business have many advantages. Among them it is worth highlighting the following:
Technology for making covers for documents
The image should be applied to the workpiece using the blending technique. Thanks to this, you can make an original and beautiful cover. The color and patterns in this case depend on the type of document. It is worth noting that equipment for making covers for documents can be found in almost any home. After all, sewing is carried out using a regular sewing machine.
Almost any decorative elements can be used to decorate finished products. However, it should be remembered that not only young people are interested in such products. Therefore, it is worth making covers for all age categories. This will increase sales.
Business payback
So, you have started making document covers. This business usually pays off. Many people are interested in how long it takes for this to happen. There is no definite answer here. The payback of this business directly depends on how much time you devote to it and how much effort you put in.
As for the cost of materials, it’s easy to calculate everything. One square meter of leather is enough to make 20 document covers. The cost of this material is about 200 rubles. The same number of products requires 10 sheets of cardboard and a square meter of lining. This amount of materials costs approximately 100 rubles. Don't forget about acrylic varnish. Making covers for documents from PVC and other materials is simply impossible without it. Acrylic varnish costs about 150 rubles. Now you can calculate the cost of finished products. This figure is 30 rubles. Moreover, the production time is only 1 - 1.5 hours. On average, the selling price of such a product is about 300 rubles for just one cover.
How and to whom to sell
The main disadvantage of any business is the difficulty of selling ready-made products. Such problems arise precisely at the initial stage. After all, newcomers to this field need to look for points of sale for their products, and this requires communication skills.
If you have started a business producing covers for various documents, then you should look for the main consumer among young people. Most often, such products are purchased by people aged 16 to 35 years, and this is no coincidence. It is at this age that a person is more attracted to bright and unusual things. First, you should advertise your product as an inexpensive but creative gift.
Finally
Making covers for various documents is an ideal way to earn money for those who strive for financial independence. The technology for creating such a product is quite simple and does not require excessive costs. The starting materials in this case are quite low in cost. Which, in turn, allows us to produce covers at a low cost. This kind of business pays off very quickly. The main thing is to do it daily.
Among the disadvantages of such a business, it is worth highlighting the difficulties of selling goods at the initial stage. Before you start making covers for documents, you should decide in advance on the age category of consumers, and also decide how such products will be positioned.
Rice. 7.5. Scheme for cutting cardboard into the sides of binding covers: MN - machine direction; 1Р - cutting line and serial number of the cut Rice. 7.6. Scheme for cutting rolled covering material: 1P - cutting line and serial number of the cut Rice. 7.7. Scheme of welding and cutting of plastic covers: 1 - upper plate of the press; 2 - stamp-electrode; 3 - two types of polyvinyl chloride film; 4 - foam side; 5 - electrical insulating material; 6 - bottom plate of the press Rice. 7.8. Dependence of sample curl on natural drying time and parameters for determining the degree of curl of cardboard strips Rice. 7.9. Dependence of the amount of warping of binding covers covered with cover paper on the thickness of the cardboard for various adhesives: 1 - 9% NAKMC; 2 - starch glue; 3 - 58% bone; 4 - NaKMU + PVAD in a ratio of 1:3; 5 - 16% gelatin + 12.6% latex; 6 - PVDC Rice. 7.10. Dependence of the amount of warping of binding covers coated with various covering materials on the content of surfactant in bone glue: 1 - KOK brand calico; 2 - calico of the KVK brand; 3 - lederin; 4 - balacron
Covers and bindings are the outerwear of book and magazine publications. They are elements of the external design of publications and are intended to ensure its safety during use, therefore they must have an attractive appearance, be wear-resistant, cheap to manufacture, and must be made from inexpensive materials. Modern production of book and magazine publications requires that covers and binding covers be technologically advanced in design, so that the processes of their manufacture and connection with the block are mechanized and automated.
GOST 22240-76 provides for four types of covers and five types of binding covers. They are classified by design (and the cover and the method of fastening to the book block), the shape of the spine, the presence of edges and the type of corners, and each type is assigned a number and name (Fig. 7.1 and 7.2):
type 1 - cover for saddle stitching;
type 2 - cover for ordinary cover;
type Z - cover for cover;
type 4 - composite cover with spine edging;
type 5 - composite binding cover;
type 6 - binding cover made of one piece;
type 7 - one-piece binding cover;
type 8 - binding cover with overlay sides and overlay spine;
type 9 - binding cover with overlay sides and edged spine.
GOST does not include plastic binding covers with welded joints of parts and other types of rarely used covers and binding covers that can be used by special order of the publisher in facsimile, experimental publications and publications made according to special artistic and technical requirements.
According to the design, covers are made of one piece (types 1, 2, 3) and composite (type 4). In the latter case, the cover consists of two sides and a spine - edging material, which is glued over the sides when edging the block.
Binding covers are made of one piece (type 6), as well as solid-covered (type 7) and composite (types 5, 8, 9), consisting respectively of four and six parts held together with glue: two cardboard sides, a lining and a cover material that The composite lids are divided into three independent parts - the spine and two cover sides. In composite lids of type 5, the cover sides are pasted over the cardboard sides with the flaps folded along the top, front and bottom edges and over the spine, and for lids of types 8 and 9 - on all four sides, and the pasted cardboard sides are glued over the spine.
According to the shape of the spine, binding covers come with a straight and round (cylindrical) spine.
Depending on the presence or absence of edges, covers and lids can be classified as without edges or with edges. In the finished publication, the dimensions of the sides of the covers and binding covers with edges are larger than the dimensions of the trimmed block by the amount of the top, front and bottom edges.
According to the type of corners, covers come only with right corners, and binding covers - with straight, round (having a small radius of curvature) and straight pasted corners. The corners of the lids without edging are rounded after trimming, together with the block; The corners of the lids with edging are rounded when the lids are assembled. Pasting the corners of the cardboard sides with some wear-resistant material is done before covering the sides or pieces with the covering material.
According to the type of external design of publications, covers and binding covers are available with printing on the outer material, with finishing (see subsection 9.2) and with combined design, which predetermines special requirements for covering materials.
Types of plastic lids. Plastic binding covers with welded parts consist of at least two parts. They come in two- and three-layer, whole-covered and composite. In three-layer lids, cardboard or foam pads are placed between the outer and inner layers. Depending on the type and thickness of the materials of the covers and gaskets, they can be hard, hard or soft (see Fig. 7.3 types P1, P2 and P3).
New type of binding cover. In the early 90s, the Ukrainian Research Institute for Special Types of Printing (UkrNIISVP) developed a new type of semi-rigid binding cover, glued from one piece, for the manufacture of which thin flexible cardboard with a pressed polymer film is used.
Areas of application of covers. Covers of type 1 are intended for publications complete with an insert, with a block thickness of up to 6.5 mm. They are used in the production of illustrated magazines, publications for preschoolers, teaching aids for university and college students, GOSTs and others, designed for a short service life and intensive use or for an average service life with low intensity of use. These covers are secured to the block with wire during saddle stitching.
Type 2 covers are used for notebook sewing of blocks using threads without gauze. With this method of bonding book blocks, the cover is bonded to the block only along the surface of the spine, so the use of covers of this type is limited by the requirements for the strength and reliability of their adhesive connection: the bonding strength is considered sufficient when the gluing width (and block thickness) is at least 10 mm and 12 mm with 20% safety margin. There is no upper limit to block thickness for the use of Type 2 covers.
Types 1 and 3 covers have been in use since the 1870s, with the introduction of wire stitching machines into book production. When sewing blocks with wire stitching (see subsection 7.2.4), it is necessary to close the backs and legs of the wire staples, which determined the design and method of fastening the cover for cover stitching with the block, the name of which comes from the technology of manually coating the spines of covers with glue: glue before covering It is applied to the spine area of the covers after laying folded or creased covers in a cascade, spreading to the width of the coating. In modern production, this type of cover is used primarily for adhesive seamless fastening of blocks with a thickness of 4 to 40 mm or more in the production of fiction, thick magazines, catalogs of trading companies, telephone directories, etc.
Type 4 covers were used in the mid-20th century. when releasing a small number of publications, stapled on KBS semi-automatic machines with fractional supply of spine material. The design of type 4 covers is very unsuccessful: the edging of calico blocks over the sides of the cover, which increases the strength and durability of large-volume editions, does not allow printing on their spines using conventional methods; a fabric spine is appropriate when using durable and wear-resistant covers, but when varnishing and pressing a polymer film to the covers, gluing the fabric spine to them will be unreliable. When the standard for cover and cover types is revised, Type 4 may be assigned to newly designed binding covers.
Application areas for binding covers. Type 5 binding covers with paper cover sides are widely used in the production of textbooks for secondary schools, selected and individual works of fiction, publications for children, etc. This is due to the relatively low cost of materials spent on the manufacture of covers, fairly high strength and high visual capabilities their printing design. The disadvantages of type 5 lids include the low wear resistance of the paper cover sides and the high complexity of assembling lids with pre-sealed cover sides. Varnishing the cover sides and especially pressing the polymer film significantly increases the durability of publications, but also increases their cost. Type 5 binding covers with a fabric spine and sides are beautiful in appearance, durable and wear-resistant, but expensive both in terms of materials and manufacturing. In this regard, their main area of application is expensive facsimile, gift, anniversary editions, industry encyclopedias and monographs on art, produced in small and medium editions.
Type 6 binding covers are simple in design and relatively inexpensive. However, these covers are not widely used, since one material without changing the design of the cover cannot satisfy the conflicting requirements - rigidity of the sides, edges and corners, high strength, wear resistance, good opening and flexibility in places of placement. Thin and flexible materials provide satisfactory opening of the publication, but lids with edging cannot be made from them; When using thick and hard materials, it is impossible to obtain a round spine and good opening without loss of strength at the edges of the spines and at the places where they are separated. When using binding covers of more complex design, glued from one material, and when using durable non-woven materials, the scope of application of type 6 covers will expand.
Binding covers of type 7, in comparison with other covers (5, 8, 9) with adhesive connection of parts, are simple in design, cheaper to manufacture, and more durable. Manufactured using relatively expensive fabric-based covering materials, they are used in the production of multi-volume editions of fiction, encyclopedias and other publications with a long service life, when it is necessary to ensure the visual appeal and durability of the publications. For individual works and collections of fiction, covering materials are often used on a paper basis with a polymer coating (such as vinyl, balacron, etc.), which are not much inferior in strength and durability to binding fabrics and at the same time are several times cheaper than fabrics. The use of multi-color prints followed by pressing of a transparent polymer film significantly increases the visual capabilities of binding covers. In this design, they are increasingly used in the production of publications on art, for children of primary school age, popular science publications, book-type calendars, etc.
Type 8 binding covers are usually made using calico, have a modern chopped appearance, and are very durable. They were developed at the publishing house "Iskusstvo" and included in GOST 22240-76 according to his proposal due to the fact that for large-format publications (1/8 of a sheet), binding covers could only be made on specialized foreign-made equipment.
Binding covers of type 9 were included in the standard by its compilers, although there were no sufficient prerequisites for this, since: 1) the trimmed spine is not combined with the overlay sides of a larger format by the size of the edges; 2) labor costs are twice as high as in the manufacture of type 7 caps; 3) gluing the overlay sides to the endpapers for any format and sheet size can only be done manually, since there are no machines for one-sided lining of the endpapers; 4) as in the case of type 4 covers, printing on the spine cannot be done using conventional methods. Based on these comments, Type 9 closures should be excluded from the revision of the standard.
Plastic binding covers of types P1 and P2 are used in the manufacture of folders for explanatory notes to graduation projects and storage of archival documents, types P3 and P1.2 - for diaries and advertising publications, type P1.1 - for notebooks.
For the manufacture of covers and binding covers, special cover paper, binding cardboard and binding covering materials on a fabric and paper basis with a moisture-resistant surface are used, used for pasting cardboard sides and margins. Some types of printed paper can also be used for the cover, if they are close to the cover paper in terms of surface density and degree of sizing. For binding covers, printed offset paper with pressed polymer film is also used as a covering material.
Four types of paper and three types of binding materials are used for covers. Cover sheet paper in accordance with GOST 20283 is produced in formats 600x840, 600x940, 600x1070, 640x900, 700x970, 700x1100, 740x840, 740x920, 750x1100 and 840x1100 mm with machine direction along the long sides of sheets. Rolled cover paper is available in roll widths of 600, 620, 640, 700, 750, 840 and 930 mm..gif" border="0" align="absmiddle" alt="- for block thicknesses up to 15 mm, and paper of higher surface density - for thicker blocks. Instead of cover paper, you can use offset, illustration and coated paper. For publications of an improved type, designed for a long service life, covers are made from paper vinyl grades A and B with a surface density of 220 and 330 BN International, the Netherlands) and from flexible binding cardboard grade B with a thickness of 0.7 mm.
In binding covers with adhesive connection of parts and in plastic welded covers, the cardboard sides are covered with a covering material, therefore, for their production, brown binding cardboard of grade A with a thickness of 1.25 to 3.00 mm (every 0.25 mm) and gluing cardboard of the grade are used G in thicknesses of 1.25, 1.50 and 1.75 mm. For type 6 binding covers, made from one piece, flexible binding cardboard grade B with a thickness of 0.7 mm or any white or colored cardboard with a smooth outer surface is used - boxed "chrome-ersatz", pressboard, Astrolux paper, etc. . When assembling covers of type 7, intended for pocket-sized publications, use thin binding cardboard grade B (thickness from 0.5 to 1.0 mm, every 0.1 mm) or pressboard.
For all types of binding covers, it is recommended to use cardboard with fractional cutting, when the machine direction is along the spine of the book. Cross cutting should not be used for cardboard thickness less than 1.5 mm, and for publications of large volume and format - for any thickness.
The greater the width of the lag, the thicker the lag material should be; when the spine arc length is up to 15 mm, cover paper with a surface density of 120 formula is used" src="http://hi-edu.ru/e-books/xbook281/files/gm2.gif" border="0" align="absmiddle" alt="(TU 81-04-321), and with a longer arc length and with relief embossing on the spine - a batch two-layer 190 transition" href="part-010.htm#i1709">section 10.9) an elastic colored opaque film with a thickness of 0 is used, 2 mm.
For publications designed for a long service life and intensive use, various fabric-based binding materials are used: with nitrocellulose coating of brands A (lederin), B (lederin with polyamide finishing), B (calico with nitro coating), binding fabric materials with starch- kaolin coating of the brands KOK (ordinary calico for lids), KMK (modern calico), KVK (fabric with an open weaving texture from viscose and mixed yarn) and material for reproductions of artistic paintings. For the production of binding covers for a wide variety of publications with a medium and long service life in the last decades of the 20th century. paper-based binding materials with polyvinyl chloride and polyacrylic coatings, as well as paper lederin, were increasingly used. In Ukraine, binding cover material on paper printed with various patterns using deep printing and laminated without glue with a two-layer polymer film has become quite widely used.
Cardboard used to make covers of types 1, 2 and 3 and binding covers of type 6 must have sufficient bending strength and not delaminate; the thickness and rigidity of the cardboard should ensure that the book opens well when reading; must have an attractive appearance and accept printing and embossing well. Cardboard used for binding covers of types 5, 7 and 8 must have minimal deviations in thickness in one batch (tolerance in Russia and the CIS countries is within the formula" src="http://hi-edu.ru/e-books /xbook281/files/gm2.gif" border="0" align="absmiddle" alt=".gif" border="0" align="absmiddle" alt=".
Blanks of covers and covering materials must have only fractional cutting: the direction of the warp threads of fabric materials and the machine direction of the paper - along the spine of covers and covers.
For the manufacture of covers and binding covers of type 6, only two technological operations are required - cutting the cover or binding material and folding or creasing the blanks. The production of binding covers of types 5, 7 and 8, consisting of four or six structural elements held together with glue, requires a longer chain of technological operations: 1) cutting cardboard; 2) cutting material for backlog; 3) cutting of the covering material; 4) assembly of covers; 5) drying the lids; 6) printing design of covers; 7) calendering of lids. The first three operations in large printing enterprises are usually carried out simultaneously in the corresponding workshops or departments, and calendering of covers is done only in cases where their warping prevents printing and insertion of blocks into covers. In the manufacture of Type 7B binding covers, printing decoration is usually performed in the printing and finishing processes of the prints.
The production of covers and binding covers is preceded by determining the dimensions of blanks for covers and binding covers of type 6 and all structural details of covers of types 5, 7 and 8. The size of blanks is determined by calculation, based on standard block sizes (publication formats according to GOST 5773), adopted in Russia and countries of the CIS, edge sizes and patterns that allow determining the width of parts, spaces and the finished cover with different spine shapes and thickness of binding materials. Another way is to measure the required dimensions of the so-called “signal copy” made in the mock-up department of the bookbinding shop before the processing of prints or notebooks in the bookbinding shop begins. Calculation formulas are given in the textbook and in the technological instructions for TBPP. When making calculations using the formulas of technological instructions, it should be taken into account that they are correct only when using cardboard with a thickness of 1.0-1.5 mm, since they provide simplified calculations in which the dimensions of the spacing are taken equal to 6 mm, whereas when using cardboard with a thickness of 0.5 to 3 mm, their size varies from 5 to 10 mm. In this textbook, calculation formulas are not given, since the topics of consumption of binding materials are presented in the discipline “Design and calculation of technology for bookbinding processes.”
In Russia and the CIS countries, the sizes of edges for book editions in binding covers are set depending on the format and share of the sheet or page area: in publications of small formats (up to 70x100/32 with a page area up to 200 formula" src="http://hi- edu.ru/e-books/xbook281/files/cm2.gif" border="0" align="absmiddle" alt=") - 3 mm, in editions of large formats (from 70x100/16) - 4 mm. The width of the front edges is made 1 mm larger to allow adjustments in the lids in cases where the width of the book blocks turns out to have a plus tolerance, and the width of the binding covers has a minus tolerance.
The blanks for the cardboard sides of the binding covers, in relation to the dimensions of the trimmed block (format of the publication), should be larger in width by the width of the front edges and smaller by the width of the spacers, and in height - larger by the width of the upper and lower edges (Fig. 7.4 Diagram of the position of the cardboard sides of the binding covers in relation to the block: w, h - width and height of the block; formula" src="http://hi-edu.ru/e-books/xbook281/files/297-1.gif" border="0" align ="absmiddle" alt="- top and bottom edges; center">
| Share cutting | Cross cutting | |||||
| Sheet format and share, cm | Cardboard format, cm | Waste, % | Number of sides from the sheet | Cardboard format, cm | Waste, % | Number of sides from the sheet |
| 70x90/32 | 79x108 | 13,5 | 42 | 75x100 | 8,6 | 39 |
| 70x100/32 | 84x108 | 8,5 | 42 | 75x100 | 10,4 | 34 |
| 70x108/32 | 79x108 | 7,6 | 36 | 70x100 | 9,3 | 29 |
| 84x108/32 | 79x108 | 7,3 | 30 | - | - | - |
| 60x84/16 | 74x93 | 14,4 | 20 | 75x100 | 9,7 | 23 |
| 60x90/16 | 74x93 | 8,2 | 20 | 75x100 | 6,5 | 23 |
| 70x90/16 | 74x93 | 13,7 | 16 | - | - | - |
| 75x90/16 | 74x93 | 7,5 | 16 | 79x108 | 11,4 | 19 |
| 70x100/16 | 70x100 | 5,5 | 16 | - | - | - |
| 70x108/16 | 74x93 | 21,0 | 12 | 70x100 | 9,4 | 14 |
| 84x108/16 | 84x108 | 27,7 | 12 | 84x108 | 9,6 | 15 |
| 60x84/8 | 84x108 | 19,6 | 12 | - | - | - |
| 60x90/8 | 74x93 | 14,7 | 9 | - | - | - |
