Russian language manual
Teacher of Russian language and literature, Municipal Educational Institution Secondary School No. 81 Lidiya Pavlovna Denisova
Annotation:
- This manual presents generalizing theoretical (in the form of diagrams, tables, algorithms) materials on the Russian language course.
- You can work with the manual either under the guidance of a teacher or independently.
- The use of computer technology in the classroom increases students' interest in this subject.
- Phonetic analysis of the word.
- Morphological analysis.
- Parsing.
- Spelling.
- Punctuation marks for direct speech .
- Non-union complex sentences .
- Main groups of complex sentences according to their meaning .
- Speech styles .
- Types of speech .
- .
PHONETIC ANALYSIS OF THE WORD
Parsing order
1. Divide the word into syllables, indicate the number
2. Place emphasis.
3. Describe the sounds indicated
letters, according to their location
in a word, according to the scheme:
for a vowel sound: stressed-unstressed;
for a consonant: voiced-voiceless, paired-unpaired;
soft-hard, paired-unpaired.
4. Indicate the number of letters and sounds.
PHONETIC ANALYSIS OF THE WORD
Remember that vowels at the beginning of a word, after a vowel, after ъ and ь indicate two sounds:
e- [th] and [e],
e- [th] and [o],
Yu- [th] and [y] ,
I - [th] and [a].
MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
Morphological analysis of a noun
1. Part of speech. Initial form (nominative case, singular).
2. Morphological characteristics:
permanent: proper or common noun; animate or
inanimate; concrete, abstract, material or collective; genus;
declination;
fickle: number; case
3. Syntactic role in the sentence.
For example: In flowers - being, (what?) flower, adjective, inanimate, specific, masculine. r., II skl., in plural form h., sentence P.; (in what?) in colors- indirect addition.
MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
Morphological analysis of the adjective
- Part of speech. Initial form (nominative case, singular, masculine).
- Morphological characteristics:
permanent: rank by meaning (qualitative, relative or possessive;
fickle: qualitative ones have a short or long form, degree of comparison; everyone has a number; gender (in singular), case.
- Syntactic function.
For example: Bright - adj., (what?) bright, quality, full. form, name pad., pl. h.; stars (which ones?) are bright - agreed upon definition.
MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
Morphological analysis of the numeral name
- Part of speech. Initial form (nominative case, masculine, singular).
- Morphological characteristics:
permanent: category by structure (simple, complex or composite); rank by value (quantitative, collective or ordinal).
fickle: case, if any - number and gender.
- Syntax function
For example: Twenty-second (student) - number, twenty-two, comp., order, in the form of eminent. pad., units h., husband r., student (who?) twenty-second - agreed upon definition.
MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
Morphological analysis of pronouns
- Part of speech. Initial form (nominative case, singular).
- Morphological characteristics:
constant: discharge;
fickle: case, number and gender (if any).
- Syntactic function.
For example: He has local, he, personal, genus. pad., 3 l., units. h.;
he has an addition.
MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
Morphological analysis of the verb
1. Part of speech. Initial form (infinitive).
2. Morphological characteristics:
permanent: aspect (perfect or imperfect), conjugation, whether transitive, intransitive, reflexive or irreversible.
fickle: mood (indicative, imperative or conditional), tense (in the indicative mood), person (in the indicative mood in the present and future tense), gender (in the past tense), number.
3. Syntactic role.
For example: Drew - verb., to draw, nonsense. view, I reference, transitional, non-return, expressive label, past. vr., units h., husband R.; (the artist) did not draw - a simple verb predicate.
MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
Morphological analysis of the participle
1. Part of speech. Initial form (name, case, singular, masculine).
2. Morphological characteristics:
permanent: active or passive, perfect or imperfect, tense (present or past).
fickle: for passives - the full or short form, number, in the singular - gender, for full participles - case.
3. Syntactic role.
For example: Peeking out - esp. f. v., participle, looked out, active, owl. view, past vr., units h., Wed. r., name pad .; the sun (what?) peeking out is an agreed upon definition.
MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
Morphological analysis of gerunds
- Part of speech.
- Morphological characteristics: type, recurrent or irreversible.
- Syntactic role.
For example: Showing off - esp., unism. f. v., gerund., imperfect. v., return; showing off cheerfully - a circumstance of the mode of action.
MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
Morphological analysis of the adverb
1. Part of speech.
2. Place by value.
3. Degree of comparison (if any).
4. Syntactic role.
For example: In the heat of the moment - adv., circumstances, (reasons), unchangeable; hit (how?) in the heat of the moment - a circumstance of the course of action.
MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
Morphological analysis of the functional part of speech
1. Name the part of speech.
2. Specify: at the preposition - prod. or unpronounced, simple, complex or compound, with the word in what case it is used, what relationships it expresses;
at the union - coordinating or subordinating, rank by meaning, simple or
compound, which syntactic units connect;
at the particle - function, rank by value;
at the interjection - rank by meaning, rank by origin.
For example:
Because of - preposition, unpronounced, add up, due to clouds (gen. fall) - causal relationships.
Or - conjunction, composition, division, single, simple, non-pronounced.
Here-frequently, semantically, indicate.
Alas - interjectional, emotional, non-pronounced, expresses
regret.
Parsing
Parsing a simple sentence
Parsing order
1. Type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement (narrative, incentive,
interrogative).
2. Type of sentence according to emotional coloring (exclamatory, non-exclamatory).
3. Type of sentence by structure (simple, complex).
4. Type of sentence according to the composition of the grammatical basis (two-part, one-part).
For monocomponents, indicate the type (definitely personal, indefinitely personal,
generalized-personal, impersonal, nominal).
5. Type of proposal based on the presence or absence of minor members
(common, uncommon).
6. Type of sentence according to the presence or absence of the required member of the sentence
(complete, incomplete).
7. Indicate what is complicated (homogeneous members, isolated members,
address, introductory words).
8. Indicate the main and minor members of the sentence, determine their types.
9. Make a diagram.
Parsing
Parsing a complex sentence
Parsing order
1. Type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement.
2. Type of sentence based on emotional coloring.
3. Type of sentence by structure. Specify the type of complex sentence
(complex, complex, non-union, with different types of connection).
4. For a complex sentence, indicate the main clause, subordinate clause; define
type of subordinate clause, name the means of communication (conjunction, allied word). If in
sentence with several subordinate clauses, indicate the type of subordination (sequential,
parallel homogeneous or heterogeneous, combined).
For other types of complex sentences, determine the number of semantic
parts and how they are connected.
5. Characterize the semantic parts (of how many simple sentences
each part consists of, what is the connection between these sentences, what is
means of communication).
6. Parse each simple sentence according to the scheme indicated above, starting
from the 4th point.
7. Draw up a diagram of a complex sentence.
SPELLING
Gar- – mountains -
Zar- – zor -
under stress it is written A ,
Without emphasis - a: glow, h O rka - z A rnitsa
written without accent O :
Exceptions: h O duckweed, s O roar.
zag A r - zag O mature
Clan- - clone
Kas- - kos(n)
is written O , if followed by a consonant n , V in other cases - A : To A get in - to O With n snuggle up.
a vowel is written under stress according to pronunciation, without accent - O : cl A bow, bow O n - pokl O opinion.
Lag - lie
under stress it is written - before G is written A, before and - O : proposal A go -sentence O live.
Exception: floor O G .
SPELLING
Alternating vowels in roots
Rast- - Growth
Mak-Mok
M A To - contained in verbs meaning „ immerse in liquid ”: exchange A whip the pen in ink .
is written A before the next combination st(also before sch ), in other cases it is written O : R A st and, nar A sch rendition - expression O since then O sl .
M O To - contained in verbs with the meaning „ let liquid pass through ”: prom O whip what's written .
Exceptions: negative A sl(although there is no art); R O drain, output O drain, r O stockman, R O stov etc. (although there is an article).
The rule applies to derivative words : m A singing, prom O rolling paper.
Jump - - skoch
Equal - - equal
In an unstressed root - before To is written A, before h - O : jump - jump .
Ravn - found in words with the meaning „ equal, identical, on a par ”: ur A opinion, wed A understand .
Exceptions: sk A chok, sk A chu.
Rovn - - V words with the meaning „ even, straight, smooth ”: zar O listen, p O vesnik .
SPELLING
Alternating vowels in roots
Ber- - bir-, der- - dir, mer- - mir-, per- - lyr-, ter- - tyr-, shine- - blist-, zheg- -zhig-, stel- - stil-, even - cheat - is written And , if followed by the suffix -a- : personal And R A ugh, ass And R A yea, deputy And R A t; otherwise it is written e: b e RU, d e ru, mind e howl.
Exceptions: op. e thief, op e dancing.
Creature - creation
a vowel is written under stress according to pronunciation, without accent - O : TV O rchestvo - tv O rit.
Exception: utv A ry .
SPELLING
Vowels after sibilants Zh, Ch, Sh, Shch
letters are not written i, yu, s, A are written accordingly A, y, And, For example: about sch A linen, h at before, sch at rush, and And R.
under the stress in the root it is written e (e) , corresponding in pronunciation to the sound o , if in related words or in another form of the same word it is written e (h e rnial - h e laugh, wow e light - w e price) ; in the absence of such relations is written O. Wed: a) bech e vka, evening e rka, desh e vyy, w e bathroom, w e forehead, w e people; b) artiche O k, j O nka, izzh O ha, kryzh O got into it.
Exceptions: brooch Yu ra, f Yu ri, parash Yu t, psh Yu t, fish Yu and some other words of foreign origin.
SPELLING
Vowels after C
IN hit syllable after C is written O , if a sound is made O , For example: ts O kat, ts O kol, ts O cat .
After C letters Yu And I can only be written in non-Russian proper names(geographical names, surnames, etc.), for example: C Yu rich, C I Ninshan, Ts Yu rupa.
Note. In words of foreign origin O after C can be written also in an unstressed syllable, For example: hertz O g, schertz O , palazz O .
After C at the root it is written And, but not s : ts And anisy, ts And villization.
Exceptions : ts s gan, ts s films, on c s kidneys, c s ts and words with the same root ( ts s Ghanaian , ts s platinum, c s roll and etc.).
SPELLING
Voiced and voiceless consonants.
For check writing a dubious consonant you need to change the form of the word or choose a related word, so that the consonant being tested was followed by a vowel sound or one of the consonants l, m, i, r . For example: sma h ka-sma h A yeah, yeah T ba - molo T And t.
Wed. :The meadows walked together and ku with fields(change and to be). - Black pencils were scattered around w ku with colored(change w to be); or sometimes alternating sounds are used. Wed: carpet and ka, pichu and ka(from carpet G A , pichu G A , with alternation Mrs.). The spelling of words with unverifiable consonants is determined using a spelling dictionary, For example: A With best, bo n bonniereka, vare and ka, in To hall, co b chick(bird), co P chick(bone at the end of the spine), mun d pieces, ugh T bol, I gd tash.
SPELLING
Spelling of consonants in the root
Double consonants in the root and at the junction of the prefix and the root .
Double and written in the roots of words in LJ and, dro LJ And, LJ eating, chewing LJ ah, mo LJ evelnik and of the same root with them. Wed. : in zzh eat(in h + and eat) - WHO LJ eat(in h + LJ eat) also in zzhzh en.
Note 1 . In the presence of sound alternation zg - j, ed - zj not written double and, A zzh, For example: in and zzh at(squeal) Prie zzh at(arrival). Wed: bre zzh it, bru zzh dude zzh at and so on.
Note 2. In words bra and eyka, bro and And is written only one thing Double s is written in a word ss ora and of the same root with him.
Double consonants are written in compound words if one part ends and the other begins with the same consonant, for example: gla bb cancer, by ss Hello, ro dd ohm
Double consonants are written at the junction of a prefix and a root if the prefix ends and the root begins with the same consonant, for example: in zz according to dd eat.
In words formed from stems ending in two identical consonants, double consonants before the suffix are preserved, for example: ba ll - high five ll ny, compromise ss - compromise ss ny, grue pp a - gr pp ka.
Exceptions. In some words, in particular in diminutive names of persons, V In this case, one consonant is written. For example: Krista ll - Krista l ny, fi NN - fi n skiy.
SPELLING
Spelling of consonants in the root
Unpronounceable consonants
To check the spelling of words containing a group of consonants vstv, zdn, ndsk, ntsk, stl, stn etc., you need to change the form of the word or select a word with the same root, so that after the first or second consonant of this group there is a vowel, for example: sad T ny(sad T And t) - wildebeest With ny(wildebeest With e n).
Note. It is written bleh sn ugh(although bleh st eat), forest tn itza(although le With Enka), ple sn ugh(although not With roll), sk lyanka(Although stack lo).
SPELLING
Spelling of prefixes
without-, through- (up-), out-, down-, once-, through- (through-)
written with a letter uh before vowels and voiced consonants (b, c, d, e, g, h, l, m, n, r) and with the letter With before voiceless consonants (k, p, s, t, f, f, c, h, w, sch) . For example: be h V one - be With To lass .
Note 1. In words low, inferior consonant h is part of the root, not the prefix, so there is no substitution in the letter h - With. Wed. compound word close-sitting
Note 2. Writings calculation, calculate - calculate, calculate based on the rule: before the root even- one thing is written With(except for the word be ss honest). Before the root cheat - - two With .
times- (ras-) - roses- (ros-)
written without accent A, under stress - O , For example: development A pour - r O call, r A write-off - p O write off
remains the same, regardless of whether it is before a voiceless or voiced consonant, for example: With to nag - With beat.
Note. In modern language in words building, here, health, no way the prefix is not highlighted.
SPELLING
Spelling of prefixes
meaning a high degree of quality or action (can be replaced by the words " Very ", " very", For example: pre interesting, pre unpleasant ; V meaning " through ", " differently" (close to the meaning of the prefix re- ), For example: pre rotate, pre portray.
in the meaning of spatial proximity, contiguity, for example: at breezy , at school ; adding, approximating, joining, for example: at do, at beat ; performing an action not in full or for a limited period, for example: at open, at stay; bringing the action to completion, for example: at think, at knock ; performing an action in someone else's interests, for example: at take care at hide .
SPELLING
Spelling endings
Nouns
In nouns that have a vowel before case endings And , written in the prepositional singular case(for feminine words also in the dative case) letter And, For example: O gene II , on the blade II(But: to the island yo - under stress). In nouns neuter on - е in the prepositional singular case the letter e is written. For example: dream of happiness e , (But: to forget And - under stress). Nouns on unshockable -ya And -e have in the genitive plural ending -th , and on stressed -ya and -yo- ending -to her. For example: naughty - naughty, bench - benches,(But: spear - spears).
IN genitive plural nouns on - nya with a preceding consonant (hard or soft) or th letter b it is not written at the end, for example: cherry - cherries
Exceptions: young ladies, hawthorns, villages, kitchens .
Names of settlements on -ov, -ev, -in, -yn, -ovo, -evo, -ino, -yn have an ending in the instrumental case -ohm. For example: for Lviv ohm , near Borodin ohm . Nouns masculine and neuter with suffix -searching- have singular nominative case ending - e, nouns female-ending - A. For example: house-house e , hand - hand A .
SPELLING
Spelling endings
Verbs
The writing of personal endings of verbs in the present or future simple tense differs: in the I conjugation: -eat, -eat, -eat, -eat, -ug or -yut; in II conjugation:- look , -it, -im, -ite, -at or -yat.
Ko II spr. . include (among those with unstressed endings) verbs ending in - it in the infinitive, except verbs shave, build (you shave - shave, build - build), and the following 11 verbs: turn, see, depend, hate, offend, watch, endure, drive, hold, breathe, hear, and also derivatives from them. Verb breeze it has shapes breeze it - breeze ut .
The remaining verbs belong to the I conjugation(cf.: they say from - chalk eat - chalk ut , se yat - behold eat - behold ut ).
SPELLING
Vowels in participle suffixes
In the active participles of the present tense it is written:
a) suffixes -ush-, -yush- for verbs of the first conjugation, for example: boron yushch stand up, stand down yushch y;
b) suffixes -ash-, -box- for verbs of II conjugation, for example: value asch yy, stro box yes.
Note. From the verb disdain a participle is formed fastidious.
IN The passive participles of the present tense are written:
a) suffix - eat- for verbs of the first conjugation, for example: hesitate eat oh, checking eat y;
b) suffix - them- for verbs of II conjugation, for example: view them oh, hear them y.
In passive past participles it is written:
A) -annay, -yanny , if the corresponding verb ends in the indefinite form in -at, -at , For example: wrote at - wrote annay ;
b) -ny , if the verb in the indefinite form ends in -there are , - it, -ti(after a consonant), - whose , For example: view eat - view new . Wed: hang carpets to dry en s(hang up) in the yard - place groceries in the store in advance en s(hang up).
SPELLING
Spelling nn and n in participles of verbal adjectives
NN written in suffixes of passive past participles; As a rule, these participles have prefixes or explanatory words. For example: corrected NN second manuscript, correct NN ed by the proofreader.
NN is written in prefix formations, even if they have the meaning of an adjective, for example: withstanding NN oh wine ; in adjectives of verbal origin on -ovated , -yovanny , For example: points annay child .
In short verbal adjectives (as in denominal adjectives) the spelling is preserved NN . - The actor's performance was insightful NN and also excited(verbal adjectives answer the questions: what? what? what is it like? what are?).
N written in the absence of prefixes or explanatory words, for example: right n th text .
N written in short passive participles The world community was excited n but with reports of Nazi atrocities.
SPELLING
Spelling adverbs
Vowels at the end of adverbs.
Adverbs for hissing.
Adverbs with prefixes in-, for-, on - , formed from short adjectives, have a letter at the end O, and adverbs of the same origin with prefixes to-, from-, from- have a letter at the end A. For example: right O , full A .
At the end of adverbs, after sibilants, a letter is written b, For example: backhand b , wide open, etc. b :
Exceptions: married, unbearable, really.
Negative adverbs.
In negative adverbs it is written under stress Not , without accent - neither(in both cases the spelling is continuous). For example: Not when to do trifles - neither when I wasn't busy with trifles.
SPELLING
Spelling adverbs
Adverbs are written together:
a) formed by combining prepositions-prefixes with an adverb, for example: completely, forever ;
b) formed by combining prepositions-prefixes V And on with collective numbers, for example: twice, in two(but: two by two) ;
c) formed by combining prepositions-prefixes with short adjectives, for example: to the left, long ;
G) formed by combining prepositions-prefixes with full adjectives and pronouns, for example: close(come up) scattered(throw);
e) containing such nouns or such nominal forms that V are not used in modern literary language, for example: plenty, to pieces, locked up ;
f) adverbs with spatial and temporal meaning, containing nouns top, bottom, front, back, height, distance, depth, width, beginning, end, century . For example: up, up, up, up, up.
SPELLING
Spelling adverbs
Adverbs are written with a hyphen:
a) with the prefix po, formed from full adjectives and pronouns and ending in -mu, -him, -km, -n, for example: work in a new way,
b) with prefix V- (in-), formed from ordinal numbers, for example: firstly, fourthly ;
c) indefinite adverbs with particles -something, -something, -something , For example: once upon a time, after all ;
d) formed by repetition of the same word or the same stem, as well as a combination of two synonymous or associated words, for example: barely, barely ;
e) technical term on-mountain .
SPELLING
Spelling adverbs
Adverbial expressions are written separately:
a) consisting of two repeated nouns with a preposition between them, for example: side by side ;
b) with an intensifying meaning, formed by a combination of two identical nouns, one of which is in the nominative case, the other in the instrumental, for example: honor with honor;
c) combinations of nouns with prepositions used in an adverbial meaning: without, in, to, for, on, from, by, under, with , For example: without knowledge, into the smoke, to death, after midnight, on the run, at the best(three kilograms, etc.), the old fashioned way, to match, with the knowledge . The same with prepositions V And on With plural nouns, for example: in our heads the other day ;
combinations of nouns with various prepositions used as adverbs, if the noun has retained some case forms, for example: in mockery ,
adverbial combinations consisting of the preposition v and nouns starting with a vowel, for example: in exchange, to spare .
SPELLING
Spelling prepositions
Hyphenated
Apart
complex prepositions are written because of, from under, for, over, under, with, for, for, for , For example: from behind the table, from under the closet.
prepositions are written, in the form of, in connection with, in continuation of, during , adverb-preposition in conclusion (the last three combinations when denoting time have at the end e), For example: as an exception, within two hours (cf.: unexpected changes in the course of the disease).
Together
prepositions are written: in view of, instead of, like, as a result of, like, about, in addition , For example: due to drought(But: include in the investigation ).
SPELLING
Spelling conjunctions
Continuous writing of conjunctions .
Union to written together in the meaning for in order to .
Unions too and also written together (synonymous with the conjunction And ).
Unions and besides , which have connecting value (" in addition to this "), are written together.
Union but, adverbs why, then, why, because, why, because, therefore, therefore, how much are written together in contrast to their consonant combinations of prepositions with pronouns.
Separate writing of conjunctions.
Explanatory conjunctions are written separately (without a hyphen) that is, I mean and complex unions because, since, so that, in order to, etc.
SPELLING
Spelling particles
Separate writing of particles.
Particles would (b), same (f), whether (l) written separately, for example: however .
Particles are written separately after all, here they go and some others.
Hyphenated spelling of particles.
Particles are written with a hyphen - then, or, -something, something- (coy-), -ka, -de, -s, -tka, -tko , For example: someone, something, anyone . Particle - after all written with a hyphen: after adverbs, for example: that's right ; after particles, for example: after all ; after verbs, for example: insisted . In other cases - after all written separately, for example: the old man got his way . If a particle that is written with a hyphen comes after another particle, then the hyphen is omitted, for example: still so And ,
SPELLING
Spelling particles
Not written together with nouns:
a) those without Not are not used, for example: ignoramus ;
b ) which in combination with Not Not , For example: not true(cf.: lie);
c) which in combination with do not form words with the meaning of opposition, for example: non-Marxist, non-Russian, non-specialist .
Not written separately with nouns:
if there is or is implied opposition, for example: this is not caution and cowardice .
Not written together with adjectives:
a) those without Not are not used, for example: careless ;
b) which in combination with Not take on the opposite meaning; Usually such words can be replaced with synonyms without not. For example: small(cf.: small ).
Not written separately with adjectives :
a) if there is or is implied opposition, for example: the problem is not simple, but complex;
b) with relative adjectives, giving negation to the attribute they express, for example: the watch is not gold .
SPELLING
Spelling particles
Not written separately with numerals , For example: not two, not three .
Not written separately from
pronouns
(except for negative ones used without a preposition), for example: not me and not you, not everyone .
Not written together with
Not written separately from
verbs:
verbs
(in the personal form, in the infinitive, in the form of a gerund), for example: not to take, was not, not knowing.
a) those without Not are not used, for example:
to be indignant, perplexed;
b) with a composite attachment under - , giving the verb the meaning of incompleteness, lack of action, for example: undercook the potatoes.
SPELLING
Spelling particles
Not written together with participles:
a) with full participles, for which there are no explanatory words, for example: unreadable manuscript ;
b) if there are adverbs of measure and degree as explanatory words, for example: completely unreadable I'm a manuscript.
Not written separately with participles:
a) having explanatory words, for example: manuscript not returned to the author;
b) with short participles, for example: the manuscript has not been edited ;
c) with participles in which there is or is supposed to be opposition, for example: Not a complete story, but just a beginning .
SPELLING
Spelling particles
Not written together with adverbs:
a) those without Not are not used, for example: inevitable, absurd ;
b) in negative adverbs, for example: nowhere, nowhere ;
c) in denominative adverbs, for example: not far away, out of sight ;
G) with adverbs ending in - O, which in combination with Not take on the opposite meaning; usually such words can be replaced with synonyms without Not, For example: not bad (cf.: good) .
Not written separately with adverbs:
a) on - O, if there is or is implied opposition, for example: they live not richly, but poorly ; if they have as an explanatory word a negative adverb starting with neither, or a combination far from, not at all, not at all , For example: the speaker spoke not at all convincingly.
b) with pronominal and intensifying adverbs, for example: not here, not like that, not quite;
c) with predicative adverbs that are not correlative with adjectives, for example: no need, no time, no pity (but: lack of time, reluctance and etc.);
d) with a comparative degree of adverbs, for example: works as well as others;
e) with adverbial adverbs, for example: not today, not otherwise, etc.;
f) with adverbs that are written with a hyphen, for example: not in my opinion ;
g) in combinations of denominative origin, for example: out of proportion, out of proportion.
SPELLING
Spelling particles
Ni (unstressed) is written together , when included in negative pronouns nobody, nothing, none etc. and negative adverbs nowhere, nowhere, never and etc.
Neither written separately ,
with the exception of negative pronouns (without a preposition) and negative adverbs. Wed: no one - from no one - from nowhere ;
a) when a repeating particle neither has the meaning of a connecting conjunction, for example: by this road cannot be passed or passed .
b) when single or repeated neither is part of stable turnover, for example: what come what may .
c) in independent exclamatory and interrogative sentences (often with words just really ) a negative particle is written Not, and in subordinate clauses (with a concessive connotation of meaning) to enhance the affirmative meaning - a particle neither . Wed: Wherever he turned!(general meaning: "contacted many places"). “Wherever he turned, he was met with a sympathetic attitude.
PUNCTION MARKS FOR DIRECT SPEECH
goes to the line (to the selection), for example: B a small town burst into a whirlwind
stunning news: “The Tsar has been overthrown!”(N. Ostrovsky).
If direct speech begins with a paragraph, then a dash is placed before the beginning,
For example: ...Nikita, bowing to the ground, said: -Forgive me, father.(M. Gorky).
words, then a comma (question or exclamation mark,
“Mother probably isn’t sleeping, and I’m not coming back from work,” thought Pavka(N. Ostrovsky).
speech highlighted by quotation marks, the latter are placed only at the beginning and at the end of the line
found in the works of writers of the 19th century). For example: "I came to command,
- said Chapaev, “not to bother with papers.”(D. Furmanov).
then a colon is placed before it, and after it - a comma or a dash (according to the conditions of the context).
For example: Boris comes up to me and says: “Well shot, great,” but his eyes
it shines, full of envy (V. Kudashev); To my question: “Is the old caretaker alive?”
- no one could give me a satisfactory answer.(A. Pushkin).
UNCONJUNCTIVE COMPLEX SENTENCES. PUNCIPATION MARKS.
A comma in a non-union complex sentence.
, = . – simultaneity of actions, listing facts and events.
Suddenly spring came, restless streams began to flow.
Semicolon in a non-union complex sentence.
[ , ]; . – listing facts is more common (there are already punctuation marks inside).
The forest greeted us with the hubbub of birds, the smell of herbs and flowers; Somewhere in the distance the sound of a woodpecker could be heard.
Colon in a non-union complex sentence.
: [reason]. I didn’t go to school: I was seriously ill.
because
: [explanation]. We They approached a sparkling river: it froze overnight.
: [ addition ]. It has been decided: tomorrow we will go hiking.
A dash in a non-union complex sentence.
[ time ] - [ ]. Evening is a time for reflection
[ condition ] - . Gruzdev called himself get in the body.
- [opposition]. Labor feeds, laziness spoils.
- [conclusion, consequence]. Red sunset - towards the wind.
MAIN GROUPS COMPLEX SENTENCES ACCORDING TO THEIR VALUE
Subordinate clauses
Which, who, what, where
Explanatory clauses
What, how, so, allied words, particle
Adverbial clauses
- Mode of action or degree
- Places
- Time
- Conditions
- Causes
How, how much, to what extent, what, so that, as if
Where, where, where
7. Comparisons
When, while, as soon as, barely, until
If, when, once (if...then)
8. Concessions
9. Consequences
Because, because, due to the fact that, thanks to the fact that
In order to, in order to
How, with what, as if, as if, exactly
Although, let it be, despite the fact that
SPEECH STYLES
Signs
Use
Colloquial
Everyday speech, conversation
Official business
Style implementation form
Correspondence of institutions with citizens, with each other, etc.
Communication, exchange of impressions, thoughts
Scientific works, research work
Journalistic
Information
Art
Propaganda-mass work
Communication of scientific results, their explanation
Verbal and artistic creativity
Impact on listeners and readers
Impact on readers and listeners with the help of created images
Monologue (oral or written)
Drama, poetry, prose
TYPES OF SPEECH
Description
Reasoning
Narration
Description of signs of a person, phenomena, objects, animals;
Description of events in a certain sequence;
Some phenomenon, event, concept, etc. is affirmed or denied.
Conversational and artistic styles;
Scientific style and its varieties;
Description in any style;
Description of a phenomenon, object, etc.
Reasoning according to plan: thesis, arguments (evidence), conclusion.
Narration according to the scheme: exposition, beginning, development of action, climax, denouement.
can be at the beginning of the text, in the middle and end with it.
MATERIALS FOR COMPREHENSIVE TEXT ANALYSIS
CAT#1
The old oak tree, in its entire image, spread out like a tent of lush dark green.. was thrilled, slightly swaying in the rays of the.. black.. sun. (No, no) clumsy fingers..in, (no, no) b..bumps (no, no) old grief and (no) trust (no, no) anything (not) visible. Juicy (?) young leaves broke through the hard... bark without knots, so it was impossible to believe that it was the old man who produced them. Yes, this is the same oak tree, Prince Andrei thought, and he was suddenly overcome with no..reasons(n, nn).. weight(n, nn).. feeling(?) of joy.. and renewal.. All the best... moments of his life... suddenly came back to him at the same time.
(L. To l with that and.)
1. Insert the missing letters and add punctuation marks. Prepare to read the text expressively. Read it.
2. Determine the style and type of speech.
3. Choose a title for the text.
4. What figurative language did the author use?
5. Outline the second sentence.
6. Indicate one phrase with different types of communication.
7 Explain the usage no-no and and-nor.
MATERIALS FOR COMPREHENSIVE TEXT ANALYSIS
CAT#:2
The city became extinct..empty(n, nn) streets were covered..with snow; cold clusters of houses were covered..with wounds..life(n, nn)o hung torn(n, nn) The trolleybus wires were frozen dead into the snowdrifts.
But the wounded (n, nn)th tormented (n, nn) city continued to live a creative life in the besieged (n, nn) city Shostakovich wrote his famous symphony called the Leningrad symphony in the basements of the Hermitage they worked to glorify (n, nn) artists, architects, scientists who refused (in)despite their advanced age and fading health to leave Leningrad. Bilibin is a wonderful artist (storyteller) until his last day, he died in February 1942, he worked on the images of the Russian warriors. To all the proposals to leave, the old artist (not, nor) responded (n, nn)o From the os.. waiting (n, nn) oh fortress.. (not, nor) fleeing but defending (tsya, tsya) ).
(According to I. Nikiforovskaya.)
1. Insert the missing letters and add punctuation marks. Get ready to read the text expressively. Read it.
2. Indicate your speech style and justify your answer.
3. Choose a title for the text that reflects its main idea.
4. What types of speech are combined in the text?
5. Find a sentence with a compound nominal predicate. Indicate how it is expressed
MATERIALS FOR COMPREHENSIVE TEXT ANALYSIS
CAT No. 3
It’s good to walk briskly on the ground early in the morning. The air, which has not yet become sultry, pleasantly refreshes the larynx and chest. The sun, which has not yet (not) come into force, warms... carefully and kindly... Under the slanting rays of the morning light, everything seems more prominent, more convex, brighter, and the bridge over the ditch and the trees whose bases are still flooded. .we have a shadow and the tops shine importantly...they are ruddy and bright. Even the (small) large (un)evenness along the road and on its sides cast their small shadows of what will (not) happen in the (mid) day.
Every now and then black and glossy swamps appear in the forest. The greener the grass growing near them. Sometimes a stream will come running from the depths of the forest. He crosses the road and quickly disappears into the forest. And in one place, a juicy lush (un)bearably bright stream of moss crawled out of the forest darkness at our feet like a giant... boa constrictor. In the middle of its almost (un)natural greenery flowed a coffee-colored (brown) stream.
(V. Soloukhin.)
1. Insert the missing letters and add punctuation marks. Read the text expressively.
2. Specify the keywords of the text. How does this relate to the type of speech? Define it.
3. Title the text. Indicate the means of expressive language used in it.
4. Using examples from the text, talk about the isolation of definitions.
5. Explain the placement of punctuation marks in sentences in the text.
6. Using words from the text as an example, tell us about writing Not with different parts of speech.
Denisova Lidiya Pavlovna
Municipal educational institution secondary school No. 81
them. Hero of the Soviet Union General
D.M. Karbysheva
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Slide captions:
SPELLING OF PREFACES
All prefixes according to spelling are divided into three groups Do not depend on pronunciation, do not change Depend on the meaning of the prefixes Depend on the subsequent consonant
Unchanging prefixes About - Pre- In - From - Over - Over - Under - To - O - On - On - For - This group of prefixes just needs to be memorized. They are always the same. WITH-
"Faulty" prefix c- Remember: this is an unchangeable prefix. Let no one ever forget: There has never been a console and never will be! Bend, do, reset, run
In the words HERE, HERE, BUILDING, HEALTH, HELLO, ZGI there is no prefix: the letter Z in the words is part of the root.
Prefixes for z-s voz(vos), vz(vs), through (through), through(cross) without(bes), from(is), niz(nis), times(ras) Determine which consonant letter the prefix is before Before the deaf Before the deaf Before the bell Conclusion: I write C Conclusion: I write Z
All the possible voiceless consonants are present in the sentence: Foka, do you want to eat some soup? All voiced consonant sounds can be remembered by another phrase: Oh oh, we haven’t forgotten about the other V o v e! illiterate silent
Z or S? be...final ra...chet ra...freeze ra...trade ra...beat ra..pull in...raise be..tasty be...fearful be...noisy ra...spilled and...fry th... measured too... too much
From the sentences, write down a word in which the spelling of the prefix is determined by the rule: “At the end of the prefix, a letter is written indicating a voiced consonant sound, if the prefix is followed by a voiced consonant.” The sofa is soft, with a sloping back. I put a beaded fluffed pillow under my back and stretch out my legs.
From the sentences, write down all the words in which the spelling of the prefix depends on the dullness / voicedness of the sound indicated by the letter following the prefix. In geography lessons I was drawn to go to the North, and in history I want to dig up Scythian mounds, unravel ancient parchments... Why am I such that I can’t understand myself?
The spelling of the prefix Pri- and PRE- depends on the lexical meaning: PR- 1) Proximity, being next to something: coastal, school. 2) Approach: arrive, arrive. 3) Incomplete action: stand up, sit down. 4) Attachment: glue, nail. 5) Actions performed in one’s own interests: store. PRE-: 1) = very: very long 2) = over: block
Pay attention to homophones! Stay in the city (be, be) - arrive in the city (approach) Make a dream come true (make it come true) - close the door (close) Break the law (break) - start (start) work Transient (temporary) - coming (one who comes) Successor (continuator) - receiver (radio) Despise cowards (treat without respect) - see an orphan (show care) Bow before talent - bow to the ground (get closer to something )
In many words it is difficult to establish the meaning of the prefixes PRE and PRI, so the spelling of such words must be remembered PRI: adventure, oath, device, claim, reason, example, hello, diligent, nature, privilege (= exclusive right), priority (= primacy), primitive (= simple), prima donna (= leading actress), fastidious (= a person with great whims), coercion, whimsical, impartial, unapproachable (= you won’t take an attack).
PRE: obstacle, unimpeded, presidium, president, premiere, preparation, claim, contender, prevail, present, prestige, tradition, stumbling block (= hindrance), overcome, transformation, wrangle, superiority, most unpleasant, stopped, neglected, incessant, persecution , continuous, unquestioningly, endure.
pr..beat, pr..get closer, pr..baikalsky, pr..refuge, pr..advlyat, pr..brezhny, pr..viv, pr..fall, pr..knit, pr..station, pr..slow down, pr..move, pr..ground, pr..burn, pr..glue, pr..be silent, pr..hustle, pr..create, pr..dear, pr..feisty, pr..unpleasant, pr..tear, pr..hail, pr..obstacle, pr..cut, pr..boring, pr..superiority.
From the sentences, write down the word, the spelling of the prefix in which is determined by the rule: “The prefix PR- is written if it is used in the meaning of joining to something.” He walked with a limp, and on his knee he had an abrasion, caked on like a seal made of wax. In his hand he held a rope to which a gray rag was tied.
In which word the spelling of the prefix is determined by its meaning - “incompleteness of action” attach increase attach sit down
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Let's review spelling Educational material in electronic form for high school students
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Spelling Learn to write correctly - it will be useful in life SPELLING (Greek “ortho” - correct, “gram” - letter, sign) - a spelling in a word that corresponds to a certain spelling rule (“ortho” - correct, “grapho” - I’m writing) - a branch of the science of language that sets out a system of rules for writing words. The value of Russian spelling lies in strict adherence to spelling rules.
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List of spelling patterns studied at school Unstressed verifiable vowels at the root of a word Unverified vowels and consonants Verifiable consonants at the root of a word Unpronounceable consonants at the root of a word Letters i, y, and after sibilants Separating b and b sign Separate writing of prepositions with other words Using b at the end of nouns after hissing The use of b to indicate the softness of consonants Vowels and consonants in prefixes (except for consonants in Z (S)) The letters Z and S at the end of the prefixes The letters O and A in the root -lag- - -false- The letters O and A in the root -rast- - -ros- Letters O and E after sibilants in the root of a word Letters I and Y after C Capital letters and quotation marks in proper names Letters E and I in case endings of nouns Letters O and E after sibilants and C in the endings of nouns. and adj. Unstressed vowels at the end of adjectives Short adjectives with a sibilant base Not with verbs
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A soft sign after sibilants in the indefinite form of the verb and in the 2nd person singular. h. -tsya and tsya in verbs Letters E and I in roots with alternation Letters E and I in the endings of verbs I and II conjugations Letters O and A in the root –KOS-- KAS- Letters O and A in the root –GOR- GAR- Letters Y and I after prefixes Vowels in prefixes PRE- and PRE- Connecting O and E in compound words Letter E in the suffix –EN- of nouns with - MYA Combined and separate spelling NOT with nouns Letters Ш and Ш in the suffix –SHCHIK- (- CHIC-) Vowels E and I in suffixes of nouns - EK-, -IK- Letters O and E after sibilants in suffixes of nouns Hyphen and continuous spelling of words with POL- and SEMI- Merged and separate spelling NOT with adjectives Letters O and E after sibilants and Ts in adjective suffixes One and two letters N in adjective suffixes Distinction in writing between the suffixes -K- and - SK – Hyphen in compound adjectives Soft sign in the middle of numerals The letter I in the endings of cardinal numerals NOT in indefinite pronouns Hyphen in indefinite pronouns Distinction between prefixes NOT - and NI- in negative pronouns Combined and separate spelling of NOT and NI in negative pronouns
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Soft sign in imperative verbs Vowels in suffixes of verbs –OVA - (-EVA-) and -YVA (-IVA) Vowels in suffixes of active participles of the present tense Vowels in suffixes of passive participles of the present tense Integrated and separate spelling NOT with participles Two letters N in suffixes of full passive past participles and adjectives formed from verbs One and two letters N in suffixes of short passive past participles and adjectives formed from verbs Vowels before one and two letters N in passive participles and adjectives formed from verbs Letters E and E after passive past participles hissing in suffixes Separate writing NOT with gerunds Combined and separate writing NOT with adverbs Letters E and I in prefixes NOT- and NI - negative adverbs One and two letters H in adverbs ending in -O and -E Letters O and E after hissing adverbs at the end Letters O and A at the end of adverbs Hyphen between parts of words in adverbs Soft sign after hissing at the end of adverbs Combined and separate writing of prepositions formed from adverbs Combined and separate writing of prepositions formed from nouns with prepositions Letter E at the end of prepositions during, in continuation, as a result of Continuous writing of conjunctions also, too, so that Hyphenated writing of the particle –TO with words Hyphenated writing of the particle -KA with verbs in the imperative mood Hyphen in interjections
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Spelling at the root of the word Can you hear unstressed vowels at the root? Algorithm. Z U A D V A I R S E I N T I O T Defined by rules Not verified by rules Verified by stress alternating Grass grass Pine pine Forest forest Pull pulls Fold - fold Plant - grew Excl. Excl. Branch – sprout Touch - touch Ax Vinaigrette balcony
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Can you hear unstressed vowels at the root? Check the stress Change the form of the word (sails - sail) Choose a related word (hurry - haste) Choose a compound word (ship - battleship) Unverifiable Remember the origin of the word, find a distant relative (compete - litigation; brochure - brooch) Look in the dictionary Alternating. Can't check with accent. Spelling depends on the Letter in the root Letters after the root Emphasis of meaning
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The spelling of alternating vowels depends on the meaning of skak - long-term action: jump, skoch - instant action: jump up poppy - immerse in liquid: dip wet - let liquid through: blotter, waterproof raincoat - fins, floating; swim - only in the words swimmer, swimmer, equal - make the same: equalize, level - make even, smooth: level Remember: all the same, get level, level, plain, BUT: level, equally, same age
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The spelling of alternating vowels depends on the letter in the root -lag- - - lie- believe, put -rast- - -ros- - -rasch- plant, grew, grown Exception: Branch, sprout, Rostov, Rostislav, moneylender, for growth
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The spelling of alternating vowels depends on the Letter after the root kas (a) - - kos (n) touch - touch bira - – ber - collect - collect the world - -mer shone - flashed - glistened pir - -per burned - burned dira- -der understand - understand the tira- -ter spread out - spread the stila- -steel shine- -shiny -ina, -ima - -I zhiga- -burned (whose)
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The letters E and I in the roots with alternating ber- - bir- der- - dir- mer- - world- per- - pir- ter- - tyr- shine- - blest- burnt - - zhig- stel- - stil- even- -cheat- Exception: combination, combine No suffix A wipe, lock, collect, die wipe, lock, collect, die
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The spelling of alternating vowels depends on the stress Without stress O Burn, sunbathe Ex: burn without stress Bend over, bow down Dawn, illuminate, lightning
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Type of spelling: Letters: Vowels Consonants b and b signs Large Hyphen Space Dash Identification? body? signs
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Dash (when hyphenated): the end of a line Spelling patterns occur in different parts of a word, between parts of a word and between words Hyphen: compound words prefixes some, in, in, suffixes - either, - then, particles - that, - ka. Spelling - space: (combined and separate spelling) not, nor, would, same; prepositions; complex words Identification features Letters: Vowels unstressed hissing and C before vowels Consonants at the end of the word a combination of consonants n before vowels at the end of the word Non-denoting sounds b non-separating soft consonants hissing at the end of words CA at the end of verbs b and b separating sound й after consonants and before vowels e, e, yu, i, and Large beginnings of sentences, texts, the presence of proper names and proper names
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– this is an instruction that specifies the conditions for choosing the correct spellings (spellings) in words. Selection conditions are phonetic, word-formation, morphological, syntactic and semantic features of words that determine what should be written in a particular case. Spelling rule - Phonetic: stress, unstressed hissing and q soft consonants voicing and deafening of consonants Water (water), knot, whisper Acorn, scurvy, trembling, hide Skates, horse, leaves Mowing, spoon Derivatives: part of a word cognate word Paste, ravine Oak – oak, water - water Morphological: part of speech signs of parts of speech: declension and case conjugation and person preposition, noun. adv. At the top (at home) and at the top At the edge of the forest (I skl., pp.) Sees (II ref., 3rd p.) Syntactic: what is the connection between words? In the autumn forest Semantic: meaning of the word meaning of part of the word Rinse (linen), caress (child); Excellent (very good) Arrived (approaching)
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n station heart clear sled sled roof roof Spellings - consonants in the root Heart heart clear clear Unpronounceable Verifiable Unverifiable Determined by rules Remember!
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Remember Known - lead Joyfully - joy Request - ask Mowing - mow Threshing - thresh Joyfully - joys Wonderful - miracles Dangerous - dangerous Beautiful - beautiful Late - be late Participate - participation agency - agents Terrible - terrible skillful - skillful Feel Station Football Jacket Backpack Shine Stairs Peer Peer Parade Dishes Honor Idleness Vivid
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Letters I, U, A after the hissing ZHI - SHI write with I CHA - SHCHA write with A CHU - SHU write with U Except: brochure, jury, parachute, Jules Verne
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Separating Ъ and ь sign The choice of separating Ъ and ь depends on their position in the word after the prefix or not after the prefix, as well as on what letters they are in front of: E, E, Yu, I, I. Remember! Ъ after the prefix on the consonant before E, Ё, Yu, I ъ not after the prefix before E, Ё, Yu, I, And entrance shooting enraged pre-anniversary hovering pouring sparrows atelier zealous
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Lag- - -lozh- In the root –lag- - -lozh- unstressed a is written before g, unstressed o before w Put, place
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Grow- - -grew- - -grow- Before st, sch grow Excl.: moneylender Rostov Rostislav rostok branch Not before st, sch grew
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Spelling at the end of the word b after sibilants in all parts of speech 1. Ask a question. Identify parts of speech. noun 2. declension verb short adj. adverb 2. exception? III b mouse thing night rye I, II b hut groves (plural) problems (plural) hedgehog b n. f. Ch. save 2 l. units h. are you going led.n. eat it!! – bsya; -Be hotly versed then yes no b be away from getting married completely unbearable pretexts of unions between, however
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Remember: Adjutant Object Subject Bivalent Trilingual Internuclear Injection Counter-Jacobin Pan-Japanese Flaw Conjuncture (current situation) Courier (courier) Curtain Serious Nightingale Blizzard Peasant Clerk Medallion Postman Champignon Zealous Atelier
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Casual Money Day Carving Swim I'll take Eighty June, but January!!! Don’t confuse If the verb is in the imperative mood, write b Get ready Get acquainted Don’t cry Weigh, but lie down Early carnation Song umbrella assistant night Guest Orange is better to nurse Disease read Vegetable drummer b is not written: CHK, CHN, CHT, CHSH, NC, NSH, RF, RSH LL, NN, ST, SN, SL; ZD, ZN, NZH, TV, RV, NT, TN Excl.: Manchu b is written: To indicate the softness of consonants After L before M, K, G, B, Sh In reflexive verbs in the indefinite form In adjectives formed from the names of months ( except January) Using b to indicate the softness of consonants
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Integrated and separate spelling of homonymous words Independent words Functional words Noun, number, place. adverbs Preposition + noun In the forest Preposition + places. Before you is a preposition + number. By five (lies) around; One of these days (will arrive); Located at the top; Two by two (walked). around the house; during the day; due to rain; due to danger
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Unchangeable Write the way it is always written Remember! o- from(o)- to- about(o)- under- under(o)- pro- over(o)- to- before(o)- in(o)- per- with(o)- out - Spelling of prefixes Pay attention! on -z, -s Bes- Ras- Sun- All- Is- Trans- Nis- Without- Times- As- Asc- From- Through- Bottom-
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Pay attention! to ruin to gape to disappear too much to calculate (cf. accounting, report) to calculate (cf. to count) countless quarrel incident on the sly nearby appeal uprising to freeze wither to provoke to anger
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To the beginning of the pre- Spelling depends on the meaning Unclear meaning – look in the dictionary, remember! approaching fly joining sew = near, close school incompleteness of action sit down bringing the action to the end tame, accustom movement from top to bottom press down, press = obstacle interrupt = very tasty exaggerate extol
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transform overcome pursue present wrangle advantage stop obstacle transform neglect stumbling block prime minister presidium claim prestige Remember! adapt introduce prepare get used to be present come in handy attract reason example adventure invite apply diligent priority privilege belonging inoculation Distinguish between words - homophones. adapt introduce prepare get used to be present come in handy attract reason example adventure invite apply diligent priority privilege accessory inoculation
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Distinguish between homophone words: Arrive (come somewhere) Abide (be somewhere) Look at (give shelter) Despise (hate) Pretend (close) Convert (make a dream come true) Incline (incline) Adore (deeply respect); old age Add (add) Betray, traitor; indulge in dreams Get to work Break the law, criminal Coming (appearing on time) Transient (temporary, short-lived), (joy, appearance); enduring meaning - durable Gatekeeper - watchman Perverse - distorted Attach (put close) Immutable (law) - indisputable, not subject to change Attach (put) Resign (die); doomsday Tolerate (to inconvenience) - get used To endure (hardships, changes) - endure, Receiver - radio Successor - successor Refuge - shelter, refuge Incessant - continuous
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Letters Y and I after C 1.-tion Station, lecture 2.-i- Circus, quote Excl.: The gypsy tiptoed up to the chicken and tsked: “Tsyts!” Streets Sinitsyn
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E and O after sibilants and c Noun, adj. Noun, adj., adv. Excl.: Gooseberry Rustle Hood seam Ex., adj. Remember! b
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Remember! ramrod slum prim saddler blinders crazy belly ratchet burn (hands), but burned (hand) thicket clink glasses already evening major shock chocolate highway driver base back to the beginning Only O
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E in the endings of verbs and suffixes of participles The verb saves, bakes, burns Passive participle under stress – E decided - decide without stress – E (if they are formed from a verb ending in -it) painted - color
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Spelling patterns - capital letters The choice of capital letters depends on the presence of proper names, proper names in the text, and on the position of the word at the beginning of the sentence. In separate words At the beginning of a sentence In proper names In proper names Volga Moscow Vanya Ural Karelia Siberia Baikal Great Patriotic War Russian Federation All-Russian Exhibition Center newspaper "Izvestia" novel "Eugene Onegin" train "Friendship" The golden grove dissuaded the birch, cheerful language (S. Yesenin).
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Determine gender and declension. Ask a question, determine the case. 1st declension 2nd declension 3rd declension gender date n. sentence n. -e – -i in the endings of nouns - IYA - IE - IY gender. date sentence sentence
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declination m.r. country R. land m.r. horse cf. r village, field R. steppe oven -a - -i -o - -e b
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Unstressed vowels in adjectives Ask a question from a noun. Check the unstressed ending with a question word with a stressed ending. in the (what?) huge blue sea above the (what?) huge blue sea at the (what?) cold winter time Remember the correspondences Excl. in m.r., units h., im. p. , -their, them
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You can hear tsa Spelling -tsya and -tsya in verbs Ask a question. Determine the part of speech Who? What? What to do? What to do? Noun verb -tsa 2. What word does it depend on? I pose a question to the verb Street. He's a chicken, what will she do? what to do? Sharp knitting needle, what will they do? what to do? Pure water The bridge of the nose hurts -yes -yetsya -yetsya (what to do?) -ysya -atsya -yatsya He wants to study, the student (what is he doing?) study studies, studies In impersonal verbs it is always written -tsya without ь: can’t sit, wants, dozing.
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K and SK in adjectives have a short form (qualitative adjective) sharp - sharp slippery - slippery Base on -k, -ts, -ch. (relative adjective) German - German Fisherman - fishing Weaver - weaver Exception: Tajik, Uzbek, Uglich, Iraqi, Turkic, Kamchatka, Koryak, Karakalpak In other cases, French Russian secretarial sailor Spelling b
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Spelling b Teacher's BUT: heroic!!! Day-day June July September October November December BUT: January
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To find out the conjugation of a verb with an unstressed ending, you need to put the verb in the undefined. form and see where the verb ends. E and I in the endings of verbs I and II conjugation 1 conjugation 2 conjugation unit. h.pl. Part 1 person -yu, -u -im 2nd person -ish -ite 3rd person -it -at, -yat unit. h.pl. h 1st person -yu, -y -eat 2nd person -eat -eat 3rd person -et -ut, ut
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Hear See Hate Drive Hold (and) Do not offend (and) Watch Breathe Twirl (and) Depend (and) endure Determine the conjugation of the verb Na -ut, -ot, -yt, -at -is, -ti, -ch all verbs apply on -it, except
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Spelling unstressed verb endings Algorithm Put the verb in the indefinite form (what to do? what to do?) of the same type. Of 11 verbs? Verb in -it? You see He looks We endure He hate Hear He chops, we roll You scream They drive You glue, They glue You sow We hope You wash You fight
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The letters O and A in the root kos- - kas- In an unstressed position if there is if not Touch, touch (no a)
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Connecting vowels in complex words In complex words, after hard consonants the connecting O is written, and after soft consonants, hissing and C - the connecting E Amphibian, land surveyor, pedestrian, bird catcher, earthquake, heartbeat, natural history. Remember!!! time calculation pastime ovule electrification centrifuge crazy crazy first part – numbers. in genus n. the first part is a verb in command. incl. without connect. vowel from a foreign language elements forty anniversary eight hundredth anniversary seven days BUT: century ninetieth century millennium centipede magpie adonis daredevil hoarder derzhimorda aviA, aero, auto, bio, biblio, hydro. zoo, cinema, micro, meteo, moto, velo, photo, tele, radio, pseudo, stereo, electro, ultra, poly ultrasound airmail
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Indeclinable nouns 10 nouns starting with -name: burden time udder banner as a noun. 3 declension name flame tribe seed stirrup as noun. 2 declension crown + noun m.r. way to write the vowel E gen.p dat. p. - sentence n. creative n. On the banner (on -mya)
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Letters Y and I after prefixes Previous Not without known Pre history Play from going known history play Exceptions: super-super-refined inter-inter-institutional sub-sub-information dis-disinformation trans-counter-counterplay sports equipment pedagogical institute collect After prefixes ending in a consonant, instead of I written Y according to pronunciation: Exceptions: super-super-refined inter-institutional sub-sub-information mis-disinformation trans-counter-counterplay sports equipment pedagogical institute charge
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Determine how the word is formed. Put the formula “the one who.” Find the letter before the suffix -chik- and -shchik- After D T Z S Zh Pilot Traveler Loader Criticist Defector After other letters Bricklayer Welder Storekeeper Glazier (not ambassador d, t, z, s, g) The one who loads is a loader! !! Children behind the soot Do not confuse: a glass (the suffix is clever - the car is affectionate)
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Change the word, put it in gender. case, the vowel runs away, the vowel remains the lock - the lock of the key - the key of the son - the son of the ball - the ball of the hook - the hook of the spout - the spout Vowels E and I in noun suffixes. -EK-, -IK- See below for spelling of unchangeable suffixes
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Hyphenated and continuous spelling of words with POL- and SEMI- are written with a hyphen: before L half-lemon before the vowel half-window before the capital letter half-Chelyabinsk In other cases, half- in complex words is written together: half-class, half-mandarin, half-first, half-year BUT : half a teaspoon, half a liter
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Not with verbs Not with verbs and gerunds is written separately Didn’t notice, without noticing, wasn’t, couldn’t Together, if the word is not used without not Hate, be indignant, feel unwell, Dislike, be perplexed, can’t, Captivate, rage, itching Distinguish not to- and under- with verbs
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Not up to and under- Determine the meaning Done not fully not finishing the tea not watching the movie not finishing the room not getting it home Below the norm, not enough, there is an antonym with over-underfulfilling the plan not gaining weight undereating underloading Especially remember!
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Remember this especially! Not enough money, time Doesn’t reach the table = doesn’t reach But: not enough money (not enough) Not enough for the hem Not for nothing (not in vain) I worried Not for nothing (not for free) received
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Spelling is not Separate There is a contrast with the conjunction a Not true, but a lie Not good, but evil Not far, but close There are words far, at all, not at all, not at all, never (words with neither) She is far from beautiful Not at all interesting Not at all familiar text Unfamiliar text The word is not used together without not Ignorant Nondescript Ridiculous Can be replaced with a synonym This is not true = (false) Uninteresting story (boring) Didn't read loudly (quietly) The story is uninteresting (cr. adj.) The person is unhappy Check it in the dictionary and remember! with nouns, qualitative adjectives and adverbs ending in –о, -е
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Remember! Not happy Not supposed Not ready Not obligated Not determined Not inclined Not right Not married Not visible Not disposed Not guilty Disagree
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Spelling not with adverbs Together Not used without not Inevitably, absurdly Can be replaced with a synonym without not Not bad (good), a little (little), unsuccessfully, (unsuccessfully) In negative adverbs Nowhere, nowhere, nowhere, no reason In named adverbs Not far away, unaware, by chance , unbearably, unbearably, inopportunely, unbearably, not without reason = (not in vain), But: not without reason = (not for free), inopportunely, for a reason, reluctantly In combinations, who knows who (what, which, where, where, etc.). Separately With the adverbs not -о and –е, if there is an opposite. Not rich, but poor if there is far from, not at all, not at all + words with neither (not at all...) With adverbs not in -O, -E Not here, not like that, not completely, not at all, not a pity, not worse ( compare Art.), not today, not otherwise, not in my opinion, not in a friendly way, not like an example, not good, not in a hurry, not to taste, not within one’s strength, not to one’s liking, not to one’s hand, does not count, not in moderation.
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cock swan leather oil silver Exceptions: glass tin, wooden Exceptions: windy antique cranberry straw commission No blue, young, ruddy, pork N and NN in adjective suffixes Day, weather, windy man Engine, smallpox, windmill
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N and НН in the suffixes of full participles. What word is it formed from? From a noun adjective From a verb participle Ask 4 questions Yes 1. Does it end in -ovanny, -yovanny? No Yes 2. Is there a prefix other than not? No Yes 3. Is there a dependent word? No Yes 4. owls Is the type of verb from which the word? (what to do?) Remember the owl verbs. type No If at least 1 Yes if 4 No mown baked potatoes, organized unmown grass Mown in the meadow; solved freshly cut grass Problem (from the eyes of owls) boiled, dried
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Remember the perfect verbs Decide Deprive Meet Finish Let buy Offend Forgive Quit Strain
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A swindler stole one “en” from a hard worker and a smart mechanic in a hotel. Spelling n and n Rhymes Abandoned, given and deprived, Released, bought and decided. Although it doesn’t have a prefix, it still looks perfect, so it’s worth two “en”. Sacred and desired, Unforeseen, unexpected. Without applying the rules of knowledge, Write two “en” without hesitation. But smart, chewed, dowry and forged - You can easily remember that there is always only one “en” in them. Pork, green, blue, zealous, young, spicy and ruddy. Here you don’t look for a suffix and just write “en”.
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N – NN in derivative forms Ask a question. Determine the part of speech. WHO? WHAT? HOW? WHAT(A, O, S)? 2. Can it be replaced with a verb? short brief (as many N as the participle adjective in the derivative + noun in the creative clause (there is a synonym for Form) answered local in the creative clause adjective) confusion (from confused) confused (by something, by someone) scattered scatteredly (as many H as (from scattered) in full form) seeds scattered; the fields are deserted across the field (by someone, something) (someone scattered) In adverbs starting with -o and -e, as many N are written as in the adjectives from which they are formed
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Spelling not with participles If the word is used without not 1. Short or long form? short full 2. Is there a contrast? yes no 3. Is there a dependent word? yes no story not read not viewed not opened not read but viewed story; not published and not yet read in manuscript; unpublished story not published on time
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Compound adjectives Written with a hyphen if they are formed by adding independent words (you can put the conjunction AND) convex - concave, chess - checkerboard are formed from nouns that are written with a hyphen north - western, Alma - Ata 3. indicate the color of yellow - red, pale pink, bluish blue They are written together if they are formed by merging a phrase into the word evergreen, long-playing, deaf-mute, snow-white 2. the first part of such words are adverbs: quickly, forever, thickly, high, higher, smooth, deep, expensive, short , easy, much, little, small, lower, sharp, rare, strong, difficult, heavy, narrow, pure, wide highly artistic Don’t confuse! See the dictionary further
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Do not confuse! Look at the dictionary socially useful socially necessary sharply negative childishly naive absolutely correct calculations
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Slide captions:
Presentation on Russian language Spelling. Types of spellings. The presentation was prepared by Tatyana Vladimirovna Buzanova, a teacher of Russian language and literature at the Malo-Andosovskaya secondary school.
Correct mistakes! The traffic turns gray, the sun shines. The swallow swallow Fseni litit to us.
Check yourself! The grass is turning green, the sun is shining, the swallow is flying towards us in the canopy with spring.
D o m - home To check the unstressed vowel in the root of a word, you need to select a test word so that the vowel being tested in it becomes stressed.
Remember! Spelling is a branch of the science of language that sets out a system of rules for writing words. Spelling is a spelling in a word that corresponds to a certain spelling rule.
How to indicate a spelling graphically? Indicate the part of speech. Select the part of the word that contains the spelling. Underline the letter that needs to be checked with one line. Underline with two strokes the letter that determines its choice.
Graphic designation of spelling. Walk (v.) - move. Departure (noun) Pish (chapter II reference, 2nd sheet) eat
Read the supporting material:
Ofograms-letters vowels consonants Unstressed position (beda - troubles) After hissing and c (pike, hour, sewed, circus) End of the word (pond - ponds) 2. Before other consonants. (sharp - sharp, local - place Talk about spelling letters using the reference table.
Underline the spelling in the words Breeze, heavy, amazing, ran through, sister, birch, starry, rare, dewy, sew, sad, life, frequent.
Explanatory dictation. I was returning to my village. The path passed through a clearing in a pine forest. Everything around was covered with fragrant herbs. In a clearing near the edge of the forest I saw blue flowers. The clearings with them looked like tiny lakes with blue water. I picked a flower. When I shook it, ripe seeds rattled in it. Indicate the spelling patterns in the highlighted words.
Homework Exercises 418, 419.
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