Words that are not introductory. Borrowed words in the Russian language - signs and examples Rhymed words that are not introductory

With introductory words and constructions

Punctuation in a sentence

Introductory words- these are special words or combinations of words that are not part of the structure of the sentence and are not members of the sentence, with the help of which the speaker expresses his attitude to what he is talking about, for example: As luck would have it, the rain and cold continued throughout May.(A. Chekhov).

Introductory words have different meanings:

1) confidence	of course, of course, indisputably, undoubtedly, without a doubt, certainly, indeed, etc.	Of course he wasn't happy(A. Herzen)
2) uncertainty	it seems, probably, obviously, perhaps, perhaps, etc.	And to the right, and to the left, and probably also above the house lightning flashed (A. Chekhov)
3) different feelings	fortunately, to general joy, unfortunately, unfortunately, to surprise, etc.	Fortunately, the rain passed by(V. Kataev)
4) message source	according to (someone's) message, according to (someone's) words, according to (someone's) opinion, in my opinion, I remember, etc.	According to him, there were three unknown people(V. Arsenyev)
5) an indication of the sequence of phenomena, the connection between them	firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally, therefore, so, thus, means, on the contrary, on the contrary, etc.	So the offer was accepted(I. Turgenev)
6) notes on ways to formulate thoughts	in one word, in other words, it is better to say, to put it mildly, etc.	It's spring here, the sun is warming. In a word, life blossoms(N. Ostrovsky)

These meanings can be expressed not only by introductory words, but also by introductory sentences, for example: In general, we In my– In general, we I would say, a little indifferent to everything that surrounds us on earth(V. Soloukhin). In the first case, an introductory word, in the second, an introductory sentence.

When spoken, introductory words and sentences are highlighted by intonation (pauses and increased tempo), and when written – by commas, for example: I, I confess to you, exhausted(I. Turgenev); Evening, Do you remember, the blizzard was angry(A. Pushkin).

You should pay attention to words that are never introductory, because do not express the speaker’s attitude to the expressed thought. But they, like introductory words, do not answer any questions and are not members of a sentence, so they are often mistaken for introductory words.

You should also know that there are words that can only be introductory.

1. Introductory words and phrases are not members of the proposal. With their help, the speaker expresses his attitude to the content of the statement (confidence or uncertainty, emotional reaction, etc.):

Example: Unfortunately, he didn't have watercolors(Soloukhin).

Introductory sentences can also perform the same function.

For example: I dare say I was loved in the house(Turgenev) - the structure is a definite personal one-part sentence; In life, do you know, there is always room for exploits(M. Gorky) - the structure is a two-part sentence; We, if you want to know, we came to demand(Gorbatov) - in structure, a conditional one-part clause.

In writing, introductory words, phrases and sentences usually separated by commas.

Classes of introductory words by meaning

Meaning	Introductory Components	Examples
1. Evaluation of what is being reported in terms of reliability, etc.:
1.1. Confidence, authenticity	Of course, of course, indisputably, undoubtedly, without a doubt, certainly, really, in fact, truly, of course, naturally, truly and etc.	Undoubtedly, someone is sucking the life out of this strange girl who cries when others in her place laugh (Korolenko). The heroine of this novel, goes without saying, there was Masha (L. Tolstoy). Indeed, since my mother died... I was very rarely seen at home (Turgenev).
1.2. Uncertainty, assumption, uncertainty, assumption	Probably, it seems, as it seems, probably, in all likelihood, right, tea, obviously, perhaps, perhaps, it is visible, apparently, as it seems, it is true, maybe, it should be, it seems, I think, I believe, one must believe, I hope , in some way, in some sense, suppose, suppose, let's say, if you want, one way or another and etc.	She probably still drinks coffee and cookies in the morning.(Fadeev). Life, it seems, has not yet begun(Paustovsky). Apparently the free bread was to my liking(Mezherov). And he dreamed, perhaps, to approach by a different route, to knock at the window with the expected guest, dear(Tvardovsky). I have a headache. Must be due to bad weather(Chekhov).
2. Different feelings:
2.1. Joy, approval	Fortunately, to happiness, to joy, to the joy, to the pleasure of someone, what is good, what is even better and etc.	Fortunately, Alekhine left the house an hour earlier and caught the ship sailing to Frankfurt(Kotov). Here, to Petya's indescribable admiration, an entire metalworking workshop has been set up on an old kitchen table(Kataev).
2.2. Regret, disapproval	Unfortunately, unfortunately, unfortunately, to the shame of someone, to regret, to annoyance, to misfortune, as if unfortunately, as if on purpose, by a sinful act, what is even worse, what is offensive, alas and etc.	Unfortunately, I must add that in the same year Pavel passed away(Turgenev).
2.3. Surprise, bewilderment	To surprise, amazing, amazing thing, to amazement, strange, strange thing, incomprehensible thing and etc.	Naydenov, to Nagulny's amazement, in one second he shrugged off his leather jacket and sat down at the table(Sholokhov).
2.4. Fear	The hour is uneven, God forbid, whatever happens and etc.	Just look, the oar will rip out and he will be thrown into the sea(Novikov-Priboy).
2.5. General expressive nature of the utterance	In conscience, in justice, in essence, in essence, in soul, in truth, in truth, in truth, one must tell the truth, if the truth is to be told, it is funny to say, to say in honor, between us, speaking between us, there is nothing to say in vain, I confess, except jokes, actually and etc.	There were, however, some weaknesses behind him(Turgenev). I admit, I don’t really like this tree - aspen...(Turgenev). Nothing offends me more, dare I say, offends me so much, as ingratitude(Turgenev).
3. Source of message	According to someone, according to someone, in my opinion, according to you, according to someone, according to someone, according to rumors, according to a proverb, according to legend, from the point of view of someone, I remember, one can hear, they say, they say, as one can hear, as I think, as I think, as I remember, as they say, as they believe, as is known, as was pointed out, as it turned out, as they said in the old days, in my opinion and etc.	Pesotsky, they say, has apples as big as his head, and Pesotsky, they say, made his fortune from the garden(Chekhov). The calculation, in my opinion, was mathematically accurate(Paustovsky). Twenty years ago Line Lake was such a wilderness that, according to foresters, not every bird dared to fly there(Paustovsky).
4. Order of thoughts and their connections	Firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally, so, therefore, therefore, thus, on the contrary, on the contrary, for example, for example, in particular, in addition, in addition, to top it all off, in addition, moreover, on the one hand, on the other hand, however, by the way, in general, in addition, therefore, the main thing, by the way, by the way, by the way and etc.	On the one hand, the darkness was saving: it hid us(Paustovsky). Forest air is healing, it lengthens life, it increases our vitality, and, finally, it turns the mechanical and sometimes difficult process of breathing into pleasure(Paustovsky). So, the next day I stood in this room behind the doors and listened as my fate was decided(Dostoevsky).
5. Assessing the style of expression, manner of speech, ways of forming thoughts	In a word, in one word, in other words, in other words, directly speaking, roughly speaking, in fact, in fact, in short, in short, more accurately, better to say, directly to say, easier to say, so to speak, how to say, so to speak, what's called and etc.	In a word, Storeshnikov was thinking more and more strongly about getting married every day.(Chernyshevsky). In short, this is not a master in science, but a worker(Chekhov). We got up and went to push ourselves to the well, or rather, to the fountain(Garshin).
6. Assessment of the measure, the degree of what is being said; the degree of commonality of the facts stated	At least, at least to one degree or another, to a large extent, as usual, as usual, it happens, happens, as usual, as always, as it happens, as it happens, as it happens sometimes and etc.	Talked to me at least like an army commander(Simonov). Behind the counter, as usual, Nikolai Ivanovich stood almost the entire width of the opening...(Turgenev) It happens that mine is luckier(Griboyedov).
7. Drawing the interlocutor’s attention to the message, emphasizing, emphasizing	Do you see, know, remember, understand, believe, listen, allow, imagine, imagine, can imagine, believe, imagine, admit, believe, believe, not believe, agree, notice, do me a favor, if you want to know, I remind, we remind, I repeat, I emphasize what is important, what is even more important, what is essential, what is even more significant and etc.	You were afraid, admit it, when my fellows threw a rope around your neck?(Pushkin). Imagine, our young people are already bored(Turgenev). We, if you want to know, we came to demand(Gorbatov). Where was this, please?(Pavlenko).

2. In terms of their grammatical correlation, introductory words and constructions can go back to different parts of speech and different grammatical forms:

nouns in various cases with and without prepositions;

Without a doubt, for joy, fortunately and etc.

adjectives in short form, in various cases, in the superlative degree;

Right, guilty, the main thing, in general, the most important thing, the least.

pronouns in indirect cases with prepositions;

In addition, besides, meanwhile.

adverbs in the positive or comparative degree;

Undoubtedly, of course, probably, in short, more accurately.

verbs in various forms of the indicative or imperative mood;

I think, believe me, they seemed to say, imagine, have mercy.

infinitive or combination with an infinitive;

See, know, admit, funny to say.

combinations with participles;

To tell the truth, in short, to put it roughly.

two-part sentences with a subject - a personal pronoun and a predicate - a verb with the meaning of expression of will, speaking, thought, etc.;

For as long as I can remember, I often think.

impersonal offers;
It seemed to her that we all remember it well.
vaguely personal proposals.
This is how they thought about him, how they usually talked about him.

That is why it is necessary to distinguish between introductory words and homonymous forms and constructions.

Note!

Depending on the context, the same words act either as introductory words (hence, not members of the sentence), or as members of the sentence. In order not to make a mistake, you should remember that:

A) you can ask a question to a member of a sentence;

b) the introductory word is not a member of the sentence and has one of the meanings listed above;

V) the introductory word can usually (but not always) be removed from the sentence.

Compare the sentences given in pairs:

This is true(Dostoevsky). - True, sometimes... it’s not too fun to wander along country roads (Turgenev).

During the summer, he can become attached to this weak, talkative creature, get carried away, fall in love (Chekhov). - You may have thought that I was asking you for money!(Dostoevsky).

Listen, we right went? Do you remember the place? (Kassil). - Donkey shouts: we’ll probably get along if we sit next to each other(Krylov).

In a number of cases, the criterion for distinguishing between introductory words and sentence members is the possibility of adding the word speaking.

By the way, he never came(“by the way”); You really shouldn't have come("as a matter of fact"); In short, the book is useful("in short"); To be honest, I don’t want to go back to what was said.("in truth").

When determining syntactic function and placing punctuation marks, in some cases it is necessary to take into account several conditions.

1) The word probably is introductory in the sense of “probably, apparently”:

The sisters are probably already asleep(Korolenko).

The word probably is a member of a sentence in the meaning “undoubtedly, definitely”:

If I know(How?) Maybe that I have to die, then I’ll tell you everything, everything!(Turgenev).

2) The word is finally introductory:

if it indicates a connection of thoughts, the order of their presentation (in the meaning of “and also”) completes the enumeration:

Opekushin came from the common people, first a self-taught person, then a recognized artist and, finally, an academician(Teleshov).

Often a word is finally preceded by homogeneous members of the word Firstly Secondly or on the one hand on the other hand, in relation to which the word finally ends the enumeration;

if it gives an assessment of a fact from the point of view of the speaker’s face or is used to express impatience, to strengthen, emphasize something:

Yes, finally leave!(Chekhov).

Note!

The word finally is not introductory and serves as a circumstantial meaning “at the end”, “finally”, “after everything”, “as a result of everything”.

Gave three balls every year and squandered it finally (Pushkin).

In this meaning, finally, the particle - can usually be added to the word (with an introductory word such an addition is impossible).

Wed: Finally got to the station (Finally got to the station). - You can finally turn to your father for advice(adding a particle -That impossible).

3) The distinction between the combination finally as an introductory one and as a member of a sentence is a circumstance similar in terms to the word finally.

Wed: After all, in the end, we haven’t decided anything yet! (in the end denotes not time, but the conclusion to which the speaker came as a result of a series of reasoning). - In the end agreement was reached(meaning of the circumstance “as a result of everything”).

4) The word, however, is introductory if it appears in the middle or at the end of a simple sentence:

The heat and fatigue took their toll, however.(Turgenev); How cleverly I did it, however(Chekhov).

At the beginning of a sentence (part of a complex sentence) or as a means of connecting homogeneous members, the word however has the meaning of an adversative conjunction (it can be replaced by the conjunction but), therefore a comma is placed only before this word:

However, it is desirable to know - by what witchcraft did the man gain such power over the entire neighborhood?(Nekrasov).

Note. In rare cases, however, the word is separated by a comma at the beginning of the sentence, approaching in meaning an interjection (expresses surprise, bewilderment, indignation), for example: However, what a wind!(Chekhov).

5) The word of course is usually separated by commas as an introductory word:

Fedor was still working in the rear, of course, he heard and read many times about “folk heroes”(Furmanov).

But sometimes the word of course, pronounced in a tone of confidence, conviction, takes on the meaning of an affirmative particle and is not punctuated:

Of course it's true!; Of course it is.

6) The word is indeed introductory in the sense of “yes, so, right, exactly” (usually it occupies a position at the beginning of a sentence):

Indeed, from the battery there was a view of almost the entire location of the Russian troops(L. Tolstoy).

As an adverb, it really means “really, truly, in fact” (usually it stands between the subject and the predicate):

I really just like you say(Dostoevsky).

7) A word in general is introductory if it is used in the meaning “generally speaking”:

In general, one could agree with this statement, but it is necessary to check some data; In general, I would like to know what really happened.

In other cases, the word is generally used as an adverb in different meanings:

in the meaning of “in general”, “on the whole”:
Pushkin is for Russian art what Lomonosov is for Russian enlightenment at all (Goncharov);
in the meaning “always”, “at all”, “under all conditions”:
He lights fires at all forbade it, it was dangerous(Kazakevich);
in the meaning “in all respects”, “in relation to everything”:
He at all looked like a weirdo(Turgenev).

This provision also applies to the form in general.

Wed: In general, there is nothing to be sad about(introductory word, can be replaced - generally speaking). - These are the terms generally simple process(meaning “in the end”); I made a few comments regarding various little things, but All in all praised him very much(Garshin) (meaning “as a result”).

8) Combination anyway is introductory if it has a restrictive-evaluative meaning:

Anyway, his last name was not Akundin, he came from abroad and performed for a reason (A.N. Tolstoy); This information at least in the short term, it will be difficult to check (the entire turnover is highlighted).

In the meaning “under any circumstances” this combination is not introductory:

You anyway you will be informed about the progress of the case; I was firmly convinced that anyway I'll see him at my mom's today(Dostoevsky).

9) The combination, in turn, is not distinguished as occupied if it is used in a meaning close to direct, or in the meaning “in response”, “for its part”:

He in its turn asked me(i.e. when it was his turn); The workers thanked their bosses for their help and asked to visit them more often; in turn, representatives of the patronage organization invited workers to a meeting of the theater’s artistic council.

In a figurative meaning, the combination, in turn, takes on the meaning of introduction and is punctuated:

Among newspaper genres, there are informational, analytical and artistic-journalistic genres; among the latter, in turn, the essay, feuilleton, and pamphlet stand out.

10) The combination in fact meaning “really” is not introductory. But if this combination serves to express bewilderment, indignation, indignation, etc., then it becomes introductory.

11) In particular, indicating the relationship between the parts of the statement, it is highlighted on both sides with commas:

He is interested, in particular, in the origin of individual words.

But if, in particular, it is part of a connecting structure (at the beginning or at the end), then it is allocated as occupied along with this structure:

Many will willingly take on this work, and in particular me; Many people will be willing to take on this work, and I in particular.

If in particular included in the design in general and in particular, then this construction is not separated by commas:

Over tea the conversation turned to housekeeping in general and in particular about gardening(Saltykov-Shchedrin).

12) The combination is mainly introductory if it serves to highlight a fact in order to express its assessment.

For example: There was a wide alley... and along it, mainly, the public was walking(Gorky) (it is impossible to form the combination “mainly for a walk”, so in this example the combination mainly is not a member of the proposal); The article should be corrected and, mainly, supplemented with fresh material (mainly meaning “the most important thing”). The combination mainly included in the connecting structure (at the beginning or at the end) is separated by commas along with it, for example: With fifty people mostly officers, crowded nearby(Pavlenko).

The combination is mainly not introductory in the meaning of “first of all”, “most of all”:

He achieved success mainly due to his hard work; What I like about him mainly is his sincerity.

13) The word main is introductory in the meaning of “especially important”, “especially significant”:

You can take any topic for the story, but the main thing is that it is interesting; Details can be omitted, but the main thing is to make it entertaining(a comma cannot be placed after the conjunction a, and to enhance punctuation, a dash is placed after the introductory combination).

14) A word means is introductory if it can be replaced with introductory words therefore, it became:

People are born, get married, die; that means it’s necessary, that means it’s good(A.N. Ostrovsky); So, does that mean you can't come today?

If the word means is close in meaning to “means,” then the punctuation depends on the place it occupies in the sentence:

in the position between the subject and the predicate, it means that it serves as a means of connecting the main members of the sentence, a dash is placed before it, and no sign is placed after it:

To fight is to win;

in other cases it means that it is not separated or highlighted by any signs:

if the word means is located between a subordinate and main clause or between parts of a non-union complex sentence, then it is highlighted on both sides with commas:

If he defends his views so stubbornly, it means he feels he is right; If you didn’t save the child, then you have yourself to blame.

15) The word is the opposite meaning “in contrast to what is said or expected; on the contrary” is introductory and is separated by commas:

Instead of slowing down, he, on the contrary, stood on the box and desperately twirled his whip over his head.(Kataev).

If, on the contrary (after the conjunction and) is used as a word replacing a member of a sentence or a whole sentence, then the following punctuation is observed:

when a member of a sentence is replaced, no sign is placed before the conjunction:

In the picture, light tones turn into dark and vice versa(i.e. dark to light);

when, on the contrary, it is added to a whole sentence, a comma is placed before the conjunction:

The closer the light source, the brighter the light it emits, and vice versa(the whole sentence is replaced: The further away the light source is, the less bright the light it emits; a kind of compound sentence is formed);

when, and vice versa, it is attached to a subordinate clause, a comma is not placed before the conjunction:

This also explains why what was considered criminal in the ancient world is considered legal in the new and vice versa(Belinsky) (as if homogeneous subordinate clauses with a non-repeating conjunction are formed And: ...and why what was considered criminal in modern times was considered legal in the ancient world).

16) The combination is at least introductory if it has an evaluative-restrictive meaning, that is, it expresses the speaker’s attitude to the thought being expressed:

One person, driven by compassion, decided to at least help Akakiy Akakievich with good advice(Gogol); Vera Efimovna advised us to try to transfer her to a political position or, at least, to work as a nurse in a hospital(L. Tolstoy).

If the introductory combination is at least at the beginning of a separate phrase, then it is separated by commas along with it:

Nikolai Evgrafych knew that his wife would not return home soon, at least five o'clock! (Chekhov).

The combination is at least not separated by commas if it means “no less than”, “at least”:

From his tanned face one could conclude that he knew what smoke was, if not gunpowder, then at least tobacco(Gogol); At least I will know that I will serve in the Russian army (Bulgakov).

17) The phrase including the combination from the point of view is separated by commas if it means “in opinion”:

Choosing a place to build a cottage, from my point of view, successful.

If such a combination has the meaning “in relation”, then the rotation is not separated by commas:

I know that a crime has been committed, if you look at things from the point of view of general morality; From the point of view of novelty, the book deserves attention.

18) The word approximately is introductory in the sense of “for example” and is not introductory in the sense of “approximately”.

Wed: I'm trying to think about her("For example"), not thinking is impossible(Ostrovsky). - We are approximately("approximately") in these tones and with such conclusions they conducted a conversation(Furmanov).

19) The word is for example associated with the following punctuation:

separated by commas as introductory:
Nikolai Artemyevich liked to persistently argue, for example, about whether it is possible for a person to travel around the entire globe during his entire life(Turgenev);
stands out together with the revolution, at the beginning or end of which there is:

requires a comma before itself and a colon after itself, if it is after a generalizing word before listing homogeneous members:

Some mushrooms are very poisonous, for example: toadstool, satanic mushroom, fly agaric.

Note!

Never are not introductory and the words are not separated by commas:

as if, as if, hardly, barely, supposedly, almost, even, precisely, after all, only, certainly, just, after all, necessarily, suddenly.

3. General rules for placing punctuation marks for introductory words, combinations and sentences.

1) Basically, introductory words, phrases and sentences are separated by commas:

I admit, he didn't make a good impression on me(Turgenev); Yes, you probably saw her at that evening(Turgenev).

2) If the introductory word comes after the listing of homogeneous members and precedes the generalizing word, then only a dash (without a comma) is placed before the introductory word, and a comma after it:

Books, brochures, magazines, newspapers - in a word, all types of printed materials lay on his desk in complete disarray.

If the sentence is complex, then a comma is placed before the dash based on the general rule for separating parts of a complex sentence:

The men drank, argued and laughed - in a word, the dinner was extremely cheerful (Pushkin).

3) When two introductory words meet, a comma is placed between them:

What good, perhaps, and gets married, out of tenderness of the soul...(Dostoevsky); So, in your opinion Should everyone, without exception, engage in physical labor?(Chekhov).

Intensifying particles in introductory words are not separated from them by a comma:

This is probably true, since there are no contraindications.

4) If the introductory word is at the beginning or end of a separate phrase (isolation, clarification, explanation, accession), then it is not separated from the phrase by any sign:

The dark, stocky captain calmly sips his pipe, apparently Italian or Greek (Kataev); Among my comrades there are such poets, lyrics or what?, preachers of love for people(Bitter).

Introductory words are not separated from a separate phrase, even if they are at the very beginning or the very end of the sentence:

Apparently fearing snow drifts, the group leader canceled the climb to the top of the mountain; Leave these new arguments, unconvincing and far-fetched of course.

If the introductory word is in the middle of a separate phrase, then it is separated by commas on a general basis:

The child, apparently frightened by the horse, ran up to his mother.

Note!

It is necessary to distinguish between cases when the introductory word is at the beginning of a separate phrase, and cases when it is located between two members of the sentence.

Wed: He had information seems to have been published recently (a separate phrase, the introductory word seems to be part of it). - In his hand he held a small, it seems, technical reference book(without the introductory word there would be no punctuation mark, since the definitions small And technical heterogeneous, the introductory word refers to the second of them).

In the presence of homogeneous definitions, when doubt may arise as to which of the homogeneous members, preceding or subsequent, the introductory word located between them refers to, the second definition, together with the introductory word, can form a clarifying construction.

This information was gleaned from new, seems special for thiscase compiled, directory(without an introductory word, there would be a comma between homogeneous definitions); Silence and grace reigned in this, obviously forgotten by God and people, corner of the earth(clarifying definition for the demonstrative pronoun this).

If the introductory word is at the beginning of a phrase enclosed in brackets, then it is separated by a comma:

Both messages (apparently recently received) have attracted widespread attention.

5) If there is a coordinating conjunction before the introductory word, then the punctuation will be like this. Introductory words are separated from the preceding coordinating conjunction by a comma if the introductory word can be omitted or rearranged elsewhere in the sentence without disturbing its structure (as a rule, with conjunctions and, but). If the removal or rearrangement of the introductory word is impossible, then a comma is not placed after the conjunction (usually with the conjunction a).

Wed: The entire circulation has already been printed, and the book will probably go on sale in a few days (The entire circulation has already been printed, and the book will go on sale in a few days.); This issue has already been considered several times, but, apparently, the final decision has not yet been made (This issue has already been considered several times, but a final decision has not yet been made.); It is not coal that can be used here, but rather liquid fuel (It is not coal that can be used here, but liquid fuel). - The calculations were made hastily and therefore inaccurately(impossible: The calculations were made hastily and inaccurately); Maybe everything will end well, or maybe vice versa(impossible: Maybe everything will end well, but vice versa).

Note!

A homogeneous member of a sentence that comes after introductory words and therefore, and therefore, is not isolated, that is, a comma is not placed after it.

For example: As a result, the strength of the electromagnetic field of incoming signals, and therefore the strength of reception, increases many times; This scheme, and therefore the entire project as a whole, needs to be verified.

6) After an connecting conjunction (at the beginning of an independent sentence), a comma is usually not placed, since the conjunction is closely adjacent to the introductory word that follows it:

And imagine, he still staged this performance; And I dare to assure you, the performance turned out wonderful; And what do you think, he achieved his goal; But one way or another, the decision was made.

Less often (when intonationally emphasizing introductory words or introductory sentences, when they are included in the text through a subordinating conjunction), after the connecting conjunction, a comma is placed before the introductory construction:

But, to my great chagrin, Shvabrin, usually condescending, decisively announced that my song was not good(Pushkin); And, as usual, they remembered only one good thing(Krymov).

7) Introductory words standing before the comparative phrase (with the conjunction as), the target phrase (with the conjunction so), etc., are separated from them based on the general rule:

All this seemed strange to me, as did others; The son thought for a minute, probably to collect his thoughts(usually in these cases the introductory word refers not to the previous, but to the subsequent part of the sentence).

8) Instead of a comma, a dash can be used in introductory words, phrases and sentences.

A dash is used in the following cases:

if the introductory phrase forms an incomplete construction (a word is missing that is restored from the context), then a dash is usually placed instead of one comma:

Chichikov ordered to stop for two reasons: on the one hand, to give the horses a rest, on the other, to rest and refresh himself.(Gogol) (the comma before the subordinate clause is absorbed by the dash);

a dash is placed before the introductory word as an additional sign after the comma if the introductory word stands between two parts of a complex sentence and in meaning can be attributed to either the preceding or the following part:

The dog disappeared - probably someone chased it out of the yard(the dash emphasizes that it is not “the dog probably disappeared”, but that “the dog was probably driven away”).

Sometimes an additional sign emphasizes cause-and-effect or connecting relationships between parts of a sentence:

It was difficult to verify his words - obviously, circumstances had changed a lot.

Sometimes a comma and a dash are placed before the introductory word at the beginning of a separate phrase, and a comma after it to avoid possible ambiguity:

Since there is still time, we will call someone additional to the exam - for example, those taking it again (let's say in the meaning of “suppose”, “say”);

a dash is placed before the introductory word after a comma if the part of the sentence following the introductory word summarizes what was said in the first part:

Chichikov asked with extreme precision who the city's governor was, who the chairman of the chamber was, who the prosecutor was - in a word, he did not miss a single significant person(Gogol);

using a dash, introductory sentences can be highlighted if they are quite common (have secondary members):

Suspect Yakov Lukich of sabotage - now it seemed to him- it wasn't easy(Sholokhov); Let the enemy leave, or - as they say in the solemn language of military regulations- letting him get away is a major nuisance for the scouts, almost a shame(Kazakevich).

Honestly, in my writing I really like the use of introductory words. In my opinion, they give some emotional coloring, although, Maybe, I'm wrong =) By the way, I also believe that sometimes they clog our speech and often their use is unjustified. But, agree, if they are present in the text, then, obviously, do not neglect the rules of the Russian language.

Introductory words are words that are part of a sentence, but do not enter into a grammatical connection with its members. As a rule, introductory words express the speaker’s attitude to the statement, its assessment, and provide information about the source of the message or connection with the context.

Standard errors associated with punctuation in introductory words are the following:
. The introductory word is not highlighted;
. A word is highlighted that is mistakenly taken as an introductory one, but is not one;
. The writer uses punctuation marks inaccurately when including an introductory word in the text.

So, what words will be introductory and what are the features of using punctuation marks in introductory constructions?

Introductory words and sentences that are not grammatically related to the general structure of the sentence are called introductory. Introductory words are not parts of a sentence; they cannot be asked questions. Introductory sentences and plug-in constructions are not included in the overall outline of the sentence and represent comments that are not related or not closely related to the overall meaning of the sentence. Both introductory words and introductory sentences are isolated, that is, the writer uses an emphasizing punctuation mark - paired commas, dashes, parentheses.

Basic rule: the introductory word or phrase is separated by commas on both sides.

The main mistake of most writers is related to inaccurate knowledge of the list of introductory words. Therefore, first of all, you should learn which words can be introductory, which groups of introductory words can be highlighted, and which words are never introductory.

GROUPS OF INTRODUCTORY WORDS.

1. introductory words expressing the speaker’s feelings in connection with what was said: fortunately, unfortunately, unfortunately, to annoyance, to horror, to misfortune, what good...

2. introductory words expressing the speaker’s assessment of the degree of reliability of what he said: of course, undoubtedly, of course, indisputably, obviously, certainly, probably, possibly, true, maybe, should be, it seems, in all likelihood, apparently, essentially, essentially, I think... This group of introductory words is the most numerous.

3. introductory words indicating the sequence of thoughts presented and their connection with each other: firstly, so, therefore, in general, means, by the way, further, however, finally, on the one hand... This group is also quite large and insidious.

4. introductory words indicating techniques and ways of forming thoughts: in a word, in other words, in other words, or rather, more precisely, so to speak...

5. introductory words indicating the source of the message: they say, in my opinion, according to..., according to rumors, according to information..., in opinion..., in my opinion, remember...

6. introductory words, which represent the speaker’s address to the interlocutor: do you see, know, understand, forgive, please, agree...

7. introductory words indicating an assessment of the extent of what is being said: at most, at least...

8. introductory words showing the degree of ordinaryness of what was said: it happens, it happened, as usual...

9. introductory words expressing the expressiveness of the statement: jokes aside, it’s funny to say, honestly, between us...

Writers' mistakes are associated, first of all, with the incorrect characterization of a word as an introductory one, in other words, with the isolation of a word that is not an introductory one.

Are notintroductory words and don't stand out The following words are written with commas:

. literally, as if, in addition, suddenly, after all, here, there, hardly, after all, ultimately, hardly, even, precisely, exclusively, as if, as if, just, meanwhile, almost, therefore, therefore, approximately, approximately, moreover, moreover, simply, decisively, as if... - this group includes particles and adverbs, which are most often mistakenly isolated as introductory ones.

. by tradition, by advice..., by direction..., by request..., by order..., by plan...- these combinations act as non-isolated members of the sentence - On the advice of her older sister, she decided to enter Moscow State University. By order of the doctor, the patient was put on a strict diet. According to the author, the novel was supposed to cover the period up to 1825.

Depending on the context, the same words can act either as introductory words or as members of a sentence:

. MAYBE and COULD BE, MUST BE, SEEMED act as introductory notes if they indicate the degree of reliability of what is being reported - Maybe I’ll come tomorrow? Our teacher has been gone for two days; maybe he got sick. This must be your first time encountering such a phenomenon. I think I saw him somewhere. These same words can turn out to be predicates - What can a meeting with you bring me? How can a person be so dispensable! This should be your own decision. This all seems very suspicious to me.

. OBVIOUSLY, POSSIBLY, SEEN turn out to be introductory if they indicate the degree of reliability of the statement - You obviously want to apologize for your action? Next month I may go on vacation. Apparently you don't want to tell us the whole truth? The same words can be part of the predicates - It became obvious to everyone that we need to look for another way to solve the problem. This became possible thanks to the coordinated actions of the fire brigade. The sun is not visible because of the clouds.

. SURELY, TRUE, EXACTLY, NATURALLY turn out to be introductory when indicating the degree of reliability of what is being reported (in this case they are interchangeable or can be replaced with words of this group that are close in meaning) - You probably (= should be) do not understand how important it is to do this on time. You, right, are the same Sidorov? She was definitely a beauty. All these arguments, of course, are just our assumptions for now. These same words turn out to be members of the sentence (circumstances) - He translated the text correctly (= correctly, circumstance of the course of action). I don’t know for sure (=certainly, the circumstance of the course of action), but he had to do it to spite me. The student accurately (=correctly) solved the problem. This naturally (=naturally) led us to the only correct answer.

. BY THE WAY is an introductory word if it indicates a connection of thoughts - He is a good athlete. By the way, he studies well too. This word does not act as an introductory word in the meaning of “at the same time” - I’ll go for a walk, by the way, I’ll buy bread.

. BY THE WAY turns out to be an introductory word, indicating the connection of thoughts - Her parents, friends and, by the way, her best friend are against the trip. This word can be used as a non-introductory word in the context - He made a long speech, in which he among other things noted that he would soon become our boss.

. FIRST OF ALL as an introductory word indicates a connection of thoughts - First of all (=firstly), is it even necessary to raise such a sensitive topic? The same word can act as an adverb of time (= first) - First of all, I want to say hello from your parents. It must be said that in the same phrase “first of all” can be considered either introductory or not, depending on the will of the author.

. REALLY, UNDOUBTEDLY, UNCONDITIONALLY, PROPERLY will be introductory if they indicate the degree of reliability of what is being reported - From this hill, really (= exactly, in fact, without any doubt), the best view opened up. There is no doubt (=really, really) that your child is capable of music. He certainly read this novel. - or to the method of formalizing thoughts - That, in fact, is the whole story. These same words are not introductory if they appear in other meanings - I really am the way you imagined me (= in reality, in fact). He was undoubtedly a talented composer (= without a doubt, in fact). She is certainly right in offering us such a simple way to solve the problem (=very, quite right). I had nothing actually against the school, but I didn’t want to go to this one (=in general, exactly). The words “really” and “unconditionally,” depending on the intonation proposed by the speaker, can be either introductory or not in the same context.

. THUS, NEXT, THEN, FINALLY, FINALLY as introductory words they indicate a sequence of thoughts - And, then, she turned out to be a celebrity. Next, we will talk about our conclusions. Thus (=so), our results do not at all contradict those obtained by other scientists. She is smart, beautiful and, finally, she is very kind to me. What, after all, do you want from me? Typically, sentences containing the above words complete a series of enumerations; the words themselves have the meaning “and also.” In the context above, the words “firstly”, “secondly”, “on the one hand”, etc. may appear. “Thus” in the meaning of the introductory word turns out to be not only the completion of the enumeration, but also the conclusion.

These same words are not highlighted as introductory in meaning: “in this way” = “in this way” - In this way he was able to move the heavy cabinet. “Next” = “then” - Next, the floor is given to the second opponent. Typically, time adverbials, such as “first,” are found in the previous context. “Later” = “then, after that” - And then he became a famous scientist. “Finally” = “at the end, finally, after everything, as a result of everything” - Finally, all the affairs were successfully completed. Usually in this meaning the particle “-that” can be added to the word “finally”, which cannot be done if “finally” is an introductory word. In the same meanings as above for “finally”, the combination “eventually” is not introductory - Eventually (= as a result) an agreement was reached.

. HOWEVER is introductory if it is in the middle or at the end of a sentence - Rain, however, has been falling for the second week, despite weather forecasters. How cleverly I did it, however! “However” does not turn out to be introductory at the beginning of a sentence and at the beginning of a part of a complex sentence, when it acts as an adversative conjunction (=but) - However, people did not want to believe in his good intentions. We didn't expect to meet, but we were lucky.

. AT ALL is introductory in the sense of “generally speaking”, when it indicates the way thoughts are formed - His work, in general, is of interest only to a narrow circle of specialists. In other meanings, the word “in general” is an adverb meaning “in general, completely, in all respects, under all conditions, always” - Ostrovsky is for Russian theater what Pushkin is for literature in general. According to the new law, smoking in the workplace is generally prohibited.

. IN MY opinion, IN YOUR opinion, IN OUR opinion, IN YOUR opinion are introductory, indicating the source of the message - Your child, in my opinion, has a cold. Do you think this proves something? The word “in his own way” is not introductory - He is right in his own way.
.CERTAINLY most often it is introductory, indicates the degree of reliability of the statement - We, of course, are ready to help you with everything. Sometimes this word is not isolated if it is intonationally highlighted with a tone of confidence, conviction. In this case, the word “of course” is considered an intensifying particle - I certainly would have agreed if you had warned me in advance.

. ANYWAY more often it is introductory and used for evaluation - I, in any case, would not like to remember this. These words, in any case, indicate the seriousness of his attitude towards life. In the meaning of “always, under any circumstances,” this combination is not introductory - In any case, I had to meet him today and talk to him.

. INDEED more often it is NOT introductory, speaking in the sense of “really” - Petya is really good at computers. I really have nothing to do with this. Less often, this phrase turns out to be introductory, if it serves to express bewilderment, indignation - Why are you really pretending to be a smart guy?

. IN ITS TURN can be introductory when it indicates a connection of thoughts or a way of forming a thought - Among many modern writers, Vladimir Sorokin is of interest, and among his books, in turn, “The Novel” can be especially highlighted. Having asked me to help him with his work, he, in turn, did not mess around either. The same phrase can be non-introductory in the meaning “in response”, “for one’s part” (= when it’s the turn) - Masha, in turn, talked about how she spent the summer.

. MEANS is introductory if it can be replaced by the words “therefore”, “therefore” - The message is complex, which means it needs to be conveyed today. The rain has already stopped, which means we can go for a walk. If she fights us so hard, it means she feels she is right. This word may turn out to be a predicate, close in meaning to “means” - A dog means more to him than a wife. When you are truly friends with a person, it means that you trust him with everything. “So” can appear between the subject and the predicate, especially when they are expressed by infinitives. In this case, a dash is placed before “means” - To be offended means to recognize oneself as weak. To be friends means to trust your friend.

. VICE VERSA is introductory if it indicates a connection of thoughts - He did not want to offend her, but, on the contrary, tried to ask her for forgiveness. Instead of playing sports, she, on the contrary, sits at home all day. The combination “and vice versa”, which can act as a homogeneous member of a sentence, is not an introductory one; it is used as a word that replaces a whole sentence or part of it. - In spring, girls change: brunettes become blondes and vice versa (i.e. blondes become brunettes). The more you study, the higher grades you get, and vice versa (i.e. if you study little, the grades will be bad; the comma before “and” ends up at the end of the sentence - it’s like a complex sentence, where “on the contrary” replaces its second Part). I know that he will fulfill my request and vice versa (i.e. I will fulfill it, there is no comma before “and”, since “on the contrary” replaces a homogeneous subordinate clause).

. AT LEAST is introductory if the assessment matters - Misha, at least, knows how to behave, and does not pick his teeth with a fork. This phrase can be used in the meaning of “no less than”, “at least”, then it is not isolated - She will at least know that her father did not live his life in vain. At least five from the class must take part in cross-country skiing.

. FROM POINT OF VIEW is introductory in the sense of "in opinion" - From my grandmother's point of view, a girl should not wear trousers. Her answer, from the point of view of the examiners, is worthy of the highest mark. The same phrase may have the meaning “in relation to” and then it is not introductory - The work is going according to plan in terms of timing. If we evaluate the behavior of the heroes of some literary works from the point of view of modern morality, then it should be considered immoral.

. IN PARTICULAR stands out as introductory if it indicates the connection of thoughts in a statement - She is interested, in particular, in the question of the contribution of this scientist to the development of the theory of relativity. The company takes an active part in charitable activities and, in particular, helps orphanage No. 187. If the combination IN PARTICULAR is at the beginning or end of the connecting structure, then it is not separated from this structure (this will be discussed in more detail in the next section) - I love books about animals, in particular about dogs. My friends, in particular Masha and Vadim, vacationed in Spain this summer. The specified combination is not distinguished as an introductory one if it is connected by the conjunction “and” with the word “in general” - The conversation turned to politics in general and in particular about the latest government decisions.

. MAINLY is introductory when it serves to evaluate a fact, highlight it in a statement - The textbook should be rewritten and, mainly, the following chapters should be added to it... The room was used on special occasions and, mainly, for organizing ceremonial dinners. This combination may be part of a connecting construction, in which case, if it is at the beginning or end of it, it is not separated from the construction itself by a comma - Many Russian people, mainly representatives of the intelligentsia, did not believe the government’s promises. In the meaning of “first of all,” “most of all,” this combination is not introductory and is not isolated - He was afraid of writing mainly because of his illiteracy. What I like about him mainly is his attitude towards his parents.

. FOR EXAMPLE will always be introductory, but formatted differently. It can be separated by commas on both sides - Pavel Petrovich is an extremely attentive person to his appearance, for example, he carefully cares for his nails. If “for example” appears at the beginning or at the end of an already isolated member, then it is not separated from this phrase by a comma - In many large cities, for example in Moscow, an unfavorable environmental situation is developing. Some works of Russian writers, for example "Eugene Onegin" or "War and Peace", served as the basis for the creation of feature films not only in Russia, but also in other countries. In addition, after “for example” there may be a colon if “for example” comes after a generalizing word before a series of homogeneous members - Some fruits can cause allergies, for example: oranges, tangerines, pineapple, red berries.

Difficult cases of placing commas when using introductory words are associated with the following rules:

1. When combining two introductory words, they are separated by commas according to the basic rule, that is, each one is highlighted - Fortunately, I think I know the correct solution to the problem. First of all, you see, I've never been to Paris.

2. If an introductory word or phrase is at the beginning or end of an already isolated phrase (a separate definition, circumstance, clarification, explanation, accession), then it is not separated from the phrase by a comma - He came home late, apparently after midnight. He looked at her for a long time, probably not understanding what she was talking about. The lecturer, probably for clarity, began to draw a diagram on the board. In the middle of such a phrase, the introductory word is highlighted on both sides according to the general rule - My neighbor passed by, apparently not noticing me. Especially often at the beginning and at the end of a separate phrase there is a word FOR EXAMPLE- Many of Pushkin’s poems, for example “The Prophet,” are devoted to the theme of creativity.

3. It is necessary to distinguish between the use of an introductory word as part of a separate phrase and its use between two members of a sentence. Compare: He gave me his new book, probably just published and not yet on sale.- the introductory word is at the beginning of a separate definition. We prepared a set of beautiful, it seems, French glasses for her as a gift.- the introductory word stands between two heterogeneous definitions.

4. The introductory word can come after the coordinating conjunction ("and", "a", "but"). In this case, the conjunction can connect parts of a sentence, or can be attached to an introductory word. In the first case, the introductory word is separated by commas, that is, separated from the coordinating conjunction (to check, you can rearrange the introductory word to another place in the sentence) - All the suitcases have already been packed, and probably tomorrow we will be able to take our time. Vasya read the text of the textbook several times, but, unfortunately, did not understand anything. I didn’t come to sort things out, but, on the contrary, to make peace with you. In the second case, the introductory word is not separated from the conjunction (usually this happens with the conjunction “a”) - The calculations were made inaccurately, and therefore the conclusions are incorrect. We need to prepare for exams, and also write several essays.
The homogeneous member of the sentence, standing after the words “and therefore”, “and therefore”, is not isolated and not separated from the introductory word itself - This chapter, and therefore the entire section, needs to be redone.

5. If after the initial conjunction “and”, “a”, “but” there is an introductory word, it is usually not separated from the conjunction - However, we need to try to test your idea. And finally, the main reason for your failures is lack of concentration. But of course you have to work more on yourself.

6. If the introductory phrase forms an incomplete construction, then a dash is placed in place of the missing member of the introductory construction and the comma. Most often, such punctuation occurs in combination ON THE ONE HAND ON THE OTHER HAND if the word “sides” is omitted in the second combination - On the one hand, I want to buy this dress, but on the other hand, I feel sorry for the money. She decided to read the novel for two reasons: on the one hand, to form her own opinion about it, on the other, to have something to talk about with Andryusha.

7. If the introductory word comes after a dash, there are two options for arranging characters. In the first case, when a dash appears after a group of homogeneous members before a generalizing word, the summarizing “word” is most often used - In the yard, behind the house, on the street - in a word, there is snow everywhere. There is no comma before the dash, since the introductory word is inside a simple sentence. True, if there is a separate phrase or subordinate clause before the dash, then the dash is placed - Masha, Galya, Katya, who is in tenth grade - in a word, all my friends have dogs. In the second case, a dash is placed between the parts of a complex sentence, and an introductory word is placed between the parts. Then there is a comma before the dash, that is, we can say about the use of a double sign - a comma and a dash. - The dog disappeared - someone must have stolen it. The “News” presenter could not confirm any facts - obviously, these are still just rumors.

The dashes are highlighted:

Insert designs expressing the author's feelings. They are often exclamatory sentences, so there is an exclamation mark before the second dash that closes the plug-in construction - I returned home and - oh horror! - I saw my mittens on the clean living room carpet, torn to shreds by the cat.

If, according to the conditions of the context, the inserted construction stands between the parts of the sentence and the structure of the first part requires a comma, then the comma is placed before the dash - She looked at the mess that was in the room - what a nightmare! - and the hands dropped by themselves. - in the first part there is a subordinate clause, which is separated by commas.

If the structure of the second part requires a comma, then the comma is placed before the second dash - When he started to get depressed - and this happens to him every five days - it means he wants to be pitied. - in the main part there is an introductory word, which should be separated by commas.

To consolidate the rule for highlighting introductory constructions in texts, we can recommend the method tested by the heroine of our last assignment. Try to create coherent text or individual sentences using as many introductory words as possible. The more fun and memorable your own examples are, the easier it will be for you to remember the rule.

Task formulation - 2019

Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentences.

One of the heroes of the novel (1) of course (2) Eugene Onegin is a typical young nobleman of the early 19th century. But the main character (3) without a doubt (4) is A.S. himself. Pushkin is the author of the work.

Correct answer: 1234

What you need to know to complete the task correctly:

What groups of introductory words are distinguished by meaning;

What words are never introductory, but are often mistaken for introductory ones;

How to distinguish between introductory words and sentence parts that sound similar to them.

Introductory words are words with which the speaker expresses his attitude to what he is communicating.

Introductory words can be removed from a sentence without changing the main idea of the syntactic structure.

Introductory words by their meaning

Introductory words express
Confidence	of course, of course, undoubtedly, undoubtedly, indisputably, naturally, indeed, as a rule, without a doubt
Uncertainty	probably, probably, seems, obviously, apparently, apparently, perhaps, perhaps, in all probability, perhaps, must be
	fortunately, unfortunately, unfortunately, to surprise, what good, unfortunately, to our pleasure, in fact
Source messages	in my opinion, in my opinion, in your opinion, they say, according to someone’s message, in the opinion of someone, according to someone, according to rumors, I remember, they say, as you know, according to the expression of someone or, according to press reports
The order of thoughts, their connection, the result	firstly, secondly, thirdly, it means, so, therefore, therefore, thus, by the way, on the contrary, in particular, on the contrary, for example, for example, however, therefore, by the way, I emphasize , I repeat, finally, on the one hand, on the other hand, in addition
registration of thoughts	in other words, in short, so to speak, in a word, in one word, in all honesty, frankly speaking, in other words, it is better to say
Attraction attention	please listen, be kind, believe me, you see, you know, you understand, let's say, let's say
Degree of normality	happened, as usual, as a rule

Note: Many of the words listed in the table can act both as introductory words and as members of a sentence (then they are not separated by commas).

Example: Grandmother seemed to be dozing... - It all just seemed to me.

You can use the following technique to distinguish between introductory words and sentence members that sound similar to them:

1) Introductory words can be removed from the sentence or replaced with other synonymous introductory words.

Grandmother seemed to be dozing.

Grandma was dozing. (The introductory word can be removed from the sentence, and its meaning will not change.)

Grandma was apparently dozing. (The introductory word with a meaning of a lesser degree of confidence “seemed” can be replaced with a synonymous introductory word with the same meaning “vis-dimo”.)

2) A member of a sentence cannot be removed or replaced with an introductory word without changing the meaning of the sentence.

Example: It all just seemed to me. (The word “seemed” is a predicate and cannot be replaced by an introductory word with a meaning of a lesser degree of certainty.)

Introductory words and similar-sounding parts of sentences, with the punctuation of which graduates most often make mistakes.

Is an introductory word and is separated by commas	It is not an introductory word and is not separated by commas.

If it is in the middle of a sentence and cannot be replaced by the conjunction BUT. Example: He was, however, gloomy and silent.	If it is at the beginning or in the middle of a sentence and it can be replaced with the conjunction BUT. Example: However (= but) he knows nothing. The wind died down, however (= but) the storm continued.

If it indicates a connection between the ideas being expressed and has the meaning AND MORE (often in a sentence the introductory word FINALLY is preceded by the words FIRST, SECONDLY or ON THE ONE HAND, ON THE OTHER SIDE, in relation to which the word FINALLY is the final enumeration) . Example: In the summer you can go to the sea or to visit friends and, finally (= and also), you can relax at the dacha. Firstly, you were late, secondly, you didn’t bring the work and, finally, you spilled juice on the drawing.	If it can be replaced by the phrase AT THE END or it has the meaning AFTER EVERYTHING, IN THE END, AS A RESULT OF ALL (usually in this case you can add a particle TO it). Example: Exhausted, dirty, wet, we finally (= after everything, as a result of everything) reached the shore.

If it is synonymous with the words CONSEQUENTLY, IT SO BEES. Example: If spring comes, it means (= therefore) it will be warm. People are born, get married, die; it means (- therefore), it’s necessary, it means (= therefore), it’s good.	If it is close in meaning to the words, IT MEANS, THIS. Example: To fight means (= means) win.

Words that are ALWAYS introductory

of course, firstly, secondly, thirdly, so, therefore, undoubtedly, apparently, please, they say.

Words that are NOT introductory

(particles and adverbs that are not separated by commas in writing):

perhaps, for the most part, as if, literally, in addition, because, ultimately, it seems, hardly, anyway, after all, even, precisely, sometimes, as if, as if, besides, only, inter- so, for sure, extremely, I suppose, certainly, definitely, partly, at least, truly, as before, therefore, simply, albeit, decisively, as if, nevertheless, only, allegedly.

Note: the greatest difficulty for many graduates is caused by sentences with the words as if and as if. Examinees mistakenly identify them with introductory words and separate them with commas on both sides, which is not allowed.

For example: Aspen is good only on a windy summer day, when every leaf seems to want to break off and rush off into the distance.

As if, as if not introductory words, they are not highlighted with commas on both sides.

Some important rules for placing punctuation marks in introductory words:

1. The introductory word is separated from the preceding conjunction by a comma if this introductory word can be eliminated from the sentence or rearranged to another place without disturbing its structure.

EXAMPLE: We decided to continue our journey without a guide, but, to our great chagrin, we completely lost our way.

(You can remove the introductory construction from the sentence, and it will look like this: We decided to continue our journey without a guide, but completely lost our way.)

2. The introductory word is not separated from the previous conjunction by a comma if removing the introductory word from the sentence or rearranging it is impossible.

EXAMPLE: He will return today, or maybe tomorrow.

3. Introductory words are not separated by a comma from conjunctions used at the absolute beginning of a sentence.

EXAMPLE: And indeed, everything worked out amazingly on time and smoothly for him.

4. If the introductory phrase forms an incomplete construction (one word is missing, restored from the context), then a dash is usually placed instead of one comma.

EXAMPLE: Chichikov ordered to stop for two reasons: on the one hand, to give the horses a rest, on the other, to rest and refresh himself.

5. If the introductory word comes after the listing of homogeneous members and precedes the generalizing word, then a dash (without a comma) is placed before the introductory word, and a comma after it.

EXAMPLE: In the air, in the dry grass, among the birds - in a word, the approach of spring was felt everywhere.

Algorithm for completing the task:

1) Check whether the highlighted words are introductory or similar-sounding members of the sentence, that is, determine whether they can or cannot be discarded or removed from the sentence:

Introductory words can be removed from the sentence or replaced with other synonymous introductory words; they are separated by commas;

Members of the sentence that sound similar to the introductory words cannot be removed without changing the meaning of the syntactic structure; they are not separated by commas;

2) Remember that they are not introductory and are not separated by commas

As if, as if;

Particles and some adverbs:

perhaps, for the most part, as if, literally, in addition, because, ultimately, it seems, hardly, anyway, after all, even, precisely, sometimes, as if, as if, besides, only, meanwhile , for sure, extremely, I suppose, certainly, definitely, partly, at least, truly, still, therefore, simply, albeit, decisively, as if, nevertheless, only, supposedly

What words are introductory, what are the features of using various punctuation marks in order to highlight introductory constructions?

Let us first define the terms “introductory word” and “introductory sentence”.

What are introductory words and sentences?

Let's answer this question together. Introductory sentences and introductory words in Russian are words that are not grammatically related to the general structure of the sentence in which they are used. Let us clarify our idea. Introductory words are not members of the sentence, since they cannot be asked a question. Introductory words and sentences are not included in the overall outline of the main sentence. They are remarks loosely related or not at all related to the meaning of the sentence.

Both introductory sentences and introductory words in the Russian language are isolated, that is, when writing them, we use special highlighting punctuation marks - commas, dashes or parentheses. Most often, introductory words are separated by commas.

General rule

The general rule is the following: the introductory phrase or word on both sides is separated by commas. The main mistake most people make is due to poor knowledge of the list of these words. You need to learn which of them can be introductory, and also which ones must be highlighted, and which ones never appear in a sentence as introductory words. We will consider a list of introductory words, divided into groups according to their meaning, below.

Groups of introductory words

1. Expressing the speaker’s feelings in relation to what was said: unfortunately, fortunately, to annoyance, unfortunately, unfortunately, what good, to horror and etc.

2. Expressing an assessment of the speaker’s degree of reliability of what was said: undoubtedly, of course, indisputably, of course, certainly, obviously, perhaps, probably, perhaps, true, it seems, should be, apparently, in all likelihood, I think, essentially, essentially etc. This group of introductory words is the most numerous.

3. Indicating the connection or sequence of thoughts expressed: so, firstly, in general, therefore, by the way, means, however, further, on the one hand, finally etc. This group is also quite large.

4. Indicating ways and techniques of forming thoughts: in other words, in a word, more accurately, in other words, so to speak, more precisely and etc.

5. Indicating a specific message source: in my opinion, they say, according to..., according to information..., according to rumors, in the opinion..., I remember, in my opinion and etc.

6. Representing an appeal to the speaker’s interlocutor: know, see, forgive, understand, agree, please and etc.

7. Measures indicating the assessment of what is being discussed: at least at most and etc.

8. Showing the degree of commonality of what was said: happened, as usual, happens and etc.

9. Expressing the expressiveness of a certain statement: funny to say, jokes aside, just between you and me, to be honest and etc.

The main errors are associated with the incorrect classification of a word as an introductory one, that is, with the isolation of a word that is not an introductory one.

What words are not introductory?

The following expressions are not separated by commas, since they are not water ones:

- as if, literally, suddenly, in addition, here, after all, after all, hardly, hardly, ultimately, precisely, even, as if, exclusively, just, as if, almost, meanwhile, because, therefore , approximately, approximately, and, moreover, decisively, simply, as if. This group includes adverbs and particles that are most often mistakenly isolated. The Russian language does not distinguish them as introductory words;

- by advice..., by tradition, by request..., by direction..., by plan..., by order...- these combinations are non-isolated members.

Words whose isolation depends on the context

Depending on the context, the same words can act either as members of a sentence or as introductory words. Some words in certain meanings are introductory and stand out. In other meanings, these are no longer introductory words. Their list is as follows:

- maybe, maybe, it seems, it should be are introductory if they indicate a certain degree of reliability of what is being discussed;

- visible, possible, obvious act as such if they characterize the degree of reliability of a certain statement;

- naturally, exactly, surely, probably The Russian language considers as introductory words when indicating one or another degree of reliability of what is being reported (in this case they are interchangeable or words of the same group that are similar in meaning can be substituted). Example: “She must (=probably) not understand how important it is to solve this problem on time”;

- By the way- an introductory word if it indicates a connection of thoughts. Example: “He is a good musician. By the way, he plays tennis well too”;

- by the way in that case it is introductory if it also indicates a connection of thoughts. Example: “Her friends, parents and, by the way, her sister are against this trip.” This word can also be used as a non-introductory word in the following context: “Ivan made a speech in which, among other things, he pointed out that one should work more carefully”;

- first of all indicating the connection of thoughts is an introductory word. In this context, it can be replaced with words such as “first”, “first”, etc.;

- undoubtedly, indeed, in fact, certainly- introductory words, if they indicate a certain degree of reliability of what is being discussed. Example: “Indeed (really, accurately), this place has a beautiful view”;

- further, thus, finally, then, finally indicate as introductory sequence of thoughts. Example: “Thus (so), our results confirm the data obtained by other researchers”;

- however it is introductory if it is at the end or middle of a sentence. At the beginning of a sentence or part of a complex sentence, it is not such when it acts as a conjunction “but”;

- at all is introductory when it means “generally speaking”, indicates a certain way of formatting a particular thought. Example: “His opinions, in general, are interesting only to a very narrow circle of people.” In other meanings it is an adverb meaning “in all respects”, “at all”, “in general”, “always”, “under all conditions”;

- in your opinion, in my opinion, in your opinion, in our opinion are isolated when they indicate the source of a given message. Example: “I think your child is sick.” “Do you think this proves anything at all?” “In her own way” is never an introductory word: “She is beautiful in her own way.”

Introductory sentences

They occur less frequently in texts than introductory words. In addition to commas, they can also be distinguished by dashes. Let's take a closer look at this type of separate structures.

By the nature of the meanings expressed, they coincide with introductory words. They are identical in appearance to simple sentences: they can contain a predicate and a subject, or one main member, and can be both common and non-common. The punctuation mark is chosen depending on its prevalence.