Participle I (Partizip I) is formed from the stem Infinitiv using the suffix -(e)nd according to a single scheme for all types of verbs, has an active voice meaning and expresses a long unfinished action, coinciding in time with the action of the predicate. In Russian, it corresponds to the active participle of the present (or past) tense. For example:
| blühen - to bloom einladen - to invite lachen - laugh laufen - to run rauchen - to smoke spielen - play studieren - to study tanzen - to dance vorbeifahren - to pass by wachsen - to grow blühend - blooming | blühend - blooming einladend - inviting lachend - laughing laufend - running rauchend - smoking spielend - playing studierend - student tanzend - dancing vorbeifahrend - passing by wachsend - growing, etc. |
If the verb stem ends in -el, -er, Partizip I receives the suffix -nd:
lächeln - smile -> lächelnd - smiling
bezaubern - to enchant -> bezaubernd - enchanting.
When forming Partizip I from verbs with sich, the pronoun sich saved:
sich nähern - approach -> ein sich näherndes Auto - approaching car
sich unterhalten - talk -> die sich unterhaltenden Gäste - guests talking.
In a sentence, Partizip I acts both as a definition in its full, inflected form, and as a function of the circumstance of the manner of action in a short, unchangeable form. Wed:
Das lesende Mädchen sitzt am Tisch. A reading girl sits at the table.
Das Mädchen sitzt lesend am Tisch. The girl sits at the table, reading.
When translating Partizip I into Russian, in the attributive function, the choice between the present participle and the past participle is determined mainly by the time of the predicate. For example:
Der fliegende Vogel stürzte plötzlich zu Boden. The flying (flying) bird suddenly fell to the ground.
Das brenende Schiff war von weitem zu sehen. The burning (burning) ship was visible from afar.
Partizip I in a short, unchangeable form performs in a sentence the function of an adverbial manner of action. In Russian it corresponds to the imperfective participle. For example:
Er rauchte schweigend. He smoked silently.
Meine Schwester erzählte mir lachend davon. My sister, laughing, told me about this.
Das Kind kehrte weinend heim. The child returned home crying.
Die alte Frau stieg schwer atmend die Treppe hinauf. An elderly woman was walking up the stairs, breathing heavily.
Eine Biene flog summend umher. A bee was buzzing around.
Sometimes it's possiblen (or is necessary) a descriptive translation of constructions containing Partizip I in a short form. Wed:
Tee oder Kaffee wirkt anregend, belebend.
Coffee or tea excites and refreshes
or:
has a stimulating, refreshing effect;
or:
acts in an exciting, refreshing way.
Sein aufdringliches Benehmen wirkte abstoßend.
His annoying behavior was off-putting
or:
acted repulsively
or:
acted in a repulsive manner.
Der letzte Vortrag wirkte ermüdend.
The last report was boring
or:
was tiring
or:
acted in a tiresome manner.
In this post you will learn how to say words like, “Paid;” in German. paying; which must be paid." In grammatical terms, we will talk about how to construct participle I (Partizip I), participle II (Partizip II) and the construction “particle zu + Partizip I”.
So, in order to tell us all the above forms, we must know what endings have adjectives used with the definite and indefinite articles of nouns.
I remind you:
With the definite article:
| Case | male | female | avg.r. | plural |
| Nominative | -e | -e | -e | -en |
| Genetiv | -en | -en | -en | -en |
| Dativ | -en | -en | -en | -en |
| Akkusativ | -en | -e | -e | -en |
With the indefinite article:
| Case | male | female | avg.r. | plural (none) |
| Nominative | -er | -e | -es | |
| Genetiv | -en | -en | -en | |
| Dativ | -en | -en | -en | |
| Akkusativ | -en | -e | -es |
1. "Paid"
So, in order to say, for example, “a paid bill,” we must form Partizip II of the weak verb zahlen (to pay). This verb is weakly conjugated, so we independently form Partizip II: we remove the ending –en and add to the stem of the verb (zahl)at the beginning we add ge- and in the end –t . It turns out ge+zahl+t =gezahlt.
If the verb is of a strong or irregular conjugation, as evidenced by its presence in, then we simply take its third form. If it is not in the table, we form Partizip II as described above.
If the verb has a separable prefix (for example, auf), then it is attached to the Partizip II form. For example, auf + gezahlt = aufgezahlt.
(main separable prefixes: auf-, an-, ab-, aus-, zu-, vor-, ein-, mit-).
We return to the “paid invoice”. The word “account” in German is feminine, as evidenced by the article die (die Rechnung). We insert Partizip II of the verb zahlen > gezahlt between the definite article and the noun, we get die gezahlte Rechnung (paid bill).
In this case, the ending of the word “gezahlt” will depend on the case in which the word “account” appears. That is, the word “gezahlt” has exactly the same endings as the adjective in the corresponding case.
For example:
I have a paid invoice – Ich habe eine gezahlte Rechnung (accusative case – Akkusativ)
With the paid invoice I also gave other documents – Mit der gezahlten Rechnung gab ich weitere Unterlagen (dative case – Dativ)
2. “Paid”
In order to say “payable invoice”, we take the stem of the verb (that is, without the ending -en) and add the suffix –end. It turns out zahlend (Partizip I). We insert this form between the definite article and the noun. This results in die zahlende Rechnung (bill to be paid).
As with Partizip II, we add zahlend the same endings that the adjective has.
The form with the suffix –end expresses the action in the stage of progress, implementation. It has an active meaning and can stand without a noun. Then the word has no ending.
For example:
Everyone stood in silence - Alle standen schweigend (schweigen - be silent)
3. “Which needs to be paid”
The construction with “zu + Partizip I” has a passive meaning and means that the action need to or Can do. In this case, the shade of the meaning of obligation or possibility is determined by the context.
As in previous cases, we insert this construction between the article and the noun.
Example:
I believe that this is a solvable problem (that is, a problem that can be solved) - Ich meine, es ist ein zu lösendes Problem.
– If the negation nicht is added before zu, then this is an indication that the action cannot be carried out.
Example:
This is a problem that cannot be solved - Das ist ein nicht zu lösendes Problem.
– If the verb has a separable prefix, the particle zu is placed between the separable prefix and the stem of the verb. Moreover, if the verb is reflexive, that is, it has a reflexive pronoun sich (for example, “to prepare” - sich vorbereiten), then the particle sich disappears.
Example:
There is a task on the table for which you need to prepare - Auf dem Tisch liegt eine vorzubereitende Aufgabe.
Practice!
– Translate the following sentences into German using Partizip I, II or the construction “zu + Infinitiv I”
1. Key words: do – machen, task – die Aufgabe
This is a completed task - Das ist eine gemachte Aufgabe
- This is a task that needs to be done - Das ist eine zu machende Aufgabe
- This is a task that is being done - Das ist eine machende Aufgabe
2. Key words: alarm clock – der Wecker, call – klingen
Ringing alarm clock - Der geklungene Wecker
Ringing alarm clock - Der klingende Wecker
An alarm clock that should ring - Der zu klingende Wecker
3. Key words: open – aufmachen, door – die Tür.
Opened door - Die aufgemachte Tür
Opening door - Die aufmachende Tür
The door that needs to be opened is Die aufzumachende Tür
The German participle (proverb) II is the third of the main verb forms. Weak and strong verbs (verbs) form this form differently.
Weak verbs without prefixes, form this form by adding the prefixes “ge-” and endings “-(e)t”, for example: stellen – put – ge stellt, bügeln – iron, iron – ge bügelt, retten – save – ge rettet, seufzen – sigh – ge seufzt, etc.
Weak verbs that contain separable prefixes, form the form in question also by adding the prefix “ge-”, which takes place between the separable prefix and the verb stem, and the verb ending “-(e)t”, for example: aufpassen - listen carefully, follow - aufge passt, zuschicken - send - zuge schickt, einklemmen – pinch – einge klemmt, durchblättern – scroll through – durchge blättert, etc.
Weak verbs that contain inseparable prefixes, form the form in question by adding only the ending "-(e)t", without adding the prefix "ge-". Inseparable prefixes in their composition remain in their place, for example: versuchen - try - versucht, zerstören - destroy - zerstört, bemalen - paint - bemalt, verbessern - improve - verbessert, etc.
Weak verbs with the first unstressed syllable form a parable. 2 the same as the verb. with inseparable attachments. For the most part, such verbs are borrowed from other languages, for example: reduzieren - reduce - reduziert, kalibrieren - calibrate - kalibriert, irritieren - irritate - irritiert, isolieren - isolate - isoliert, prophezeien - prophesy - prophezeit, etc.
Strong verbs form the form of parables. 1 in general in exactly the same way as the weak ones. However, their stems undergo noticeable changes, consisting in a change in the root vowels. Such a change is called alternation. According to the type of alternation of German verbs. are divided into various classes, the main ones with examples are presented in the table below. However, it must be remembered that the German language is also extremely rich in exceptions.
| Imperfect | Partizip 2 | Meaning | Infinitive |
|
ei - i/i: - i/i: |
|||
| begriff | begriffen | comprehend | begreifen |
| blieb | geblieben | stay | bleiben |
| verpfiff | verpfiffen | pawn, betray | verpfeifen |
|
i: - o/o: - o/o: |
|||
| beroch | berochen | sniff | beriechen |
| verbog | verbogen | bend | verbiegen |
| überzog | überzogen | pull, put on | Uberziehen |
|
i - a - u/o |
|||
| began | begonnen | begin | beginnen |
| verband | verbunden | to tie | verbinden |
| zersprang | zersprungen | crack | zerspringen |
|
e - a/a: - o/e |
|||
| fraß | gefressen | eat | fressen |
| betraf | betroffen | touch | betreffen |
| half | geholfen | help | helfen |
|
e: - a: - o:/e: |
|||
| übernahm | übernommen | take over | übernehmen |
| stahl | gestohlen | steal | stehlen |
| Ubersah | übersehen | miss | übersehen |
|
e:/e/ä/ü/ö — o/o: — o/o: |
|||
| verflocht | verflochten | intertwine | verflechten |
| belog | belogen | slander | belugen |
| erlosch | erloschen | go out | erlöschen |
|
a/a: - i:/u: - a/a: |
|||
| verfiel | verfallen | collapse | verfallen |
| zerließ | zerlassen | melt | zerlassen |
| vertrug | vertragen | postpone | vertragen |
|
au/ei/o:/u: - i: - au/ei/o:/u: |
|||
| top | verheißen | foreshadow | verheissen |
| verlief | verlaufen | leak | verlaufen |
| rief | gerufen | scream | rufen |
|
All other verbs and their derivatives: |
|||
| tat | getan | commit | tun |
| ging | gegangen | walk | gehen |
| wurde | geworden | become | werden |
| stand | gestanden | stand | stehen |
| war | gewesen | exist, be | sein |
Proverbs 2 can act as definitions characterizing nouns. In such cases, the same rules apply to them as for proverbs. 1. That is, they are inflected like adjectives and can form common adjectives, for example:
- Die zerbrochene Vase hat eine Menge Geld gekostet. – The broken vase cost a lot of money (uncommon definition).
- Die von deinen Kindern zerbrochene Vase hat eine Menge Geld gekostet. – The vase developed by your children cost a lot of money (a common definition).
Participles 2 can participate in the formation of participial phrases based on the same rules as Proverbs. 1. In participial phrases there are parables. 2 convey an already accomplished or passive action, for example:
- Das letzte Tennisspiel gewonnen, fühlte sie sich ganz stolz darauf. “When she won the last tennis set, she felt very proud of it.
- Das Mittagessen für ihre Familienangehörigen endlich zubereitet, konnte sich Barbara ein bisschen ausruhen. – Having finally prepared dinner for her household, Barbara could rest a little.
Grammar reference
Communion (Partizip)
Partizip I
Participle I is formed from the infinitive by adding -d to the end
For example:
arbeiten (work) - arbeitend (working)
lieben (to love) - liebend (loving)
reißen (tear, tear) - reißend (tearing)
Participle I can be used with a verb and a noun
When using participle I with a verb, it does not change its form, since the main verb takes on all grammatical categories (time, number, etc.)
For example:
Er spricht/sprach zögernd - He speaks/spoke uncertainly
Die Leute gehen/gingen jubelnd durch die Stadt - People walk/walked rejoicing through the city
With the exception of the grammatical subject, Participle I retains all the attributes of the verb from which it was formed (preposition, object case control)
For example:
Sie ermahnte ihn, dabei appelierte sie an seine Ehrlichkeit - She lectured him, while she appealed to his honesty
Sie ermahnte ihn an seine Ehrlichkeit appelierend - She lectured him appealing to his honesty
As a modifier of a noun, the participle I is declined as an adjective.
For example:
Ich habe mich neben dem sprechenden Mann gezsetzt (Dativ) - I sat down next to the man who was talking
Sie ist eine liebende Mutter schlechthin (Nominativ) - She is the embodiment of a loving mother
Er sah ein schreiendes Kind (Akkusativ) - He saw a crying child
The participle in its inflected form comes immediately before the noun it modifies. The participle may include other members of the sentence that come before it. In this case, the participle and related words form a common definition. A common definition usually stands between the article and the noun or before the noun if the latter is used without an article.
For example:
Das schreiende Kind konnte rasch gerettet werden - The screaming child was quickly saved
Das laut schreiende Kind konnte rasch gerettet werden - The loudly screaming child was quickly saved
Das laut um Hilfe schreiende Kind konnte rasch gerettet werden - A child screaming loudly for help was quickly saved
Lachende Kinder waren uberall zu sehen - Children could be seen laughing everywhere
If participle I is formed from a reflexive verb, then it is used together with a reflexive pronoun as a modifier
For example:
Das sich nähernde Shiff wurde immer größer - The approaching ship became larger and larger
Er saß reglos sich auf das Spiel konzentrirend - He sat motionless concentrating on the game
Participle II (Partizip II)
Participle II is one of the three main forms of the verb, along with the infinitive (Infinitiv) and the present (Präsens). It is formed differently from weak and strong verbs
Formation of Partizip II from weak verbs
Partizip II of weak verbs without a prefix is formed using the prefix ge- and the ending -(e)t, attached to the stem of the verb
For example:
loben - gelobt
arbeiten - gearbeitet
stellen - gestellt
Partizip II of weak verbs with a separable prefix is formed using the prefix ge-, which comes between the separable prefix and the stem of the verb and the ending -(e)t, attached to the stem of the verb
For example:
anhoren - angehort
auflosen - aufgelost
kennenlernen - kennengelern
Partizip II of weak verbs with an inseparable prefix is formed using the ending -(e)t attached to the stem of the verb
For example:
bemalen - bemalt (but malen-gemalt)
mißhandeln - mißhandelt (but handeln-gehandeltt)
The same rule is used to form Partizip II of weak verbs in which the first syllable is unstressed. These are mainly verbs borrowed from other languages and ending in -ieren
For example:
studieren - studiert
akzeptieren - akzeptiert
prophezeihen - prophezeiht
The rules for using the endings -et and -t in Partizip II are the same as for the endings of verbs in the 3rd person singular in the present tense
Class 1 ei - i/i: - i/i:
For example:Class 3 i - a - u/o
For example:Class 5 e: - a: - o:/e:
For example:Class 7 a/a: - i:/u: - a/a:
For example:Class 9: verbs not included in any of the previous groups: gehen, stehen, tun, sein, werden
Infinitive Präteritum Partizip II gehen ging gegangen stehen stand gestanden tun tat getan sein war gewesen werden wurde geworden
Partizip II from strong verbs is formed according to the rules for forming Partizip II from weak verbs given above, but at the same time the very basis of the verb changes
When the stem of a verb changes, the root vowel changes. Strong verbs can be divided into classes depending on the alternation of root vowels in the three main forms of the verb.
Below are the main classes of irregular verbs and several verbs of each class. Despite the fact that formally all irregular German verbs fall into one of these classes, the rules determining which class a particular verb belongs to have numerous exceptions. The tables below give in most cases, based on the consonance of the verb with the verbs given in one of the tables, the correct form of Partizip II, but for greater confidence you should refer to the tables of irregular verbs.
In the classification below, “:” denotes the presence of a long vowel, while for the vowels e, i, a long sound is obtained in the combinations eh, ie, respectively
Just like participle I, participle II can be used by a noun as a modifier. Moreover, it is subject to the same rules as the participle I, which acts as a definition. Namely, it is inflected like an adjective, can form a common complement and occupies the same place - between the article and the noun.
For example:
Die zerstörte Stadt war ein schrecklicher Anblick - The destroyed city was a terrible sight
Die von Aliirten zerstörte Stadt war ein schrecklicher Anblick - The city destroyed by the Allies was a terrible sight
Die im Krieg von Alliierten zerstörte Stadt war ein schrecklicher Anblick - The city destroyed by the Allies during the war was a terrible sight
Participle II forms participial phrases according to the same rules as Participle I. Participle II in a participle phrase denotes a passive or already completed action.
Für diese Aufgabe speziell augebildete Hunde haben schon manchen unter dem Schnee Verschütteten gefunden
Dogs specially trained for this work found many buried under the snow [The dogs were specially trained for this work - passive voice]
Den Verfolgern entkommen, verseckte sich der Einbrecher in einer Scheue
Having escaped from his pursuers, the robber took refuge in the barn [The robber escaped from his pursuers - an action already completed]
Participial phrases
As in the Russian language, there are participial phrases in the German language. The participle I in the participial phrase denotes an active action. The participle phrase includes the participle in the indeclinable form and the words related to it. Participial phrases usually refer to the subject of the sentence
Im Gras liegend und mit den Augen den Wolken folgend, dachte er über den Sinn des Lebens nach - Lying in the grass and watching the clouds with his eyes, he thought about the meaning of life
In an independent sentence, the participial phrase can appear either in first or third/fourth place
Von den Bergen herunterstürzend begraben Lavinen Jahr für Jahr zeilreicher Schifahrer unter dem Schnee. (1st place)
Falling from the mountains, avalanches bury numerous skiers under the snow year after year.
Die Besucher verließen den Saal lebhaft diskutierend (4th place)
The visitors left the hall, discussing animatedlyIn a subordinate clause, the participial phrase comes after the subject
Die Kranke war tief beunruhigt, nachdem die Ärzte, laut über seinen Fall diskutierend, das Krankenzimmer verlassen haben
The patient was very worried after the doctors left the room loudly discussing his caseIn participle phrases, the participle I of the verbs sein and haben is never used. These shapes just drop
Der Gast, der einen Hut in der Hand hatte, plauderete noch eine weile mit Monika
Guest. who had a hat in his hands, chatted a little more with Monica
Der Gast, den Hut in der Hand, plauderete noch eine weile mit Monika
The guest, holding a hat in his hands, chatted a little more with Monica
A participle is a form of a verb that has both the characteristics of a verb (tense, voice) and the characteristics of an adjective (declension, use as a attribute and predicative). There are two forms of participles in German: participle I (Partizip I or Partizip Präsens) participle II (Partizip II or Partizip Perfekt)
Formation of participles
| Partizip I | Partizip II |
|---|---|
| Participant I formed by adding the suffix -d to the infinitive of the verb: lesen d, spielen d, commen d | Particular II is formed by adding a prefix to the stem of the verb ge- and suffix -(e)t for weak verbs or prefixes ge-, suffix -(e)n and changes in the root vowel of strong verbs: ge mach t, ge spiel t, ge deck t ge comm en, ge les en, auf ge schrieb en(For more details on the formation of participle II, see "Basic forms of verbs") |
| Verbal properties of participle I: | Verbal properties of participle II: |
| time: simultaneity with the action expressed by the predicate pledge: active |
time: precedence of an action expressed by a predicate pledge: Part II transitional verbs have a passive meaning (Passiv) Particular II intransitive verbs has a real meaning (Aktiv) |
Functions of participles
Participle I (Partizip I) used: asParticiple II (Partizip II) is part of the three main forms of the verb and is used in the formation of complex verb forms: perfect, plusquaperfect passive, infinitives. In addition, participle II, like participle I, is used as , , .
Using participles as definitions
Particular I and Particular II, used as a modifier of a noun, are declined as adjectives, that is, with the addition of endings depending on the article: der lesend e Student, ein lesend er Student, spielend e Kinder; das Gelesen e BuchPartizip I
Partizip II
Common participial definition
A participle as a definition of a noun can be supplemented with secondary members and thus forms a common participial definition.
A common participial modifier comes between the article and the noun, with the minor clauses preceding the participle. This definition is translated into Russian by a participial phrase, standing before or after the defined noun. The translation of a common participial definition begins with the participle, then all words are translated from left to right from the article to the participle:
| das weinende Kind | crying child |
| das laut weinende Kind | loud crying child |
| der geschriebene Brief | written letter |
| der von mir geschriebene Brief | written a letter by me (a letter written by me) |
| der von mir gestern geschriebene Brief | written a letter from me yesterday (a letter written by me yesterday) |
In addition to the common participial definition, a noun may have other definitions. In this case, the noun with all these definitions is translated first, and the common participial definition is translated last:
Common participial definitions are characteristic of written speech; in colloquial speech, attributive clauses are more often used.
Particular I of transitive verbs with particle "zu"
Particular I of transitive verbs with a particle zu as a definition it has the meaning of a passive obligation (less often a possibility) (compare with the infinitive construction “sein + zu + Infinitiv”: “Die Aufgabe ist zu lösen.”). This definition is translated into Russian as follows:
The definition expressed by the partial I with the particle "zu" can also be common:
Together with the words dependent on them, they form a separate participle phrase. In a separate participle phrase, participle I or II usually appears at the end or (less often) at the beginning of the phrase. German isolated participle phrases are translated into Russian by both participial and adverbial phrases - depending on what function the phrase performs in the sentence - definitions or circumstances.
The phrase that comes after a noun is often attributive and is translated into Russian as a participial phrase, in which Part I is translated by the active present participle (simultaneity of action), and Part II- passive (for transitive verbs) or active (for intransitive verbs) past participle (preceding action).
The phrase at the beginning of a sentence is often adverbial and is translated into Russian as a participle, where: Part I is translated by the imperfective participle (simultaneity of action), and Part II(intransitive verbs) - perfect participle (preceding action)
