Since the creation of the world, lovemaking has been an integral, and to be honest, a pleasant pastime for men and women. However, when the pleasure stopped, the representatives of the fair sex began to worry: no matter what happened. Since ancient times, women have used hundreds of different ways to prevent pregnancy. The most curious of them will be discussed in this review.
Ancient Egyptians used crocodile excrement as a contraceptive. They made vaginal suppositories from them. As disgusting as it sounds, reptile dung contains alkali, which could become effective spermicides (substances that destroy sperm). Alternatively, the crocodile poop could simply be a physical barrier.
The ancient Greeks used different methods of birth control. Many herbal remedies have been very effective. However, the ancient chronicles preserved the instructions of the ancient Greek physician Soran, who strongly advised women after sexual intercourse to squat down and... sneeze or hold their breath.
In ancient China, after sexual intercourse, women had to eat more than a dozen tadpoles rolled in mercury. Not only the fetus was poisoned, but also the woman herself.
In the Middle Ages, many people used amulets that supposedly could prevent conception. These were pendants made from dried weasel testicles, the uterus of a mule, and the bones of a black cat. Well, when the amulet did not work and the woman became pregnant, the explanation was that the color of the cat’s fur was not black enough.
In the 18th century, in the notes of the legendary Casanova, you can find a description of such a method of contraception as lemons. Half a squeezed lemon served as a natural barrier, and the acid was also believed to destroy sperm. The use of this method can also be found in earlier written treatises from different cultures.
Relatively recently it became known that lead is a toxic substance. However, in Ancient China and Greece, the fair sex drank water laced with lead to avoid getting pregnant. During World War I, many women deliberately entered lead-related industries to reduce the risk of pregnancy. Many succeeded, but they had to pay for it with their health.
It would seem that in the 20th century strange methods of contraception should have sunk into oblivion, but this is not entirely true. Over a period of time American teenagers tried to protect themselves with Coca-Cola. The current drink does not have any effective spermicides, so no one will be able to protect themselves in this way.
It’s not only ancient methods of contraception that surprise the modern average person. The culture of intimate relationships of different nations is sometimes striking in its mystery. may even shock unprepared readers.
In Soviet times, during one of the TV bridges between the USSR and the USA, a strange phrase, one might say, “there is no sex in the USSR,” was heard. It was expressed by one party activist. Many laughed at her, some, perhaps, sympathized with her. But no matter what they say, people have had sex at all times and in all countries, that’s how nature created us.
But, as you know, children are born after sex. And at all times, women have had to think about ways to protect themselves from unwanted pregnancy. There is now a huge selection of contraception: spirals, rings, tablets and the most common method - condoms. They started talking about contraception at school, and parents are also trying to prepare their daughters for adulthood.
How did ancient women protect themselves from pregnancy?
An ancient papyrus, about 4,000 years old, was found in Egypt in 1889. It contained a recipe for an effective contraceptive at that time: it was necessary to protect the external genital organs with a mixture of honey, resin and sodium carbonate. Or crocodile dung paste, which was supposed to be mixed with sour milk. 
There is another Egyptian document, the Ebers Papyrus, which describes the use of tampons made from a mixture of crushed acacia leaves with honey and cinnamon. Ancient Egyptians used sea sponges as tampons, which were previously soaked in vinegar.
Aristotle, who lived in the 4th century BC. e., suggested that women lubricate the external genitalia with lead ointment or incense dipped in olive or cedar oil.
Hippocrates advised douching with your own urine to remove sperm.
The famous ancient doctors Dioscorides and Galen, as contraceptives, suggested drinking decoctions from plants such as pennyroyal, wild carrot, asafoetida, juniper and crazy cucumber. And also brew an infusion of willow and poplar bark.
Lubricate the external genitalia with old olive oil, balsam tree sap, cedar resin, honey with lead white, resin in wine and wet alum - suggested Soran of Ephesus (1st century BC).
Contraception was prohibited among the ancient Jews. The exceptions were girls under 12 years of age and breastfeeding women. To prevent pregnancy, they were advised to place a sponge inside and drink a drink made from resin.
From a medical collection in India (8th century BC), women were asked to either use plugs made of crushed rock salt, lubricated with oil, or lubricate the external genitals with a mixture of baked milk and honey.
Tampons made from cabbage, with the feces of ungulates and earwax were inserted inside by Arab women. They also used tampons made from pomegranate pulp and cotton, pre-impregnated with narcotic drugs. On an empty stomach, the women ate peas, and after intercourse they jumped intensely.
In Ancient China, a mixture of mercury and oil was introduced, and a mixture was also made from pomegranate apple, cedar resin and alum.
Women of the ancient civilizations of the Mayans, Aztecs and Incas consumed infusions from the root of the Dioscorea plant.
At excavations in China. In the Cherokee Indian tribe, women chewed the root of the poisonous plant, and in the Shoshone tribe, to prevent pregnancy, they took sparrowweed in the form of a decoction, which was called “desert tea,” and ate powder from the Paraguayan herb with water.
For the purpose of contraception, Indian women, before the arrival of the Spanish colonialists, washed themselves after sexual intercourse with a decoction of lemon and mahogany.
Women in Europe in the Middle Ages used tampons soaked in acetic acid, drank oil or decoction of juniper, marjoram tea, consumed plantain powder or crushed shepherd's purse.
Malaysian women drank unripe pineapple juice for several days after menstruation.
The juice of unripe coconut was consumed by women of the Pacific Ocean and the island of Java.
North American women drank a decoction of crushed ginger root and burdock tea. And juice from milkweed, peas and mistletoe was considered more effective women South America.
And although many pregnancy prevention products were not 100% effective, to some extent they served their purpose.
Judging by how ancient women protected themselves from unwanted pregnancies, one can only sympathize with them.
IN Ancient Egypt the role of spermicide was... crocodile dung! And the Greek women made a “bookmark” of spiders - they stuffed the arthropods inside themselves alive.
Today, many methods of contraception have been developed: barrier, pharmacological, physiological, etc. But it turns out that all these methods were known a long time ago. Even in the Bible there is a mention of interrupted sexual intercourse,” Ekaterina Shchekina, Ph.D., an employee of the Ukrainian National Pharmaceutical University, told AiF.
From alcove to steam room
In ancient times, everything was used to prevent pregnancy, and Indian yogis had the ability to control ejaculation through willpower. This technique is called vajroli mudra,” says Ekaterina Shchekina. - But at all times, spermicides have been popular - agents that disrupt the chemical environment in the vagina, which contributes to the destruction of sperm.
In Ancient Egypt, the role of spermicide was... crocodile dung. To prevent pregnancy, Egyptian women mixed cotton with honey and manure and used the mixture before the act of love.
IN Ancient Greece These tampons were made from elephant dung. In addition, the Greek women made a “bookmark” of spiders - arthropods were stuffed inside themselves alive.
But the most harmful spermicides were used in Ancient China - where mercury was injected into the vagina.
IN Ancient Rus' The most common method was douching with urine - one's own or a partner's. Of course, the consequences of such experiments could be all kinds, even fatal. But the effectiveness of using spermicides to prevent pregnancy does not exceed 50% even now.
To avoid conception, the ancients drank and infused infusions of all kinds of herbs. They brewed juniper, spurge, burdock, peas, ginger and even mandrake (most of these plants have weak contraceptive properties).
The most persistent chewed parsley for 4 days after the act. There were more reliable recipes. For example, men drank an infusion of cotton extract. But then it turned out that it causes infertility, so they stopped using it. It is difficult to say what Peter I or Catherine II used, but in those days partners ran to the steam room after intercourse, which is not without meaning.
Few people know that a condom is far from a modern product. It was used by the ancient Greeks. According to legend, the wife of King Minos of Crete created the first condoms from Bladder goats to protect themselves from the royal sperm, which supposedly consisted of snakes and scorpions. In ancient Africa, condoms were made from crocodile skin. In Europe - from the intestines of domestic animals and cotton. In China - made of silk. Naturally, then condoms were reusable. They were washed, then soaked in a special spermicidal solution, dried and put in a box, and then taken out as needed.
4 thousand years ago they began to use intrauterine contraception. What women didn’t pawn for themselves - silver balls, rings, springs. Cleopatra, for example, used sea sponges soaked in wine vinegar, which provided double protection.
There were also completely inexplicable techniques. For example, in medieval Europe it was believed that a woman could become pregnant only if she achieved orgasm at the same time as a man. Also, some “experts” were sure that a woman can become pregnant only during menstruation, and the rest of the time she is protected.
Imagine how these methods “helped”. Nevertheless, my students still bring me information about absolutely amazing methods of contraception that are actively used.
For example, they say that immediately after sexual intercourse you should jump up and jump rope or drink hot beer with your partner. Another suggestion is that a woman needs to sneeze after intercourse in order to get rid of the male seed. Of course, all this is not only unscientific, but also absolutely useless.
Burn with vinegar
In the USSR, the situation with contraceptives was bad, since state policy was aimed at having children: the more, the better. Therefore, women used pieces of lemon, laundry soap, and aspirin as means of protection, and douched with potassium permanganate and vinegar. As a result, there were an incredible number of abortions in the country due to the lack of affordable contraception.
Today, contraception is being improved, and I hope that soon men will also be protected by hormones - the most popular and fairly reliable means. After all, women have been taking hormonal drugs for years. And although their effect is reversible, the hormonal balance in the body is nevertheless disturbed. But a woman must give birth to a healthy child!
In addition, a woman produces one egg per month, while a man produces one and a half billion sperm per day. Therefore, scientists are now conducting tests very widely. Drugs have already been developed for men. And perhaps in 5-10 years they will be widely used.
Since ancient times, people have tried to control childbirth. Women tried to save themselves from some troubles or prevent the birth of a child from the “wrong” man. Men did not always want children to appear every time after he “accidentally” dropped his seed. The appearance of an unplanned, completely legitimate heir or bastard was often completely inappropriate for rulers. And economically, it was not easy to feed and raise numerous offspring. From time immemorial they have racked their brains and followed a thorny empirical path to prevent conception.
Today, out of a hundred women, 64 are protected. WHO statistics claim that it is thanks to modern contraception that it has been possible to reduce maternal mortality by half and infant mortality by three times.
All currently existing methods of contraception were known back in Ancient world. Let's try to follow the development of each of them from time immemorial to the present day.
Natural contraception
It refers to methods that do not require the use of special equipment. Success is guaranteed only by knowledge and some skills.
Coitus interruptus
This method today, according to statistics, is used by about 7% of the stronger sex.
The Latin phrase coitus interruptus - “interrupted sexual intercourse” - gives its name to probably the oldest method of preventing conception, which a man always has at his disposal. It was used by ancient Africans.
The third book of Genesis tells of the popularity of this method in Ancient Palestine.
He is described in detail in the Biblical story about Onan, who was forced by his own father to have intercourse with his brother’s wife. Then the unfortunate man was noticed in sin - he spewed his seed onto the ground. As often happens, the story, passed from mouth to mouth, acquired other details, and as a result, poor Onan began to be mentioned in completely different circumstances.
Yogi way
An interesting physiological contraception was developed in India. Men mastered the special yoga technique “Vairoli Mudra”, which made it possible to block the sperm channel.
With the help of a special abdominal massage, the woman’s uterus was moved forward or backward. Later, European women who ended up in the Dutch part of the colony were also taught this method of contraception.
Prolongation of lactation
The poorest African tribes still practice this barbaric method of contraception. A nursing mother, prolonging lactation for several years, simply exhausts her body, and conception becomes impossible due to uterine dystrophy and infertility.
Ogino method
A simple biological method was developed by a Japanese doctor, after whom it was named. This attentive and experienced gynecologist suggested abstaining from sexual intercourse for 8 days a month. Calendar method Only 2% of women in the world use it, perhaps because in a year there are as many as 96 days without sex.
Some, in order to reduce the time frame of the ban, use the method of daily measurement of basal temperature, which gives a more accurate idea of the onset of ovulation, and therefore “dangerous” days.
Samurai Egg
The ancient Japanese method of male contraception required only desire and self-discipline: one had to patiently hold the “manhood” for just a few minutes in a vessel with water at a temperature of at least 40 degrees for a couple of months. This protected against surprises after communicating with the opposite sex, at least for several months.
By the way, modern men inadvertently have the same “greenhouse effect”, heating what belongs to their primary sexual characteristics in traffic jams, sitting behind the wheel for several hours a day.
Barrier contraception
In an effort to take control of childbirth into their own hands, the progressive thought of mankind took another path, inventing special means who stood as a barrier between a man and a woman.
Chastity belt
Probably the most insurmountable barrier was the “chastity belt,” which was invented long before the Middle Ages. Even in ancient times, such “haberdashery” was quite popular among the powers that be, although such means of protection are often associated with the Arab World. They became widespread in the Middle Ages, when they were called “Bergamon castle” or “Venetian lattice”. Skilled craftsmen tried to come up with a “lock” with a special secret. Some were equipped with a small guillotine, which cut off everything that tried to open the belt, at the same time collecting “evidence” that could tell about attempts at female infidelity.
Male barrier contraceptives
In the era of Lucretius and Ovid, the “forefather” of the modern male condom was widespread - a bag made of oil-soaked fabric or papyrus, fish bladders, and the cecum of sheep. In Ancient China, silk condoms were sewn, and in Ancient Japan, “kyotai” were made from horns or thin leather.
The new era of the condom was opened with America, bringing syphilis to Europe and the urgent need to somehow protect against sexually transmitted diseases. And in the 17th century, the personal physician of Charles II, the Englishman Condom, in the second circle, following the ancient people, guessed that linen bags serve not only to prevent sexually transmitted infections, in particular syphilis imported from overseas, but also against unwanted pregnancy.
At the turn of the 18th-19th centuries, the first rubber condom appeared; it resembled a “cap” that fit over the top of a man’s “dignity”, and was immediately anathema to moralists. However, the natural need for contraception outweighed hypocrisy, and sales of rubber condoms broke records.
The competitors were not asleep, and therefore, after just about ten years, a seamless condom appeared, and a couple of decades later, a latex condom.
Folklore in the USSR dubbed condoms “rubber product No. 2,” giving primacy to gas masks. Everyone knows that there was no sex in the Union, so Soviet pharmacies were often decorated with chaste advertisements “there are no products No. 2!” In the early 70s, it was great luck to buy tights, toilet paper and a paper bag of condoms, which were prudently packaged in twos.
And for the “Olympics-80”, the “light” industry prepared a surprise for the “builders of socialism” - a kind of sign of quality. Now the packaging with the condom was proudly decorated with the inscription: “Electronically tested.”
Every year, about 2.5 billion condoms are produced worldwide, although only 4% of men use them.
There are 3 sizes:
regular - 16 in length and 3.5 cm in diameter;
“king size” - for specimens up to 20 cm;
"Ptit Thai" - 15 cm in length, popular in Southeast Asia.
Female barrier contraceptives
It is not known for certain where the “promate” of female diaphragm rings was first used - half a lemon, which was inserted into the vagina - in Ancient Africa or China.
Around the 15th century BC, according to mythology, the king of Crete Minos was famous for the fact that his sperm was swarming with scorpions and snakes. Then one of his cunning wives figured out how to protect herself from misfortune with the help of a goat's bladder.
By the time of Casanova’s adventures in Europe, “advanced users” were already “packed” with this gadget.
In 1908, cervical caps were invented to protect the female uterus from sperm interference.
Modern caps have a diameter of 5.5 cm and fit tightly to the cervix, leaving almost no chance for sperm to penetrate inside.
Spermicides
This type of contraception has never given a 100% guarantee; according to statistics, most often women have an unwanted pregnancy using it. Out of 100 women who use spermicides, about 20 become pregnant per year. Nevertheless, the method has a rich history and has been very popular at all times.
Hungry for love pleasures, the ancient Arab tribes widely used tampons soaked in special balms to prevent conception.
IN Ancient India ladies practiced mixtures of sacred elephant dung, honey and cotton.
In Ancient Egypt, crocodiles were more revered, so their excrement was the main ingredient. The recipe has come to us thanks to the Petri papyrus, dated 1850 BC.
Egyptian women were the first to soak vaginal tampons in vinegar, which inhibited zealous sperm.
Avicenna described a recipe for spermicide with pomegranate pulp and narcotic substances.
A decoction of lemon and mahogany was used for contraception by the Indians long before the arrival of Europeans.
In Australia, a mixture of fucus and pond extracts was used for this.
In Sumatra, women relied entirely on opium tincture for this purpose.
The most terrible method was common in China, where mercury was injected into the vagina to prevent conception.
Published in 1933, Knocke's book contained 180 substances that were used in spermicidal recipes, including juniper, asparagus, ginger root, mistletoe, burdock, shepherd's purse and many others.
Modern spermicides have little in common with the ancient ones, but are also introduced into the vagina before sexual intercourse and have a destructive effect on sperm. They are available in the form of tablets, suppositories, foam aerosols and creams.
Intrauterine contraception
Today it is chosen by 17% of women.
The first attempts to apply it go back to ancient times. Camel drivers, preparing to cross the desert, in order to protect the females from pregnancy, burdensome on the way, placed pebbles in the uterine cavity of the animals.
Even 3 thousand years ago in Japan, geishas and quite respectable young ladies placed silver balls in the uterus in order to protect themselves from conception.
At the beginning of the 20th century, loops made of catgut, and then strings of gold, silver and copper, began to be inserted into the uterus for contraception.
The invention of plastic, the Margulis spiral and the Lipps loop revolutionized contraception.
In 1952, parallel to each other, two scientists at once, Oppenheimer in Israel and Ishihama in Japan, conducted successful clinical studies of plastic uterine rings.
The 60s of the last century saw a real boom in the Navy.
Male spiral
Quite recently, a method of male contraception that was highly effective and harmless to health was invented, but did not find a wide audience. The male spiral represents complex design, equipped with a gel that has a spermicidal effect. The structure is inserted into the seminal canal and then into the scrotum, where it opens like an umbrella.
Hormonal contraceptives
It’s hard to imagine, because sex hormones were discovered by science relatively recently, in 1929, but even Dioscorides in the 1st century AD testified that mandrake or Dioscorea, as he called the plant, was used to prepare a decoction that guaranteed protection against conception.
The American Indians, not without reason, believed that diligent eating of parsley would protect against pregnancy. The Jewish women chewed resin for the same purpose. In ancient India, they took a decoction of carrot seeds, the recipe for which was described by Hippocrates.
In China, a contraceptive based on cottonseed oil was invented and widely used until it became clear that it caused infertility in more than a third of men.
Modern pharmacology uses Mexican licorice root extract, which has long served faithfully in alternative medicine, for the synthesis of the sex hormone, progestogen, which is then used in the production of hormonal contraceptives.
In the middle of the last century, Georges Pincus announced the effectiveness of progesterone against unwanted conception, and in 1960, WHO already approved the use of the first contraceptive pills, which are used by 60% of women today.
Since then, hormonal contraceptives have undergone significant evolutionary growth, along with a decrease in the concentration of steroids, unwanted side symptoms have decreased and new valuable properties have appeared, for example, beneficial effects on skin, hair, etc.
Modern complex oral contraceptives (COCs) provide one hundred percent protection against unwanted pregnancy under the only condition - constant use.
For ladies with “girlish memories,” other hormonal contraceptives have been invented that lead to temporary sterility due to the presence of hormones:
Injections;
Patch;
Subcutaneous implants;
Postcoital contraception
This method involves the use of certain substances to prevent pregnancy, even if the egg has been fertilized by a sperm. Today this method is considered emergency and is used relatively rarely. Typically, such “first aid” is recommended if a woman was raped, for some reason could not use another method, the integrity of the condom was damaged during intimacy, etc.
Among the drugs used for postcoital contraception:
mifepristone,
difuston,
postinor,
Surgical methods of contraception
They are the most drastic, and involve sterilization of individuals of both sexes. They provide 100% protection against conception, as they lead to artificial infertility.
Female sterilization is performed with ligation or incision fallopian tubes, or a combination of two methods.
Male sterilization or vasectomy takes only a quarter of an hour. During the operation, the seminal ducts are cut or ligated.
Considering that a man may want to “take back” his voluntary decision about infertility, a technique was developed for blocking the seminal ducts with rubber valves, which can always be removed through simple manipulation.
Moreover, reverse vasectomy is practiced, which allows you to return the possibility of conception to 90%.
The topic of contraception has been one of the most important for humanity since time immemorial. Nowadays, with the massive increase in the popularity of abortion and the spread of HIV, AIDS and other dangerous diseases, especially. Even the popular adult film actress Elena Berkova, who supported the #DayWithout social marathon, called for safe sex. Take care of your health and the health of your partner, friends!
In Ancient Egypt, the role of spermicide was... crocodile dung! And the Greek women made a “bookmark” of spiders - they stuffed the arthropods inside themselves alive.
Today, many methods of contraception have been developed: barrier, pharmacological, physiological, etc. But it turns out that all these methods were known a long time ago. Even in the Bible there is a mention of interrupted sexual intercourse,” Ekaterina Shchekina, Ph.D., an employee of the Ukrainian National Pharmaceutical University, told AiF.
From alcove to steam room
In ancient times, everything was used to prevent pregnancy, and Indian yogis had the ability to control ejaculation through willpower. This technique is called vajroli mudra,” says Ekaterina Shchekina. - But at all times, spermicides have been popular - agents that disrupt the chemical environment in the vagina, which contributes to the destruction of sperm. In Ancient Egypt, the role of spermicide was... crocodile dung. To prevent pregnancy, Egyptian women mixed cotton with honey and manure and used the mixture before the act of love. In Ancient Greece, such tampons were made from elephant dung. In addition, the Greek women made a “bookmark” of spiders - arthropods were stuffed inside themselves alive. But the most harmful spermicides were used in Ancient China - where mercury was injected into the vagina. In Ancient Rus', the most common method was douching with urine - your own or a partner's. Of course, the consequences of such experiments could be all kinds, even fatal. But the effectiveness of using spermicides to prevent pregnancy does not exceed 50% even now.
To avoid conception, the ancients drank and infused infusions of all kinds of herbs. They brewed juniper, spurge, burdock, peas, ginger and even mandrake (most of these plants have weak contraceptive properties).
The most persistent chewed parsley for 4 days after the act. There were more reliable recipes. For example, men drank an infusion of cotton extract. But then it turned out that it causes infertility, so they stopped using it. It is difficult to say what Peter I or Catherine II used, but in those days partners ran to the steam room after intercourse, which is not without meaning.
Few people know that a condom is far from a modern product. It was used by the ancient Greeks. According to legend, the wife of King Minos of Crete created the first condoms from the bladder of a goat to protect herself from the royal sperm, which allegedly consisted of snakes and scorpions. In ancient Africa, condoms were made from crocodile skin. In Europe - from the intestines of domestic animals and cotton. In China - made of silk. Naturally, then condoms were reusable. They were washed, then soaked in a special spermicidal solution, dried and put in a box, and then taken out as needed. 4 thousand years ago they began to use intrauterine contraception. What women didn’t pawn for themselves - silver balls, rings, springs. Cleopatra, for example, used sea sponges soaked in wine vinegar, which provided double protection.
There were also completely inexplicable techniques. For example, in medieval Europe it was believed that a woman could become pregnant only if she achieved orgasm at the same time as a man. Also, some “experts” were sure that a woman can become pregnant only during menstruation, and the rest of the time she is protected.
Imagine how these methods “helped”. Nevertheless, my students still bring me information about absolutely amazing methods of contraception that are actively used.
For example, they say that immediately after sexual intercourse you should jump up and jump rope or drink hot beer with your partner. Another suggestion is that a woman needs to sneeze after intercourse in order to get rid of the male seed. Of course, all this is not only unscientific, but also absolutely useless.
Burn with vinegar
In the USSR, the situation with contraceptives was bad, since state policy was aimed at having children: the more, the better. Therefore, women used pieces of lemon, laundry soap, and aspirin as means of protection, and douched with potassium permanganate and vinegar. As a result, there were an incredible number of abortions in the country due to the lack of affordable contraception.
Today, contraception is being improved, and I hope that soon men will also be protected by hormones - the most popular and fairly reliable means. After all, women have been taking hormonal drugs for years. And although their effect is reversible, the hormonal balance in the body is nevertheless disturbed. But a woman must give birth to a healthy child!
In addition, a woman produces one egg per month, while a man produces one and a half billion sperm per day. Therefore, scientists are now conducting tests very widely. Drugs have already been developed for men. And perhaps in 5-10 years they will be widely used.
In the West, many men undergo sterilization. Female sterilization - tubal ligation - is irreversible. And sterilization of a man is a simple operation: a small incision is made under local anesthesia right in the clinic, the seminiferous duct is ligated...
Literally 20 minutes - and the patient can go home. At the same time, he fully retains sexual activity. Suppose 2-3 years have passed, a man wants to have children. The operation is performed again - and the man is again able to bear children. But if more than 10-15 years have passed after the operation, then adhesions may form, and then the process may become irreversible. But in Russia and the former USSR, such operations are not popular. Men and women are even offended when they are offered sterilization.
Prepared by: Sergey Koval
