1. Names and surnames of Russian and foreign origin are declined, ending in a consonant and belonging to persons male: meet BorisA, Alberta; meet with Borisov, Neumann, August Schlegel.; But meet Helen, Nicole; meet Lynn Jones, Caroline Schlegel, hear Edith Piaf(foreign-language surnames ending in a consonant belonging to female persons are not declined).
Borrowed surnames -ov, -in, which belong to foreigners, in the form of TV. n. have the ending - ohm: Darwin, Green, Chaplin. Homonymous Russian surnames have the ending - th in the form of TV. P.: with Chaplin(from the dialect word Chaplya"heron").
2. As an exception, it is permissible not to change Russian surnames, ending in a consonant coinciding in sound with the names of animals or inanimate objects, but only in official texts and only if the gender of the bearer of the surname is indicated by other means, i.e. in combination with the first name, first name and patronymic, an indication of the position, title of the person, etc. Express gratitude to student Nikolai Dub; Confirm Sergei Vasilyevich Lev as chief director.
When declension of surnames like Belt, Comb, a fluent vowel in indirect cases can be preserved: Talk to student Belt, or with student Belt); Evaluate the thesis work of L. K. Greben.(or student Greben L.K.) excellently".
If the surnames do not decline, ending in a vowel, type Magpie, Cudgel, which coincide in sound with the names of living beings or inanimate objects, then this is a deviation from the norm. It is advisable to use such surnames in combination with the first name, first and patronymic, initials, indication of the position, title of the person, etc.: choir conducted by Klavdia Ptitsa, performance by violinist Oleg Krysa, interview with Nikolai Subbota.
4. In modern texts, Slavic surnames ending in - are usually not declined. O, -enko -ago/-yago, -ovo, -yh/-ih : Peschanko’s speech, Petrenko’s record, Petryago’s lessons, professor Durnovo’s lectures, P. Ya. Chernykh’s seminar.
5. C Slavic surnames ending in - a, -i – stressed and unstressed, belonging to persons male, so female, bow: about the philosopher Skovorod e , from the writer Mayborod s , about Alexandra Mitt e , interview with Igor Kvash Ouch (percussion); with Lev Vladimirovich Shcherba, performance by Pavel Globa(unstressed).
6. Foreign surnames ending in to a vowel sound, except on unstressed -AND I: Verdi's operas, Dante's prose, Hugo's novel.
Foreign surnames ending in percussion -AND I: Zol novels I, Dume A .
Foreign-language surnames (except Finnish) ending in unstressed -and I, belonging to persons male, so female: treatise by Avicenna, sonnets by Petrarch, interview with Capablanca, play by Juliet Masina, with Jane Fonda; BUT meeting with Kuusela– Finnish surname .
However, if the final - A, preceded by a vowel sound AND, these surnames are not declined: Poems by Garcia Lorca.
7. Fluctuations are observed in the use of Georgian surnames, which are sometimes declined, sometimes not: from the athlete Dzhejelav, the work of Professor Chikobava, however, the general tendency is to decline: about Beria, with Anna Dikhoy, songs by Bulat Shalvovich Okudzhava.
In purely official texts, some surnames are often not inclined to -A Japanese origin: Fukuyama's visit, Hatoyama's statement, Yoshida's office. Such use of such surnames is undesirable outside of interstate, diplomatic, conventional in nature, etiquette (form of the nominative case of the surname Yoshida etc. in combination with words visit, decision etc. can be conceptualized as a form genitive case surnames Yoshida): Saint-Katayama's anniversary, Hatoyama's birthday, conversation with Fukuyama, in Yoshida's house.
8. It is common for colloquial speech not to decline a given name when it is used in combination with a patronymic or surname: see Pyotr Ivanovich, read Jules Verne. The literary norm corresponds to the declension of both the first name, patronymic, and surname: see Pyotr Ivanovich, the stories of Jules Verne. The exception is complex male names like Jean-Paul, Pierre-Marie-Joseph, when used in oblique forms, only the last part changes: works of Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
In Russian double surnames, the first part is declined if it itself denotes the surname: production by Nemirovich-Danchenko, lyrics by Lebedev-Kumach. If the first part does not form a surname, it is not declined: role of Skvoznik-Dmukhanovsky, sculpture by Demut-Malinovsky.
9. Surnames of foreign origin are usually not used in the plural form and are not declined if they are used in combination with words spouses, brothers, sisters, sir and madam, and also in combination with two female names or a male and female names simultaneously: pay a visit to the Mikaelyan spouses, greet the sisters Irina and Olga Richter, write to Nikolai and Elena Wolf.
However, if there are two surnames male names or combinations husband and wife, father and son, brother and sister, then it is put in plural form: Henry and Thomas Mann, Peterson brother and sister.
5. Explain errors in the use of proper names. Correct the sentences.
1. We were introduced to student Sasha Koch. 2. Mikhail Ryba’s repertoire is extensive. 3. The audience liked the lyrical style of the Kaufman sister and brother. 4. David and Igor Oistrakh often performed at concerts. 5. Charles de Coster's novel has been translated into many languages.
1. We were introduced to student Sasha KokhOM. 2. Mikhail Ryba’s repertoire is extensive. 3. The audience liked the lyrical style of the Kaufman sister and brother. 4. David and Igor Oistrakh often performed at concerts. 5. Charles de Coster's novel has been translated into many languages.
6. Put the words in brackets in the correct form.
1. I like the fairy tales of the brothers (Grimm). 2. Our acquaintance with (Charlie Chaplin) took place during the silent film period. 3. For a long time, medicine and biology were dominated by erroneous principles developed by a German scientist (Rudolf Virchow). 4. In her youth, she was fond of the works of (George Sand). 5. In classical Japanese literature, the poems of the princess (Nukada) occupy a prominent place. 7. Mr. and Mrs. (Rainer) arrived. 7. They talked about this (Anneli and Andre Thorndike). 8. The other day there was a memorial evening (Jean-Baptiste Clément). 9. The adventures of the 18th century Italian adventurer (Casanova) served as the plot for more than one work. 10. Indian doctors and spouses (Nike) came to Moscow. 11. Father and daughter (Raikin) took part in the concert. 12. Both brothers (Petrov) successfully passed the test.
1. I like the fairy tales of the Brothers Grimm_. 2. Our acquaintance with Charlie Chaplin took place during the silent film period. 3. For a long time, medicine and biology were dominated by erroneous principles developed by the German scientist Rudolf Virchow. 4. In her youth, she was fond of the works of George Sand. 5. The poems of Princess Nukada occupy a prominent place in classical Japanese literature. 6. Mr. and Mrs. Rainer arrived. 7. Anneli and Andre Thorndike spoke about this. 8. The other day the memorial day for Jean-Baptiste Clément took place. 9. The adventures of the 18th century Italian adventurer Casanova served as the plot for more than one work. 10. Indian doctors from the wife of Nike came to Moscow. 11. Father and daughter Raikin took part in the concert. 12. Both Petrov brothers successfully passed the test.
1. Nouns belong to one of three childbirth: male, female, average.
The gender of a noun can be determined by agreeing with it the possessive pronoun my:
my son, my governor, my curtain, my little house - masculine;
my wife, my wall, my night - feminine,
my window, my sky, my animal - neuter gender.
In addition, for most nouns denoting people, gender can be determined by gender - my apprentice, my grandfather(masculine); my mother, my sister(feminine gender).
2. Genus unchangeable nouns is defined as follows.
The gender of uninflected nouns that name people is determined by gender.
Brave hidalgo, refined lady.
Nouns denoting professions and occupations are masculine.
Military attaché, night porter.
Unchangeable nouns that name animals are masculine, although when referring to a female they can be used as feminine nouns.
Australian kangaroo, funny chimpanzee, little hummingbird.
The chimpanzee was feeding her babies.
Exceptions: tsetse, iwasi- feminine gender.
Unchangeable inanimate nouns are neuter.
Night taxi, delicious stew, new blinds.
Exceptions: coffee, penalty, sirocco(masculine) avenue, salami(feminine gender).
3. A special group consists of nouns general kind, which can refer to both male and female people.
What a slob you are! What a slob you are!
Nouns of the general gender characterize a person, usually give an evaluative characteristic of a person, have the endings -а, -я and belong to the 1st declension.
A slob, a ringleader, a singer, a hard worker, a dirty guy, a dude, a drunkard, a sissy, a sleepyhead, a crybaby.
Note!
Some 2nd declension nouns with a zero ending, naming persons by profession ( doctor, professor, associate professor, driver etc.), although they can be used in relation to female persons, are still masculine nouns!
4. The gender of nouns is determined by their form singular. If a noun does not have a singular form, it cannot be classified into any of the three genders.
Manger, pasta, trousers, pitchforks.
B) Number of a noun
1. Most nouns have two numbers - the only thing And plural. In the singular form, a noun denotes one object; in the plural form, it denotes several objects.
Pencil - pencils; doctor - doctors.
2. Only one form(singular or plural) have real, collective, abstract and some concrete nouns.
Only the form singular have:
most material nouns;
Oil, cement, sugar, pearls, sour cream, milk.
most abstract nouns;
Joy, goodness, grief, fun, redness, running, gray hair.
most collective nouns;
Teaching, students, foliage, animals, crows, children.
most proper names.
Voronezh, Caucasus, Caspian Sea, Ural.
Note!
In some cases, nouns that have only a singular form can form plural forms. But such education is necessarily associated with a change in the meaning of the word:
1) at real
a) types, varieties of substance:
wine - dessert wines, oil - technical oils;
b) the value of the large space covered by this substance:
water - ocean waters, sand - Karakum sands;
2) at distracted of nouns the plural form has the meaning:
a) various manifestations of qualities, properties, states:
opportunity - new opportunities, joy - our joys;
b) duration, frequency and degree of manifestation of a sign, condition, action:
frost - prolonged frosts, pain - severe pain, scream - screams.
Only the form plural have:
- some collective nouns;
Money, finance, wilds.
some real nouns;
Ink, sawdust, cleaning.
some abstract nouns;
Name days, elections, attacks, intrigues, beatings.
some proper names;
Karakum, Carpathians, novel “Demons”.
words denoting paired objects, that is, objects consisting of two parts;
Glasses, trousers, sleigh, gates, scissors, pliers.
some names of periods of time.
Twilight, day, weekdays, holidays.
Note!
For nouns that only have a plural form, not only the gender, but also the declension is not determined!
C) Case and declension of nouns
1. There are six in Russian cases:
All cases except the nominative are called indirect.
Note!
1) To correctly determine the case of a noun, you need to find the word on which the noun depends and ask a question about the noun from this word, and it is better to use both questions at the same time.
Wed: He trusted his friend: he believed[to whom? what?] friend - D. p.
The form I. p. usually has a subject, and such a noun does not depend on other members of the sentence, but is connected with the predicate.
Wed: I have[Who? what?] friend - I. p.
2) It is especially important to ask both questions if the noun is in the nominative, genitive or accusative case, since animate nouns have the same questions in the genitive and accusative cases (who?), and inanimate nouns have the same questions in the nominative and accusative cases (what?).
3) If a noun has a preposition, then the question must be asked using this preposition.
Wed: He looked at the book: he looked[in whom? into what?] in the book.
4) A preposition can be separated from a noun by an adjective or pronoun. Note that a preposition is associated with a noun, not a noun-dependent modifier.
Wed: He was quarreling with his friend: quarreling[with whom? with what?] with a friend.
2. Changing nouns by case and number is called declination.
Immutable nouns ( coat, citro, metro, taxi, kangaroo, UN, traffic police) have no declination! Their number and case can be determined in phrases and sentences on the question.
He was sitting[in whom? what?] V coat - singular, prepositional case; He came[without whom? without which?] without coat - singular, genitive case.
3. The declension of modified nouns is determined by the form nominative singular. Most singular nouns are divided into three types of declension.
The type of declension is determined by the initial form (singular, nominative case):
| 1st class | -and I | Feminine, masculine and common nouns with endings -а, -я. | Spring, earth, line, uncle, ruler, dirty one. |
| 2nd class | zero | Masculine nouns ending in zero. | House□ , edge□ , ball□ , planetarium□ . |
| -o, -e | All nouns end in -o, -e. | Window, field, suspicion- neuter gender; wolf, apprentice- masculine. | |
| 3rd class | zero | Feminine nouns ending in zero. | Mother□ , daughter□ , night□ , steppe□ . |
4. Ten neuter nouns ending in -мя (ending -я): time, burden, stirrup, tribe, flame, banner, crown, seed, name, udder, as well as nouns way, child refer to divergent(they have endings of different declensions).
5. The noun person has different roots in the singular and plural ( person people), therefore has different types Declension in singular and plural:
person (singular) - declined as a 2nd declension noun;
people (plural) - declined as a 3rd declension noun.
6. Substantive adjectives and participles (nouns formed by moving from one part of speech to another: ice cream, dining room, living room, maid etc.) do not belong to any of the three types declination. They continue to decline, just as adjectives and participles decline!
D) Declension patterns for nouns
1st declension
| Case | Singular | Plural | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I. p. | Mother | Nanny | Aria | Moms | Nannies | Arias |
| R. p. | Moms | Nannies | Arias | Mom | Nian | Arius |
| D. p. | To mom | Nanny | Arias | Moms | Nannies | Ariyam |
| V. p. | Mom | Nanny | Aria | Mom | Nian | Arias |
| etc. | Mom | Nanny(s) | Aria(s) | By moms | Nannies | Arias |
| P. p. | About mom | About the nanny | About the aria | About moms | About nannies | About arias |
Note!
Nouns of the 1st declension ending in -iya: army, aria, symphony, Maria and others - in the dative case and prepositional case of the singular they have the ending -i, like nouns of the 3rd declension.
Wed: to the army, about the aria, to the symphony, about the symphony, to Mary, about Mary.
For nouns ending in -ya: Marya, liar, cell
Wed: to Marya, oh Marya.
2nd declension. Masculine
| Case | Singular | Plural | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I. p. | House | Horse | Cue | At home | Horses | cues |
| R. p. | At home | Horse | Kiya | Houses | Horses | Kyiv |
| D. p. | Home | horse | Kiyu | Home | Horses | Kiyam |
| V. p. | House | Horse | Cue | At home | Horses | cues |
| etc. | Home | Horse | cue | Homes | Horses | Kiyami |
| P. p. | About the house | About the horse | About the cue | About houses | About horses | About cues |
Note!
Nouns of the 2nd declension ending in -iy (zero ending): cue, radium, proletarian, planetarium and others - in the single prepositional case they have the ending -i, like nouns of the 3rd declension.
Wed: about radium, about the planetarium.
For nouns ending in -ey, -ai (zero ending): edge, sparrow etc. - this rule does not apply (!).
Wed: about the edge, about the sparrow.
2nd declension. Neuter gender
Indeclinable nouns
| Case | Singular | Plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| I. p. | Time | Path | Time | Paths |
| R. p. | Time | Paths | Times | Ways |
| D. p. | Time | Paths | From time to time | Ways |
| V. p. | Time | Path | Time | Paths |
| etc. | Time | By | From time to time | In ways |
| P. p. | About the time | About the path | About times | About the paths |
Note!
In indirect cases, nouns ending in -mya have the suffix -en- ( time, seed, name).
Exception form the plural forms of the genitive case of nouns seed, stirrup - no seeds, no stirrups.
1. First and last names of Russian and foreign origin, ending in a consonant and belonging to males, are declined: For example: Meet Boris, Albert; meet with Borisov, Neumann; But meet Helen, Nicole; to meet with Lynn Jones, hear Edith Piaf(non-declension of the surname indicates that it belongs to a woman).
In official texts, and only if the gender of the bearer of the surname is indicated by other means, it is permissible not to change Russian surnames that sound the same as the names of animals or inanimate objects. For example: Express gratitude to student Nikolai Dub; Confirm Sergei Vasilyevich Lev as chief director.
2. The norm corresponds to the declension of both the first name, patronymic, and last name: see Pyotr Ivanovich, stories. Jules Verna. The exception is complex male names like Jean-Paul,Pierre-Marie-Joseph, when used in oblique forms, only the last part changes: works of Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
3. Russian and foreign surnames (except Finnish) ending in unstressed are usually declined PO Box: speeches by Nikolai Saturday, works by N.F. Gamaleya. However, if the final and I preceded by a vowel sound, then these surnames are not declined: Gulia's poems, works Luria. 4. In modern texts, surnames ending in ago/ Iago, ovo, s/their: For example: Lessons Petryago, lectures by Professor Durnovo, seminar by P. Ya. Chernykh.
5. In modern texts, Ukrainian surnames are usually not inclined to -ToO/-enko: performance Peschanko, Petrenko's record.
6. Surnames of foreign origin are usually not used in the plural form and are not declined if they are used in combination with words spouses, brothers, sisters, brother and sister, and also in combination with two female names or male and female names at the same time: For example: Visit the spouses Mikaelyan, brothers' success Peterson, greet sisters Irina and Olga Richter, write to Nikolai and Elena Wolf.
In combination with two male names, the plural form is used: Thomas and Heinrich Mann; forms of oblique plural cases of such surnames are used quite rarely.
Rules for declension of proper names
The rules for declination of a surname cannot depend on the desire or unwillingness of the bearer of the surname.
The following rules for declension of proper names are formulated based on the following sources:
Rosenthal D.E., Telenkova M.A., “Dictionary of difficulties of the Russian language”, 3rd ed., additional. M., Russian language, 1984;
"Russian Grammar" vol. I, ed. USSR Academy of Sciences, 1982;
Pekhlivanova K.I., Lebedeva M.N., “Grammar of the Russian language in illustrations (for foreigners learning the Russian language)”, M., Russian language, 1989.
Do not bow:
Female surnames ending in a consonant and soft sign(Anna Zhuk, family of Maria Mitskevich, appoint Lyudmila Koval).
Anna Bug
Lyudmila Koval
Female names ending in a consonant (Carmen, Gyulcetay, Dolores, Helen, Suok, Edith, Elizabeth).
Carmen Ivanova
Foreign language surnames ending in a vowel sound, excluding unstressed -a, -ya (Hugo, Bizet, Rossini, Shaw, Nehru, Goethe, Bruno, Dumas, Zola).
Male and female names, ending in a vowel sound, excluding -a, -ya (Sergo, Nelly).
Nelly Maximova
Sergo Petina
Surnames on -a, -ya with a preceding vowel -i (sonnets by Heredia, poems by Garcia, stories by Gulia)
Petru Gulia
I don't Gulia
Russian surnames, which are frozen forms of the genitive singular with endings: -ovo, -ago, -yago (Durnovo, Sukhovo, Zhivago, Shambinago, Debyago, Khitrovo) and plural with endings: -ih, -yh (Kruchenykh, Ostrovsky, Polish , Dolgikh, Sedykh). In colloquial speech, surnames may be inclined to -i, -y.
Sergei Zhivago Irina Zhivago
Galina Polish Victor Polish
Ukrainian surnames in origin with stressed and unstressed -ko (Golovko, Lyashko, Franko, Yanko, Shevchenko’s anniversary, Makarenko’s activities, Korolenko’s works).
Olga Golovko
Alexandru Korolenko
The first part of a double surname, if it itself is not used as a surname (in the role of Skvoznyak-Dmukhanovsky, research by Grun-Grizhimailo, sculpture by Demut-Malinovsky).
Vyacheslav Skvoznyak-Dmukhanovsky
Declining:
Male surnames and names ending with a consonant and a soft sign. (Institute named after S.Ya. Zhuk, poems by Adam Mickiewicz, meet Igor Koval).
Igor Koval
Female names ending with a soft sign. (Love, Judith).
Lyubov Perova
As a rule, surnames tend to be unstressed -a, -ya (mainly Slavic, Romanesque and some others) (article by V.M. Ptitsa, works by Jan Neruda, songs performed by Rosita Quintana, conversation with A. Vaida, poems by Okudzhava) . Fluctuations are observed in the use of Georgian and Japanese surnames, where cases of inclination and indeclinability occur:
game nar. USSR artist Kharava; 100th anniversary of the birth of Saint Katayama, films of Kurosawa;
works by A.S. Chikobava (and Chikobava); creativity of Pshavela; minister in Ikeda's cabinet; Hatoyama's performance; films by Vittorio de Sica (not de Sica).
Pavel Neruda
Olga Neruda
Slavic surnames with accents -a, -ya (for the writer Mayboroda, with the philosopher Skovoroda, for the director Golovnya).
Vladimir Golovna
Tatiana Skovoroda
The first part of Russian double surnames, if it itself is used as a surname (poems by Lebedev-Kumach, production by Nemirovich-Danchenko, exhibition by Sokolov-Skal)
A foreign name ending in a consonant preceding a surname is declined (novels by Jules Verne, stories by Mark Twain). But, according to tradition: the novels of Walter (and Walter) Scott, songs about Robin Hood.
When declension of foreign surnames and names, forms of Russian declension are used and the peculiarities of declension of words in the original language are not preserved. (Karel Capek - Karela Capek [not Karla Capek]). Also Polish names (in Vladek, in Edek, in Janek [not: in Vladek, in Edk, in Jank]).
Polish female surnames starting with -a are inclined according to the model of Russian surnames starting with -aya (Bandrowska-Turska - tours of Bandrovska-Turska, Czerni-Stefanska - concerts of Czerni-Stefanska). At the same time, it is possible to design such surnames according to the Russian model and in the nominative case (Opulskaya-Danetskaya, Modzelevskaya). The same is appropriate for Czech surnames ending in -a (Babitska - Babitskaya, Babitskaya).
It is advisable to incline Slavic male surnames with -i, -y on the model of Russian surnames with -i, -y (Bobrovski - Bobrovsky, Pokorny - Pokorny). At the same time, it is possible to design such surnames according to the Russian model and in the nominative case (Bobrovsky, Pokorny, Ler-Splavinsky).
Features of the declination to –a:
If there is a consonant before –a, then the endings of the cases will be: -a, -ы, -e, -u, -oi, -e.
If before –a there is one of the letters (g, k, x) or a soft sibilant (ch, sch) or zh, then the ending of the gender. there will be – and.
If before -a there is a hissing (ch, sch, ts, sh) or zh, then the ending tv.p. when stressed at the end of a word it will be –ой, and –ей when stressed at the beginning or middle of a word.
Names and titles
How to decline geographical names?
In the city of Moscow or in the city of Moscow? Names combined with a generic word
Geographical name used with generic names town, village, hamlet, hamlet, river etc., acting as an appendix, agrees with the word being defined, that is, it declines if the toponym is of Russian, Slavic origin or is a long-borrowed and adopted name.
Right: in the city of Moscow, in the city of St. Petersburg, from the city of Kyiv; to the village of Ivanovka, from the village of Olkhovka, in the village of Shushenskoye, near the Mikhailovsky farmstead;near the Volga River, valley of the Sukhoi stream.
Both parts of the name decline Moskva River: Moskva River, on the Moskva River etc. In colloquial speech there are cases of indeclinability of the first part: beyond the Moscow River, on the Moscow River etc. But such use does not correspond to strict literary norms.
Geographical names in combination with a generic word are usually not declined in the following cases:
when the external form of the name corresponds to the plural form. numbers: in the city of Velikiye Luki, in the city of Mytishchi;
when the gender of the generalizing common noun and the toponym do not coincide: on the Yenisei River, near the Khoper River, in the village of Parfenok(however, this remark does not apply to combinations with the word city, so it's correct: in the city of Tula, from Moscow; about the appropriateness of using the word itself here city see below).
In addition, there is a tendency towards indeclinability in applications-place names of the neuter gender ending in -e, -o: between the villages of Molodechno and Dorozhno, in the city of Vidnoye(this name is not declined, because when declined it will be difficult to restore the original form: in the city of Vidnoye - This Vidny town or Vidnoye city?).
The “Dictionary of Geographical Names” by A.V. Superanskaya (M., 2013) states that toponyms are usually not declined in combination with the following geographical terms: swamp, bay, mountains, state, valley, bay, outpost, land village, key, well, kingdom, town, deposit, cape, region, lake, district, island, pass, plateau, plateau, dam, area, peninsula, village, province, strait, fishery, district(as an administrative-territorial unit), village, station, tract, ridge, state. The exception is when the name is expressed by an adjective: on Lake Ritsa, But: on Lake Onega, in the Bay of Kotor, But: in Sydney Harbour.
In the city of Stary Oskol or in the city of Stary Oskol? Compound names in combination with a generic word
Is it necessary to decline the compound names of cities and other settlements in combination with a generic word? Reference manuals answer this question in different ways. Everywhere it is indicated that such names are not declined if their external form corresponds to the plural form: in the city of Velikiye Luki, from the city Mineral water (see above). What if it corresponds to the singular form? Stary Oskol, Vyshny Volochek, Nizhny Novgorod, Krivoy Rog...
In the “Handbook of Spelling and Literary Editing” by D. E. Rosenthal, in the manual by Yu. A. Belchikov “Practical Stylistics of the Modern Russian Language”, as well as in the “Dictionary of Geographical Names” by A. V. Superanskaya it is indicated that such names are not declined in combination with a generic word: in the city of Stary Crimea, from the city of Veliky Ustyug, in the city of Stary Oskol, above the city of Lodeynoye Pole. At the same time, the “Dictionary of grammatical variants of the Russian language” by L.K. Graudina, V.A. Itskovich, L.P. Katlinskaya indicates that in toponyms expressed by combinations of words, parts of the name should be declined: in the city of Vyshny Volochyok, however, in colloquial and professional speech, an indeclinable version has spread and taken root: near the city of Vyshny Volochek, in the settlement of Dolgiy Most.
In Moscow or in the city of Moscow?
In the “Directory of the Publisher and Author” by A. E. Milchin and L. K. Cheltsova it is stated that “abbreviation G.(city), like the full word, is recommended to be used sparingly, mainly before the names of cities derived from surnames ( Kirov)».
Thus, it is commonly used: in Moscow. Options in Moscow, in the city of Moscow should be characterized as specifically clerical (i.e., used primarily in official business speech). Options in Moscow, in the city of Moscow do not correspond to the literary norm.
In Peredelkino or in Peredelkino?
Toponyms of Slavic origin ending in -ovo, -evo, -ino, -yno, do not decline in combination with a generic word: from the Lyublino district, towards the Strogino district, towards the Mitino district, in the city of Ivanovo, from the village of Prostokvashino, to the edge of Kosovo. If there is no generic word, then both options are possible, inflected and indeclinable: in Lublin And in Lyublino, towards Strogin And towards Strogino, in Ivanovo And to Ivanovo, from Prostokvashino And from Prostokvashino to Kosovo And to Kosovo, to Mitin And to Mitino, 8th microdistrict of Mitino and 8th microdistrict of Mitino. In this case, the inflected version corresponds to strict literary norms. The dictionary of L.K. Graudina, V.A. Itskovich, L.P. Katlinskaya “Grammatical correctness of Russian speech” indicates: “In an exemplary literary style (from the stage, from the television screen, in radio speech) these forms should be declined.”
Read more about titles at -ovo, -evo, -ino, -yno see in the section “Elemental truths”.
Pushkin or Pushkin?
Geographical names on -s (-ev), -ovo (-evo), -in, -ino (-yno) have an ending in the instrumental case -ohm, For example: Lvov - Lvov, Kanev - Kanev, Kryukovo - Kryukov, Kamyshin - Kamyshin, Maryino - Maryin, Golitsyno - Golitsyn.
Unlike the names of cities, Russian surnames are -in (-yn) and on -s (-ev) have the ending in the instrumental case -th, cf.: Pushkin(surname) - Pushkin And Pushkin(city) - Pushkin; Alexandrov(surname) - Alexandrov And Alexandrov(city) - Alexandrov.
In Kamen-Kashirskoye or in Kamen-Kashirskoye?
If a complex toponym is a Russian or long-acquired name, indirectly case forms its first part should be declined: from Kamnya-Kashirsky, in Pereslavl-Zalessky, in Mogilev-Podolsky, in Rostov-on-Don.
All place names in which the first part of the name has a morphological feature of the neuter gender are covered by a tendency towards immutability: from Likino-Duleva, to Sobolevo-on-Kamchatka.
How to decline foreign-language geographical names?
Names ending with -A
many borrowed geographical names mastered by the Russian language are declined according to the type of noun. wives sort of on -A, For example: Bukhara - in Bukhara, Ankara - to Ankara;
Toponyms of French origin ending in -A in the source language: Gras, Spa, Le Dora, Jura etc. However, names to which the ending was added in Russian -A, inclined: Toulouse, Geneva, Lausanne - in Toulouse, Geneva, Lausanne(cf.: Toulouse, Genève, Lausanne);
Japanese place names ending in are declined -A unstressed: Osaka - in Osaka, Fukushima - from Fukushima;
Estonian and Finnish names are not declined: from Jyväskylä, Saaremaa;
Abkhazian and Georgian toponyms ending in unstressed experience fluctuations in declination -A. However, many of these names tend to be: Ochamchira - in Ochamchira, Gudauta - to Gudauta, Pitsunda - from Pitsunda;
complex geographical names do not tend to - A unstressed, borrowed from Spanish and other Romance languages: to Bahia Blanca, to Bahia Laypa, from Jerez de la Frontera, to Santiago de Cuba, from Pola de Lena, from Santiago de Compostela;
complex Slavic names that are nouns in the presence of word-formation features of adjectives are declined, for example: Biała Podlaska – from Biała Podlaska, Banska Bystrica – to Banska Bystrica.
Names ending with -O And -e
Such names are not declined in the Russian literary language: in Oslo, Tokyo, Bordeaux, Mexico City, Santiago, Calais, Grodno, Vilna, Kovno.
Names ending with -and, -s
Toponyms have a greater tendency towards inclination -s: in Katowice, Thebes, Tatras, Cannes, Cheboksary.
Usually names are not inclined to -And: from Chile, Tbilisi, Nagasaki.
Names ending in a consonant
Foreign names ending in a consonant are usually not declined in application function: in the city of Louisville, in the city of Maubeuge, in the city of Niamet, in the province of Zyadin, near the city of Manston. (The exception is names long ago borrowed and adopted by the Russian language: in the city of Washington.)
If such names are not used in the application function, they tend to be: in the city of Mantasas, But 70 kilometers from Mantasas, near the town of Manston, But near Manston.
Latin American names depart from this group by - OS: to Fuentos.
Complex names of type are not declined Pere Lachaise, Mine Mill, Puerto Montt.
Compound names with the second part do not decline -street, -square, -park, -palace: Alvin Street, Union Square, Friedrich Stadt Palace, Enmore Park.
In Frankfurt am Main or in Frankfurt am Main?
The first part of complex foreign language toponyms, as a rule, is not declined: in Almaty, near Buenos Aires, from Yoshkar-Ola. The exception is the first part in the construction “place name on the river”: in Frankfurt am Main, to Schwedt an der Oder, from Stratford upon Avon.
If any foreign language compound name is used in an application function with common nouns like city, town, capital, port and so on, it is left unchanged in the second part: in the city of Santa Cruz, in the Bolivian capital La Paz(the exception is long-borrowed names mastered in Russian: in New York City).
QUESTION TO THE INFORMATION BUREAU
What to do with the combination municipal formation of the urban district of Usinsk?
I have the following question. Our municipality is officially called Municipal entity of the urban district "Usinsk". However, I have doubts about the correctness of using the phrase in this case urban district in the genitive case. In my opinion, according to the rules of the Russian language, the correct name should be used in the nominative case: Municipal formation urban district "Usinsk".
There is also a question about the placement of quotation marks: they should come before and after the word Usinsk or the expression must be quoted "Usinsk Urban District"?
Russian help desk response
Combinations municipality And urban district must be consistent in case (in other words, used in the same case), since urban district from a syntax point of view, it is an application. Wed: oriole bird.
As for quotation marks and other characters. The following design options are possible here:
municipal formation - Usinsk urban district;
municipal formation "Usinsk City District".
Moreover, when using quotation marks, the part of the name enclosed in them will not be declined: administration municipality"Usinsk Urban District".
Sources:
Ageenko F. L. Dictionary of proper names of the Russian language. M., 2010.
Graudina L.K., Itskovich V.A., Katlinskaya L.P. Dictionary of grammatical variants of the Russian language. 3rd ed., erased. M., 2008.
Milchin A. E., Cheltsova L. K. Directory of publisher and author. M., 2003.
Rosenthal D. E. Handbook of spelling and literary editing. M., 2003.
Russian grammar / Ch. ed. N. Yu. Shvedova. In 2 vols. M., 1980.
Superanskaya A.V. Dictionary of geographical names. M., 2013.
1. First and last names of Russian and foreign origin, ending in a consonant and belonging to males, are declined: For example: Meet Boris, Albert; meet with Borisov, Neumann; But meet Helen, Nicole; to meet with Lynn Jones, hear Edith Piaf(non-declension of the surname indicates that it belongs to a woman).
In official texts, and only if the gender of the bearer of the surname is indicated by other means, it is permissible not to change Russian surnames that sound the same as the names of animals or inanimate objects. For example: Express gratitude to student Nikolai Dub; Confirm Sergei Vasilyevich Lev as chief director.
2. The norm corresponds to the declension of both the first name, patronymic, and last name: see Pyotr Ivanovich, stories. Jules Verna. The exception is complex male names like Jean-Paul,Pierre-Marie-Joseph, when used in oblique forms, only the last part changes: works of Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
3. Russian and foreign surnames (except Finnish) ending in unstressed are usually declined PO Box: speeches by Nikolai Saturday, works by N.F. Gamaleya. However, if the final and I preceded by a vowel sound, then these surnames are not declined: Gulia's poems, works Luria. 4. In modern texts, surnames ending in ago/ Iago, ovo, s/their: For example: Lessons Petryago, lectures by Professor Durnovo, seminar by P. Ya. Chernykh.
5. In modern texts, Ukrainian surnames are usually not inclined to -ToO/-enko: performance Peschanko, Petrenko's record.
6. Surnames of foreign origin are usually not used in the plural form and are not declined if they are used in combination with words spouses, brothers, sisters, brother and sister, and also in combination with two female names or male and female names at the same time: For example: Visit the spouses Mikaelyan, brothers' success Peterson, greet sisters Irina and Olga Richter, write to Nikolai and Elena Wolf.
In combination with two male names, the plural form is used: Thomas and Heinrich Mann; forms of oblique plural cases of such surnames are used quite rarely.
Rules for declension of proper names
The rules for declination of a surname cannot depend on the desire or unwillingness of the bearer of the surname.
The following rules for declension of proper names are formulated based on the following sources:
Rosenthal D.E., Telenkova M.A., “Dictionary of difficulties of the Russian language”, 3rd ed., additional. M., Russian language, 1984;
"Russian Grammar" vol. I, ed. USSR Academy of Sciences, 1982;
Pekhlivanova K.I., Lebedeva M.N., “Grammar of the Russian language in illustrations (for foreigners learning the Russian language)”, M., Russian language, 1989.
Do not bow:
Female surnames, ending in a consonant and a soft sign (for Anna Zhuk, family of Maria Mitskevich, appoint Lyudmila Koval).
Anna Bug
Lyudmila Koval
Female names ending in a consonant (Carmen, Gyulcetay, Dolores, Helen, Suok, Edith, Elizabeth).
Carmen Ivanova
Foreign language surnames ending in a vowel sound, excluding unstressed -a, -ya (Hugo, Bizet, Rossini, Shaw, Nehru, Goethe, Bruno, Dumas, Zola).
Male and female names, ending in a vowel sound, excluding -a, -ya (Sergo, Nelly).
Nelly Maximova
Sergo Petina
Surnames on -a, -ya with a preceding vowel -i (sonnets by Heredia, poems by Garcia, stories by Gulia)
Petru Gulia
I don't Gulia
Russian surnames, which are frozen forms of the genitive singular with endings: -ovo, -ago, -yago (Durnovo, Sukhovo, Zhivago, Shambinago, Debyago, Khitrovo) and plural with endings: -ih, -yh (Kruchenykh, Ostrovsky, Polish , Dolgikh, Sedykh). In colloquial speech, surnames may be inclined to -i, -y.
Sergei Zhivago Irina Zhivago
Galina Polish Victor Polish
Ukrainian surnames in origin with stressed and unstressed -ko (Golovko, Lyashko, Franko, Yanko, Shevchenko’s anniversary, Makarenko’s activities, Korolenko’s works).
Olga Golovko
Alexandru Korolenko
The first part of a double surname, if it itself is not used as a surname (in the role of Skvoznyak-Dmukhanovsky, research by Grun-Grizhimailo, sculpture by Demut-Malinovsky).
Vyacheslav Skvoznyak-Dmukhanovsky
Declining:
Male surnames and names ending with a consonant and a soft sign. (Institute named after S.Ya. Zhuk, poems by Adam Mickiewicz, meet Igor Koval).
Igor Koval
Female names ending with a soft sign. (Love, Judith).
Lyubov Perova
As a rule, surnames tend to be unstressed -a, -ya (mainly Slavic, Romanesque and some others) (article by V.M. Ptitsa, works by Jan Neruda, songs performed by Rosita Quintana, conversation with A. Vaida, poems by Okudzhava) . Fluctuations are observed in the use of Georgian and Japanese surnames, where cases of inclination and indeclinability occur:
game nar. USSR artist Kharava; 100th anniversary of the birth of Saint Katayama, films of Kurosawa;
works by A.S. Chikobava (and Chikobava); creativity of Pshavela; minister in Ikeda's cabinet; Hatoyama's performance; films by Vittorio de Sica (not de Sica).
Pavel Neruda
Olga Neruda
Slavic surnames with accents -a, -ya (for the writer Mayboroda, with the philosopher Skovoroda, for the director Golovnya).
Vladimir Golovna
Tatiana Skovoroda
The first part of Russian double surnames, if it itself is used as a surname (poems by Lebedev-Kumach, production by Nemirovich-Danchenko, exhibition by Sokolov-Skal)
A foreign name ending in a consonant preceding a surname is declined (novels by Jules Verne, stories by Mark Twain). But, according to tradition: the novels of Walter (and Walter) Scott, songs about Robin Hood.
When declension of foreign surnames and names, forms of Russian declension are used and the peculiarities of declension of words in the original language are not preserved. (Karel Capek - Karela Capek [not Karla Capek]). Also Polish names (in Vladek, in Edek, in Janek [not: in Vladek, in Edk, in Jank]).
Polish female surnames starting with -a are inclined according to the model of Russian surnames starting with -aya (Bandrowska-Turska - tours of Bandrovska-Turska, Czerni-Stefanska - concerts of Czerni-Stefanska). At the same time, it is possible to design such surnames according to the Russian model and in the nominative case (Opulskaya-Danetskaya, Modzelevskaya). The same is appropriate for Czech surnames ending in -a (Babitska - Babitskaya, Babitskaya).
It is advisable to incline Slavic male surnames with -i, -y on the model of Russian surnames with -i, -y (Bobrovski - Bobrovsky, Pokorny - Pokorny). At the same time, it is possible to design such surnames according to the Russian model and in the nominative case (Bobrovsky, Pokorny, Ler-Splavinsky).
Features of the declination to –a:
If there is a consonant before –a, then the endings of the cases will be: -a, -ы, -e, -u, -oi, -e.
If before –a there is one of the letters (g, k, x) or a soft sibilant (ch, sch) or zh, then the ending of the gender. there will be – and.
If before -a there is a hissing (ch, sch, ts, sh) or zh, then the ending tv.p. when stressed at the end of a word it will be –ой, and –ей when stressed at the beginning or middle of a word.
