Ivan was born into the family of candle merchant Savva Evtikhievich Nikitin (-).
Creation
The earliest surviving poems date from 1849, many of them imitative in nature. He made his debut in print with the poem “Rus,” written in 1851, but published in the Voronezh Provincial Gazette only on November 21, 1853, that is, after the start of the Crimean War. The patriotic pathos of the poem made it very topical. On December 11, 1853, it was reprinted in the St. Petersburg Gazette newspaper with the following comment:
Isn’t it true that something familiar can be heard in this poem, in the feeling with which it is imbued, in the techniques, in the texture of the verse? Is Koltsov really destined to be resurrected in Nikitin? .
Subsequently, Nikitin’s poems were published in the magazines “Moskvyatyanin”, “Otechestvennye zapiski” and other publications.
The first separate collection () included poems on a variety of topics, from religious to social. The collection evoked mixed responses. The second collection of poems was published in 1859. The prosaic “Diary of a Seminarian” was published in “Voronezh Conversation for 1861.” ().
Nikitin is considered a master of Russian poetic landscape and successor to Koltsov. The main themes in Nikitin's poetry are native nature, the hard work and hopeless life of peasants, the suffering of the urban poor, and protest against the unjust structure of life.
Basically, being courageously restrained and careful, apparently, in the most intimate, deeply hidden, he hid his human suffering behind a sense of beauty in nature. The more piercingly nature sounded in him, and he in it, the deeper it all sank into the reader’s soul.
Poem "Fist"
Nikitin's largest poetic work, the poem "Fist", began in October 1854. The first edition was completed by September 1856. The second edition, to which the poet made significant corrections, was completed by the beginning of 1857. The first publication was a separate edition in the city . (date of censorship permission - August 25, 1857).
In Nikitin’s time, the word “kulak” did not mean a wealthy peasant, as was established later, but a completely different social type. According to Dahl, the kulak is “a reseller, a reseller... in bazaars and marinas, he himself is penniless, lives by deception, calculation, and measurement.” At the center of Nikitin’s poem is the image of just such a fist, the Voronezh tradesman Karp Lukich. This bankrupt merchant barely earns a living by petty fraud in the market, cannot get out of severe poverty, gets drunk and tyrannizes his family. The poet shows us in different life situations the character of this person, the inner life of his home, the fate of his household (wife and daughter). The poem has strong autobiographical features: the main character and his wife in many ways resemble the poet’s parents.
The poem received favorable reviews from Dobrolyubov and other critics. An anonymous review from the Moscow Review said:
Several scenes that are stunning in their drama, in places there is genuine comedy and always a warm feeling of universal love... a lively rendering of reality, typically outlined characters and wonderful descriptions of nature complete the charm produced by this fresh and truly poetic creation of a young writer who has already rapidly developed his creative powers.
Nikitin's poetry and Russian musical culture
More than 60 songs and romances have been written to Nikitin's words, many by very famous composers (Napravnik, Kalinnikov, Rimsky-Korsakov). Some of Nikitin's poems, set to music, became popular folk songs. The most famous is “The Ukhar-Merchant” (“The Ukhar-Merchant Went to the Fair…”), which, however, was subjected to abbreviation and alteration in the popular version, which completely changed the moral meaning of the poem.
Memory
- In Voronezh in 1911, a monument to the poet was erected on Nikitinskaya Square according to the design of the sculptor I. A. Shuklin.
- In Voronezh, in the house where the poet lived since 1846, the Nikitin Literary Memorial House Museum (Voronezh Regional Literary Museum named after I. S. Nikitin) has been operating since 1924.
- A street in the city of Voronezh is named after Ivan Savvich.
- The Voronezh Regional Universal Scientific Library is named after the poet.
- In Lipetsk there is Nikitina Street.
- In Novosibirsk there is Nikitina Street. Many Novosibirsk residents mistakenly believe that the name of the street is dedicated to Afanasy Nikitin.
- There is a gymnasium named after I. S. Nikitin in Voronezh.
- In 1974, postage stamps with the image of I. S. Nikitin were issued in the USSR.
- In 2011, for the 425th anniversary of Voronezh, the Russian Post issued a postcard depicting the monument to I. S. Nikitin (sculptor I. A. Shuklin).
- In Barnaul there is Nikitina Street.
- Postage stamps of the USSR
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Excerpt characterizing Nikitin, Ivan Savvich
Prince Andrei felt that either of all the affairs that occupied the Minister of War, the actions of Kutuzov’s army could least of all interest him, or it was necessary to let the Russian courier feel this. “But I don’t care at all,” he thought. The Minister of War moved the rest of the papers, aligned their edges with the edges and raised his head. He had a smart and characteristic head. But at the same moment as he turned to Prince Andrei, the intelligent and firm expression on the face of the Minister of War, apparently habitually and consciously changed: the stupid, feigned, not hiding his pretense, smile of a man who receives many petitioners one after another stopped on his face .– From General Field Marshal Kutuzov? - he asked. - Good news, I hope? Was there a collision with Mortier? Victory? It's time!
He took the dispatch, which was addressed to him, and began to read it with a sad expression.
- Oh my god! My God! Shmit! - he said in German. - What a misfortune, what a misfortune!
Having run through the dispatch, he put it on the table and looked at Prince Andrei, apparently thinking about something.
- Oh, what a misfortune! The matter, you say, is decisive? Mortier was not taken, however. (He thought.) I am very glad that you brought good news, although the death of Shmit is an expensive price to pay for victory. His Majesty will probably wish to see you, but not today. Thank you, rest. Tomorrow, be on the way out after the parade. However, I'll let you know.
The stupid smile that had disappeared during the conversation reappeared on the face of the Minister of War.
- Goodbye, thank you very much. The Emperor will probably wish to see you,” he repeated and bowed his head.
When Prince Andrei left the palace, he felt that all the interest and happiness brought to him by the victory had now been abandoned by him and transferred to the indifferent hands of the Minister of War and the courteous adjutant. His whole mindset instantly changed: the battle seemed to him like an old, distant memory.
Prince Andrei stayed in Brünn with his friend, the Russian diplomat Bilibin.
“Ah, dear prince, there is no nicer guest,” said Bilibin, going out to meet Prince Andrei. - Franz, the prince’s things are in my bedroom! - he turned to the servant who was seeing Bolkonsky off. - What, a harbinger of victory? Wonderful. And I’m sitting sick, as you can see.
Prince Andrei, having washed and dressed, went out to the diplomat’s luxurious office and sat down to the prepared dinner. Bilibin calmly sat down by the fireplace.
Prince Andrei, not only after his journey, but also after the entire campaign, during which he was deprived of all the comforts of cleanliness and grace of life, experienced a pleasant feeling of relaxation among those luxurious living conditions to which he had become accustomed since childhood. In addition, after the Austrian reception, he was pleased to talk, at least not in Russian (they spoke French), but with a Russian person who, he assumed, shared the general Russian disgust (now especially vividly felt) for the Austrians.
Bilibin was a man of about thirty-five, single, in the same company as Prince Andrei. They knew each other back in St. Petersburg, but they became even closer on Prince Andrei’s last visit to Vienna together with Kutuzov. Just as Prince Andrei was a young man who promised to go far in the military field, so, and even more, did Bilibin promise in the diplomatic field. He was still a young man, but no longer a young diplomat, since he began serving at the age of sixteen, was in Paris, in Copenhagen, and now occupied a rather significant position in Vienna. Both the Chancellor and our envoy in Vienna knew him and valued him. He was not one of that large number of diplomats who are required to have only negative merits, not do well-known things and speak French in order to be very good diplomats; he was one of those diplomats who love and know how to work, and, despite his laziness, he sometimes spent the night at his desk. He worked equally well, no matter what the nature of the work was. He was not interested in the question “why?”, but in the question “how?”. What the diplomatic matter was, he didn’t care; but to draw up a circular, memorandum or report skillfully, accurately and gracefully - he found great pleasure in this. Bilibin's merits were valued, in addition to his written works, also by his art of addressing and speaking in higher spheres.
Bilibin loved conversation just as he loved work, only when the conversation could be elegantly witty. In society, he constantly waited for an opportunity to say something remarkable and entered into conversation only under these conditions. Bilibin's conversation was constantly peppered with original witty, complete phrases of general interest.
These phrases were produced in Bilibin’s internal laboratory, as if on purpose, of a portable nature, so that insignificant secular people could conveniently remember them and transfer them from living rooms to living rooms. And indeed, les mots de Bilibine se colportaient dans les salons de Vienne, [Bilibin’s reviews were distributed throughout Viennese living rooms] and often had an influence on so-called important matters.
His thin, emaciated, yellowish face was all covered with large wrinkles, which always seemed as cleanly and diligently washed, like fingertips after a bath. The movements of these wrinkles constituted the main play of his physiognomy. Now his forehead wrinkled in wide folds, his eyebrows rose upward, now his eyebrows went down, and large wrinkles formed on his cheeks. The deep-set, small eyes always looked straight and cheerful.
“Well, now tell us your exploits,” he said.
Bolkonsky, in the most modest way, without ever mentioning himself, told the story and the reception of the Minister of War.
“Ils m"ont recu avec ma nouvelle, comme un chien dans un jeu de quilles, [They accepted me with this news, as they accept a dog when it interferes with a game of skittles,] he concluded.
Bilibin grinned and loosened the folds of his skin.
“Cependant, mon cher,” he said, examining his nail from afar and picking up the skin above his left eye, “malgre la haute estime que je professe pour le Orthodox Russian army, j"avoue que votre victoire n"est pas des plus victorieuses. [However, my dear, with all due respect to the Orthodox Russian army, I believe that your victory is not the most brilliant.]
He continued in the same way in French, pronouncing in Russian only those words that he contemptuously wanted to emphasize.
- How? You with all your weight fell upon the unfortunate Mortier with one division, and this Mortier leaves between your hands? Where is the victory?
“However, seriously speaking,” answered Prince Andrei, “we can still say without boasting that this is a little better than Ulm...
- Why didn’t you take us one, at least one marshal?
– Because not everything is done as expected, and not as regularly as at the parade. We expected, as I told you, to reach the rear by seven o'clock in the morning, but did not arrive at five in the evening.
- Why didn’t you come at seven o’clock in the morning? “You should have come at seven o’clock in the morning,” Bilibin said smiling, “you should have come at seven o’clock in the morning.”
– Why didn’t you convince Bonaparte through diplomatic means that it was better for him to leave Genoa? – Prince Andrei said in the same tone.
“I know,” Bilibin interrupted, “you think it’s very easy to take marshals while sitting on the sofa in front of the fireplace.” This is true, but still, why didn’t you take it? And do not be surprised that not only the Minister of War, but also the August Emperor and King Franz will not be very happy with your victory; and I, the unfortunate secretary of the Russian embassy, do not feel any need to give my Franz a thaler as a sign of joy and let him go with his Liebchen [sweetheart] to the Prater... True, there is no Prater here.
He looked straight at Prince Andrei and suddenly pulled the collected skin off his forehead.
“Now it’s my turn to ask you why, my dear,” said Bolkonsky. “I confess to you that I don’t understand, maybe there are diplomatic subtleties here that are beyond my weak mind, but I don’t understand: Mack is losing an entire army, Archduke Ferdinand and Archduke Charles do not show any signs of life and make mistakes after mistakes, finally, alone Kutuzov wins a real victory, destroys the charme [charm] of the French, and the Minister of War is not even interested in knowing the details.
Nikitin Ivan Savvich (1824-1861), Russian poet, prose writer.
Born September 21 (October 3), 1824 in Voronezh. The son of the owner of a candle factory, who went bankrupt by the 1830s, he was educated at the Voronezh parish (1833) and district (1834-1839) theological schools and theological seminary (1839-1843; expelled for poor academic performance), in the literary life of which A. had participated somewhat earlier. V. Koltsov. He took care of the housekeeping (even to the point of performing the duties of a janitor at the inn purchased by the family), accordingly changing his recent appearance of a freedom-loving “Westerner” to the appearance of a simple Russian peasant (hair “in a circle”, boots with high tops, a sheepskin coat on a naked body, etc. .P.).
Joy has swift wings.
Nikitin Ivan Savvich
After the first publication (verse. Rus - “Under the big tent / Blue skies...”, 1853) he became close to the circle of local historian N.I. Vtorov, who studied the history, ethnography and folklore of the Voronezh region, among whose participants were the future executor, biographer and editor poet M.F. De Poulet and publisher of his works A.R. Mikhailov.
Influence of A.S. Pushkin, M.Yu. Lermontov, F.I. Tyutchev (Slanderers, 1849; When the sunset with farewell rays, 1850; When alone, in moments of reflection, 1851) and especially Koltsov (The Sadness of an Old Man, Duma, both 1849 ; Song, 1853) with its characteristic folk vocabulary and rhythm is replaced in Nikitin’s lyrics by his own intonations, recognizable “ethnographic” themes, attention to everyday life, religious motives (Old Friend, Winter Night in the Village, both 1853; Merchant at the Mill, 1854).
In 1854, N.V. Kukolnik published two collections of Nikitin’s poems in his “Library for Reading”; several poems were published in the magazine “Moskvityanin”. Quick fame inspired Nikitin, he persistently engages in self-education (including studying French and German, translations from Fr. Schiller and G. Heine), again dresses “in fashion” and becomes, in the words of his tireless trustee Vtorov, “a secular human." At the same time, a sharp deterioration in health, a consequence of hard physical labor, contributed to the strengthening of the mournful tonality of Nikitin’s poetry.
In 1856, his first collection of Poems was published, which evoked both approving and harsh (for “lack of independence” - N.G. Chernyshevsky in the Sovremennik magazine) reviews from critics.
In an effort to poeticize the “non-poetic” material of the real life of common people, Nikitin begins to focus on the lyrics of N.A. Nekrasov with a pronounced narrative beginning, colloquial everyday vocabulary, a diversity of characters from the village “bottom” - the peasants, the poor, the dispossessed (The Story of a Peasant Woman, 1854; Burlak , both 1854; Street Meeting, 1855; The Story of a Friend, 1856), focusing on the dramas of everyday life - betrayals, murders, selfish deceptions, etc. (often in the song genre - Quarrel, Treason, both 1854; Get rid of melancholy..., 1855).
According to the critic A.M. Skabichevsky, the autobiographical basis of many of Nikitin’s poems, who was in a difficult relationship with his father, a man of tough character, was the “eternal Russian plot of family tyranny,” which grew under Nikitin’s pen into the problem of the discrepancy between the high spiritual impulses of a creative personality and his rough egoistic environment, into the problem of the inescapable loneliness of a talented loser, characteristic of romanticism and specifically refracted in Nikitin’s “folk” lyrics.
In the difficult pre-reform period, the biography of Nikitin Ivan Savvich as a poet began, so his work was filled with the suffering of a forced, enslaved people. Motifs of need, exhausting labor, hopeless grief, and eternal melancholy characterized each of his works.
Christian
The poet knew how to empathize, sympathize and help those suffering, which is why Nikitin’s biography contains many manifestations of a purely Christian attitude towards one’s neighbor. Most of his poems and poems have religious or philosophical content. These are the poems "Fist" and "Taras", the poems "Prayer for the Cup", "Child's Prayer", "Prayer". Modern readers are close to his landscape lyrics; many poems are known by heart, and this does not depend on age. Everything suggests that Nikitin’s biography was written forever by fate, since the motives of native nature, health, beautiful people and pure feelings are eternal and will be in demand in all centuries.
Ivan Savvich Nikitin was born in September 1824 into the family of a poor Voronezh merchant, the owner of a small, almost artisanal factory. For eight years he was sent to a theological school, after which he set out to become a priest and entered the Voronezh Theological Seminary. Already at a young age, Ivan Savvich Nikitin felt a burning interest in literature, read many poetry books and tried to compose himself. Koltsov, Zhukovsky and Pushkin became his favorite poets.
Dreams and reality
In his dreams, Ivan Nikitin, a poet, saw himself as a student at the capital’s university, where he had the opportunity to see legendary writers. However, his father went bankrupt, he had to sell the factory in order to buy a crumbling inn and pay off the accumulated debts for a long, long time. The future poet had to manage this hotel to help his family. Therefore, not only did the university remain a distant dream, but I also had to leave the seminary.
He left many letters to his descendants about these years, filled with work and worries. It soulfully describes the love that Ivan Nikitin had for poetry. His poems are filled with heartache for the people forced to live in hopeless poverty, but at the same time the nightingale’s Russian speech sings in every letter, admiring the world around them, the free spaces. The poet's soul remained pure, attached to the beautiful, comforted by the word of freedom.
First poems
Ivan Nikitin began writing poetry very early, as soon as he learned to form letters, which he himself mentions in his letters. But, unfortunately, not all of them have survived. The earliest dates back to 1849. The very first publication immediately showed others that a real poet had come into the world. This poem by Ivan Nikitin - "Rus" - has become a textbook. It is from that galaxy of few masterpieces that schoolchildren still happily learn by heart to this day. Nikitin Ivan Savvich always wrote poems for children; he has quite a few works that would not be understandable to them.
And the first published poem was instantly reprinted by almost all newspapers published in Russia, and the poet became famous. However, the first collection of poems appeared only in 1856. Three years later, a bookstore opened in Voronezh - a stronghold of youth education, and Ivan Savvich Nikitin became its owner. Interesting facts from the poet's life were collected by those people who constituted the color of the social life of Voronezh, and who were brought together by this cultural center of the provincial city - the bookstore. Unfortunately, this happiness did not last long. “In the dark thicket the nightingale fell silent...” - Nikitin’s biography turned out to be very short.
Consumption
The poet lived a short, extremely difficult life, full of never-ending troubles with many sorrows, since his father, after ruin, fell into an incessant binge. But he devoted every free minute to poetry - reading or writing. However, strength was running out. The life and work of Ivan Savvich Nikitin was cut short by consumption, which he contracted from overwork and the inability to pay attention to his own health. He died in the year when serfdom collapsed (in 1861).
He had been waiting for the liberation of the peasants all his life, and with every line he hastened this event. Being the owner of an inn, he saw many of the dirtiest scenes, communicated with a variety of people belonging to a variety of classes. His poems were passed on from mouth to mouth even by those who could not read, and the Voronezh intelligentsia called him “the second Koltsov.” In fact, he was never second, and Nikitin’s poetics are quite different from Koltsov’s poetics even in his earliest poems, although Chernyshevsky once reproached him for imitation.
Poems and poems
Nikolai Dobrolyubov highly appreciated Nikitin’s poem “Fist” for its originality, noting the creative growth that the poet has received since previous publications. In 1855, the poems “Street Meeting” and “The Coachman’s Wife” were published, after which the poet began to think about introducing something new into his style of presentation.
And therefore, after two years, poems came that were significantly different from the previous ones: “The Plowman,” “Overnight in the Village,” “The Spinner,” “The Beggar,” then “Mother and Daughter” and the famous “Wake.” Social motives appeared in the lines. This is especially true for the poems “Dead Body”, “Old Servant” and others created in his last years. In 1860, Nikitin, already terminally ill, wrote his only prose work, “The Diary of a Seminarian,” where memories of his youth were found.
Music
All his poems are so melodious that they themselves ask for song. The poet wrote about the bright moments of life: “A clear world will dawn on the soul...” More than sixty songs and romances were written at different times by Russian composers based on Nikitin’s poems. And composers are still interested in the poetry of Ivan Savvich. For example, in 2009, Alexander Sharafutdinov recorded an entire album called “Joy and Sorrow.”
Nikitin's poems are always saturated with music, they have absorbed that folk life, like a groan, which forced the poet, who cried all night over a poetic line, to destroy it at dawn, because it did not truthfully convey the state that made the night sleepless. The poet painstakingly searched for the truth - albeit not in life, but in poetry. The main thing is that he found her.
Family
Ivan Savvich was more like his mother - a meek woman, compassionate, deeply religious, even religious. She, like the poet himself, patiently waited all her life for a better fate, suffering immensely from the harsh character of her husband. The whole of Voronezh knew my father. The merchant is enterprising, but a heavy drinker, the first fist fighter in the city, which his family knew better than others. Ivan Nikitin loved his father very much for his strength, for his seriousness, for his practical acumen, for his efficiency.
But as a poet, his mother gave him much more. This is an exceptional, immeasurable sensitivity of the soul, a subtle poetic ear, dreaminess and deep faith. From birth, he communicated with wanderers, pilgrims, and pilgrims who visited the Mitrofanievsky monastery in Voronezh. They all came to the shop at the factory to buy candles.
People
People flocked here from all over the country; Nikitin heard and noted the folk dialect of different regions while still a little boy. He loved the stories of pilgrims and eagerly read the lives of saints and other spiritual books. This is precisely why the poet’s attitude towards Russian nature turned out to be so reverent, almost religious.
Subsequently, meeting and seeing off coachmen and cab drivers, merchants and wanderers, peasants and traveling artists, being the manager of an inn, Nikitin just as willingly communicated with passing people of all the variegated classes of Russian society. People were always extremely frank with him, because the poet is sensitive and kind. Although their stories for the most part were very bitter and weighed heavily on the heart. The only relaxation was poetry. In those days it was bad form to publish poems under your own name, and anonymous manuscripts were not accepted in the Voronezh newspaper. That is why the first publication of the poet’s poems took place so late.
Friends
Members of the Voronezh reading circle, among whom was the editor of the local newspaper Vtorov, immediately fell in love with both Nikitin’s poems and himself. Some liked the social protest and democratic overtones in his poems, while others reveled in the religious motifs and harmony in the poetic landscapes.
In 1854, Nikitin was recognized in the capital - his poems were published in Otechestvennye zapiski, and Kukolnik wrote an article about Nikitin in the Reading Library. Then a literature lover and high-ranking official, Count Tolstoy, became interested in the poet, after which a separate book by Nikitin was published with verses personally chosen by Tolstoy and a preface written by him.
About borrowings and imitations
Nikitin’s early work really went through a certain literary school, since in his poems of the first period one can hear Pushkin (“Forest”), and Koltsov (“Rus”, “Spring in the Steppe”), and Lermontov (“In the West is the Sun”, “The Key”) "), and Maykova ("Evening"), and Nekrasova ("Street Meeting", "The Coachman's Story").
However, this is more like a single aesthetic support, since all of the above poets relied on folklore sources. There is always a common prototype. For Nikitin, this is not apprenticeship, but the folkloric nature of poetic thinking, the simplicity of folk ways, habits and attitudes towards creativity, which even at that time was largely oral. Nikitin is not even a poet, he is a storyteller who must live through collective creativity.
Famous poet. Born on September 21, 1824 in Voronezh, in the family of a tradesman, a candle dealer. In 1839 Nikitin entered the Voronezh seminary. During Nikitin's stay there, his father's trading affairs began to deteriorate, and he began to drink and show his... Biographical Dictionary
Nikitin Ivan Savvich- (1824 61), Russian. poet. In the beginning. creative paths (1849 53), continuing the motifs of the romantic. lyrics of the 30s (loneliness among people, internal fatigue, consciousness of fruitlessly disappearing spiritual forces), was under the great influence of L. St. 15 productions. N.... ... Lermontov Encyclopedia
Nikitin Ivan Savvich- , Russian poet. Born into a merchant family. He studied at the theological seminary (until 1843). The ruin of his father forced N. to become the owner of an inn. In 1859 N. opened a bookstore, which became important... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
NIKITIN Ivan Savvich- (1824 61) Russian poet. Stories in verse about the bitter lot of the poor; civil and landscape lyrics (Rus, Morning). Poems (Fist, 3rd edition, 1858). Prose Diary of a Seminarian (1860) ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
Nikitin, Ivan Savvich- NIKITIN Ivan Savvich (1824 61), Russian poet. Stories in verse about the bitter lot of the poor; civil and landscape lyrics (“Rus”, “Morning”). Poems (“Fist”, 3rd edition, 1858). Prose “Diary of a Seminarian” (1860). ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary
Nikitin, Ivan Savvich- poet, born September 21, 1824 in Voronezh; mind. On October 16, 1861, his great-grandfather, Nikita Gerasimov, and grandfather, Evtikhy Nikitin, were sextons of the Nativity Church in the village of Cossack, Zasosensky camp, Zadonsky district, Voronezh province. Father… … Large biographical encyclopedia
Nikitin Ivan Savvich- for information about the artist of the same name, refer to the article Nikitin, Ivan Nikitich. Ivan Nikitin Ivan Savvich Nikitin (September 21 (October 3) 1824, Voronezh October 16 (28), 1861, ibid.) Russian poet. Contents... Wikipedia
Nikitin Ivan Savvich- (1824 1861), Russian poet. Stories in verse about the bitter lot of the poor; landscape lyrics (“Rus”, “Morning”). Poems (“Fist”, 3rd ed., 1858). Prose “Diary of a Seminarian” (1860). * * * NIKITIN Ivan Savvich NIKITIN Ivan Savvich (1824 1861),… … encyclopedic Dictionary
NIKITIN Ivan Savvich- (182461), Russian poet. Stories in verse from folklore. life (date of creation), including “Quarrel”, “Coachman’s Wife”, “Burlak” (all 1854), “A crazy merchant was driving from the fair”, “Dead body” (both 1858), “Old servant "(1859), "The Tailor" (1860);... ... Literary encyclopedic dictionary
Nikitin Ivan Savvich- talented poet, b. in Voronezh 21 Oct. 1824, in a bourgeois family. He studied at the Theological School and Seminary. The father, at first a fairly wealthy merchant, hoped to send his son to the University, but his affairs were upset, and N. was forced... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron
Ivan Savvich Nikitin was born on September 21 (October 3), 1824 in Voronezh, into the family of a wealthy tradesman. His father sold candles.
The future writer learned to read and write early. This was facilitated by a close acquaintance with a shoemaker living next door.
When Ivan was 8 years old, he was sent to a religious school. After graduating, he entered the seminary. But my studies there had to be interrupted. The reason was the rapid ruin of the father, who quickly became addicted to the “green serpent,” as well as the death of the mother.
All worries about the family fell on the shoulders of the young man. Nikitin entered service in a candle shop. Later it was sold for debts. An inn was purchased with the proceeds.
Creative path
Nikitin was not delighted with the “officialdom” that prevailed at the Voronezh seminary where he studied. Memoirs of the difficult years of study were published in 1861 in the form of a diary.
Nikitin's first poems appeared in 1849. Many of them were imitative in nature.
In 1851 the poem “Rus” was written. It was published 2 years later, in the newspaper “Voronezh Provincial Gazette”.
A little later it was republished in the newspaper St. Petersburg Vedomosti. Critics appreciated the patriotic pathos of the young poet and began to call him “the new A. Koltsov.”
Later, Nikitin’s poems began to be published in Otechestvennye zapiski, as well as in the magazine Moskvatyanin.
After the first publications, Nikitin became a member of the local club, which included the entire Voronezh intelligentsia. The “heart” of the club was N.I. Vtorov. He soon became Nikitin's close friend. The second good friend of the poet was M. F. De Poulet. He became the editor of almost all of his works.
The very first collection was published in 1856. It contained poems on a variety of topics. The poet mainly addressed social problems and religion. Critics gave this collection mixed reviews.
In 1859, Nikitin's second collection of poems was published. In 1861, his “Diary of a Seminarian” was published. The work was published in the newspaper “Voronezhskaya Beseda”.
Nikitin also wrote such poems for children as: “In the dark thicket the nightingale fell silent,” “The evening is clear and quiet,” “Living speech, living sounds.” They are now taught in 3rd grade. Having felt close to nature since childhood, Nikitin became a real singer of his native land.
Features of creativity
A significant place in the poet’s work is devoted to people’s troubles and suffering. The life of a peasant is wonderfully described in such poems as: “Street Meeting”, “Beggar”, “Mother and Daughter”, “Plowman”, “Coachman’s Wife”.
Nikitin warmly sympathized with the Russian people and sincerely wished for an improvement in their unenviable situation. At the same time, the poet did not idealize the peasantry. The Russian peasant is often presented in his works as a rude, brutalized domestic despot. According to some fellow writers, Nikitin was not a truly folk poet. His worldview was that of a city man who observed the life of the peasantry from the outside. For this reason, according to critics, his work lacks true depth.
Influence on Russian musical culture
Studying the short biography of Ivan Savich Nikitin, you should know that composers such as Rimsky-Korsakov and E.F. Napravnik paid attention to his work. More than sixty romances and songs were written based on the poet's words. Many pieces of music have become widely popular among the people.
In 2009, composer A. Sharafutdinov wrote the song album “Joy and Sorrow” based on the poet’s words.
Illness and death
Ivan Savvich's health has always been weak. He was often sick. In the last years of his life he suffered from consumption. The poet passed away on October 16, 1861, in Voronezh. Ivan Nikitin rests in the local cemetery, not far from the grave of the poet A. Koltsov. This place is now called a literary necropolis.
Other biography options
- In the summer of 1855, weak and sickly Ivan Nikitin caught a severe cold after swimming in the river. The disease was very difficult, with complications. The poet could not get out of bed for a long time. Several times he thought he was dying. But, in his own words, faith came to his aid. After this, Nikitin began to create in a slightly different vein. Religious and mystical notes began to appear more and more often in his poems.
- According to some reports, the poet suffered from drug addiction. He used salojuanna, a substance known only in a very narrow circle.
- In 1911, a monument to I. Nikitin was erected in Voronezh. Its author was the sculptor I. A. Shuklin. In the house where the poet lived, his house-museum now functions. In the period from 1949 to 1974. postage stamps with the poet's image were issued.
