The means of connecting sentences are all syntax of the Russian language. The attributive clause is an example of one of the most difficult topics in studying Russian syntax.
Subordinate clause: definition
An integral part of a complex sentence is the subordinate clause. A subordinate clause is a part that is dependent on the main one. There was white snow in the fields when they went to the village. Here is the main offer There was snow on the fields. It asks a question to the dependent part: lay (when?) when they went to the village. The subordinate clause is a separate sentence because it has a predicative basis. However, being associated with the main member semantically and grammatically, it cannot exist independently. This is what makes the main part different complex sentence from subordinate clause. Thus, a subordinate clause is part of a complex sentence, dependent on the main part.
Subordinate clause: types
There are four types of subordinate clauses. The type of dependent part is determined by the question asked from the main clause.
| Name | Meaning | Example |
| Definitive | One word in the main sentence asks a question Which? | At that time he led the ensemble where Ilyin played. (ensemble (which?) where Ilyin played) |
| Explanatory | From one word in the main sentence the question of the indirect case is asked: what? what? how? about what? whom? to whom? by whom? about whom? | Imagine how happy she will be! (can you imagine (what?) how happy she will be) |
| Circumstantial | From one word in the main sentence the question of circumstance is asked: Where? When? where? How? For what? and others | He did what cowards do. (acted (how?) as cowards act) |
| Connection | Any question is asked from the entire main sentence. | There was a strong wind, which is why the flights were cancelled. (flights were canceled (why?) because there was a strong wind) |
Correctly determining the type of subordinate clause is the task facing the student.
Subordinate clause
Determinatives, examples of which are given in the table, consist of two or more parts, where the main part is characterized by a subordinate clause. The attributive clause refers to one word from the main clause. It is either a noun or a pronoun.
A attributive clause is an example of the formation of attributive relations between the main and dependent parts. One word from the main part agrees with the whole subordinate clause. For example, Victor looked at the sea, in the vastness of which a ship appeared. (The sea (which one?), in the vastness of which a ship appeared).
Subordinate clause: features
There are some peculiarities in IPPs with attributive clauses. Examples from the table will help you understand.
| Peculiarities | Examples |
| A subordinate clause is attached to the main clause, usually with a conjunctive word ( whose, which, what, where, which and others). | He was shocked by the picture (what?) that hung in the living room. The city (which one?) where magnolias grow, he remembered forever. |
| In the main part of the dictionary there may be demonstrative pronouns associated with allied words that, that, such and others. | In the city (which one?) where we were vacationing, there are many historical monuments. From apple orchard there was such an aroma (what?) that only happens on warm May days. |
| The attributive clauses must follow immediately after the word being defined. | The photograph (which one?) that is in his notebook was given to him by Olga. Everyone remembered the day (what?) when they met. |
| Subordinate clause (examples of sentences with a conjunction word which) can be separated from the main word by other parts of sentences. | The room within which the gallery was located was well lit. In the evenings in the resort town you could hear the sound of the sea, with seagulls screaming in the background. |
Correlative clauses
Complex sentences with a subordinate clause have one more feature. If in the main part of the SPP the subject or the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate is expressed by a defining or demonstrative pronoun on which the subordinate attributive part depends, then such a part is called correlative (pronominal-definitive). That is, sentences in which there is a relationship between a pronoun in the main part and in the dependent part are sentences where there are pronominal-defining clauses.
Examples: They only told him what happenednecessary(ratio that+what). The woman swore so loudly that the whole square could hear(the ratio so + that). The answer was the same as the question itself(ratio such + as). The captain's voice was so loud and stern that the entire unit immediately heard and formed(the ratio such + that). Distinctive feature Pronominal clauses are that they can precede the main clause: Anyone who has not been to Lake Baikal has not seen the true beauty of nature.
Subordinate clause: examples from fiction
There are many options for complex sentences with a subordinate clause.
Writers actively use them in their works. For example, I.A Bunin: The northern provincial town (which one?), where my family remained,... was far from me. At early dawn (what?), when the roosters are still crowing and the huts are smoking black, you might open the window...
A.S. Pushkin: In one minute the road skidded, the surroundings disappeared into the darkness (what?)..., through which white flakes of snow flew... Berestov answered with the same zeal (what?) with which a chained bear bows to his masters on the orders of his leader.
T. Dreiser: We can only console ourselves with the thought (what?) that human evolution will never stop... The feelings (what?) that an outcast experiences came flooded into her.
The subordinate attributive clause (examples from the literature illustrate this) introduces an additional shade of meaning to the main word, having a broad descriptive ability, allowing the author of the work to colorfully and reliably describe this or that object.
Impaired construction of sentences with attributive clauses
In the exam paper on the Russian language there are tasks where the attributive clause is used incorrectly. An example of a similar task: H An investor came to the city who was responsible for financing the project. In this sentence, due to the separation of the subordinate part from the main part, a semantic shift occurred.
It is necessary to see the mistake and use the attributive clause correctly. Example: The official who was responsible for financing the project came to the city. An error has been corrected in the proposal. In the speech of native speakers and in the creative works of students, there are other errors when using sentences with attributive clauses. Examples and characteristics of errors are given in the table.
| Example | Characteristics of errors | Corrected version |
| She was helped out by someone she had helped in the past. | Unreasonable omission of the demonstrative pronoun | She was rescued by someone she had helped in the past. |
| Narwhal is a unique mammal that lives in the Kara Sea. | Incorrect agreement of the allied word with the main word | Narwhal is a unique animal that lives in the Kara Sea. |
| People opened their mouths in surprise, amazed at the action taking place. | Logical and semantic connections are not observed | People who were amazed by the action taking place opened their mouths in surprise. |
Determinative clause and participle phrase
Sentences containing a participial clause are semantically similar to a complex sentence containing a subordinate clause. Examples: The oak planted by my great-grandfather turned into a huge tree. - The oak tree that my great-grandfather planted turned into a huge tree. Two similar sentences have different shades of meaning. In the artistic style, preference is given to the participial phrase, which is more descriptive and expressive. In colloquial speech, the attributive clause is used more often than the participial phrase.
Which deals with the study of two units: sentences and phrases.
This article will focus specifically on sentence syntax. First, we will find out what the concept of a sentence as a whole means, and then we will talk in more detail about the types of subordinate clauses in the Russian language.
1. The concept of a proposal
Being one of the main ones, it is a set of one or several words, which, as a rule, contain a question (then they are called interrogative), a call to action (incentive) and the transfer of certain information (narrative).
Everything is usually divided into complex (equal) and complex subordinate clauses (these types of subordinate clauses are considered dependent. They are connected using special conjunctions or allied words).
2. How to correctly identify proposals?
By their nature, these units of syntax are very, very diverse. In order to determine, you just need to remember four main signs:
About grammatical meaning;
About the question this sentence answers;
About the part of the sentence to which it can be attributed;
About means of communication.
It is on the basis of these features that syntactic units are divided into circumstantial, attributive, connective and circumstantial.
3. in Russian
1. Definitive. Role performed: characterize the attribute of an object.
The question the sentence answers is: which one?
What does the sentence refer to: a noun.
Conjunctions and allied words: when, from where, where, which, which, whose, what, which.
Other characteristics: demonstrative words are used - any, every, every, such, that.
For example: The camera I bought in Chicago last year takes excellent pictures.
2. Explanatory. Role performed: consider in more detail and complement the meaning of the main sentence.
The question the sentence answers is: what?
What they refer to: a verb, an adjective, an adverb, a single phrase.
Conjunctions and as, as if, so that, what, why, where, what for, when, where.
Other characteristic features: the demonstrative word “that” is used.
For example: I know I can do this.
3. Connecting. Role performed: contains an additional clarification message.
What they refer to: the entire main clause.
Conjunctions and allied words: “why”, “what”, “why”.
4. Detailed types of subordinate clauses. Subordinate clauses of this type are quite diverse and therefore also have their own classification:
- mode of action and degree
Role performed: indicate the measure, degree and manner of action.
The question the sentence answers is: how? how much? in what degree? How?
What they refer to: a verb or an adjective.
Conjunctions and allied words: “as if”, “so that”, “what”, “how much”, “how much”, “how”.
Other characteristic features: demonstrative words - “such”, “to such an extent”, “as much”, “so much”, “so”.
For example: He screamed so loudly that he almost deafened those present.
- places
Role performed: indicate the location of the action.
The question that these sentences answer is: where? Where? Where?
What do they refer to: the whole sentence or the predicate.
Conjunctions and allied words: “from where”, “where”, “where”.
Other characteristic features: demonstrative words - “everywhere”, “everywhere”, “there”, “there”.
For example: Where the road ended, the field began.
- time
Role performed: indicates the duration of the action.
The question the sentence answers is: until when? When? since when? how long?
Conjunctions and allied words: “until”, “since”, “until”.
Other characteristic features: demonstrative words - “sometimes”, “once”, “always”, “now”, “then”.
For example: While you were watching TV, I finished reading the newspaper.
- conditions
Performed role: denotes the condition under which an action is performed.
The question answered by the sentence is: in what case? under what condition?
Conjunctions and allied words: “kohl”, “if”, “times”, “if”, “how”.
For example: If you remind me, I will bring you a book.
- causes
Role: Indicates the cause.
The question the sentence answers is: for what reason? from what? Why? because of which?
What they refer to: everything Ch. to a sentence or to a predicate.
Conjunctions and allied words: “because”, “because”, “since”.
For example: He went on foot because... I didn’t want to travel in stuffy transport.
- comparisons
Role performed: provide explanation through comparison.
The question the sentence answers is: like what?
What does the sentence refer to: everything Ch. to a sentence or to a predicate.
Conjunctions and allied words: “as if”, “as”, “than”, “as if”.
For example: He chose to remain silent, like a fish.
Role performed: indicates the purpose of the action.
The question that the sentence answers is: for what? for what purpose? for what? For what?
What they refer to: everything Ch. to a sentence or to a predicate.
Conjunctions and allied words: “in order to”, “then”, “in order to”.
For example: I want to learn in order to know.
- concessions
Role performed: circumstance for performing an action.
The question the sentence answers is: despite what? in spite of what?
What they refer to: the entire main clause or the predicate.
Conjunctions and allied words: “no matter what”, “despite the fact that”, “what”, “although”, “let”, “no matter how”, “whenever”, “no matter how much”
For example: Although it was cold, he was sweating.
- consequences
Role performed: means consequences, result or conclusion.
The question that the sentence answers is: what of this?
What they refer to: everything Ch. proposal.
Conjunctions and allied words: “so”, “therefore”.
For example: Despite my hunger, I will not eat this.
1. Questions: subordinate corollaries answer the question what follows from this?
2. Communications: subordinate clauses are attached to the main clause using the conjunction so.
3. Place in a sentence: subordinate clauses come after the main clause.
The snow became whiter and brighter, so it hurt my eyes to look at it(L. Tolstoy).
, (So- union).
Note!
1) So it is the only conjunction that is used in clauses of consequence, and it is used only in this type of clause.
2) The union therefore cannot be divided into two parts, like many other compound unions. It is always completely included in the subordinate clause. If this conjunction is dissected, then not only the structure of the sentence will change, but also the meaning of the subordinate clause.
Wed: He dressed warmly, so he is not afraid of the cold- subordinate clause with the conjunction so that; He got dressed So that the frost is not scary for him- a subordinate clause of manner of action and degree, so - an indicative word in the main sentence, that - a subordinating conjunction in a subordinate clause.
Note. A number of manuals also highlight subordinate clauses:
1) Questions: subordinate clauses answer the questions: what is the conclusion from this? what is the assessment of this? What can be noted about this?
2) Communications: subordinate clauses are attached to the main sentence using allied words: what (in various forms without prepositions and with prepositions), why, why, why.
3) Place in a sentence: subordinate clauses come after the main clause, and in the main clause there are no indicators that sentences of this type follow them (except for intonation, indicating that the sentence is not complete).
The main clause in a complex sentence with a subordinate clause is complete in form and content. The subordinate clause contains an additional message, an assessment of the situation in the main sentence, a conclusion, and individual comments about the message in the main part.
For example:
Such[wild, deserted, inhospitable] taiga affects people's psyche, What it was noticeable from my companions(Arsenyev). In this case, the subordinate clause provides an observation that confirms the general judgment expressed in the main clause.
Working on jasper, Russian artists and craftsmen learned to understand and appreciate the stone, look for the artistic intent in it, merge the artist’s idea with the properties of the material, What is one of greatest achievements in the history of stone cutting art(Fersman). This subordinate clause expresses an assessment.
For what walks along the shore(Arsenyev). This subordinate clause gives an additional message.
In general, complex sentences with subordinate clauses are close in meaning to complex and non-conjunct complex sentences. It is no coincidence that the conjunctive words what, why, why can be replaced by demonstrative pronouns and pronominal adverbs: what → this ; why → because; why → then .
Wed: Having destroyed the fish in one area, the otter moves up or down the river, For what walks along the shore. - Having destroyed the fish in one area, the otter moves up or down the river, for this it walks along the bank).
Plan for parsing a complex sentence
- Indicate the type of complex sentence (complex sentence).
- Name the main clause and subordinate clause (highlight grammatical bases).
- Indicate what the subordinate clause refers to (to the entire main clause or to one word in the main clause).
- Determine the type of subordinate clause.
- Indicate means of communication: conjunction or allied word; indicative word (if it is in the main sentence).
- Indicate the place of the subordinate clause in relation to the main clause.
- Construct a complex sentence diagram.
Sample parsing
The young people are so shocked by this meeting that they are silent for some time, looking at us(Ginsburg).
A complex sentence consists of two simple ones. Main offer: The young people are so shocked by this meeting, grammatical basis - young people are shocked. Subordinate clause: who are silent for a while, looking at us; grammatical basis - are silent, subject omitted young people. The subordinate clause refers to the predicate shocked, expressed short communion. Clause of manner and degree. Means of communication - the conjunction that and the demonstrative word so (in the main sentence). The subordinate clause comes after the main clause.
[cr. prib. + decree next], ( What- union).
mode of action and degree
Adverbial clauses
SPP with adverbial clauses- This is a sentence, the subordinate part of which answers questions of circumstances. They are attached to the predicate or to the entire main part using subordinating conjunctions and allied words.
| Types of adverbial clauses | Questions from the main part to the subordinate clause | Conjunctions and allied words | Example sentences |
| 1. Time (indicative words may appear in the main part then, always, every time) | When? How long? Since when? How long? | Conjunctions: when, while, barely, only, barely, as soon as, barely, before, before, since, until, while. | As soon as the December dawn began, Anya went outside. Grandfather ordered not to wake Tanya until Bye she won't wake up on her own. While she was leaving the living room, a bell was heard in the hall. As soon as the snow melts in the forest, buds will swell on the birch trees. |
| 2. Places (indicative words may appear in the main part there, there, from there, where) | Where? Where? Where? | Conjunctive words: where, where, from. | Go there where your free mind takes you. Ahead, Where the grove ended, there were birches. There, Where The pine trees were already thinner, and paths went in circles through the settled snow. |
| 3. Mode of action (In the main part of the word so, thus. They always come after the main part.) | How? How? | Conjunctions: as, as if, as if, that, in order to. | Pierre waved his arms and head So, as if mosquitoes attacked him. |
| 4. Measures and degrees (In the main part of the word so, so, thus. They are joined by a union after the main part. They are joined with a conjunctive word before the main part, after it.) | To what extent? In what degree? How much? | Conjunctions: as, as if, as if, exactly, that. | Forest on both sides So thick, What nothing could be seen through it. She's lost so much weight What She looked like a sixteen year old girl. Uncle sang like this How the common people sing. |
| Conjunctive words: how much, how much, since. | People were interesting to Samghin so, how much He, looking closely at them, saw himself similar to them. | ||
| 5. Conditions (have indicative words then, so, join to the entire main part) | Under what conditions? | If, if... then, if, if, as soon as, when (= if), times. | If the sun is not put out, there will always be bunnies. Travel would lose half its meaning, if they could not be talked about. Indeed, If sit still all rainy days, That, perhaps, you won’t go far during the summer. If there are no flowers in the middle of winter, there is no need to be sad about them. |
| 6. Reasons (with conjunctions because, for always come after the main part) | Why? From what? For what reason? | Conjunctions: because, because, for, since, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, in connection with the fact that, in view of the fact that, due to the fact that, especially since. | The next day, Prince Andrei went to the Rostovs for dinner, because the count called him. Due to the fact that you constantly have to see trees in front of you, the eye gets tired. Every work is important for ennobles a person. We walked in silence, admiring the steppe, especially as it became more and more attractive. |
| 7. Consequences (indicate the result, always found after the main part) | Due to what? What follows from this? | Union: so. | The rain poured down like buckets, So It was impossible to go out onto the porch. |
| 8. Goals | For what? For what purpose? For what? | Conjunctions: so that, in order to, then that, so that, in order to, if only. | I began to imitate a strange sound, to lure the bird. In order to learn to tell the truth to people, you need to learn to tell it to yourself. |
| 9. Concessions (indicate the circumstances in spite of which the action takes place) | Despite what? In spite of what? | Conjunctions: despite the fact that, despite the fact that, although, even though, even though, even though. | The night was quiet and bright, Although there was no moon. Although it was cold, the snow on the collar melted very quickly. Even though the ink has not yet dried, words have already been given immortality. |
| Conjunctive words: no matter how much, no matter how, no matter where, no matter where, no matter who, no matter what. | Bonfire, no matter how supported on this hazy morning, it soon went out. But How many Sashi neither thought, nothing came to his mind. | ||
| 10. Comparisons (attached to the entire main part) | How? Like what? | Conjunctions: as, as if, exactly, as if, likewise, as if, as if, than...then, how...so. | The forest stands silently as if peering somewhere. AND how the fire burned out sooner, those The moonlit night was becoming more visible. Like a tree silently shedding its leaves, So I drop sad words. Gerasim grew up dumb and powerful, How the tree grows on fertile soil. |
| 11. Accessions (they will comment or evaluate what is said in the first part, join the entire main part) | What else? | Conjunctive words: what, where, where, why, why. | I stay at the dacha all winter, What original and new. I had to go down into the quagmire, What it was extremely difficult because of the icy water. |
Attention! It is necessary to distinguish comparative clauses from comparative phrases. In comparative phrases there is no predicate. Example: The stars were shining How little suns. How towers, the Christmas trees are darkening. In sparkles of frost, exactly in diamonds, the birch trees dozed off, bending over.
Attention! Mixing the constructions of the main and subordinate clauses leads to an error.
There are (by analogy with the minor members of the sentence: definitions, additions and circumstances) three main type subordinate clauses: definitive, explanatory And circumstantial; the latter, in turn, are divided into several types.
Subordinate clause may refer to a specific word in the main (proverbial subordinate clauses) or to the whole main thing (unverbal subordinate clauses).
For determining the type of subordinate clause It is necessary to take into account three interrelated features: 1) a question that can be asked from the main clause to the subordinate clause; 2) the verbatim or non-verbal nature of the subordinate clause; 3) a means of connecting the subordinate clause with the main one.
Subordinate clauses
Similar to the definitions in simple sentence, attributive clauses express the attribute of an object, but, unlike most definitions, they often characterize the object not directly, but indirectly - through situation, which is somehow related to the subject.
Due to general meaning attribute of an object attributive clauses depend on the noun(or from a word in the meaning of a noun) in the main sentence and answer the question Which? They join the main thing only with allied words - relative pronouns (which, which, whose, what) and pronominal adverbs (where, to where, from where, when). In a subordinate clause, allied words replace the main noun on which the subordinate clause depends.
For example: [One of the contradictions, (what creativity is alive Mandelstam), concerns own nature of this creativity] (S. Averintsev)- [noun, (by what (= contradictions)), ].
Conjunctive words in complex sentences with can be divided into basic (which, which, whose) And non-basic (what, where, where, where, when). Non-main ones can always be replaced by the main allied word which, and the possibility of such a replacement is a clear sign attributive clauses.
The village where(wherein) I missed Evgeny, there was a lovely corner... (A. Pushkin)- [noun, (where),].
I remembered today a dog that(which) was friend of my youth (S. Yesenin)- [noun], (what).
Sometimes at night in the city desert there is one hour, imbued with melancholy, when(in which) for the whole city night got off... (F. Tyutchev) -[noun], (when).
The main clause often contains demonstrative words (demonstrative pronouns and adverbs) that one, that one, For example:
It was the famous artist whom she saw on stage last year (Yu. German)- [uk.sl. That - noun], (which).
Pronominal attributive clauses
They are close in meaning to subordinate clauses pronominal attributive clauses . They differ from attributive clauses proper in that they refer not to the noun in the main clause, but to the pronoun (that, every, all etc.), used in the meaning of a noun, for example:
1) [Total (that knew more Eugene), retell to me lack of leisure) (A. Pushkin)- [local, (what)]. 2) [No oh (what do you remember), nature]... (F. Tyutchev)- [local, (what)].
Like subordinate clauses, they reveal the attribute of the subject (therefore it is better to ask a question about them too Which?) and are joined to the main sentence using allied words (main allied words - Who And What).
Wed: [That Human, (who came yesterday Today didn't show up] - subordinate clause. [word + noun, (which), ].
[That, (who came yesterday Today didn't show up] - subordinate pronominal attributive. [loc., (who),].
In contrast to the actual attributive clauses, which always come after the noun to which they refer, pronominal clauses can also appear before the word being defined, for example:
(Who lived and thought), [he can't in the shower don't despise people] ... (A. Pushkin)- (who), [place. ].
Explanatory clauses
Explanatory clauses answer case questions and refer to a member of the main sentence that needs semantic expansion (supplement, explanation). This member of the sentence is expressed by a word that has the meaning speeches, thoughts, feelings or perception. Most often these are verbs (say, ask, answer and etc.; think, know, remember and etc.; be afraid, be happy, be proud and etc.; see, hear, feel etc.), but there may be other parts of speech: adjectives (glad, satisfied) adverbs (known, sorry, necessary, clear), nouns (news, message, rumor, thought, statement, feeling, sensation and etc.)
Explanatory clauses attached to the word being explained in three ways: 1) using conjunctions what, as, as if, in order to, when and etc.; 2) using any allied words; 3) using a particle conjunction whether.
For example: 1) [The light has decided], (what t smart and very nice) (A. Pushkin)- [verb], (that). [I_ was afraid], (so that in a bold thought You me I couldn't blame) (A. Fet) - [ vb.], (so that). [To her dreaming], (as if she goes along a snow glade, surrounded by sad darkness) (A. Pushkin)- [verb], (as if).
2) [You You know himself], (what the time has come) (N. Nekrasov)- [verb], (what). [Then she started asking questions me], (where am I now Working) (A. Chekhov)- [verb], (where). (When he will arrive), [unknown] (A. Chekhov)- (when), [adv.]. [I_ asked and the cuckoo], (How many yo I I'll live)... (A. Akhmatova)- [verb], (how much).
3) [Both are very I wanted to know\, (brought whether father the promised piece of ice) (L. Kassil)- [verb], (li).
Explanatory clauses can serve to convey indirect speech. With the help of unions what, how, as if, when indirect messages are expressed using a conjunction to- indirect incentives, with the help of allied words and particle conjunctions whether- indirect questions.
In the main sentence, with the word being explained, there may be an indicative word That(in different cases), which serves to highlight the content of the subordinate clause. For example: \Chekhov through the mouth of Doctor Astrov expressed one of his absolutely amazingly accurate thoughts about] (that the forests teach a person to understand the beautiful) (K. Paustovsky)- [noun + adjective], (that).
Distinguishing between attributive clauses and explanatory clauses
Causes certain difficulties differentiation between attributive clauses and explanatory clauses, which refer to a noun. It should be remembered that attributive clauses depend on the noun as parts of speech(the meaning of the defined noun is not important for them), answer the question Which?, indicate the attribute of the object that is named by the defined noun, and are attached to the main one only by allied words. Subordinate clauses same explanatory depend on the noun not as a part of speech, but as from a word with a specific meaning(speeches, thoughts, feelings, perceptions), except for the question Which?(and it can always be assigned from a noun to any word or sentence dependent on it) they can also be assigned case question, They reveal(explain) content speech, thoughts, feelings, perceptions and are attached to the main thing by conjunctions and allied words. ( Subordinate clause, attachable to the main thing by conjunctions and particle conjunctions whether, can only be explanatory: The thought that he was wrong tormented him; The thought of whether he was right tormented him.)
More difficult differentiate between attributive clauses and explanatory clauses, depending on nouns in cases where explanatory clauses join the main one with the help of allied words (especially the allied word What). Wed: 1) The question is what(which) they asked him, it seemed strange to him. The thought that(which) came into his head in the morning and haunted him all day. The news that(which) I received it yesterday, I was very upset. 2) The question of what he should do now tormented him. The thought of what he had done haunted him. The news of what happened in our class amazed the whole school.
1) The first group - complex sentences with subordinate clauses. Union word What can be replaced with a conjunction word which. The subordinate clause indicates the attribute of the object named by the noun being defined (from the main clause to the subordinate clause you can only ask a question Which?, case question cannot be asked). The demonstrative word in the main clause is possible only in the form of a pronoun agreed with the noun (that question, that thought, that news).
2) The second group is complex sentences with explanatory clauses. Replacing a conjunction word What union word which impossible. The subordinate clause not only indicates the attribute of the object named by the noun being defined, but also explains the content of the words question, thought, news(a case question can be asked from the main clause to the subordinate clause). The demonstrative word in the main sentence has a different form ( case forms pronouns: question, thought, news).
Adverbial clauses
Majority adverbial clauses sentences have the same meanings as the circumstances in a simple sentence, and therefore answer the same questions and are accordingly divided into the same types.
Clauses of manner and degree
Characterize the method of performing an action or the degree of manifestation of a qualitative characteristic and answer questions How? how? in what degree? how much? They depend on the word that performs the function of an adverbial manner of action or degree in the main sentence. These subordinate clauses are attached to the main sentence in two ways: 1) using allied words how, how much, how much; 2) using unions that, to, as if, exactly, as if, as if.
For example: 1) [The offensive was underway because was provided at headquarters) (K. Simonov)- [verb + uk.el. so], (as) (clause of manner of action).
2) [The old lady is the same age I wanted to repeat it your story], (how much of it do I need listen) (A. Herzen)-[verb+uk.el. so many],(how much) (subordinate clause).
Clauses of manner and degree can be unambiguous(if they join the main one with allied words how, how much, to what extent)(see examples above) and double digit(if added by conjunctions; the second meaning is introduced by the conjunction). For example: 1) [White the acacias smelled so much], (that their sweet, sugary, candy the smell was felt on the lips and in the mouth) (A. Kuprin)-
[uk.sl. So+ adv.], (that) (the meaning of the degree is complicated by the meaning of the consequence, which is introduced into the meaning of the subordinate conjunction What).
2) [Beautiful the girl must be dressed so that stand out from the environment) (K. Paustovsky)- [cr. + uk.sl. So],(to) (the meaning of the course of action is complicated by the meaning of the goal, which is introduced by the conjunction to).
3) [It's all small plant So sparkled at our feet] (as if it was really made made of crystal) (K. Paustovsky)- [ul.sl. so + verb.], (as if) (the meaning of the degree is complicated by the meaning of comparison, which is introduced by the conjunction as if).
Subordinate clauses
Subordinate clauses indicate the place or direction of action and answer questions Where? Where? where? They depend on the entire main sentence or on the circumstance of the place in it, expressed by the adverb (there, there, from there, nowhere, everywhere, everywhere etc.), and are attached to the main sentence using allied words where, where, where. For example:
1) [Go along the free road], (where entails free tsm for you)... (A. Pushkin)- , (Where).
2) [He wrote everywhere], (where caught his thirst write) (K. Paustovsky)- [adv.], (where).
3) (Where the river has flown), [there and there will be a channel] (proverb)- (where), [ uk.sl. there ].
Subordinate clauses should be distinguished from other types of subordinate clauses, which can also be attached to the main clause using allied words where, where, where.
Wed: 1) AND [ Tanya enters to an empty house], (where(in which) lived recently our hero) (A. Pushkin)- [noun], (where) (clause clause).
2) [I_ started to remember], (Where walked during the day) (I. Turgenev)- [verb], (where) (expository clause).
Clauses of time
Clauses of time indicate the time of the action or manifestation of the sign referred to in the main sentence. They answer questions When? how long? since when? How long?, depend on the entire main clause and are joined to it by temporary conjunctions when, while, as soon as, barely, before, while, until, since, when suddenly etc. For example:
1) [When the count is back], (Natasha discourteous I was happy him and I was in a hurry to leave) (L. Tolstoy)- (cog2) (Bye does not require poet to the sacred sacrifice Apollo), [in the worries of the vain world he is cowardly submerged} (A. Pushkin)- (Bye), .
The main clause may contain demonstrative words then, until then, after that etc., as well as the second component of the union (That). If there is a demonstrative word in the main clause Then, That When in a subordinate clause it is a conjunctive word. For example:
1) [I_ sitting until I'm not starting to feel hunger) (D. Kharms)- [uk.sl. until], (Bye).
2) (When in winter eat fresh cucumbers), [then in the mouth smells in spring] (A. Chekhov)- (when), [then].
3) [The poet feels literal meaning of the word even then] (when gives it in a figurative sense) (S. Marshak)- [uk.sl. Then],(When).
Clauses of time must be distinguished from other types of subordinate clauses attached by a conjunctive word When. For example:
1) [I_ saw Yalta that year], (when (- in which) her left Chekhov) (S. Marshak)- [adjective + noun], (when) (clause clause).
2) [Korchagin repeatedly asked me] (when he can check out) (N. Ostrovsky)- [verb], (when) (expository clause).
Subordinate clauses
Subordinate clauses indicate the conditions for the implementation of what is said in the main sentence. They answer the question under what condition?, if, if... then, when (= if), when... then, if, as soon as, once, in case etc. For example:
1) (If I I'll get sick), [to doctors I won't contact you]...(Ya. Smelyakov)- (If), .
2) (Once we started talking), [That it's better to negotiate everything to the end] (A. Kuprin)- (times), [then].
If subordinate clauses stand before the main one, then the latter may contain the second part of the union - That(see 2nd example).
Subordinate goals
Subordinate clauses offers goals indicate the purpose of what is being said in the main clause. They relate to the entire main clause, answer questions For what? for what purpose? For what? and join the main thing with the help of unions in order to (so that), in order to, in order to, then in order to, in order to (obsolete) etc. For example:
1) [I_ woke me up Pashka], (so that he didn't fall down out of the way) (A. Chekhov)- , (to);
2) [He used all his eloquence], (so that disgust Akulina from her intention) (A. Pushkin)- , (so that);
3)(In order to be happy), [necessary Not only be in love, but also to be loved] (K. Paustovsky)- (in order to), ;
When a compound conjunction is dismembered, a simple conjunction remains in the subordinate clause to, and the remaining words are included in the main sentence, being an indicative word and a member of the sentence, for example: [I_ I mention about this solely for the purpose] (so that emphasize the unconditional authenticity of many things by Kuprin) (K. Paustovsky)- [ul.sl. for that],(to).
Subordinate goals must be distinguished from other types of clauses with a conjunction to. For example:
1) [I Want], (to the bayonet equated feather) (V. Mayakovsky)- [verb], (so that) (expository clause).
2) [Time landings was calculated so], (so that to the landing place get in at dawn) (D. Furmanov)- [cr.adverb.+uk.sl. So],(so that) (clause of action with the additional meaning of purpose).
Additional reasons
Subordinate clauses offers causes reveal (denote) the reason for what is said in the main sentence. They answer questions Why? for what reason? from what?, refer to the entire main clause and are joined to it using conjunctions because, because, since, for, due to the fact that, then that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that etc. For example:
1) [I send her all my tears as a gift], (because Not live until the wedding) (I. Brodsky)- , (because)
2) [Any labor is important], (because ennobles person) (L. Tolstoy)- , (for).
3) (Thanks to we put new plays every day), [ theater ours quite willingly visited] (A. Kuprin)- (thanks to), .
Compound conjunctions, the last part of which is What, can be dismembered: a simple conjunction remains in the subordinate clause What, and the remaining words are included in the main sentence, performing the function of an index word in it and being a member of the sentence. For example:
[That's why roads to me People], (What live with me on earth) (S. Yesenin)- [uk.sl. that's why],(What).
Subordinate clauses
The subordinate clause reports an event in spite of which the action is carried out, an event called in the main clause. In concessional relations, the main sentence reports such events, facts, actions that should not have happened, but nevertheless occur (happened, will happen). Thus, subordinate clauses they call it a “failed” reason. Subordinate clauses answer questions no matter what? in spite of what?, refer to the entire main sentence and are joined to it 1) by conjunctions although, although... but, Not despite the fact that, despite the fact that, despite the fact that, let, let etc. and 2) allied words in combination With particle nor: no matter how, no matter how much, no matter what. For example:
I. 1) And (even though he was a ardent rake), [But he fell out of love finally, abuse, and saber, and lead] (A. Pushkin)- (at least), [but].
Note. In the main clause, at which there is a concessive subordinate clause, there may be a conjunction But.
2) (Let the rose is plucked), [she more blooms] (S. Nadson)- (let be), .
3) [B steppes it was quiet, cloudy], (despite What the sun has risen) (A. Chekhov)- , (although).
P. 1) (No matter how protected myself Panteley Prokofevich from any difficult experiences), [but soon had to go through a new shock for him] (M. Sholokhov)-(no matter how), [but].
2) [I_, (no matter how much would love you), getting used to it, I'll fall out of love immediately) (A. Pushkin)- [, (no matter how much), ].
Comparative clauses
The types of adverbial clauses discussed above correspond in meaning to the categories of adverbials of the same name in a simple sentence. However, there are three types of clauses (comparative, consequences And connecting), for which there is no correspondence among the circumstances in a simple sentence. A common feature of complex sentences with these types of subordinate clauses is the impossibility, as a rule, of asking a question from the main clause to the subordinate clause.
In complex sentences with comparative clauses the content of the main clause is compared with the content of the subordinate clause. Comparative clauses refer to the entire main clause and are joined to it by conjunctions as, exactly, as if, buto, as if, just as, as if, with... with whatAnd etc. For example:
1) (As in summer we swarm midge flies to the flame), [flocked flakes from the yard to the window frame] (K. Pasternak](How), ["].
2) [Small leaves bright and friendly turn green], (as if Who their washed and varnish on them directed) (I. Turgenev)- , (as if).
3) [We three of us started talking], (as if a century do you know each other?) (A. Pushkin)- , (as if).
A special group among comparative clauses make up sentences with a conjunction how and with a double union than... the. Subordinate clauses with double conjunction than... the have comparative meaning, mutual conditionality of parts. Subordinate clauses with a conjunction how, in addition, they do not refer to the entire main thing, but to the word in it, which is expressed in the form of the comparative degree of an adjective or adverb.
1) (The smaller the woman we love), [the easier like us to her] (A. Pushkin)- (than), [that].
2) [As time went slower] (than the clouds were creeping across the sky) (M. Gorky)- [compare step.nar.], (than).
Comparative clauses can be incomplete: they omit the predicate if it coincides with the predicate of the main sentence. For example:
[Existence his concluded into this close program] (as egg into the shell) (A. Chekhov)- , (How).
The fact that this is precisely an incomplete two-part sentence is evidenced by the secondary member of the predicate group - into the shell.
Incomplete comparative clauses should not be confused with comparative clauses, which cannot contain a predicate.
Subordinate corollaries
Subordinate corollaries indicate a consequence, a conclusion that follows from the content of the main sentence .
Subordinate corollaries refer to the entire main clause, always come after it and are joined to it by a conjunction So.
For example: [ Heat All increased], (So it was getting hard to breathe) (D. Mamin-Sibiryak); [ Snow All became whiter and brighter], (So it ached eyes) (M. Lermontov)- , (So).
Subordinate clauses
Subordinate clauses contain additional information and comments to what is reported in the main sentence. Connecting clauses refer to the entire main clause, always come after it and are attached to it by conjunctive words what, what, O what, why, why, why and etc.
For example: 1) [To her I shouldn't have been late to the theatre], (from whatshe Very was in a hurry) (A. Chekhov)- , (from what).
2) [The dew has fallen], (what foreshadowed tomorrow the weather will be good) (D. Mamin-Sibiryak)- , (What).
3) [And the old man Cuckoos n quickly allotment glasses, having forgotten to wipe them], (which has never happened to him in thirty years of official activity didn't happen) (I. Ilf and E. Petrov)- , (what).
Syntactic analysis of a complex sentence with one subordinate clause
Scheme for parsing a complex sentence with one subordinate clause
1. Determine the type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement (narrative, interrogative, incentive).
2.Indicate the type of sentence by emotional coloring (exclamatory or non-exclamatory).
3. Determine the main thing and subordinate clause, find their boundaries.
Make a sentence diagram: ask (if possible) a question from the main to the subordinate clause, indicate in the main word on which the subordinate clause depends (if it is a verb), characterize the means of communication (conjunction or allied word), determine the type of subordinate clause (definitive, explanatory, etc.). d.).
Sample analysis of a complex sentence with one subordinate clause
1) [In time of strong storm vomited with the roots of a tall old pine], (which is why formed this pit) (A. Chekhov).
, (from what).
The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, complex with a subordinate clause. The subordinate clause refers to the entire main thing and is joined to it by a conjunctive word from what.
2) (So that be contemporary clear), [all wide the poet will open the door] (A. Akhmatova).(so that), .
The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, complex with a subordinate clause of purpose. The subordinate clause answers the question for what purpose?, depends on the entire main clause and is joined to it by a conjunction so that
3) [I I love everything], (to which there is no consonance or echo in this world No) (I. Annensky).[local], (to).
The sentence is narrative, non-exclamative, complex with a pronominal clause. The subordinate clause answers the question which?, depends on the pronoun All in the main, it is joined by a conjunctive word what, which is an indirect object.
