1. Participle turns, as a rule, are isolated, regardless of the location in relation to the verb-predicate.

For example: Reaching for the beams, shaking their heads, horse shoals(Ser.); Not wearing caps, went out on the porch(Shol.); Getting pissed off at night, the forest sank and fell silent, drooping with wet branches of pines(Sparrow); Leaning back on the comfortable, soft back of the seat in the trolley bus, Margarita Nikolaevna was driving along the Arbat(Bulg.); Lisa, looking at Nikolai Vsevolodovich quickly raised her hand(Dost.); After[Anna] pushed off with sticks and ran through the thickets, leaving swirls of snow behind (Paust.).

The circumstances expressed by gerunds and participles have an additional meaning of predicativity, which is characteristic of the gerund as a verb form. Therefore, often gerunds and participles are perceived as additional predicates.

For example: My friend and I returned to our compartment. old lady, putting down the book and trying to ask something, did not ask and began to look out the window(Spread) (compare: The old woman put down the book and tried to ask something, but she didn’t ask..).

However, gerunds and participles are not always able to be replaced by conjugated forms of the verb. They denote different signs of action and can be replaced by separate participial phrases with additional adverbial meaning.

For example: Doctor, unable to talk to crying women, sighed and walked quietly around the living room. unable to speak to crying women, sighed and quietly walked around the living room(Ch.).

It is the presence of a circumstantial shade of meaning that functionally brings together adverbial and participial phrases.

Many participles and adverbial phrases that have adverbial significance can be compared with the clauses of complex sentences.

For example: Judging by his hesitant movements, by the expression of his sullen face, which was dark from the evening twilight, he wanted to say something(Ch.) (compare: Judging by his hesitant movements...)

2. The adverbial turnover, which is after coordinating union, subordinating union or allied word, is separated from it by a comma, despite the absence of accentuating intonation(intonational union is included in the turnover).

For example: And Korney turned slightly on the irradiation and, following with a thoughtful glance the flashing horseshoes starts talking(Boon.); The prince told me that he would also work and that, having earned money, we would go by sea to Batum(M. G.); In the pocket of his riding breeches Sergey felt crumbs of shag and, gently flicking its contents into your hand, wrapped a thick clumsy cigarette(Sparrow.).

Depending on the context, the union a can either be included in the participial construction or link the members of the main clause.

For example: It is necessary to understand the essence of perestroika-consciousness, and having understood this, join the active struggle for it. - It is necessary to understand the essence of the restructuring of consciousness, and, having understood this, not be content with just verbal calls for it.

3. When combining adverbial constructions, punctuation marks are placed in the same way as with homogeneous members of the sentence.

For example: He went, staggering and still supporting his head with the palm of his left hand, and with his right hand quietly tugging at his brown mustache (M. G.).

If adjacent adverbial phrases refer to different predicate verbs and conjunction and are not included in their composition, then they are distinguished as independent constructions.

For example: He stood, leaning against a pile of cibics of tea, And, looking around aimlessly drummed his fingers on his cane like a flute(M. G.) ( he stood and drummed).

Participle phrases located in different parts of the sentence are drawn up independently.

For example: Sergey, standing for another minute, slowly walked towards the pile of coal and, neatly laying the floor of the overcoat, sat down on a large piece of anthracite(Sparrow) ( Sergey went ... and sat down); Chest pushing the door, Sergei jumped out of the house and, not paying attention to the dry bush that tore the body and the branches of pines whipping in the face, ran, panting, forward, into the very thicket of the forest(Sparrow) ( Sergei jumped and ran);wagons, tapping on railroad junctions, lazily moved behind the locomotive and, clanging buffers, quiet again(Sparrow) ( The carriages moved and fell silent);Scattering, like a flying witch, smoky braids, scarletly illuminated from below, rushed away, crossing the highway, the southeast express(Boon.) ( The southeast express was rushing).

4. Restrictive particles only, only those standing in front of adverbial constructions, are included in their composition.

For example: So she lived without love, just hoping for it.

The same is true in the presence of comparative conjunctions that begin a participle construction. For example: Two people walked along the dark stairs, then three... procrastinating and lingering everywhere, as if afraid to get down to business (Fed.).

5. Single gerunds are isolated while maintaining the verbal meaning. The conditions for their isolation are the same as for adverbial phrases.

For example: Waves played, and Shakro, who was sitting on the stern, then disappeared from my eyes, sinking with the stern, then rose high above me and, screaming, almost fell on me(M. G.); Charmingly lying face up, watching the stars flare up(M. G.); Whispering as if dancing, grandfather appeared(M. G.); At first, they moved by car at the speed of a pedestrian, now and then they scratched with a trim and, backing away, went around the stones(Hall.); With a creak, the doors closed. Darkness filled the car. Only the moon, curious, looked out the window(Sparrow); Accustomed, the eyes distinguished a pile of bodies on cement floor (Sparrow.).

6. Single gerunds and participles are not separated:

1) if gerund has lost its verbal meaning.

For example: Horses run slowly among the green hilly fields(Boon.); Sergey lay for a long time without moving.(Sparrow);

2) if d her participle is included in a stable turnover: work tirelessly; run with tongue out run headlong; listen with bated breath; listen with open ears.

For example: In difficult days, he worked tirelessly with us(Nick.);

3) if the gerund or adverbial turnover is among the homogeneous members of the sentence along with other parts of speech.

For example: He said in a whisper and not looking at anyone; Klim Samghin walked down the street cheerfully and without giving way to oncoming people (M. G.);

4) if the participle construction acts as a circumstance of the mode of action and closely adjoins the verb-predicate(in function it approaches the adverb).

For example: This exercise do sitting on a chair; This exercise is done while standing. Compare, however, with the strengthening of the verb: Engineer, lying down, read his mining art(Fad.) ( the engineer lay and read).

7. Single gerunds may or may not be isolated depending on the context.

For example, when acquiring the meaning of a clarification, the gerund is isolated: The children were constantly making noise(compare: the children were making noise).

The isolation or non-isolation of the gerund may depend on the meaning of the verb-predicate (the non-isolated gerund participle can be replaced by an adverb).

For example: Shel do not stop (walked non-stop); asked do not stop (the gerund denotes the second action - he asked, but did not stop for this).

The isolation or non-isolation of the participle is also affected by its location; compare: He walked along the garden path without looking back. Without looking back, he walked along the garden path.

8. Separation or non-isolation of a gerund may depend on its type. So, gerunds ending in -а, -я, more often express the meaning of the circumstance of the mode of action and therefore do not stand apart.

For example: She entered smiling(compare: Smiling she entered the room; She came in smiling at your secret thoughts ).

The adverbs ending in -v, -lice convey other shades of adverbial meanings (reasons, time, concessions), which contribute to isolation.

For example: She screamed, frightened; Frightened, she screamed.

9. Turnovers with words in spite of, in spite of, looking at, on the basis of, starting with, thanks to, after, performing the function of derivative prepositions and prepositional combinations, are isolated or not isolated according to the conditions of the context.

Turnovers with words despite, despite are isolated.

For example: Despite the bad weather we're on our way; Criticized at the meeting regardless of faces; Sleepy, like a branch drowned in a pond of sleep, Ney carried in her arms a splendidly sleeping son, who scattered, despite its small size, heroic legs and arms(Color); Despite doctors' orders, I wrote the story "Colchis" in Maleevka(Paust.); Science must be done with clean hands.

The turnover with words despite is not isolated only in the case of a close semantic connection with the verb, moreover, in postposition.

For example: He is did despite the doctors ban (compare: Despite doctors' orders he did it).

Turnovers with words starting with, looking at, later, acting in the meaning of prepositions, are not isolated.

For example: Let's act depending on circumstances (compare: act according to circumstances);Starting Tuesday the weather changed drastically(compare: The weather has changed dramatically since Tuesday.); Some time later came the weighers(M.G.).

If these turnovers have the meaning of clarification or addition, then they are isolated.

For example: We will act skillfully and quickly, depending on circumstances; Last week, starting from tuesday the weather has changed dramatically.

The turnover with words based on can have two meanings: when the verbality is strengthened, when the action denoted by it correlates with the subject, it is isolated; in the absence of such a connection, it is not isolated.

For example: It turns out that not only we, who suddenly discovered the need for new science- bionics, we strive to learn, understand and use the properties of wildlife in the most beneficial way; our ancestors did it long before us, based on your knowledge and needs (Chiv.). Compare: He designed the project of the house,. – Project developed based on planned cost.

The turnover with the word thanks is isolated or not isolated depending on the degree of prevalence and location.

For example: Thanks to the rains the earth was soaked with moisture. - Earth, thanks to the rains, soaked in moisture.

Circumstances expressed by nouns and adverbs

1. Circumstances expressed by nouns in the forms of indirect cases can be isolated for incidental explanation or semantic emphasis.

For example: And Natasha with painful surprise, looked at the discharged people(Boon.); I walked, walked on the cold and damp sand, trilling with my teeth in honor of hunger and cold, and suddenly, in a vain search for something to eat, going behind one of the chests, - I saw behind him a figure crouched on the ground in a miserable dress(M. G.); One of the spots, in the center of the pattern, looked very much like the head of the owner of the chair.(M. G.); A small, verdant city, when viewed from above, made a strange impression...(M. G.); The rafts sailed on in the midst of darkness and silence (M. G.); When evening came, I from evil to their failures and to the whole world, decided on a somewhat risky thing ...(M. G.); At night, against the rising wind, the detachment went to the port for landing(Plat.); For eleven years during daily driving must have had a lot of interesting adventures(Ch.).

Such circumstances usually carry an additional semantic load and are synonymous with verb constructions (compare examples: ... because he was angry at his failures and at the whole world; ...because I traveled every day).

2. Most often, explanatory adverbial members of a sentence include derivative prepositions and prepositional combinations (despite, in view of, in order to avoid, due to, on occasion, due to, if available, according to, in contrast to, in contrast, due to, in the absence, regardless of etc.), showing their specific circumstantial meaning and giving them the form of turns.

For example: Decayed, gray-blue from time to time balcony, from which, due to lack of stairs, it was necessary to jump off, drowned in nettles, elderberries, euonymus (Bun.); Lonely and useless because of this peace, the peaceful sound of chewing horses, in view of the desert, imprinted in the dark and already again silence(Ser.); Snowstorm silently, mockingly stared at him, holding his gaze, slightly moving his satin black eyebrows and showing with his whole appearance that, no matter what questions will be put to him and how they will force him to answer them, he will not say anything that could satisfy the questioners(Fad.); But, contrary to the possible, the sun came out bright red, and everything in the world turned pink, reddened(Sol.).

With a low prevalence of such members of the sentence, there may be options in their punctuation, dictated by a different word order.

Turnovers with derivative prepositions and prepositional combinations must be separated,if they are located between the subject and the predicate : a break in their direct connection and contributes to the allocation of revolutions. The same is true when the natural connection between the controlling and controlled words is broken. In other positions, especially in less common sentences, such turns do not complicate the sentence with special accentuating intonations and may not be isolated (without a special task for that).

For example: To avoid gas leakage faucet off. - Disabled to avoid gas leakage, tap; He did it out of habit. - He, out of habit, did it; According to the order the group has been disbanded. - Group, according to the order, disbanded; In the absence of corpus delicti the case has been terminated. - Case, for lack of corpus delicti, discontinued.

3. Circumstances expressed by nouns may be distinguished by a dash if there is a need for special emphasis on such circumstances.

For example: At our last meeting, Oleg asked to bring a common notebook with hard "crusts" - for taking notes lying down (gas.); It[creative imagination] created science and literature. AND - at great depth- in many ways, the creative imagination of at least Herschel, who discovered the majestic laws of the starry sky, and the creative imagination of Goethe, who created Faust, coincide with each other(Paust.); The poor poets in lightning, in storms and thunders– sang inspirational songs about the beauty of friendship, noble impulses, freedom and courage(Paust.); Immediately after the birth of the boy, Dyakonov ordered Schwalbe to adopt him and give him the surname Koporsky at baptism - at the place of birth of the boy in the city of Koporye, near Oranienbaum (Paust.).

4. In special cases, for semantic emphasis, some circumstances expressed by adverbs can be isolated (with or without dependent words) . The conditions for their selection are the same as the circumstances expressed by nouns in oblique cases.

For example: He stood before me, listened, and suddenly, silently, baring his teeth and narrowing his eyes, like a cat rushed at me(M. G.); Misha put down the book and, not immediately, quietly answered(M. G.); And so, surprise for everyone, I brilliantly passed the exam(Kupr.).

Usually, when separating circumstances expressed by adverbs, commas are used, however, as in other cases, dashes are possible to emphasize circumstances more strongly.

For example: The boy sniffed his nose in embarrassment, incredulity, but, realizing that there was nothing terrible, but, on the contrary, everything turned out to be terribly cheerful, he frowned so that his nose turned up, and also - quite childish- burst mischievously and thinly(Fad.).

In Russian, there is such a thing as isolation, which is a way of clarifying and highlighting certain words in a statement. Only the secondary members of the sentence have the ability to isolate themselves, and thanks to this feature, they are endowed with greater independence, in contrast to non-isolated ones. Such words are used in order to present information in more detail and highlight a certain part of the statement. Separate may be definitions, additions and circumstances. In this article, we will focus on the circumstance and its features.

Separate circumstances

To begin with, it is necessary to determine how an isolated circumstance differs from an ordinary one. To do this, remember the definition of this member of the proposal. So, the circumstance is a member of the sentence, which plays a secondary role and can be expressed as a prepositional case construction, phraseological unit, gerund or turnover and infinitive. It can indicate the action that a person or object performs, the method, purpose, condition and place of action, as well as the sign of the object referred to in the sentence. Circumstance answers a huge number of questions, such as: where? Where? where? Why? For what? contrary to what? under what condition? An isolated circumstance, like a simple one, can have a huge number of meanings, but in writing it is separated by commas, and when oral speech intonation. For example: She stumbled, barely keeping her feet. Despite the tension, the day was beautiful.

Participle and participle turnover

An isolated circumstance in a sentence can be expressed as a single gerund or have dependent words with it. In a letter, such a circumstance is always distinguished by commas on both sides. It can be used regardless of the location in the sentence of the grammatical basis. For example:

• Lying on the bed, she stared up at the ceiling.
• She sat in the garden, enjoying the freshness of the air.
• She, running around the shops, was looking for a suitable outfit.

Quite often in a sentence one can find a homogeneous isolated circumstance or, in other words, several simple participles in one sentence, and they can refer to different predicates. For example:

• Laughing and jumping, she, inspired, rushed towards the wind.

Non-isolated gerunds

It is worth noting that the circumstances expressed by gerunds or turnovers may not be isolated in such cases:

1. If the gerund has the meaning of an adverb. For example: Natasha closed the door and sat without moving.(equivalent to the adverb motionless). An exception is such introductory phrases with the meaning of an adverb, such as: frankly, in fact, noting in passing and others. For example: I actually came here to talk.
2. If the participle is part of a stable phrase or phraseological unit, it is not isolated and does not stand out in writing. For example: I rush headlong to meet.

Prepositional case form

Circumstances that are expressed prepositionally case forms nouns are isolated for semantic emphasis, clarification or concretization. Most often, such a separate circumstance is used to indicate the place, time or mode of action and depends only on the semantic load. When pronunciation, it is distinguished by intonation, and when written, by commas. At the same time, the syntactic connection with the predicate is weakened, but along with the meaning of time, the cause of the action or despite what it happened is indicated. For example:

• Ivan, after receiving a decisive refusal, went home and did not leave the room for a long time, locking himself away from everyone.
• With the approach of the enemy, the boy's gaze not only did not become more serious, but became more frivolous.

Along with the case forms of nouns expressed only by a semantic load, there are often isolations using prepositions or prepositional combinations, such as: on account of, in spite of, in spite of, owing to, on account of, on account of and so on. For example:

• Despite wanting to go with him, she refused.
• Despite the rain, they went for a walk.

Punctuation marks in isolated circumstances

Sentences with special circumstances when writing can cause some difficulties, since it is quite difficult to properly punctuate them. And most students, writing down such statements, make a lot of mistakes. However, the main thing here is to learn a few simple rules, knowing which difficulties in writing a sentence can be avoided.

Punctuation rules

1. The adverbial turnover is always, regardless of its location in the sentence, separated by commas on both sides. (For example: She, without putting on a hat, ran out into the street; shuddering from the cold. He went inside the house; the girls, laughing and talking quietly, quietly passed by.)
2. If the adverbial turnover is used next to the union, then it is separated from it by a comma. Neither conjunctions nor allied words are included in it. (For example: She smiled at her friend and, jumping over a puddle, ran home.) The only exception here can be the union “a”, placed before the adverbial turnover. In this case, the union may be included in the turnover. (For example: you need to understand what the meaning of life is, and having understood this, convey it to others.)
3. If several adverbial phrases follow one another in a sentence, then punctuation marks between them are placed in the same way as with homogeneous members. (For example: He approached, staggering and holding the lady by the elbow with one hand, and slowly waving an umbrella with the other.)
4. If adverbial phrases in one sentence refer to different predicates, then each of them is separated by commas separately. (For example: Pushing the door with his foot, he jumped into the street and, not paying any attention to passers-by, rushed away.)

Exercises to consolidate the material

To consolidate the acquired theoretical knowledge, special attention should be paid to practical exercises. That is why in school course the Russian language is given a huge number of hours to consolidate such difficult topic. So, for starters, you should learn to isolate isolated circumstances from the context orally, relying only on intonation, and then move on to writing assignments. For this, sentences are ideal in which students are invited to read expressively, and then arrange commas according to intonation and explain why this punctuation mark should be there. Thus, the child will learn to put into practice the learned punctuation rules. After the children learn to define the adverbial turnover and prepositional-case forms of nouns as separate circumstances, the task can be complicated by offering statements with conjunctions or allied words for parsing. It should be noted that, before proceeding to the definition of isolated circumstances, it is necessary to highlight the grammatical basis in the sentence. Further, the task can be complicated by offering the attention of children complex compound sentences with several grammatical bases and homogeneous isolated circumstances.

Circumstance - a minor member that answers adverbial questions in a sentence and is expressed by a gerund, participle, prepositional constructions. Circumstances characterize an action, a sign, a way of performing an action. (How? How?), place ( Where? Where? Where?), reason ( Why?), condition ( Against what? Under what condition?), target ( For what?). On these issues, the category of the circumstance, its significance is determined. Circumstances can be expressed by prepositional-case groups, phraseological units, infinitive.

An isolated circumstance is a circumstance that may have different meanings and which is distinguished by intonation (in pronunciation) and punctuation (in writing).

(stumbling She nearly fell to her knees. Rodion, bouncing with impatience, tried to keep pace with his father. From the impact, he began to slide on the ice, like a puck. Despite the tears and excitement, the day was good.)

1. An isolated circumstance can be expressed by a single gerund or a gerund with dependent words. This type of circumstance is separated by commas, regardless of its place in the sentence. ( Lying on a shelf, he stared blankly at the ceiling of the car. He was sitting on the windowsill lazily swinging your legs. He, humming under my breath, slowly walked towards the side street).

2. Separation of circumstances, which are expressed by prepositional-case forms of a noun, is optional. Their isolation depends on the semantic load (connection of two or more adverbial meanings), weak syntactic connection with the predicate, pronounced verb, or from the stylistic tasks set by the author.

If the circumstance has a comparative meaning and is expressed by a noun with prepositions (like, as if, as if, as if, exactly), then this is a separate circumstance. (He bounced on the trampoline, like a ball. Like a storm annoyed Victor rushed across the room. Natalia, as if sleepy narrowed her eyes in disbelief.)

3. A circumstance that has the meaning of a concession is considered isolated if it begins with a union despite. (Despite the morning surge Now she felt a little dizzy).

Note

An isolated circumstance can sometimes be expressed by a group of words preceding the predicate and beginning with prepositions ( due to, in the presence of, in the absence of, due to, in view of, in spite of, in spite of, due to). (Examples. Due to his strong character, Elena overcame sudden difficulties. But: Elena overcame sudden difficulties due to its strong character. Contrary to the Charter and the requirements of the authorities, Sergei came to the training camp in a blue shirt. But: Sergey came to the training camp in a blue shirt contrary to the requirements of the Charter.)

4. If there is a homogeneous isolated circumstance in the proposal, then it is put in the same way, with ordinary homogeneous members. ( Waving arms, bouncing clumsily, shouting loudly for joy he ran down the road. He ran down the road waving your arms, bouncing high. Waving your arms and shouting loudly he ran down the road . )

Proposals with isolated circumstances are similar in structure to others syntactic constructions that do not require punctuation.

Remember! Commas are not put if the circumstances

• Expressed (He approached the drafting slipshod).
• Expressed by uncommon single gerunds. It is believed that these words (sitting, lying, reluctantly, without looking, etc.) are substantivized, i.e. formed by the transition of one part of speech (adverbs in this case) to another (gerund participle). (We were talking sitting. But: We talked sitting in chairs.

*Note. If the circumstance is expressed by the usual gerund, formed from the verb, it is necessarily isolated. ( turning away she wiped her tears).

Even from the school bench, many have retained the idea that, unlike participles, gerunds are always distinguished by commas, regardless of the presence of dependent words and the place in the sentence. In fact, this idea is not entirely correct - the separation of gerunds and participles has its own characteristics. Within the framework of this article, we will consider the isolation (and not isolation) of single gerunds. Read about in the corresponding article.

The general rule is - single gerunds are isolated (highlighted on both sides by commas) if they express an additional action, and are not isolated if they express a shade of the main action. For example:

* "She opened the door laughing" (two actions - "when she opened the door she laughed").

* “He walked slowly along the road and listened to the birds singing” (“slowly” is a shade of the main action).

First of all, gerunds become such shades, which, in principle, have practically lost their verbal meaning and are perceived rather as adverbs - “silently”, “slowly”. The situation is more complicated with those gerunds that are isolated or not isolated depending on the context. For example, "She opened the door laughing." This participle can be seen as a connotation of action (how exactly did she open the door?) or as an independent action (when she opened the door, she laughed). Accordingly, a comma will or will not be placed depending on the meaning that the author puts into the sentence.

The following can serve as a kind of hint when deciding on the placement of a comma: as a rule, shades of action are expressed by gerunds that come immediately after the verb. However, they can be replaced by an adverb or a noun with a preposition. For example, “without stopping” - “without stops”, “slowly” - “without haste”, “smiling” - “with a smile”. Some sources also indicate that gerunds ending in "-a" and "-o" are more often shades, while those with "-v" and "-vsh" are additional actions.

The participles torn off from the verb are often isolated.

Compare:

* She said hello with a smile.

* She said hello with a smile.

* "Smiling, the girl in beautiful dress handed him the ball.

Now let's pay attention to some subtleties regarding the placement of commas with isolated gerunds. In particular, if two homogeneous (that is, related to the same verb) single gerunds are connected by the union “and” (as well as “either”, “or”, etc.), then no commas are placed around this union - by analogy with homogeneous members offers. For example, "Running and pulling up, she quickly brought herself into shape." The same applies to the separation of the participial turnover and the single participle. Separating themselves in relation to the whole phrase, these members of the sentence are homogeneous among themselves (for this, the participles must certainly refer to one verb).

Also, commas are not put if the union “and” connects an adverb and a gerund participle related to the same verb - such members of the sentence are also considered homogeneous (plus, such gerunds often express shades of action). For example, "He answered quickly and without hesitation." At the same time (by analogy with homogeneous members of a sentence), if there is no connecting union or there is a union “a” or “but”, then a comma should be placed between the adverb and the participle: “He answered quickly, without hesitation.”

If the adverb begins subordinate clause and has the word “which” as a dependent, then this gerund participle is not isolated. The same is true if the gerund has other dependent words. "I dream of such a dress, finding which I will feel like a queen."

Reference book on the Russian language. Punctuation Rosenthal Ditmar Elyashevich

Circumstances expressed in adverbs

Can stand apart circumstances expressed by adverbs (single or in combination with dependent words), for the purpose of semantic highlighting or incidental explanation: He silentlybowed again(L.); ... A moment later, in the yard,from nowhere,a man ran out(T.); A quarter of an hour before sunsetspring,you enter the grove (T.); Music,stillflew to us(T.); Awakened rooks,silently and aloneflew over the earth(Ch.); Me,as if by accidentdoused with water(Ch.); Passing Theater Lane, I,almost always,I saw a man at the door of a small shop(M.G.); Misha lowered the book and,not right away,answered quietly...(M.G.); But youth is stubborn andin my own waysmart(M.G.); ... Nadezhda was sitting on the fence next to Kolya and kept asking him about something,quietly and timidly(M.G.) - with a touch of attachment; The next day in the eveningtrot,Alexey came running(M.G.); And so,unexpectedly for everyoneI passed the exam brilliantly(Cupr.); She,barely audiblewalked around the room again(Cupr.); Here,to spite them alltomorrow morning I'll sit down for books(Cupr.); Around them -prone- lay Ivan Gora(А.Т.) - dashes instead of commas are optional; On a steamship - front- machine guns(A.T.); Sometimes he made a requesttimidly, shyly(Cat.) - with a touch of attachment.

Phraseological turnover can act in the same function: Once at the crossroadsout of nowhereblack Dog(Ch.); …Then,no hesitation,took hold of her bracket and ... stayed behind this door for a long, long time(Boon.).