THE BIRTH OF A NEW EUROPEAN SCIENCE
Prepared by a history and social studies teacher at Federal State Educational Institution Secondary School No. 4 of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation
Latypova O.Sh.
characterize the scientific achievements of the XVI-
XVII centuries; determine the main directions of scientific thought in Europe in the 16th-17th centuries.
understanding of the unlimited possibilities of human intelligence in revealing the secrets of nature and man; understanding the need for willpower and perseverance to achieve success in your goal LESSON GOALS
PROBLEM
1. New steps in understanding the secrets of nature.
2. The Universe through the eyes of N. Copernicus, D. Bruno, G. Galileo.
3. I. Newton’s contribution to the creation of a new picture of the world.
4. F. Bacon and R. Descartes - the founders of science and philosophy of the New Age.
5. J. Locke on the human right to life, liberty and property. LESSON PLAN:
Features of the New Time
1) strengthening a person’s interest in the world around him;
2) Expanding knowledge about the boundaries of the world as a result of geographical discoveries
3) confirmation of the sphericity of the Earth;
4) urban growth
5) development of manufacturing production and the world market. THE BIRTH OF A NEW SCIENCE BASED ON EXPERIMENTAL KNOWLEDGE
Copernicus N. Polish astronomer, creator of the heliocentric system of the world. He made a revolution in natural science, abandoning the doctrine of the central position of the Earth, accepted for many centuries. He explained the visible movements of the celestial bodies by the rotation of the Earth around its axis and the revolution of the planets (including the Earth) around the Sun. He outlined his teaching in the work “On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres” (1543), which was banned Catholic Church from 1616 to 1828.
“He undermined the foundation of faith” NICHOLAS COPERNIUS
“...The earth is spherical,
because it gravitates towards its center from all sides. However, its perfect roundness is not immediately noticeable.
due to the great height of its mountains and the depth of its valleys, which, however, does not at all distort its roundness as a whole..."
From the treatise of Nicolaus Copernicus “On the Rotation of the Heavenly Bodies” (1543) “He undermined the foundation of faith”
NICHOLAS COPERNIUS
Copernicus in the observatory on the south tower of Frombork Monastery
"The enemy of every law, of every faith." GIORDANO BRUNO
Copernicus' ideas were continued by Giordano Bruno. He believed that the Universe was infinite and that it had no center. Eat
many stars, therefore many worlds. Also, according to Bruno, faith is incompatible with reason and can only be characteristic of ignorant people. Bruno's views were considered heretical. After decades of wandering, he was captured by the Inquisition and burned at the stake.
: “...I believe that this world and worlds, and
are born and destroyed. AND
this world, that is Earth,
had a beginning and may have
the end, like other luminaries,
which are the same
worlds, like this world,
perhaps the best or
the worst; they are the same
luminaries, like this world. All
they are born and die like
living beings consisting of opposite principles."
From court records
trial of Giordano Bruno “Enemy of all law, all faith.” GIORDANO BRUNO
Monument to Giordano Bruno in Rome at the site of his execution
collection of worlds
“A man of extraordinary will, intelligence and courage...”. GALILEO GALILEI
He was the first to use a telescope to observe celestial bodies and made a number of outstanding astronomical
Italian physicist, mechanic, astronomer, philosopher and mathematician, who had a significant influence on the science of his time.
discoveries. Galileo is the founder of experimental physics. With his experiments, he convincingly refuted Aristotle's speculative metaphysics and laid the foundation of classical mechanics
During his lifetime he was known as an active supporter of the heliocentric system of the world
Slide No. 10
Joseph-Nicolas Robert-Fleury
Galileo before the court of the Inquisition. “A man of extraordinary will, intelligence and courage...”. GALILEO GALILEI
“Before us appears a man of extraordinary will, intelligence and courage, capable, as a representative of rational thinking, to stand against those who, relying on the ignorance of the people and the idleness of teachers in church vestments
and university robes, trying to strengthen and defend his position." Albert Einstein
Slide No. 11
he laid down the law universal gravity and three
English physicist, mathematician, mechanic and astronomer, one of the founders of classical physics. The author of the fundamental work “Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy”, in which
law of mechanics.
Isaac Newton built a reflecting telescope and discovered new
methods of mathematical calculations. His biggest discovery was that, based on the laws of mechanics he developed, he built a new model of the interaction of celestial bodies.
Slide No. 12
“In philosophy there can be no sovereign except truth. We must erect gold monuments to Kepler, Galileo, Descartes, and on each write Plato is a friend, Aristotle is a friend, but the main friend is truth.”
From the notebooks of I. NewtonOne of the last portraits of Newton (1712)
“Completed the creation of a scientific picture of the world.” ISAAC NEWTON
Slide No. 13
“The best proof of all is experience” FRANCIS BACON
English philosopher, historian, politician, founder of empiricism, major statesman, creator of modern philosophy. Bacon became widely known as a lawyer-philosopher and defender of the scientific revolution. In his work “New Organon” he proclaimed the goal of science
nature, proposed a reform of the scientific method - turning to experience and processing it through induction, the basis of which is experiment, armed natural science with research methods, and promoted the idea that true knowledge follows from sensory experience.
increase in human power over
Slide No. 14
“Knowledge and human power coincide, for ignorance of the cause makes action difficult. The best proof of all is experience..."
"The bee...extracts material from
garden and wild flowers, but
arranges and changes it according to
to your skill. So it follows
place good hope in
closer and more indestructible (which has not happened before)
the union of these abilities -
experience and reason"
Francis Bacon “The best of all proofs is experience” FRANCIS BACON
Statue of Bacon in Trinity College Chapel
Slide No. 15
RENEE DESCARTES - founder of science and philosophy of modern times, French philosopher, mathematician, mechanic, physicist and physiologist, creator of analytical geometry and modern algebraic symbolism, author of the method of radical doubt in philosophy, mechanism in physics, forerunner of reflexology
Descartes' philosophy is anthropocentric: at its center is not the Divine mind, but the human mind. And Descartes suggests
study not the structure of the world, but the process of knowing it.
Slide No. 16
P-L Dumenil. Dispute between Descartes and Queen Christina
“I think, therefore I exist.”
RENE DESCARTES
“The true greatness of the soul, which gives a person the right to respect himself, lies most of all in his consciousness that there is nothing else that would belong to him by great right than the disposal of his your own desires.»
“It is not enough to have a good mind,
the main thing is to use it well
In the greatest souls
there is an opportunity to
major vices, and
greatest virtues"
Rene Descartes
Slide No. 17
Enlightenment and theorists of liberalism. His influence
"Intellectual leader of the 18th century"
JOHN LOCKE
British educator and philosopher, representative of empiricism and liberalism. His ideas had a huge influence on the development of political philosophy and is recognized as one of the most influential thinkers.
reflected in the American Declaration of Independence. He created the theory of natural human rights: the right to life, the right to freedom, the right to property. In his works, the principle of separation of powers was first formulated, according to which it was necessary to differentiate powers
legislative and executive authorities.
Slide No. 18
Before his death, Locke composed the following inscription for his monument: “Halt, traveler. Here lies John Locke. If you ask what kind of person he was, then I will answer you that he served only the truth. Learn this from his writings, which will tell you more accurately what remains of him than dubious praises and epitaphs. If he had some virtues, they were not so great that they could serve as an example for you.”
J. LockeG. Kneller. John Locke.
"Intellectual leader of the 18th century"
JOHN LOCKE
The birth of a new European science.
Target: introduce students to the development of science in Europe; find out why at the beginning of modern times man’s interest in the world around him increased.
Equipment: textbook, map, presentation, test.
During the classes.
I. Organizing time.
II. Checking homework (test).
III. Studying new topic.
Events that influenced changes in ideas about the world.
Great geographical discoveries, Renaissance in art, invention of printing.
Basic scientific ideas.
Nicolaus Copernicus(1473 -1543) - great Polish astronomer. He made a revolution in science, abandoning the doctrine of the immobility of the Earth, accepted for thousands of years. For 30 years I observed the celestial bodies using simple devices. Complex calculations helped him to conclude: the Earth rotates around the Sun and around its axis. Ion decided to leave his knowledge to people. In 1543, his book “On the Rotation of the Celestial Spheres” was published, but its author was already dying. Today no one knows where Copernicus's grave is, but his book remains. The teaching found its followers.
Giordano Bruno (1548 – 1600)– follower of N. Copernicus. Developing his teaching, I came to the conclusion that “the Universe has no edge, it is immense and infinite.” It has no center - neither the Earth nor the Sun are the centers of the world. The Universe is a countless number of stars, it exists forever, and cannot disappear. At the age of 28, he fled Rome due to persecution by the Inquisition. He spent a life full of wanderings and preached his teachings everywhere, but few were able to understand him. Returning to Italy, he was arrested by the Inquisition and spent 8 years in prison, but did not renounce his teaching. In 1600, at dawn in the Piazza des Flowers, Giordano Bruno was burned at the stake by the Inquisition. When the verdict was read out, the scientist exclaimed: “You announce the verdict to me with more fear than I listen to it!”
Galileo Galilei (1564 – 1642) – great scientist, the first astronomer to observe the sky through a telescope, physicist, poet, comedy writer. The first observations of celestial bodies through a telescope helped to discover new stars - the satellites of Jupiter. Then he observes mountains on the Moon, spots on the Sun. All his discoveries made with the help of a telescope confirmed the teachings of Copernicus and meant a revolution in people’s ideas about the structure of the Universe. Galileo not only discovered new worlds - he formulated the laws of falling bodies, the movement of a pendulum and other laws of physics. He outlined his observations in the Starry Messenger and the book Dialogues on Two World Systems, but the Inquisition condemned his work. The Pope summoned 70-year-old Galileo to Rome for trial by the Inquisition. The interrogation of the sick elderly man continued for five months. On June 22, 1633, in the monastery church, dressed as a repentant sinner, in the presence of members of the court, Galileo knelt down and read a renunciation of his teachings. Until the end of his days he was under the supervision of the Inquisition, he was forbidden to write books. Later, people created a legend that after the words of renunciation, Galileo got up from his knees and exclaimed: “But still she is spinning!” I wanted to believe that it was impossible to strangle science.
Isaac Newton (1643 – 1727)– based on the works of Copernicus and Galileo, he completed the creation of a new picture of the world. For his services to the development of science, his admiring contemporaries elected him a member of the Royal Society. Newton became an academician before he was even 30 years old. He discovered the law of universal gravitation, created an optical laboratory with his own hands, experimented with the decomposition of sunlight, and built a small reflecting telescope that made it possible to see celestial bodies better than in large ones with glass lenses. In the book “Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy” he outlined the basic concepts of mechanics (Newton’s three laws of motion). The scientist discovered the laws of light propagation and new methods of mathematical calculations. His theory argued that nature obeys precise mechanical laws.
Francis Bacon (1561 – 1626) – lawyer, diplomat, politician, orator, historian, writer, Lord Chancellor of England, is considered the creator of a new philosophy. The scientist’s greatest merit is that he proposed new method studying nature - reasoning based on experience, experiment. After all, only with the help of experience based on experiment can one believe the reliability of knowledge. Bacon believed that true knowledge can only be obtained by combining theory with practice.
René Descartes (1596 – 1650) – saw the main goal of science in man's conquest of dominance over the forces of nature, which should be forced to serve people. In understanding the world, Descartes attached great importance to mathematics, considering it an ideal and model for all other sciences. He created analytical geometry, introduced the concept of a variable quantity, in algebra lessons, and now we use the algebraic notation he introduced. Unlike medieval scientists, Rene Descartes gave reason the main role in scientific research. “I think, therefore I exist...” he said.
IV. Lesson summary
In the 16th and 17th centuries, there was a rapid development of science, especially in the fields of mathematics and natural science. A new method of studying nature is born - a combination of experience (practice) and theory (reason).
V. Homework. Paragraph 10, fill in the table after paragraph on page 91
1 of 21
Presentation on the topic:
Slide no. 1
Slide description:
Slide no. 2
Slide description:
characterize the scientific achievements of the 16th-17th centuries; determine the main directions of scientific thought in Europe in the 16th-17th centuries. understanding of the unlimited possibilities of human intelligence in revealing the secrets of nature and man; understanding the need for willpower and perseverance to achieve success in a set goal LESSON GOALS PROBLEM
Slide no. 3
Slide description:
1. New steps in understanding the secrets of nature. 2. The Universe through the eyes of N. Copernicus, D. Bruno, G. Galileo. 3. I. Newton’s contribution to the creation of a new picture of the world. 4. F. Bacon and R. Descartes - the founders of science and philosophy of the New Age. 5. J. Locke on the human right to life, liberty and property. LESSON PLAN:
Slide no. 4
Slide description:
Features of the New Time: 1) increased human interest in the world around us; 2) Expanding knowledge about the boundaries of the world as a result of geographical discoveries; 3) confirmation of the sphericity of the Earth; 4) growth of cities 5) development of manufacturing production and the world market. THE BIRTH OF A NEW SCIENCE BASED ON EXPERIMENTAL KNOWLEDGE
Slide no. 5
Slide description:
Copernicus N. Polish astronomer, creator of the heliocentric system of the world. He made a revolution in natural science, abandoning the doctrine of the central position of the Earth, accepted for many centuries. He explained the visible movements of the celestial bodies by the rotation of the Earth around its axis and the revolution of the planets (including the Earth) around the Sun. He outlined his teaching in the essay “On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres” (1543), which was banned by the Catholic Church from 1616 to 1828. “He undermined the foundation of faith” NICHOLAS COPERNIUS (1473-1543)
Slide no. 6
Slide description:
“...The earth is spherical because it gravitates towards its center from all sides. Nevertheless, its perfect roundness is not immediately noticeable due to the great height of its mountains and the depth of its valleys, which, however, does not at all distort its roundness as a whole...” From the treatise of Nicolaus Copernicus “On the Rotation of the Heavenly Bodies” (1543) “He undermined the foundation of faith" NICHOLAS COPERNIUS Copernicus in the observatory on the south tower of the Frombork monastery
Slide no. 7
Slide description:
"The enemy of every law, of every faith." GIORDANO BRUNO The ideas of Copernicus were continued by Giordano Bruno. He believed that the Universe is infinite and that it has no center. There are many stars, therefore, many worlds. Also, according to Bruno, faith is incompatible with reason and can only be characteristic of ignorant people. Bruno's views were considered heretical. After decades of wandering, he was captured by the Inquisition and burned at the stake. (1548-1600).
Slide no. 8
Slide description:
: “...I believe that this world and worlds are both born and destroyed. And this world, that is, the globe, had a beginning and may have an end, like other luminaries, which are the same worlds as this world, perhaps better or worse; they are the same luminaries as this world. They are all born and die, like living beings consisting of opposite principles.” From the transcripts of the trial of Giordano Bruno, "Enemy of every law, every faith." GIORDANO BRUNO Monument to Giordano Bruno in Rome at the site of his execution collection of worlds
Slide no. 9
Slide description:
“A man of extraordinary will, intelligence and courage...”. GALILEO GALILEO 1564- 1642 He was the first to use a telescope to observe celestial bodies and made a number of outstanding astronomical works - Italian physicist, mechanic, astronomer, philosopher and mathematician, who had a significant influence on the science of his time. discoveries. Galileo is the founder of experimental physics. With his experiments, he convincingly refuted the speculative metaphysics of Aristotle and laid the foundation of classical mechanics. During his lifetime, he was known as an active supporter of the heliocentric system of the world
Slide no. 10
Slide description:
Joseph-Nicolas Robert-Fleury Galileo before the Inquisition. “A man of extraordinary will, intelligence and courage...”. GALILEO GALILIE “Before us appears a man of extraordinary will, intelligence and courage, capable, as a representative of rational thinking, to withstand those who, relying on the ignorance of the people and the idleness of teachers in church vestments and university robes, are trying to strengthen and defend their position.” Albert Einstein
Slide no. 11
Slide description:
“Completed the creation of a scientific picture of the world.” ISAAC NEWTON, he expounded the law of universal gravitation and three - English physicist, mathematician, mechanic and astronomer, one of the creators of classical physics. The author of the fundamental work “Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy”, in which the laws of mechanics. Isaac Newton built a reflecting telescope and discovered new methods of mathematical calculations. His biggest discovery was that, based on the laws of mechanics he developed, he built a new model of the interaction of celestial bodies. 1643 -1727
Slide no. 12
Slide description:
“In philosophy there can be no sovereign except truth. We must erect gold monuments to Kepler, Galileo, Descartes, and on each write Plato is a friend, Aristotle is a friend, but the main friend is truth.” From the notebooks of I. Newton One of the last portraits of Newton (1712) “Completed the creation of a scientific picture of the world.” ISAAC NEWTON
Slide no. 13
Slide description:
“The best of all proofs is experience” FRANCIS BACON 1561 - 1626 - English philosopher, historian, politician, founder of empiricism, major statesman, creator of modern philosophy. Bacon became widely known as a lawyer-philosopher and defender of the scientific revolution. In the work “New Organon” he proclaimed the goal of science to be nature, proposed a reform of the scientific method - turning to experience and processing it through induction, the basis of which is experiment, armed natural science with research methods, and promoted the idea that true knowledge follows from sensory experience. increasing human power over slide No. 15 
Slide description:
“I think, therefore I exist.” RENEE DESCARTES - the founder of science and philosophy of the New Age, French philosopher, mathematician, mechanic, physicist and physiologist, creator of analytical geometry and modern algebraic symbolism, author of the method of radical doubt in philosophy, mechanism in physics, forerunner of reflexology 1596 -1650 Descartes' philosophy is anthropocentric: in Its center is not the Divine mind, but the human mind. And Descartes suggests studying not the structure of the world, but the process of knowing it.
Slide no. 16
Slide description:
P-L Dumenil. Dispute between Descartes and Queen Christina: “I think, therefore I am.” RENEE DESCARTES “The true greatness of the soul, which gives a man the right to respect himself, lies most of all in his consciousness that there is nothing else that would belong to him by greater right than the control of his own desires.” “It is not enough to have a good mind, the main thing is to use it well. In the greatest souls lies the possibility of both the greatest vices and the greatest virtues” Rene Descartes
Slide no. 17
Slide description:
Enlightenment and theorists of liberalism. His influence 1632 -1704 “Intellectual leader of the 18th century” JOHN LOCKE - British educator and philosopher, representative of empiricism and liberalism. His ideas had a huge impact on the development of political philosophy; recognized as one of the most influential thinkers, reflected in the American Declaration of Independence. He created the theory of natural human rights: the right to life, the right to freedom, the right to property. In his works, the principle of separation of powers was first formulated, according to which the powers of the legislative and executive authorities should be differentiated.
19
Slide description:
TABLE “MAIN SCIENTIFIC IDEAS CONTRIBUTING TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW VIEWS ON THE WORLD AND SOCIETY” Scientists and thinkers Country Main ideas, discoveries Significance Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) Poland Created the doctrine of the rotation of the Earth around the Sun and around its axis Destroyed the old ideas about the motionless Earth being center of the Universe Giordano Bruno (1548-1600) Italy Created the doctrine of the immensity, infinity and eternity of the Universe, which has neither center nor edge Destroyed old ideas about the structure of the Universe, proving that neither the Earth nor the Sun are the centers of the world
Slide no. 20
Slide description:
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) Italy Using a telescope, he discovered new worlds, observed mountains on the Moon and spots on the Sun. Formulated the laws of falling bodies and other laws of physics. Discoveries made with the help of a telescope confirmed the teachings of Copernicus and contributed to the creation of new ideas for people about the structure of the Universe Isaac Newton (1642-1727) England Discovered the law of universal gravitation, laws mechanical movement and the propagation of light, new methods of mathematical calculations Completed the creation of a new picture of the world in the early modern era. His theory argued that nature obeys precise laws of mechanics
Slide no. 21
Slide description:
Francis Bacon (1561-1626) England Scientifically substantiated new methods for studying natural phenomena - observations and experiments Layed the foundations of a new philosophy, introduced experience and experiment as methods of scientific knowledge René Descartes (1596-1650) France Considered the human mind to be the source of knowledge. The founder of science and philosophy of modern times assigned the mind the main role in scientific research and contributed to the strengthening of new ideas about the world. John Locke (1632 -1704) England Created the theory of natural human rights, formulated the principle of separation of powers Creator of the theory of natural law, in the center of which is man
7th grade, lesson No. 11Theme: “The Birth of a New European Science”
Pedagogical goals:
promote familiarization with the conditions for the development of science during the Renaissance;
contribute to the formation of ideas about the main discoveries that determined the new picture of the world,
create conditions for the development of UUD:
Reproductive level : name the names of representatives of European science and their discoveries.
Productive level : based on additional historical and literary sources, prepare a report on the activities of representatives of European science, be able to work with tables.
Type and type of lesson: combined
Main content of the topic . Conditions for the development of a revolution in natural science. The operation of the principle of authority in medieval Europe and its manifestation. A critical view of humanists on the world and its consequences. Discoveries that determined a new picture of the world. The life and scientific discovery of Nicolaus Copernicus. Discovery and feat in the name of science Giordano Bruno. Galileo Galilei and his discoveries. Isaac Newton's contribution to the creation of a new picture of the world in the 17th century. Francis Bacon on the importance of experience in the knowledge of nature. Rene Descartes on the role of scientific research. Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes are the founders of modern philosophy. The influence of scientific discoveries of the New Age on technological progress and human self-awareness.
Basic concepts: the infinity of the Universe, a new picture of the world, natural human rights.
Main questions : views and discoveries of N. Copernicus, J. Bruno, I. Newton. Philosophers: F. Bacon, R. Descartes, J. Locke.
Planned results of studying the material: students realize that in the XVI-XVII centuries. There is a rapid development of science, primarily in the field of mathematics and natural science, and on this basis a new understanding of the Universe is emerging. Ideas arise about the human right to freedom, happiness, development and manifestation of one’s abilities, to a decent spiritual and physical existence.
Educational Resources: 1) textbook Yudovskaya A.Ya. General history. Modern history, 1500-1800. 7th grade: educational. for general education organizations / A.Ya. Yudovskaya, P.A. Baranov, L.M. Vanyushkina; edited by A.A.Iskanderova. - 2nd ed. - M.: Education, 2014.
2) Yudovskaya A.Ya. General history. Modern history, 1500-1800. Lesson-based developments. 7th grade: a manual for teachers of general education. organizations / A.Ya. Yudovskaya, L.M. Vanyushkina; M.: Education, 2013.
Visibility, TSO: wall maps, reproductions of paintings, educational films, computer, media projector.
Plan
Org. moment.
Updating students' knowledge.
Learning new material
During the classes
I. Org. moment.
II. Updating students' knowledge.
Working with cards (Appendix 1), answers to textbook questions, p. 4. 86
III. Learning new material.
1) The birth of science based on experimental knowledge.
Heuristic conversation with students on the following questions: 1. What changes in people’s views can we trace toXVIV?
2. How do you understand the Renaissance principle of empiricism? What is its practical significance and application?
2) “He undermined the foundation of faith.”
3) “The enemy of all law, all faith.”
4) “A man of extraordinary will, intelligence, and courage!”
5) He completed the creation of a new picture of the world.
6) “The best proof is experience...”.
7) “I think, therefore I exist.”
It is advisable to carry out paragraphs 2-7 of the lesson as work in groups. UThe teacher talks about the birth of a new science, then introduces students to the problems posed and invites each group to study one of the plots of the new material and solve the problems posed on its basis. Approximate content distribution for independent work in groups it might look like this:
Group I: new knowledge about the Universe (sections § 10: “He undermined the foundation of faith”, “The enemy of every law, every faith”);
Group II: new knowledge about the Universe and the laws of nature (sections § 10: “A man of extraordinary will and courage”, “He completed the creation of a new picture of the world”);
Group III: new knowledge about man (sections § 10: “Blood spreads warmth and life everywhere”, “Right to life, freedom and creativity”);
Group IV: new information about the capabilities of the human mind (sections § 10: “The best of all proofs is experience”, “I think, therefore I exist...”).
These tasks, written in advance on cards, are distributed to groups. The teacher comments on them and sets time for independent work and discussion in groups. The second part of the lesson is for students to independently familiarize themselves with the text of the textbook and find a solution to the problem with a discussion of the final version within the group. In the third part of the lesson, representatives from each group present the results of their collective work. Presentation of the results of the groups’ activities may be accompanied by filling out the table “Main scientific ideas that contributed to the development of new views on the world and society.”
Approximate option filling out the table:
Scientists and thinkers
A country
Main ideas, discoveries
Influence on the formation of views
Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)
Poland
Created the doctrine of the rotation of the Earth around the Sun and around its axis
Destroyed the old ideas about the motionless Earth being the center of the Universe
Giordano Bruno (1548-1600)
Italy
Created the doctrine of the immensity, infinity and eternity of the Universe, which has neither center nor edge
Destroyed old ideas about the structure of the Universe, proving that neither the Earth nor the Sun are the centers of the world
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)
Italy
With the help of a telescope, he discovered new worlds, observed mountains on the Moon and spots on the Sun. Formulated the laws of falling bodies and other laws of physics
Discoveries made with the help of a telescope confirmed the teachings of Copernicus and contributed to the creation of new ideas for people about the structure of the Universe
Isaac Newton (1642-1727)
England
Discovered the law of universal gravitation, laws of mechanical motion and propagation of light, new methods of mathematical calculations
Completed the creation of a new picture of the world in the early modern era. His theory argued that nature obeys precise laws of mechanics
William Harvey (1578-1657)
England
He discovered the secret of blood circulation and showed the role of the heart in this process. Created a theory about the origin of life
Harvey's discoveries gave people scientific ideas about blood circulation and the origin of life
Francis Bacon (1561-1626)
England
Scientifically substantiated new methods for studying natural phenomena - observations and experiments
Laid the foundations of a new philosophy, introduced experience and experiment as methods of scientific knowledge
René Descartes (1596-1650)
France
He considered the human mind to be the source of knowledge. Gave reason a major role in scientific research
Founder of science and philosophy of the New Age. Defending the principles of the infinity of the Universe, he contributed to the strengthening of new ideas about the world. He believed that science should bring practical benefits to people. His teaching on the role of reason in knowledge elevated man
IV. Consolidation
Seventh graders discuss the problems posed at the beginning of the lesson.
Annex 1
1. Explain the terms:
7th grade Topic “The world of artistic culture of the Renaissance” Card No. 1
1. Explain the terms: empiricism, humanism, antiquity
2. Correct historical errors and inaccuracies in the text.
William Shakespeare was born into a noble family in Italy, and showed his talent as an artist early on: he created paintings: “Mona Lisa”, “Hamlet and Juliet”, and wrote sonnets.
1. Explain the terms:
7th grade Topic “The world of artistic culture of the Renaissance” Card No. 2
1. Explain the terms: empiricism, humanism, antiquity.
2. Correct historical errors and inaccuracies in the text.
Leonardo da Vinci was born into a wealthy artist family and lived all his life in Holland, where he painted his most famous paintings “Night Watch” and “David”.
1. Match:
1. Leonardo da Vinci
2. Michelangelo
B) "Utopia"
3. William Shakespeare
4. Rafael Santi
5. Thomas More
XV- XVI
7th grade Topic “The world of artistic culture of the Renaissance” Card No. 3
1. Match:
1. Leonardo da Vinci
A) “David”, “Sistine Chapel”
2. Michelangelo
B) "Utopia"
3. William Shakespeare
B) “La Gioconda”, “ last supper»
4. Rafael Santi
D) “Romeo and Juliet”, sonnets
5. Thomas More
D) “Sistine Madonna”, “Conestabile Madonna”
2. How can we explain the fact that during the periodXV- XVIcenturies Europe is going through a Renaissance period, how did this manifest itself?
7th grade Topic “The world of artistic culture of the Renaissance” Card No. 3
1. Match:
1. Leonardo da Vinci
A) “David”, “Sistine Chapel”
2. Michelangelo
B) "Utopia"
3. William Shakespeare
B) “La Gioconda”, “Last Supper”
4. Rafael Santi
D) “Romeo and Juliet”, sonnets
5. Thomas More
D) “Sistine Madonna”, “Conestabile Madonna”
2. How can we explain the fact that during the periodXV- XVIcenturies Europe is going through a Renaissance period, how did this manifest itself?
7th grade Topic “The world of artistic culture of the Renaissance” Card No. 3
1. Match:
1. Leonardo da Vinci
A) “David”, “Sistine Chapel”
2. Michelangelo
B) "Utopia"
3. William Shakespeare
B) “La Gioconda”, “Last Supper”
4. Rafael Santi
D) “Romeo and Juliet”, sonnets
5. Thomas More
D) “Sistine Madonna”, “Conestabile Madonna”
2. How can we explain the fact that during the periodXV- XVIcenturies Europe is going through a Renaissance period, how did this manifest itself?
