49. Types of speech errors: methods of working to prevent and correct them.
Types and examples of speech errors
Speech errors – These are errors associated with violation of the requirements of correct speech.
Using words with meanings that are unusual for them. Example: We were shocked great game football players.
Repetition of cognate words in one sentence (tautology): The writer vividly describes the events of that day.
Speech failure (occurs when a the right word). The car lost both of them.
A mixture of vocabulary from different historical eras. Anna Sergeevna and the prince went to get married at the registry office.
Pleonasm (hidden tautology). Example: colleagues.
Using unnecessary words. A young girl, very beautiful.
Poor use of pronouns. This text was written by K. Ivanov. It refers to an artistic style.
Unjustified repetition of words. Maria loves flowers. Maria knows everything about them.
Causes of speech errors
“The complexity of the speech generation mechanism is a factor contributing to the occurrence of speech errors” Nikolai Ivanovich Zhinkin.
The main causes of speech errors are:
Misunderstanding of the meaning of a word (when a word is used in a meaning that is unusual for it). The fire grew hotter and hotter.
The use of synonyms (each such word can have its own functional and stylistic connotation, this leads to speech errors). For example: "blunder"- professional jargon, but "hole"- a colloquial word.
The use of polysemantic words (when using them, be sure to make sure that they are understandable to the interlocutor).
Lexical incompleteness of the statement (an important word is missing).
Use outdated words. (Example: Now everything in the store is at a discount).
Words of foreign origin (if you have a passion for borrowed words, be sure to find out their exact meaning).
Errors in word formation (for example: they want; dog kennel; on the forehead, etc.)
Incorrect use of paronyms (words that are similar in sound, usually one part of speech, but different in meaning and structure). For example: addressee - addressee.
Lack of lexical compatibility in a sentence. A good leader must set an example for his subordinates in everything.(The word “sample” is used inappropriately and should be replaced with “example”).
Inappropriate use of dialectisms (expressions or ways of speech used by people of a particular locality). For example: The scavenger came to me and sat there until the morning. ( Shaberka - neighbor).
When choosing words, you need to pay attention to their meaning, usage, stylistic coloring, and compatibility with other words. Since violation of at least one of these criteria can lead to a speech error.
Ways to correct and prevent speech errors
Often in the speech of people (especially very young people) there are lexical and stylistic errors, i.e. the use of words in an inaccurate or unusual meaning (and the reason for this is ignorance of the meaning of the word). IN book “Speech Secrets” edited by T. A. Ladyzhenskaya options for working to prevent and eliminate these errors are presented.
In the meantime, we offer you our selection designed to prevent speech errors:
Communicate with literate and educated people.
Visit theaters, museums, trainings.
Constantly monitor your speech (pronounce words correctly).
Essays and presentations are recognized as good speech exercises.
Let's learn to speak correctly.
Correcting speech errors
The proposed tasks will help schoolchildren learn to find, classify, and correct speech errors and shortcomings.
1. This model is for display purposes only and is not for sale.
2. I borrowed a thousand rubles to my neighbor until February.
3. The boy did not answer anything, but only blinked his eyes.
4. The court found him guilty of committing a crime.
5. His father was a real polyglot: he could answer questions from any field of knowledge in detail and thoroughly.
6. The rescuers saw that a man was drowning in the sea.
7. The wounded Prince Andrei fell face down. When he woke up, he saw a high, endless sky.
8. Katerina’s mother-in-law constantly taught life to the household.
9. Our products are imported to many countries around the world.
10. I switched to a more economical tariff.
Tasks
1) Mark the sentences in which any word is used in a meaning that is unusual for it. (2, 5, 7, 8, 9.)
2) Mark sentences with violations of stylistic compatibility. (3, 6.)
3) Mark the sentences in which its paronym should be used instead of the word. (1, 4, 10.)
Answers: 1 - demonstration, 2 - lent or lent, 3 - blinked, 4 - guilty, 5 - encyclopedist, 6 - drowning, 7 - fell backward, 8 - mother-in-law, 9 - exported, 10 - economical.
1. Conversation with this person was important.
2. Beautiful curtains decorated the room.
3. I want to raise a toast to the health of the birthday boy.
4. The contents of the package must be filled with hot boiling water.
5. To enhance the reader's experience, the author narrates in the first person.
6. Gogol’s story “The Overcoat” tells the story of the life of the official Bashmachkin.
7. Our agency provides students with many available vacancies.
8. This victory came at a high price.
9. You don't see obvious facts.
10. This store has expensive prices.
Tasks
1) Mark the sentences with violation of lexical compatibility. (1, 3, 5, 10.)
2) Mark the sentences in which the same root words are used nearby. (2, 6, 9.)
3) Mark the sentences that use extra words. (4, 7.)
4) Write down the corrected options.
Answers: 1 – played an important role or had great importance, 2 – magnificent curtains, 3 – raise a glass or make a toast, 4 – hot water or boiling water, 5 – to enhance the impression, 6 – talks about life, 7 – many vacancies, 9 – you don’t notice, 10 – high prices.
1. It was Sophia who started the rumor that Chatsky was crazy.
2. My brother graduated from school with a medal.
3. You brought me to my knees.
4. Thirty tons of carrots were delivered to the city stores.
5. Our physics teacher got sick, so the lesson was postponed.
6. I was so tired from the long journey that I was neither alive nor dead.
7. Dear students! Urgently submit your records to the dean's office.
8. I signed this agreement with a creaky heart.
9. The court decided to divide the property between the spouses.
10. My sister shed crocodile tears when the heroine of the film died.
Tasks
1) Mark the sentences that violate the form of the phraseological unit. (3, 8.)
2) Mark sentences with incorrect use of phraseological units. (6, 10.)
3) Replace colloquial and colloquial words and expressions in sentences with neutral ones. (1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 9.)
4) Write down the corrected options.
Answers: 1 – lost my mind, 2 – graduated, 3 – white-hot, 4 – carrots, 5 – physics teacher, 6 – I was very tired from the long march (neither alive nor dead from fear), 7 – grade books, 8 – reluctantly , 9 - about the division, 10 - she cried bitterly.
1. Onegin thinks that he cannot love anymore, and he was mistaken.
2. Mom wrapped her daughter in a shawl and took her away.
3. Our publishing house published a book that was popular among readers who love detective stories.
5. Katerina wants her husband to take her with him, but Tikhon refused.
6. The hero goes to another world, and then the hero becomes disappointed in it.
7. This device, which appeared on the shelves of stores specializing in the sale of household appliances, was appreciated by many customers.
8. The hero doesn’t like to talk about past life, and therefore he was not understood.
9. When I first read this book, I remembered the summer when I went to the sea.
10. Chatsky wants to change the life of Famusov’s Moscow, and he partially succeeds.
Tasks
1) Mark the sentences with a violation of the aspectual-temporal correlation of verb forms. (1, 8, 9.)
2) Mark the sentences in which pronouns are used poorly. (2, 4.)
3) Mark poorly constructed sentences. (3, 7, 9.)
4) Mark sentences with unnecessary repetition of words. (6, 9.)
5) Write down the corrected options.
Answers: 1 - Onegin thinks...... and is mistaken, 2 - and takes away the girl, 3 - among readers who love detective stories, 4 - about the consequences of actions committed by a person, 5 - but Tikhon refuses, 6 - the hero leaves for another world, but then is disappointed in it, 7 - this device, which appeared on the shelves of stores that specialize in selling household equipment, was appreciated by many buyers, 8 - they do not understand it, 9 - reading this book for the first time, I remembered my summer trip to the sea.
Often masters of words in their works deviate from speech norms, achieving a certain artistic effect. Find in the given fragments literary works deviations from speech norms and say what effect the authors achieve.
1. The whole room is illuminated with an amber shine.
The flooded stove crackles with a cheerful sound...
(A. Pushkin. Winter morning)
(Resorting to tautologycrackles, the author conveys the sound that the lyrical hero of the poem hears.)
2. The moon makes its way through the wavy fogs,
She pours a sad light onto the sad meadows.
(A. Pushkin. Winter road)
(Tautology(she pours a sad light onto the sad meadows) helps the author to concentrate the reader’s attention on the emotional state of the lyrical hero.)
3. The conversations fell silent for a moment;
The mouth is chewing.
(A. Pushkin. Eugene Onegin)
(Combination of words different styles (mouth chews) creates a comic effect.)
4. And we float, a burning abyss
Surrounded on all sides.
(F. Tyutchev. Dreams)
(Pleonasm(surrounded on all sides) emphasizes the complete immersion of the lyrical hero in the world of sleep.)
5. Green noise goes and hums,
Green noise, spring noise.
(N. Nekrasov. Green noise)
(A combination of words with contradictory meaningsGreen noise (catachresis) helps the author create a single visual-auditory image; lexical repetition in the first and second lines draws the reader's attention to this image.)
VI. Edit a piece of your essay.
All the images of the poem depicted Gogol, are interesting in their own way.
Reader reading page after page, laughing at pretentious Manilov, above brutal Sobakevich, above blunt Box, above constantly lying scoundrel Nozdrev, and miser Plyushkin, collecting everything trash, – this is actually something. But especially Chichikov attracted my attention, somewhat similar and at the same time unlike to other characters in the poem.
Chichikov is similar to Manilov in that knew how to suck up To to the right people, similar on Sobakevich in that he can insist on his own, similar on Nozdryov by what he comes up with all sorts of scams, similar on Korobochka and Plyushkin by putting necessary and unnecessary things in a drawer.
But at the same time, Chichikov is significantly different from the other heroes of the poem. If heroic landowners are parasites, then Chichikov constantly sets new goals for himself and tries to achieve them. Already in childhood he was businessman, knew how to invest money profitably and get fat. So, when he was in school, he sold buns that he bought in advance, starving comrades and benefited from it.
But when the hero became an adult, not a single one of him the case didn't work out. Most likely, Gogol is punishing your hero because, for all his business qualities, he is an immoral person. So, for example, he did not help to his old teacher, who considered Pavlusha the best student; working in the treasury chamber, while seeking a promotion, he deceived the police chief and his daughter.
Approximate corrected version
All the images of the poemcreated Gogol, are interesting in their own way.Reading the page behind the page,We we laugh at the mannered Manilov andrude Sobakevich, abovestupid In a box and constantlya lying rogue Nozdrev; Amiser Plyushkin, collecting unnecessary things, producesspecial impression . Butmost attracted my attention Chichikov, somewhat similar to other heroes of the poem,but at the same time different from them .
Chichikov resembles Manilov in thatcan gain confidence to the right people;the hero's ability to insist on his own makes him similar with Sobakevich;like Nozdrev, Chichikov comes up withdifferent scams; Astorage necessary and unnecessary things in the drawerbrings closer together hero with Plyushkin and Korobochka.
But,unlike idle landowners , Chichikov constantly sets new goals for himself and tries to achieve them. Already in childhood hebusinessman who knows how to invest money profitably and getprofit . So, while still a schoolboy, he sells buns purchased in advancehungry comrades and benefits from it.
However, the matured herocan't succeed in anything . Most likely, Gogol is punishingChichikova for the fact that, for all his business qualities, a hero–immoral person. For example, Chichikovrefuses help to his old teacher, who considered Pavlusha the best student;serving in the government chamber and seeking a promotion, the hero deceives the police officer and his daughter.
I.A. RUDENKO,
Magnitogorsk city
multidisciplinary
Lyceum at MSTU. Nosova
Let's learn to speak correctly.
Correcting speech errors
The proposed tasks will help schoolchildren learn to find, classify, and correct speech errors and shortcomings.
1. This model is for display purposes only and is not for sale.
2. I borrowed a thousand rubles to my neighbor until February.
3. The boy did not answer anything, but only blinked his eyes.
4. The court found him guilty of committing a crime.
5. His father was a real polyglot: he could answer questions from any field of knowledge in detail and thoroughly.
6. The rescuers saw that a man was drowning in the sea.
7. The wounded Prince Andrei fell face down. When he woke up, he saw a high, endless sky.
8. Katerina’s mother-in-law constantly taught life to the household.
9. Our products are imported to many countries around the world.
10. I switched to a more economical tariff.
Tasks
1) Mark the sentences in which any word is used in a meaning that is unusual for it. (2, 5, 7, 8, 9.)
2) Mark sentences with violations of stylistic compatibility. (3, 6.)
3) Mark the sentences in which its paronym should be used instead of the word. (1, 4, 10.)
Answers: 1 - demonstration, 2 - borrowed or lent, 3 - blinked, 4 - guilty, 5 - encyclopedist, 6 - drowning, 7 - fell backwards, 8 - mother-in-law, 9 - exported, 10 - economical.
1. Conversation with this person was important.
2. Beautiful curtains decorated the room.
3. I want to raise a toast to the health of the birthday boy.
4. The contents of the package must be filled with hot boiling water.
5. To enhance the reader's experience, the author narrates in the first person.
6. Gogol’s story “The Overcoat” tells the story of the life of the official Bashmachkin.
7. Our agency provides students with many available vacancies.
8. This victory came at a high price.
9. You don't see obvious facts.
10. This store has expensive prices.
Tasks
1) Mark the sentences with violation of lexical compatibility. (1, 3, 5, 10.)
2) Mark the sentences in which the same root words are used nearby. (2, 6, 9.)
3) Mark the sentences that use extra words. (4, 7.)
4) Write down the corrected options.
Answers: 1 – played an important role or was of great importance, 2 - magnificent curtains, 3 - raise a glass or make a toast, 4 - hot water or boiling water, 5 – to enhance the impression, 6 – talks about life, 7 – many vacancies, 9 – you don’t notice, 10 – high prices.
1. It was Sophia who started the rumor that Chatsky was crazy.
2. My brother graduated from school with a medal.
3. You brought me to my knees.
4. Thirty tons of carrots were delivered to the city stores.
5. Our physics teacher got sick, so the lesson was postponed.
6. I was so tired from the long journey that I was neither alive nor dead.
7. Dear students! Urgently submit your records to the dean's office.
8. I signed this agreement with a creaky heart.
9. The court decided to divide the property between the spouses.
10. My sister shed crocodile tears when the heroine of the film died.
Tasks
1) Mark the sentences that violate the form of the phraseological unit. (3, 8.)
2) Mark sentences with incorrect use of phraseological units. (6, 10.)
3) Replace colloquial and colloquial words and expressions in sentences with neutral ones. (1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 9.)
4) Write down the corrected options.
Answers: 1 – lost my mind, 2 – graduated, 3 – white-hot, 4 – carrots, 5 – physics teacher, 6 – I was very tired from the long march (neither alive nor dead from fear), 7 – grade books, 8 – reluctantly , 9 - about the division, 10 - she cried bitterly.
1. Onegin thinks that he cannot love anymore, and he was mistaken.
2. Mom wrapped her daughter in a shawl and took her away.
3. Our publishing house published a book that was popular among readers who love detective stories.
5. Katerina wants her husband to take her with him, but Tikhon refused.
6. The hero goes to another world, and then the hero becomes disappointed in it.
7. This device, which appeared on the shelves of stores specializing in the sale of household appliances, was appreciated by many customers.
8. The hero does not like to talk about his past life, and therefore he was not understood.
9. When I first read this book, I remembered the summer when I went to the sea.
10. Chatsky wants to change the life of Famusov’s Moscow, and he partially succeeds.
Tasks
1) Mark the sentences with a violation of the aspectual-temporal correlation of verb forms. (1, 8, 9.)
2) Mark the sentences in which pronouns are used poorly. (2, 4.)
3) Mark poorly constructed sentences. (3, 7, 9.)
4) Mark sentences with unnecessary repetition of words. (6, 9.)
5) Write down the corrected options.
Answers: 1 - Onegin thinks...... and is mistaken, 2 - and takes away the girl, 3 - among readers who love detective stories, 4 - about the consequences of actions committed by a person, 5 - but Tikhon refuses, 6 - the hero leaves for another world, but then is disappointed in it, 7 - this device, which appeared on the shelves of stores that specialize in selling household equipment, was appreciated by many buyers, 8 - they do not understand it, 9 - reading this book for the first time, I remembered my summer trip to the sea.
Often masters of words in their works deviate from speech norms, achieving a certain artistic effect. Find deviations from speech norms in the given fragments of literary works and say what effect the authors achieve.
1. The whole room is illuminated with an amber shine.
The flooded stove crackles with a cheerful sound...
(A. Pushkin. Winter morning)
(Resorting to tautology crackles, the author conveys the sound that the lyrical hero of the poem hears.)
2. The moon makes its way through the wavy fogs,
She pours a sad light onto the sad meadows.
(A. Pushkin. Winter road)
(Tautology (she pours a sad light onto the sad meadows) helps the author to concentrate the reader’s attention on the emotional state of the lyrical hero.)
3. The conversations fell silent for a moment;
The mouth is chewing.
(A. Pushkin. Eugene Onegin)
(Combination of words of different styles (mouth chews) creates a comic effect.)
4. And we float, a burning abyss
Surrounded on all sides.
(F. Tyutchev. Dreams)
(Pleonasm (surrounded on all sides) emphasizes the complete immersion of the lyrical hero in the world of sleep.)
5. Green noise goes and hums,
Green noise, spring noise.
(N. Nekrasov. Green noise)
(A combination of words with contradictory meanings Green noise(catachresis) helps the author create a single visual-auditory image; lexical repetition in the first and second lines draws the reader's attention to this image.)
VI. Edit a piece of your essay.
All the images of the poem depicted
The reader, reading page after page, laughs at pretentious Manilov, above brutal Sobakevich, above blunt Box, above constantly lying scoundrel Nozdrev, and miser Plyushkin, collecting everything trash, – this is actually something. But especially Chichikov attracted my attention, somewhat similar and at the same time unlike to other characters in the poem.
Chichikov is similar to Manilov in that knew how to suck up to the right people similar on Sobakevich in that he can insist on his own, similar on Nozdryov by what he comes up with all sorts of scams, similar on Korobochka and Plyushkin by putting necessary and unnecessary things in a drawer.
But at the same time, Chichikov is significantly different from the other heroes of the poem. If heroic landowners are parasites, then Chichikov constantly sets new goals for himself and tries to achieve them. Already in childhood he was businessman, knew how to invest money profitably and get fat. So, when he was in school, he sold buns that he bought in advance, starving comrades and benefited from it.
But when the hero became an adult, not a single one of him the case didn't work out. Most likely, Gogol is punishing your hero because, for all his business qualities, he is an immoral person. So, for example, he did not help to his old teacher, who considered Pavlusha the best student; working in the treasury chamber, while seeking a promotion, he deceived the police chief and his daughter.
Approximate corrected version
All the images of the poem created Gogol, are interesting in their own way. Reading the page behind the page, We we laugh at the mannered Manilov and rude Sobakevich, above stupid In a box and constantly a lying rogue Nozdrev; A miser Plyushkin, collecting unnecessary things, produces special impression. But most attracted my attention Chichikov, somewhat similar to other heroes of the poem, but at the same time different from them.
Chichikov resembles Manilov in that can gain confidence to the right people; the hero's ability to insist on his own makes him similar with Sobakevich; like Nozdrev, Chichikov comes up with different scams; A storage necessary and unnecessary things in the drawer brings closer together hero with Plyushkin and Korobochka.
But, unlike idle landowners, Chichikov constantly sets new goals for himself and tries to achieve them. Already in childhood he businessman who knows how to invest money profitably and get profit. So, while still a schoolboy, he sells buns purchased in advance hungry comrades and benefits from it.
However, the matured hero can't succeed in anything. Most likely, Gogol is punishing Chichikova for the fact that, with all his business qualities, the hero is immoral person. For example, Chichikov refuses help to his old teacher, who considered Pavlusha the best student; serving in the government chamber and seeking a promotion, the hero deceives the police officer and his daughter.
I.A. RUDENKO,
Magnitogorsk city
multidisciplinary
Lyceum at MSTU. Nosova
