Last military call.
The generation of defenders of the fatherland of the last military draft is a special category of people who, having barely reached the age of seventeen, were drafted in 1944 into the ranks of the Red Army and the Navy.
On October 25, 1944, the State Defense Committee (GKO) announced a call for military service conscripts born in 1927. Then 1 million 156 thousand 727 people were called. (based on Wikipedia).
And all of them, in fact, were minors on the day of the call.
So if in 1915 "an early conscription of young people born in 1895 was made and young men who had not yet reached the age of twenty went to war" (G.K. Zhukov "Memoirs and Reflections" Ed. APN.M. 1987, volume 1, p. 44, 45) then, in 1944, the young men also called ahead of schedule were barely seventeen years old.
Most of these young men persistently sought to go to the front in active military units and on warships. And many fell to serve in units of the active army. So, for example, the 1136th Red Banner Koenigsberg Regiment consisted of 65% soldiers born in 1926-1927. (Archive of the MOSSSR F396 OP243910, d.
Those who among them had a chance to fight on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War showed courage and steadfastness, fighting against the Nazi invaders. Not all of them lived to see the Great Victory Day.
Others were sent to reserve regiments and training detachments, where they mastered military specialties and studied military affairs, preparing to be sent to the front.
The special merit of these young men was that they were responsible for strengthening the defense power and security of our Motherland, when there was a mass dismissal of the older ages of privates, sergeants and foremen after the end of the war.
Many trials and difficulties fell on the lot of young soldiers of the last military draft. Military service for them was extended to 7-9 years. There were no mass military conscriptions either in 1945 or 1946, until 1949 in accordance with the decision of the Supreme Military Council under the chairmanship of Stalin.
Mass military conscription into the army and navy after the war began to be carried out only from 1949-50s. And all this time, from 1944 to the 50s, the generation of the last military conscription served, ensuring the strengthening of the country's defense capability. And at the same time, no one grumbled, did not show dissatisfaction with the lengthened service three times without holidays.
Yes, even before being called up for war, they managed to work for 2-3 years in the National Economy, where only women and children worked at that time, since all men were called up for war. And everyone also worked without vacations, with the transfer of compensation for vacations to the Defense and Victory Fund.
The upper black-and-white group photo shows the Red Army soldiers of the last military draft, called up on the basis of the GKO decree of October 25, 1944 from the Arkhangelsk region.
These seventeen-year-old boys had to walk more than 360 km from the village of Karpogory, on the Pinega River, to Arkhangelsk. The conscripts walked for a long time on snow-covered, country roads in frost and cold wind. Only the last 30-40 km they were brought by trucks.
This large group of three hundred people finally reached Arkhangelsk, where the conscripts were finally distributed to different units.
Three of the three hundred, among whom was my father, were originally enlisted in the fleet, and all the days of their campaign to Arkhangelsk were glad that, finally, their dream had begun to come true.
But in Arkhangelsk, three future sailors, unexpectedly for them, were assigned to the ground forces, namely to the 31st division, and then to the first division (OMSDON), where they served until 1952.
The famous OMSDON took part in many special tasks of the command, and, of course, she took part in the grandiose Victory Parade on June 24, 1945 on Red Square in Moscow.
But all these joyful events were still ahead, and in those winter months of 1944, these three conscripts sent to the fleet, who had dreamed of the sea since childhood, were very upset by this start of service. This was especially offensive to N. M. Kanashev, whose great-grandfather, grandfather, father, uncle and even sister served in the Navy. As it were, the naval dynasty began to continue and was immediately interrupted.
Father's great-grandfather served on the famous frigate "Pallada", his grandfather also on one of the ships Baltic Fleet, his father, my grandfather, was the commander of the first Baltic naval crew. My father's sister, my aunt, volunteered to serve in the Navy in May 1942 among the 25,000 female volunteers called up for the Navy. She served throughout the war at the main base of the Northern Fleet, and first in the training detachment of the Northern Fleet on the Solovetsky Islands.
In the future, service in OMSDON somewhat smoothed out my father’s grief from the first days of redistribution, when nothing was known about the great Victory, but everyone knew and was sure that it would definitely come soon.
On the top group black and white photo from left to right:
Stand:
Bondarenko Nikolai Grigorievich, Kanashev Nikolai Mikhailovich, Malkin Dmitry Pavlovich, Urman. Kh. E. (then squad leader, senior sergeant), Agafonov Ivan Pavlovich, Atyunin Maxim Egorovich, Vorobyov Mikhail Petrovich.
Crouched:
Popov Sergey Vladimir, Luzhkovsky Alexander Mikhailovich, Rybnikov Ivan Pavlovich, Kononov Valentin Iosifovich, Lobachev Veniamin Stepanovich, Ryabov Nikolay Konstantinovich.
Lie:
Zubov Alexey Alekseevich, Shafrov Gennady Ivanovich.
Black and white photo from family archive Kanashevs.
A color photograph of the standard-bearers at the Spasskaya Tower on 06/24/1945 is taken here:
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In this picture, which has been repeatedly published in magazines and newspapers of the USSR, and books (for example, "The Book of the Parade of Winners" by G. Drozdov, E. Ryabko. Published by "Planet", Moscow, 1985, p. 156), the first line of a special battalion of captured banners at the Victory Parade, consisting of Red Army soldiers and sergeants of the third regiment of the first division named after Dzerzhinsky.
In addition to representatives of the fronts, a combined company of soldiers and sergeants of the Motorized Rifle Order of Lenin of the Red Banner Division named after F.E. Dzerzhinsky entered the special battalion. She has a glorious fighting tradition. During the war years, the Dzerzhinsky fought near Moscow, near Novgorod, in Ukraine, successfully completing special tasks. The best were selected here to participate in the Victory Parade.
“... Who commanded a special consolidated battalion at the parade?
At the head of the fighters, carrying fascist banners and standards lowered to the ground, photographs captured a young officer with a drawn blade. Documents preserved in the archives call his name:
Senior Lieutenant Dmitry Vovk. Before serving in the army, he worked as a fitter in a Donetsk village. He was drafted into the 3rd motorized rifle regiment of the Dzherzhinsky division, and became commander. Vovk participated in the defense of Moscow, replacing the company commander. Now reserve lieutenant colonel Dmitry Grigorievich Vovk, military instructor of a secondary school in Sverdlovsk, secretary of the primary party organization. "! D. Novoplyansky, Pravda newspaper of June 24, 1975, No.
“Of the two hundred soldiers of the special battalion, who, at the Victory Parade, to the drum roll, threw the banners of the defeated fascist hordes to the foot of the Mausoleum, out of the two hundred of its soldiers, the Pravda newspaper named five, and here are six more:
Mikhail Sergeev, Oleg Nosvich, Andrei Konovalov, Yuri Khilkov (from the Arkhangelsk region, author's note), Petr Chernov, Vasily Skipenko "Pravda newspaper of June 22, 1974 No. 173 (20412)" Soldiers of the special battalion ", D. Novoplyansky.
From the newspaper "Pravda" article "200 throws" 1985, April 2:
“We, the Dzerzhinsky people, arrived from the fronts earlier, and our bearing could already serve as an example. However, we now have a lot to learn. For classes, everyone was given sticks about 2 meters long - these are the struts of soldiers' tents. ... Lefortovo became the place of training for a special battalion, where the consolidated regiment of this front was located.
With sticks that imitated fascist banners, Parade training took place. (Author's note)
In a single black and white photograph of 1945, the Red Army soldier Kanashev N.M., who served in the third regiment, to which he was transferred from the 112th rifle regiment of the 31st division in March 1945.
Let's honor a minute of silence for our fellow villagers who did not return from the war. Auschwitz. Newspaper special issue. My native land. Glory Square. Veterans of the Second World War. Aircraft designers. Tragedy and feat of the people. Fascism. The Great Patriotic War. Artillery. Front roads of Khabarovsk residents. I.V. Stalin. G.K. Zhukov. Weapon of victory. Weapon of war. Food card. Battle medal. Memorial with. Krasnorechenskoe.
"Briefly about the war 1941-1945" - How many nameless heroes there were. Defenders of Stalingrad. June. Sobyanin died a heroic death. generation of winners. 36 thousand schoolchildren were awarded orders and medals. Zina Portnova. Chuprov Alexander Emelyanovich. Leningrad blockade. Western Europe. Partisan detachments. Memory. Brest Fortress. Putilov Matthew. The Great Patriotic War. People. Twenty-seven million human lives were claimed by the war.
"The Course of the Great Patriotic War" - Stalin's Autograph: Victory at Stalingrad. Were there means to defeat Germany? But everyone understands that the war is lost. Italy, Romania, Hungary and Finland also entered the war against the USSR. The production of tanks, ships, and ammunition developed rapidly. The number of deserters is exceptionally high. Gko. country in the late 1930s. By its cruelty and furious depravity. On April 16, 1945, the battle began.
"The Great Patriotic War" - April-May. Situation. An impossible task. Everything for the front. The initial period of the war. Summer-spring campaign. Soviet troops. Summer-autumn campaign. Third period of the war. Yalta Conference. War Soviet Union against Nazi Germany. political schools. occupation regime. Joseph Stalin. Last military call. The Great Patriotic War. End of the war. offensive actions. Moldavian SSR.
"History of the Second World War" - The results of the initial period of the war. Millions of Soviet citizens found themselves in the occupied territories. The beginning of the invasion. North direction. Since mid-June, vacations for personnel have been canceled. Was in the blockade of Leningrad. On the morning of June 22, the Finnish army entered the Aland Islands. Blitzkrieg. The Northwestern Front (commander F.I. Kuznetsov) was created in the Baltics. Central direction.
"Great battles of the great war" - Siege of Leningrad. Eternal glory to the heroes! Victory parade. Defense Brest Fortress. May 9 - Victory Day. In the name of the living - Victory! victorious outcome Battle of Stalingrad was of great military and political importance. Victory! The Battle of Kursk lasted forty-nine days - from July 5 to August 23, 1943. The city is a hero. On July 12, the largest oncoming tank battle in history took place in the Prokhorovka area. In the photo, the 85-meter sculpture "The Motherland Calls" crowning the memorial.
The last military call is a call for military service, the last one during the years of the Great Patriotic War, conscripts born in 1926 and 1927. By the end of 1944, the entire territory of the Soviet Union was liberated from fascist troops, but more than six months remained before the end of the war. In the first years of the war, the Red Army suffered significant losses, maintaining the number of combat-ready units through the mobilization of older ages. The corresponding resolution “On the draft for military service of conscripts born in 1927” was adopted by the State Defense Committee on October 25, 1944, and the call itself was carried out in November 1944. Young people who were barely 17 years old were called up for active military service. It should be noted that for the first time the country's leadership decided to deviate from the Law on universal conscription in the face of severe human losses and in the fall of 1943 to call for active military service over 700 thousand underage boys born in 1926. The decree identified 4 categories of the population, which were exempted from the next call. Firstly, these are workers of enterprises with qualifications of the 3rd category and above, students of a number of vocational schools and schools of people's commissariats. Secondly, these are students of all higher educational institutions and students of all colleges. Students of the 10th grade of secondary school and 9-10th grade of special schools of the People's Commissariat of Education were not subject to the next call. The fourth category consisted of conscripts of local nationalities of the Georgian, Azerbaijani, Armenian, Turkmen, Tajik, Uzbek, Kazakh and Kyrgyz Union Republics, Dagestan, Kabardian, North Ossetian Autonomous socialist republics , Adyghe and Cherkess autonomous regions. In total, 1 million 156 thousand 727 people were called up. Of the recruits, 60 thousand people were sent to staff the NKVD troops, the rest - to reserve, training units and special schools and schools with a six-month training period. Part of the underage soldiers, having passed the course of a young soldier at an accelerated pace, was sent to the front, of which 280 thousand remained forever on the battlefields of European countries, which they had to liberate from fascism. Among the participants in the Great Patriotic War of the last military conscription, over 150 people received the high title of Hero of the Soviet Union or full holder of the Order of Glory. The majority of conscripts born in 1927 had a different fate. They did not fight at the front, but were close to it, guarding military installations, railway and highway bridges, escorting trains with equipment, equipment and food to the front. For many young soldiers, the war continued for a long time after the Victory. With weapons in their hands, they participated in the liquidation of gangster nationalist groups in Western Ukraine, Belarus, the Baltic republics, cleared mines from the former occupied territories, carried out trawling in the waters of the Black and Baltic Seas, escorted German prisoners of war, carried out border and guard duty. After the end of the war, they were in constant combat readiness, without taking off their overcoats for months, and served in the Soviet Army for more than three terms prescribed by law. Military service for them was extended to 7-9 years. The next massive regular conscription for military service was carried out only in 1949. The special merit of this generation of defenders of the Fatherland is that they were responsible for maintaining and strengthening the defense capability of our country after the mass dismissal of the older ages of privates, sergeants and foremen after the end of the war . Demobilization from the Armed Forces began on July 5, 1945, in accordance with the Law “On the demobilization of older ages of personnel of the active army” adopted on June 23, 1945 by the 12th session of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. In early September, the law was extended to the troops stationed in the Far East, the subsequent stages of demobilization were carried out on the basis of special decrees of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. By the beginning of 1948, demobilization was basically completed: about 8.5 million people were dismissed from the ranks of the Armed Forces of the USSR. 3 million people remained in the ranks, mostly born in 1926-1927. It was they who were now called the "main contingent" of the Armed Forces of the USSR. Many soldiers who managed to finish only 4-8 grades before being called up got the opportunity to study at evening secondary schools, and then at military schools, making up a significant part of the Soviet officer corps. Major General G.M. Shirshov, who began military service in 1944, expressed his opinion about this generation of Soviet soldiers: look, the Soviet Army of the late 40s - early 50s of the last century was the strongest in the world. The personnel basis of the army was precisely the last military conscription. Lena Kornilov turned eighteen on March 24. 45 days later, on May 9, 1945, the Great Patriotic War ended. Each veteran has his own accounts with fortune. The March conscription born in 1927 was lucky in terms of the Hamburg account: their war ended in the "training school", which rapidly stamped out young lieutenants. Those who were a little older got into a terrible meat grinder at Balaton and in Manchuria. Two-three-four months difference in the date of birth and someone from the generation of eighteen received a royal gift from fate - the future. And in the load constant pain without the fault of the guilty. For the first time, she touched the heart of Leonid Vasilyevich when he, along with other leaders of the Kalinin region, was sent to Hungary, as they said then, to exchange experience. - We are walking along the Soviet cemetery, the same signs flash before our eyes, for many my year of birth is 1927. And there are a lot of them, 18-year-old boys! recalls the 85-year-old veteran. "Hello, dear sister Galya!" - wrote in February 1945 the Red Army soldier Sasha Zagorenko, born in 1926, drafted into the army in the spring of 1944. And in a boyish way he threatened the Nazis: “I am a machine gunner, number one, a gunner, so I give life to the Germans, I will avenge all of them, damned bastards ...” He died on April 23, 1945 on the outskirts of Berlin. Sasha Zagorenko says goodbye to her sister: "So goodbye, I kiss you hard. Hello grandmother, mother, hello to everyone ... Draw more drawings. Your brother Sasha." They were ordinary boys who really wanted to go home to their parents, to someone - to the brides. 18-year-old Borya Zapolsky wrote to his parents a month before his death: “I am still alive and well and still fighting the enemy. in a very dangerous situation... Dear parents, now I have one desire and one thought - to reach Berlin as soon as possible, because through it the way home, to the Motherland... Your son Boris." On April 30, Boris Zapolsky was killed in Berlin by fragments of a faustpatron. Posthumously awarded the medal "For Courage". During the three-week Far Eastern campaign, Soviet soldiers had to overcome large natural obstacles - the waterless steppes and sandy deserts of Mongolia, the mountain ranges of the Greater Khingan, large water barriers, experience heavy rains, tiring daytime heat and piercing night cold. And most importantly, we had to storm the powerful fortified areas created by the Japanese over many years, which blocked access to the central regions of Manchuria, and fight suicide bombers. The commander of the 1136th Red Banner Königsberg Rifle Regiment, Colonel Savoikin, said that he would not have believed it if he had been told that his regiment would pass through hot sands, mountains and gorges at a march speed of up to 65 kilometers per day: “Suvorov was a master of large transitions, but "he led trained soldiers who served in the army for 20-25 years. In my regiment, 65 percent of the personnel are young people born in 1927." The generation of defenders of the Fatherland of the last military draft is a special category of people who, having barely reached the age of seventeen, were drafted in 1944 into the ranks of the Red Army and the Navy. And all of them, in fact, were minors on the day of the call. Such an experience of conscription already took place in the First world war in 1915 in Russia. But then "an early conscription of young people born in 1895 was made, and young men who had not yet reached the age of twenty went to war." G. Zhukov mentions this in his book “G. K. Zhukov. Memories and reflections. \ And even before being drafted to the war in 1944-45, the young men managed to work for 2-3 years in the national economy, where then only women, old people and children worked. And everyone worked without rest and holidays, giving all their strength to the common cause of Victory. They then protected us with ranks of skinny shoulders, Filling the beating of young hearts with the last strength! The last military conscription... The boys in the photo froze... They laugh excitedly at something... And there among them is my father. Svetlana Lisienkova
The number of those exempted from conscription for military service in the active army during World War II in the USSR largely depended on the size and strategic importance of a particular settlement. In Moscow, more than 40% of men of military age had reservations, while in the villages this figure did not exceed 5%.
Liberated bosses
First of all, leading workers were exempted from being drafted to the front - the chairmen of the regional committees, regional committees, city committees and district committees of the party. Often in the occupied territory they led partisan detachments operating behind enemy lines. In the villages, they often called up everyone who was suitable for health reasons. Often only women, old people and minor children remained in the village during the war. They also had the armor of the director of factories, factories and other enterprises, especially those of strategic importance in wartime conditions. When the Nazis approached the city, the heads of enterprises evacuated equipment to distant regions of the USSR and went there themselves to establish production. Middle-level specialists of factories and factories, many skilled workers of enterprises, employees of institutions responsible for the life support and safety of settlements were not subject to conscription.
Workers of the ideological front
Artists, painters, composers and musicians, writers and poets, scientists - this is just an incomplete list of professions whose owners were entitled to a reservation from being drafted to the front. Artists, such as, for example, Arkady Raikin, Vasily Kachalov, Igor Ilyinsky, participated in concert teams that went to the positions of our troops with concerts. Artists (the famous trio of Kukryniksy, Boris Efimov, Irakli Toidze) drew posters and designed leaflets. Booked writers and poets often became war correspondents (Boris Polevoy, Konstantin Simonov).
For what they put the brothers-football players Starostin
Many athletes were exempted from conscription. An example is the story of the four Starostin brothers, famous Spartak football players. They, who had a reservation, according to the investigation, helped dozens of other conscripts to “slope” from the front for money and at the same time spread anti-Soviet agitation. As a result, all four and several other people from the Spartak sports society were sent to the Gulag camps. By the way, cases of "excuses" from the army and the issuance of fake armor during the Great Patriotic War were not uncommon. Dozens of military commissars and employees of draft commissions were brought to criminal responsibility in such cases.
National feature of the call
Representatives of some nationalities who were citizens of the USSR were not called up to active military units: Germans, Romanians, Finns, Bulgarians, Greeks, Turks, Japanese, Koreans, Chinese, Hungarians and Austrians. They were supposed to be in the so-called work columns - the labor units of the Red Army, something like construction battalions. Poles, Lithuanians and Latvians, Czechs and Estonians were also initially not subject to conscription. In 1942, a ban was introduced on the conscription of highlanders - natives of Checheno-Ingushetia, Kabardino-Balkaria and Dagestan.
Why did the "bitch war" happen
They did not call on the front those convicted under the political 58th article. Until 1943, thieves and bandits and those serving time for domestic crimes had armor. Then, when a turning point occurred in the war and the Red Army needed fresh forces, it was their turn. Bandits, thieves in law were not ordered to serve by the thieves' code, but many of them, for patriotic reasons, neglected these conventions. As a result, at the end of the Great Patriotic War, when the conquered thieves took up their old ways and again ended up in the zone, the lawyers of the old formation no longer considered them authorities. These disagreements between the "twisted" veteran thieves and the authorities who did not fight resulted in the so-called bitch wars with numerous victims on both sides.
"Sick" reason
They did not take to the front those clearly unfit for military service for health reasons - people with mental illness (for example, schizophrenics), with very poor eyesight, disabled people, and tuberculosis patients. Many of those who were entitled to reservations (and not only due to illness) went to the front as volunteers. In the film “The meeting place cannot be changed”, an example is given with the son of the hero played by Zinovy Gerdt, who had official permission not to serve, - the short-sighted violinist went to fight and died, while the swindler Besyaev (Smoked) simply bought a certificate of linden hernia. Gerdt himself, as a “reserved” artist, also could not serve, but he went to the front as a volunteer, was seriously wounded and demobilized with the rank of senior lieutenant. He was a Knight of the Order of the Red Star.
Of course, the unfit for health were not called to the front. Although many men from this category, capable of holding a rifle, went to sign up as volunteers. By the way, not all Soviet citizens had patriotic moods during the war. The example of the Starostin brothers, well-known football players in the USSR who had a “reservation”, is proof of this: the investigation and the court proved that the athletes organized an entire industry to free those liable for military service from military service for money.
Belonging to a certain nationality could also serve as a reason for refusing to call up one or another person liable for military service to the front. Germans, Romanians, Finns, Bulgarians, Turks, Japanese, Koreans, Chinese, Hungarians and Austrians, even as citizens of the USSR, as a rule, did not fight on the side of the Red Army in the Great Patriotic War - they were drafted into auxiliary units engaged in engineering and construction work . Certain restrictions on conscription were also introduced for natives of the North Caucasus and the Baltic states.
For a long time, the draft boards did not touch the convicts kept in the Gulag. However, by 1943, when the situation at the fronts required the involvement of an additional amount of manpower in the Red Army, it was allowed to call on convicts-bytoviki and experienced thieves. According to the thieves' code, any cooperation with the authorities is considered zapadlo, and therefore, after the end of the Great Patriotic War, the mass retreat of the crime bosses from the concepts (“twisting”) provoked the so-called “bitch wars”: thieves in law (front-line soldiers) who took up the old received new terms, returned to the zones, where the "bitches" were met with bloody showdowns by the "correct" lawyers.
