Ivan Andreevich Krylov- Russian publicist, poet, fabulist, publisher of satirical and educational magazines. Known as the author of 236 fables
Was born February 2 (13), 1769 in Moscow in the family of a retired officer. early years The writer spent his time on the road; he studied reading and writing at home, since his father had a large library of books.
In 1780, he began working part-time as a clerk. Later, Krylov enters service in the treasury chamber.
Krylov made his debut in literature between 1786 and 1788. as the author of dramatic works - the comic opera “The Coffee House” (1782), the comedies “The Pranksters”, “The Mad Family”, “The Writer in the Hallway”, etc., which did not bring the author fame.
In 1789, the satirical magazine “Mail of Spirits” began to be published. By that time, he had already written many works and translated a French opera. In 1792, his magazine “The Spectator” began to be published, which was also satirical in nature.
In 1797, the writer met Prince S. F. Golitsyn and went to work for him as a secretary and teacher of children. The writer began to show himself as a fabulist in 1805, after he translated two of La Fontaine’s fables into Russian. Soon his works appeared: “A Lesson for Daughters”, “Fashion Shop”, “Ilya Bogatyr, Magic Opera”, “Lazy Man”, etc.
In 1810 he went to work at the Imperial Public Library, where he worked until his retirement in 1841. In 1811 he joined the literary society of lovers of Russian literature. In the same year he became a member of the Russian Academy.
During the war with Napoleon, the poet acted as a patriot, although later he ridiculed the vices of secular society in his works. He also made fun of many people's shortcomings. For example, pride, selfishness, vanity, stupidity. During his life, Krylo wrote about 200 fables, the most famous of which are “The Swan, the Crayfish and the Pike,” “The Dragonfly and the Ant,” “The Quartet,” and “The Crow and the Fox.” His fables have been translated into French, Italian, Georgian and other languages.
This man is one of the most famous fabulists in the history of our country, so people should definitely read interesting facts from the life of Ivan Andreevich Krylov, from whom there is sometimes something to learn.
- Krylov began earning money at the age of 10, since there was no father in the family and no money for food either.. Due to the fact that Ivan’s mother had no money at all, he could not get an education and learned his first basics of literacy on his own.
- Ivan Andreevich had an enviable appetite. He could eat an unlimited amount of food at any time of the day or night. Those who were familiar with such moments were therefore wary of inviting him to visit them, and if they did so, they first purchased groceries.
- Outwardly, the great fabulist looked extremely untidy. Krylov hated changing dirty clothes for clean ones and combing his hair. His jacket sometimes shone with grease stains left by fallen food. Friends often suggested that he wash and change clothes.
- Those around him considered Krylov a callous person. He was more than once accused of being thick-skinned and completely lacking any feelings. They say that after his mother’s death he went to a performance. However, this fact is just an unconfirmed rumor.
- In his youth, Ivan was fond of fist fights. Even as a child, being a strong and tall boy, he fought one on one with adult men and often defeated them. With age, he managed this even more easily.
- Krylov did not hide his laziness. There was a painting hanging right above the sofa at his house. People around her more than once told the fabulist that she was at a dangerous angle and it was better to re-hang this work of art. Ivan Andreevich only laughed at those around him and did nothing about it.
- Once, being late to visit Musin-Pushkin, the late fabulist was subjected to a “penalty” punishment - food. He ate a large plate of pasta with a heap, the same portion of soup, and then ate the second and once again refreshed himself with flour products. Those around were shocked.
- Ivan Andreevich had a tradition - to sleep in the library after a hearty lunch. At first he could read books, and then gradually fell asleep. Friends knew this and placed a spacious soft chair there in advance.
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- Krylov was delighted by the contemplation of fires. In St. Petersburg they happened often. As soon as the source of the fire was identified, firefighters and Ivan Andreevich, who could not miss this spectacle and watched with interest what was happening, went to the scene.
- Traveling, Krylov traveled all over Russia, which surprised the fabulist’s friends who knew about his natural slowness. Ivan Andreevich liked to study the customs and life of different regions of our vast country. The character of people from small provincial towns and villages, where Krylov often visited, is described in many of his fables.
- Ivan Andreevich knew how and loved to make fun of others. There is a famous case in his biography when Krylov went for a walk. On the street, merchants began to lure the writer into their shops, almost forcing him to look at the goods. He began to go into every store and then wonder why there was so little product. Finally, the merchants understood everything and left the writer behind.
- Krylov's fables criticized the mores of society of that time. Ivan Andreevich especially loved to ridicule, in a “camouflaged” form, the bureaucracy and rudeness of government officials, as well as the behavior of people from “high society.”
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- The fabulist had an illegitimate daughter, Sasha, from a cook. He even sent the girl to a good boarding school. After the death of Sasha’s mother, he took over her upbringing, and subsequently married her off with a good dowry. They say that he bequeathed all rights to his works to his daughter.
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- Krylov died not from volvulus, but from bilateral pneumonia. IN last years he had serious health problems. However, many thought that the cause of Krylov’s death was excess weight, which appeared as a result of overeating.
- Before his death, Krylov ordered a copy of his fables to be distributed to all close people.. The writer's friends received the book along with notice of his death. Ivan Andreevich's funeral was luxurious, and Count Orlov was one of the pallbearers.
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Ivan Andreevich Krylov - famous poet and publicist, born February 2, 1769 in Moscow. Ivan Krylov did not have the opportunity to get a good education, and from his father he received only a lot of books and great love for them. The boy's wealthy neighbors allowed him to attend French lessons for their children. So Ivan Andreevich Krylov learned French tolerably.
The boy began to work very early, and also learned what it was like to live in poverty. When Ivan’s dad died, he was hired as a sub-clerk at the provincial magistrate of Tver, where Krylov Sr. had previously worked. There was only enough money for food, so life was very difficult. After 5 years, the mother of the future fabulist takes her children with her and goes to St. Petersburg to seek her pension, as well as to prepare her eldest son for work. So Ivan Krylov began working as a clerk in the treasury chamber.
Young Krylov read a lot to get proper self-education. It is also known that in his youth he taught himself to play various instruments. At the age of 15, the young man himself wrote a small comic opera called “The Coffee House.” This can be called the poet’s first debut in literature. Due to poverty, Ivan Krylov was well acquainted with the life and customs of ordinary people, so such experience became very useful in the future.
Creation
After moving to St. Petersburg, Ivan Andreevich visited the newly opened theater. There he met many artists and from then on lived the passions of this sanctuary of art. Krylov loved literary activity too much, so at the age of 18 he resigned from government service.
Literary activity was not very successful at first. Soon the fabulist wrote the tragedy Philomela, imitating the classics. But this work was mediocre, but the young writer did not stop.
After some time, the poet created several comedies: “Pranksters”, “Mad Family”, “Writer in the Hallway” and many others. This time, the growth of Krylov's skill was noticeable, but most readers and critics were dissatisfied.
Ivan Andreevich's first fables were published without a subscription. In 1788 they could be seen in the Morning Hours magazine. Three creations, called “The Newly Granted Donkey,” “The Fate of the Gamblers,” and “The Shy Gambler,” were practically unnoticed by critics and readers. They had a lot of causticity and sarcasm, but no skill.
In 1789, the fabulist published the magazine “Mail of Spirits” together with Rachmanin. But the publication does not receive the desired success and is no longer published. Krylov does not stop there.
Magazine "Mail of Spirits"
After 3 years, he creates another magazine called “Spectator”. Then, after another 1 year, the magazine “St. Petersburg Mercury” is published. Ivan Andreevich Krylov published some of his works in these publications.
In 1805, Krylov translated two fables, “The Oak and the Cane” and “The Picky Bride.” In 1809, the first edition of Ivan Krylov gained enormous popularity; it consisted of 23 works. Thus, the fabulist becomes very popular and the public eagerly awaits his new creations.
In 1810, he became an assistant librarian at the Imperial Public Library, where he would work until 1841.
In 1825, in Paris, Count Grigory Orlov published I. A. Krylov's Fables in two volumes in French, Russian and Italian. This book was the first foreign publication of fables.
Throughout his life, the writer created more than 200 fables. Krylov lived long enough, he was very smart and kind person. He created his works not only for highly educated intellectuals, but also for ordinary people. The fabulist died on November 21, 1844. Many thought that Krylov died from volvulus, but in fact the cause of death was bilateral pneumonia.
The attitude of the Russian people towards the great fabulist Ivan Andreevich Krylov (1769-1844) has always been extremely warm. They called him “Grandfather Krylov,” thereby emphasizing respect and love for this extraordinary man. N.V. Gogol called Krylov’s fables “The Book of Folk Wisdom.” But the great fabulist created not only fables; he showed his talent in a wide variety of literary genres. A brave satirist, a subtle lyrical poet, a witty author of funny comedies. This was Krylov at the end of the 18th century.
This period of creative activity prepared the writer for the field of fabulist, which brought him well-deserved fame. At the same time, the 80-90s of the 18th century can be considered as an independent stage in the creative formation of Ivan Andreevich. He, as a writer, took his rightful place in literary life those years, and his early works are examples of biting satire and still arouse keen interest among readers.
Biography of I. A. Krylov
Ivan Andreevich Krylov was born on February 2, 1769 in Moscow in the family of a modest army officer. His father, Andrei Prokhorovich Krylov, served for a long time as an ordinary soldier, then as a company clerk, and eventually rose to the rank of sergeant. He distinguished himself during the suppression of the Pugachev uprising and retired in 1774 with the rank of captain.
After his resignation, he was appointed to the post of chairman of the Tver provincial magistrate. So little Krylov ended up in Tver. He was raised by his mother. She was, according to the fabulist himself, a simple woman without education, but naturally intelligent. At the age of 10, the boy’s father died, and the family was left without any means of subsistence.
The boy's mother, having become a widow, sought a pension, addressed a petition to the highest name, and begged him to condescend to her poverty and take into account her husband's long and blameless service. But the pension was denied, and Krylov’s mother began to earn money for her daily bread by performing services in rich houses and reading the psalter for the dead.
The youngest Krylov was assigned as a sub-clerk to the same provincial magistrate where his father served during his lifetime. But in the winter of 1782, mother and son moved to St. Petersburg. There Krylov was taken to the office of the St. Petersburg Treasury Chamber. The family owed this to the merits of their deceased father. Although the widow was denied a pension, the state showed participation, and the son of the honored captain was given a more or less decent job.
Creativity in your youth
In the capital, Krylov became interested in theater. At first I simply went to plays as a spectator, and then decided to try my hand at drama. At the age of 14, he wrote a comic opera in verse, “The Coffee House.” Then he wrote tragedies from ancient Greek life: “Philomela” and “Cleopatra”. In 1786-1788, the young man wrote a number of comedies and met such prominent actors as Dmitrievsky, Rykalov, Plavilshchikov. But Krylov's creations were not staged.
Disappointed in the opportunity to see his plays on stage, Krylov broke with the theater and decided to take up journalism. In 1788, he began collaborating with the Morning Hours magazine, which was headed by I. G. Rachmaninov. The type of activity of the future fabulist in his new field was very diverse. He proved himself both as a poet, and as a satirist, and as a journalist. The first fables were published in the magazine “Morning Hours”: “The Shy Gambler”, “The Peacock and the Nightingale” and a number of others.
Rachmaninov, under whom Krylov worked, was close to the radical intelligentsia grouped around Radishchev. And this affected the activities of Ivan Andreevich. In January 1789, he began publishing the magazine “Mail of Spirits”, the main purpose of which was to expose the noble society of that time.
Krylov, thus, acted as a continuer of the traditions of Radishchev, Novikov, Fonvizin. Spirit Mail became a one-author magazine. It displayed correspondence between fictitious “spirits” and the equally fictitious “Arab philosopher Malikulmulk.” Such satire made it possible to speak quite transparently about the shortcomings of the existing system.
But the magazine existed only until August 1789. Great French revolution led to an intensification of the reaction in Russia. This made further publication of Spirit Mail impossible. However, Krylov, together with actor Dmitriev, playwright Plavilshchikov, and young writer Klushin, organized the publication of a new magazine “Spectator”. It began publication in 1782.
In “The Spectator” Ivan Andreevich published such works as “Kaib”, “Nights”, “Equivalence in memory of my grandfather”. And these creations, which came from the pen of the future fabulist, largely continued and deepened the satirical motifs of “Spirit Mail”.
Catherine II died in 1796, but the government’s strict policy regarding literature did not change. The new Emperor Paul I intensified the persecution of free thought. He ordered the closure of private printing houses and established strict censorship over the press.
In the fall of 1797, Ivan Andreevich Krylov settled in the village of Kozatsky, Kyiv province. This was the estate of Prince S. F. Golitsyn, who fell out of favor with Paul I. The mood of the future fabulist was extremely oppositional. This was evidenced by the buffoon comedy “Podshchipa”, written in Kozatsky. It was an evil parody of the existing order in the country. It was published for the first time only in 1871.
Ivan Andreevich's stay in Kozatsky ended with the death of Emperor Paul I. In the fall of 1801, S. F. Golitsyn was appointed governor general in Riga. Krylov went with his patron as a secretary. And in 1802, the second edition of “Mail of Spirits” was published in St. Petersburg and the comedy “Pie” was staged.
Creativity in adulthood
Soon Krylov retired and left for Moscow. In the January issue of the magazine “Moscow Spectator” for 1806, the first fables of Ivan Andreevich were published, which determined his future creative path. By the beginning of 1806, the aspiring fabulist arrived in St. Petersburg. He lived in this city for all subsequent years.
His life returned to a monotonous and peaceful course. He takes an active part in the capital's literary life and becomes a member of literary and scientific communities. Getting to know each other closely famous writers that time. Lives next door to the translator of the Iliad N. I. Gnedich and is an employee of the Public Library.
Krylov becomes close to the President of the Academy of Arts A. N. Olenin. In those years, famous scientists, writers, and artists gathered in the Olenins’ house. There were Shakhovsky, Ozerov, Gnedich, Batyushkov, later Pushkin and many other popular people. All literary news, newly appeared poems, information about interesting books, original paintings immediately entered the house.
With the coming to power of Alexander I, liberal trends gained strength in the country. As a result of this, Ivan Andreevich Krylov again returned to literary activity. Along with fables, which became his main activity, in 1806-1807 such comedies as “Fashion Shop”, “Lesson for Daughters”, “Ilya the Bogatyr” were written. They were a success with the audience and were imbued with love and respect for Russian national culture.
They depicted the ignorant provincial nobility in a vitally truthful, cheerful, apt manner. It revered everything foreign, and as a result of its gullibility, it allowed itself to be robbed and fooled by foreign scoundrels. But it was not comedies, but fables that brought Krylov national fame.
In 1809, the first book of fables by Ivan Andreevich was published. And since then, for a quarter of a century, he devoted all his energy to writing fables. In 1811, he was elected a member of the “Conversations of Lovers of the Russian Word,” which united writers of the older generation. At this time, Krylov no longer looked like that daring rebel who dared to hit the empress herself with arrows of satire.
He becomes sedate, unhurried, withdraws into himself, and those around him begin to consider him eccentric. And how can one not count it if Ivan Andreevich Krylov could now sit for hours at the window in his room with a pipe in his teeth, thinking about the course of human life. Legends began to circulate about his absent-mindedness and laziness. They said that he once appeared at the palace in a uniform, the buttons on which were wrapped in paper by a tailor. And Pushkin, who knew Krylov closely, wrote about him at the time as a lazy eccentric.
However, Pushkin’s friend P. A. Vyazemsky did not at all consider Ivan Andreevich an eccentric. He perspicaciously wrote: “Krylov was not at all the absent-minded and simple-hearted La Fontaine that everyone had long considered him to be. In everything and always he was extremely smart. Fables were his calling. In them he could say a lot without pretending, and under the guise of animals, touch on issues, circumstances, personalities that he did not have the courage to directly approach.”
I. V. Turgenev, who met the famous fabulist in his youth, described his appearance this way: “I saw Krylov only once at an evening with a St. Petersburg writer. He sat motionless between two windows for more than 3 hours and during this time he did not say a word. He was dressed in a spacious, worn tailcoat, a white neckerchief, and boots with tassels clinging to his plump legs. He rested his hands on his knees and never turned his head. Only the eyes moved under the overhanging eyebrows. It was impossible to understand whether he was listening or just sitting there.”
This was Ivan Andreevich Krylov, the great Russian fabulist. In his youth, he established himself as a rebel, boldly attacking those who held power, and in his mature years he hid, assuming the image of a lazy eccentric. He began to express the truth about the world around him through fables, skillfully hiding his true thoughts and feelings.
At the end of life's journey
In 1838, a solemn celebration of Krylov took place on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of his literary activity. At this meeting, V. Zhukovsky described Ivan Andreevich’s fables as poetic lessons of wisdom that will reach posterity and never lose their strength and freshness. And the reason for this is that they turned into folk proverbs, and they always live with the people.
The great fabulist worked at the Public Library for about 30 years. He retired in March 1841 at the age of 72. Settled in a quiet apartment on Vasilyevsky Island. The writer's last work was preparation for publication in 1843 full meeting his fables. Ivan Andreevich Krylov died on November 9, 1844 at the age of 75.
The cause of death was bilateral pneumonia. The funeral was extremely magnificent with a large crowd of people. The great fabulist wrote a total of 236 fables, which were included in 9 collections during his lifetime. They were published from 1809 to 1843. Many expressions from fables have become catchphrases.
The years of Krylov’s life and biography in a number of articles have gaps when it is unknown what the playwright, journalist, and fabulist did. During his lifetime, he himself refused to edit his biography in a very harsh form: “I read it; there is neither time nor desire to correct, nor to straighten.” Is this why, despite all his publicity, both the fabulist himself and the years of Krylov’s life are partly mysterious.
Early childhood
In the family of the modest lieutenant Krylov, a son, Ivan, was born in Moscow at the beginning of February 1769. During the Pugachev riot, four-year-old Vanyusha lived with his mother in besieged Orenburg, and his father at that time defended the Yaitsky town and worried about the family. Pugachev promised to destroy not only the captain, but also his family. During these years of Krylov’s life, still just a baby, there were fires and alarm bells. When she began to decline, the brave Maria Alekseevna went with her son to Yaik, to her beloved husband. The years of Krylov’s life in the Yaitsk fortress were spent riding sleds in winter, watching adult Cossacks engage in underwater fishing for sturgeon and sterlet. In the evenings, the father, who had a chest of books, read entertaining novels and instructive stories to his family.
In Tver
In 1775, Ivan Krylov’s father retired and went with his family to his mother. Having no money, Krylov himself taught his son to read and write, and he read a lot and willingly. The boy walked a lot around the city, observing the life of the townspeople and attending debates at the seminary. There he first became acquainted with the performances that seminarians staged on stage. These sketches ridiculed bribery, red tape, and chicanery. Here Ivan saw it with his own eyes for the first time. On the streets he independently learned to speak a little Italian (there were many foreigners in Tver) and play the violin. And in the house of the landowner Lvov, he was allowed to study with teachers. And he began to study arithmetic, geometry and French. This is how the years of Krylov’s life passed. And my father was very ill, there was almost no money. In addition, another son was born - Levushka. Krylov the father did not rise and soon died, leaving the family almost in poverty.
Saint Petersburg
The mother and her two sons had to go to the capital to ask for a pension. In 1783, the teenager began to serve in the government service. And at the age of 16, his literary talent first manifested itself: he wrote the libretto for the opera “The Coffee House.” A year later, the drama “Cleopatra” appeared, and later the tragedy “Philomela”. At the same time, Ivan Krylov wrote the comic opera “The Mad Family” and the comedy “The Writer in the Hallway,” whose years of life can be described as prolific. But the young man is looking for himself. The 90s of Krylov’s life and personal life were marked by a sad event - his mother dies, and his younger brother Levushka remains in the care of Ivan Andreevich. They treat each other with tenderness.
Satirical magazine
Its publication was preceded by the comedy “Pranksters”, in which the leading playwright of the country at that time, Ya. B. Knyazhnin, recognized himself and his family. not distinguished by complacency, greatly angered Yakov Borisovich and the theater management. However, Krylov does not lose heart, but begins to publish the magazine “Mail of Spirits”. Here talent gradually manifests itself, marked by the sharp eye of a satirist. But the magazine has to be closed - there are too few subscribers.
Unlucky Groom
In 1791, after the massacre of Radishchev, Krylov was oppressed by St. Petersburg, and when one of his acquaintances invited him to go to he happily agreed. There, while visiting various estates, the young 22-year-old metropolitan poet met a young girl, Anna Alekseevna Konstantinova. He became seriously interested, simply fell in love and proposed, but was refused because he was too lowly born and poor.
Publisher and journalist
Then he returned home and plunged headlong into the publishing business, which he opened on shares together with Klushin and Plavilshchikov. Krylov’s articles, which became more demanding of his style, in the magazine “Spectator” sparkled with wit. He wrote an oriental fairy tale “Kaib”, which is all riddled with satire. Under the oriental robes of the viziers, one can discern the nobles and dignitaries of Russia. The St. Petersburg fairy tale “Night” also greatly affected the court aristocrats, serf owners and odopists. The “spectator” laughed at the craze for Western novels and sentimentalism. Strict surveillance was established over the magazine, and for the time being Krylov withdrew from literature and journalism.
Voluntary link
The young and previously cheerful writer began to feel burdened by inactivity and the ensuing lack of money. But one day a deck of cards fell into his hands. He got up from the gambling table with his pockets weighed down. Gambling captivated him, but at the gambling table he observed a different, unfamiliar life. There was a change of places: Yaroslavl, Tver, Tambov, Tula. Nizhny Novgorod... Being aged, Krylov recalled that he was carried away not by winnings, but by strong sensations. And the memory accumulated plots, images, epithets, comparisons. This is how the years of Ivan Andreevich Krylov’s life passed. He thought about himself and those who surrounded him - people who wasted time and energy on trifles and nonsense.
Return to St. Petersburg
It took place after the death of Catherine II, hated by Krylov, who in the last years of her reign stifled every living thought. By chance, on the street, Krylov ran into Pavel I, who mistook him for someone else and invited him to come in without hesitation. Krylov took advantage of the invitation, and the empress accepted him. Witty and lively, moderately respectful, Maria Fedorovna liked him. But from the suffocating capital, Krylov again left for the provinces. Occasionally he published his articles and translations from Italian, French and German, which by this time he had seriously studied.
Fabulist
By 1805, many changes had occurred in Krylov's life. He was a teacher for the children of Prince Golitsyn, served, wrote comedies, and in Moscow showed translations of La Fontaine's fables. Finally, the 36-year-old writer found himself. And yet he continues to write plays. They were successful, and he became a famous playwright, but he did not abandon the fables. This is how the years of the life of Krylov the fabulist passed. He is treated kindly by the authorities and is not financially offended. The government pays him high pensions, constantly increasing them. For his literary merits, he was already approved as an academician under Nicholas I. If at the beginning of his work he relied on the stories of La Fontaine and Aesop, now the author begins to find topical, poignant Russian stories, such as “The Swan, the Crayfish and the Pike,” for example. And gradually he becomes national writer, whom everyone quotes. His popularity is great. The young Belinsky put him in the same row as Pushkin, Griboyedov and Lermontov.
The biography and years of life of Ivan Andreevich Krylov are concluded in a rather long period of time - 75 years. We appreciate this man for his mind, in which slyness and mockery are mixed, for his lively and clear Russian style. He knew how to subtly, sharply and evilly make fun of Krylov’s shortcomings. The years of life and death (1769 - 1844) were a time of stagnation in society, then enthusiasm, and then again government pressure on a thinking person.
Biography for children
Ivan Andreevich Krylov has had a long journey life path. He was born into a poor family. His father served for thirty years to obtain the nobility and pass it on to his children. Ivan Andreevich saw neither tutors nor schools. He received his first knowledge from his father, and then the years of Ivan Andreevich Krylov’s life are an example of constant self-education for children. He read a lot and became one of the most versatile personalities of his time. He taught himself Italian as a child and German as an adult. He also knew French, since it was the accepted spoken language of society at that time. Krylov wrote better and better every year, increasing his demands on himself. Ivan Andreevich lived during the reign of three emperors, who treated him with both distrust and respect.
His services to Russian literature are unusually high - it is not without reason that every educated Russian person knows the lines from his fables. For the last thirty years of his life he served in the Public Library, while also being engaged in literary work. His funeral in 1844 was solemn. The second most important person in the state - Count Orlov - carried his coffin. I. A. Krylov was buried in St. Petersburg.
