The morphological category of a person is a system of rows of forms opposed to each other, expressing the attribution or non-attribution of an action to the participants in a speech act. The forms of the face express the attribution of the action to the speaker (forms of the 1st person), to the interlocutor (forms of the 2nd person) or to a person who is neither the speaker nor the interlocutor, as well as to an inanimate object (forms of the 3rd person). Accordingly, in the verb, proper-personal meanings are distinguished (these are the meanings of 1 and 2 l.) and the objective-personal meaning (this is the meaning of 3 l.).
Personal forms of a verb can have a number of other meanings in addition to the main ones. The 2nd person singular form can have a generalized personal meaning: What goes around comes around(last). The indefinite personal meaning is associated with the 3rd person plural form of the present and with the plural form of the past tense. This form expresses an action without specifying the actors: The noise multiplied. They sounded the alarm(P.).
Special meanings of personal forms are noted in the author’s speech (journalistic, scientific, business): often the use of the 1st person plural form instead of the 1st person singular form: Let's consider the proposed definitions; 1st person plural instead of 2nd person: Well, how do we feel?(Ch.).
· past tense ( got up, got up, got up);
· subjunctive mood ( I would read, I would read);
· participles ( reading, reading, reading).
The singular and plural forms are different for all forms of the verb, with the exception (!) of the indefinite form and the gerund.
There are a number of verbs that name actions that occur on their own, without their producer (subject). Such verbs are called impersonal. They do not change in person, number or gender, and do not have imperative forms. In sentences with such verbs, the use of a subject is impossible: evening, dawn.
The following verbs are impersonal:
1) Verbs without postfix -sya, calling: a) state of nature: evening, will star, freezes, dawns, dawn, it's getting colder; b) physical or mental state of a living being: chills, itchy, vomits, sore, be sick, will feel better(simple) will blow apart(bloat, make plump, thick) (colloquial); lucky(about luck in business, in the game; colloquial), will explode(about unexpected anger, irritation; colloquial), pulls, washes away(about a strong desire to do something; colloquial) impatient(colloquial), will manage(colloquial); c) presence or absence, lack of something: enough, enough, will become, will get it, missing; d) duty: should, should, befits.
2) Verbs with the postfix -sya, calling: a) desire, possibility of action: whenever he likes, will happen, will be given, I want to; b) the state of the subject (usually a living creature): (can't) believe it, dozing, I think, breathing, lives, (not) lying, unwell, I can't, crying; c) state of nature: it's getting dark, it will get dark.
The lesson covers gender, person and number of verbs. You will see how a verb expresses the meaning of an action by changing gender, person and number.
Topic: Verb
Lesson: Gender, person, number of a verb
1. Grammatical meaning of the verb
Open the brackets and put the verbs in the correct form of the present or future tense. If there are several variants of this form in your speech, choose one of them. Justify your choice of option. If the verb does not have the required form, change the sentence to express the given content.
1. Some people (run) through the streets. 2. He (to be attracted) to people with difficult fate. 3. In order not to freeze on the road, he usually (harness) the horse, let it gallop, and he (run) alongside. 4. I will definitely (get better) by the holiday. 5. I definitely (to win) this competition. 6. I just (pour) sugar into the jar, (screw) the lid and come to you. 7. This is how I (to annoy) the teacher! 8. Nettle is very strong (to burn). 9. The puppy (lie) under the sofa and purr. 10. I (to pick) you up in the evening. 11. The mother (light) all the lamps and (drip) medicine to her daughter. 12. He should not be entrusted with such a responsible task: he will definitely (to hesitate) at the most crucial moment. 13. I (knead) the dough and then rest. 14. If the blood (cooked), it is difficult to treat the wound. 15. If water (flow) under the bathtub, it will be difficultcollect. 16. When we (want), then (lie down) to rest! 17. If you don’t give up now, I (riddle) the whole house! 18. He quickly (wear out) new suit, if he treats him so carelessly. 19. I (spin, twirl, play tricks), but it’s all to no avail! 20. He (climb) to the very top of the tree. 21. He (to lie) to you! 22. They never (put) briefcases on their desks. 23. He (to bring) trouble upon us. 24. I work hard during the day, (work hard), sometimes by the evening I’m so (exhausted) - I can’t move my hand. 25. I won’t (offend) you. 26. This (to distract) you from sad thoughts. 27. He (to renounce) us at the first danger. 28. I (to defeat) this enemy too! 29. Water (flow) from the tap for the third day now. 30. They (want) to disgrace us. 31. The boats do not stand still, they slightly (sway) on the water. 32. Wind blows, rain(splash) in my face. 33. Parents stand on the platform and (wave) after the departing train. 34. Streams flow, roofs (drip). 35. The wolf (to prowl) through the forest in search of prey. 36. Women stand on the shore and (rinse) laundry.
1. Culture of written speech ().
2. Modern Russian language ().
Literature
1. Russian language. 6th grade: Baranov M.T. and others - M.: Education, 2008.
2. Russian language. Theory. 5-9 grades: V.V. Babaytseva, L.D. Chesnokova - M.: Bustard, 2008.
3. Russian language. 6th grade: ed. MM. Razumovskaya, P.A. Lekanta - M.: Bustard, 2010.
1. Nouns belong to one of three childbirth: male, female, average.
The gender of a noun can be determined by agreeing with it the possessive pronoun my:
my son, my governor, my curtain, my little house - masculine;
my wife, my wall, my night - feminine,
my window, my sky, my animal - neuter gender.
In addition, for most nouns denoting people, gender can be determined by gender - my apprentice, my grandfather(masculine); my mother, my sister(feminine gender).
2. Genus unchangeable nouns is defined as follows.
The gender of uninflected nouns that name people is determined by gender.
Brave hidalgo, refined lady.
Nouns denoting professions and occupations are masculine.
Military attaché, night porter.
Unchangeable nouns that name animals are masculine, although when referring to a female they can be used as feminine nouns.
Australian kangaroo, funny chimpanzee, little hummingbird.
The chimpanzee was feeding her babies.
Exceptions: tsetse, iwasi- feminine gender.
Unchangeable inanimate nouns are neuter.
Night taxi, delicious stew, new blinds.
Exceptions: coffee, penalty, sirocco(masculine) avenue, salami(feminine gender).
3. A special group consists of nouns general kind, which can refer to both male and female people.
What a slob you are! What a slob you are!
Nouns of the general gender characterize a person, usually give an evaluative characteristic of a person, have the endings -а, -я and belong to the 1st declension.
A slob, a ringleader, a singer, a hard worker, a dirty guy, a dude, a drunkard, a sissy, a sleepyhead, a crybaby.
Note!
Some 2nd declension nouns with a zero ending, naming persons by profession ( doctor, professor, associate professor, driver etc.), although they can be used in relation to female persons, are still nouns male!
4. The gender of nouns is determined by the singular form. If a noun does not have a singular form, it cannot be classified into any of the three genders.
Manger, pasta, trousers, pitchforks.
B) Number of a noun
1. Most nouns have two numbers - the only thing And plural. In the singular form, a noun denotes one object; in the plural form, it denotes several objects.
Pencil - pencils; doctor - doctors.
2. Only one form(singular or plural) have real, collective, abstract and some concrete nouns.
Only the form singular have:
most material nouns;
Oil, cement, sugar, pearls, sour cream, milk.
most abstract nouns;
Joy, goodness, grief, fun, redness, running, gray hair.
most collective nouns;
Teaching, students, foliage, animals, crows, children.
most proper names.
Voronezh, Caucasus, Caspian Sea, Ural.
Note!
In some cases, nouns that have only a singular form can form plural forms. But such education is necessarily associated with a change in the meaning of the word:
1) at real
a) types, varieties of substance:
wine - dessert wines, oil - technical oils;
b) the value of the large space covered by this substance:
water - ocean waters, sand - Karakum sands;
2) at distracted of nouns the plural form has the meaning:
a) various manifestations of qualities, properties, states:
opportunity - new opportunities, joy - our joys;
b) duration, frequency and degree of manifestation of a sign, condition, action:
frost - prolonged frosts, pain - severe pain, scream - screams.
Only the form plural have:
- some collective nouns;
Money, finance, wilds.
some real nouns;
Ink, sawdust, cleaning.
some abstract nouns;
Name days, elections, attacks, intrigues, beatings.
some proper names;
Karakum, Carpathians, novel “Demons”.
words denoting paired objects, that is, objects consisting of two parts;
Glasses, trousers, sleigh, gates, scissors, pliers.
some names of periods of time.
Twilight, day, weekdays, holidays.
Note!
For nouns that only have a plural form, not only the gender, but also the declension is not determined!
C) Case and declension of nouns
1. There are six in Russian cases:
All cases except the nominative are called indirect.
Note!
1) To correctly determine the case of a noun, you need to find the word on which the noun depends and ask a question about the noun from this word, and it is better to use both questions at the same time.
Wed: He trusted his friend: he believed[to whom? what?] friend - D. p.
The form I. p. usually has a subject, and such a noun does not depend on other members of the sentence, but is connected with the predicate.
Wed: I have[Who? what?] friend - I. p.
2) It is especially important to ask both questions if the noun is in the nominative, genitive or accusative case, since animate nouns have the same questions in the genitive and accusative cases (who?), and inanimate nouns have the same questions in the nominative and accusative cases (what?).
3) If a noun has a preposition, then the question must be asked using this preposition.
Wed: He looked at the book: he looked[in whom? into what?] in the book.
4) A preposition can be separated from a noun by an adjective or pronoun. Note that a preposition is associated with a noun, not a noun-dependent modifier.
Wed: He was quarreling with his friend: quarreling[with whom? with what?] with a friend.
2. Changing nouns by case and number is called declination.
Immutable nouns ( coat, citro, metro, taxi, kangaroo, UN, traffic police) have no declination! Their number and case can be determined in phrases and sentences on the question.
He was sitting[in whom? what?] V coat - singular, prepositional case; He came[without whom? without which?] without coat - singular, genitive case.
3. The declension of modified nouns is determined by the form nominative singular. Most singular nouns are divided into three types of declension.
The type of declension is determined by the initial form (singular, nominative case):
| 1st class | -and I | Feminine, masculine and common nouns with endings -а, -я. | Spring, earth, line, uncle, ruler, dirty one. |
| 2nd class | zero | Masculine nouns ending in zero. | House□ , edge□ , ball□ , planetarium□ . |
| -o, -e | All nouns end in -o, -e. | Window, field, suspicion- neuter gender; wolf, apprentice- masculine. | |
| 3rd class | zero | Feminine nouns ending in zero. | Mother□ , daughter□ , night□ , steppe□ . |
4. Ten neuter nouns ending in -мя (ending -я): time, burden, stirrup, tribe, flame, banner, crown, seed, name, udder, as well as nouns way, child refer to divergent(they have endings of different declensions).
5. The noun person has different roots in the singular and plural ( person people), therefore has different types Declension in singular and plural:
person (singular) - declined as a 2nd declension noun;
people (plural) - declined as a 3rd declension noun.
6. Substantive adjectives and participles (nouns formed by moving from one part of speech to another: ice cream, dining room, living room, maid etc.) do not belong to any of the three types declination. They continue to decline, just as adjectives and participles decline!
D) Declension patterns for nouns
1st declension
| Case | Singular | Plural | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I. p. | Mother | Nanny | Aria | Moms | Nannies | Arias |
| R. p. | Moms | Nannies | Arias | Mom | Nian | Arius |
| D. p. | To mom | Nanny | Arias | Moms | Nannies | Ariyam |
| V. p. | Mom | Nanny | Aria | Mom | Nian | Arias |
| etc. | Mom | Nanny(s) | Aria(s) | By moms | Nannies | Arias |
| P. p. | About mom | About the nanny | About the aria | About moms | About nannies | About arias |
Note!
Nouns of the 1st declension ending in -iya: army, aria, symphony, Maria and others - in the dative case and prepositional case of the singular they have the ending -i, like nouns of the 3rd declension.
Wed: to the army, about the aria, to the symphony, about the symphony, to Mary, about Mary.
For nouns ending in -ya: Marya, liar, cell
Wed: to Marya, oh Marya.
2nd declension. Masculine
| Case | Singular | Plural | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I. p. | House | Horse | Cue | At home | Horses | cues |
| R. p. | At home | Horse | Kiya | Houses | Horses | Kyiv |
| D. p. | Home | horse | Kiyu | Home | Horses | Kiyam |
| V. p. | House | Horse | Cue | At home | Horses | cues |
| etc. | Home | Horse | cue | Homes | Horses | Kiyami |
| P. p. | About the house | About the horse | About the cue | About houses | About horses | About cues |
Note!
Nouns of the 2nd declension ending in -iy (zero ending): cue, radium, proletarian, planetarium and others - in the single prepositional case they have the ending -i, like nouns of the 3rd declension.
Wed: about radium, about the planetarium.
For nouns ending in -ey, -ai (zero ending): edge, sparrow etc. - this rule does not apply (!).
Wed: about the edge, about the sparrow.
2nd declension. Neuter gender
Indeclinable nouns
| Case | Singular | Plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| I. p. | Time | Path | Time | Paths |
| R. p. | Time | Paths | Times | Ways |
| D. p. | Time | Paths | From time to time | Ways |
| V. p. | Time | Path | Time | Paths |
| etc. | Time | By | From time to time | In ways |
| P. p. | About the time | About the path | About times | About the paths |
Note!
In indirect cases, nouns ending in -mya have the suffix -en- ( time, seed, name).
Exception make up plural forms genitive case nouns seed, stirrup - no seeds, no stirrups.
Verb person- this is a grammatical category that shows which person performs the action.
The person of the verb is expressed by personal endings of the verb and personal pronouns.
1st person singular shows that the speaker is performing an action: I read, I will read, I read, I would read.
2nd person singular shows that the interlocutor is performing an action: you read, you will read, you read, you would read.
3rd person singular shows that the action is performed by the person in question: he (she, it) reads, will read, he reads, he would read.
1st person plural shows that the action is performed by a group of people, which includes the speaker: we read, we will read, we read, we would read.
2nd person plural shows that the action is performed by a group of people, which includes the interlocutor: you read, you will read, you read, you would read.
3rd person plural shows that the action is performed by the persons in question : they read, they will read, they read, they would read.
Verbs that have all six finite forms are called personal.
But not all verbs in Russian can have personal forms. Some verbs name an action or state in which there cannot be any actor at all: It's getting dark, it's evening, it's chilling. Such verbs are called impersonal.
Sometimes personal verbs can have an impersonal form: The hay smells nice ( smells– personal verb), but: Smells nice like hay(smells– impersonal form of the verb).
Also highlighted reflexively impersonal verbs that are formed from reflexive personal: I want - I want; I'm sad - I'm sad; I'm not sleeping - I can't sleep.
Pledge– this is a grammatical category of a verb that shows the relationship of an action to the subject (doer) and object (the object on which the action is performed).
In modern Russian there are two voices: active and passive.
Active voice shows that the subject denotes the one who performs an action that transfers to another subject: Builders building a house(subject here builders denotes those who perform an action, house- an addition that denotes an object that is subject to this action).
Passive voice shows that the subject denotes an object that is subject to action from another object: The house is being built by builders(subject here house denotes an object that is subject to action, and the addition in T. p. - builders- denotes those who perform this action).
Not all verbs in Russian have a voice form.
Conjugation of verbs
Conjugation- This is a change in verbs by persons and numbers. Only present and future simple tense verbs are conjugated. There are two types of conjugation: first and second. Verbs of the first and second conjugation differ in personal endings.
The conjugation of verbs is determined by the ending of the infinitive.
Co. The 2nd conjugation includes verbs ending in -it (build, love).
Exceptions: 11 verbs that do not end in the infinitive in -it, belong to the 2nd conjugation, they should be remembered:
Drive, hold, endure, offend,
Hear, see, hate,
And depend and twist,
And also breathe, look.
TO 1st conjugation includes all other verbs.
Exceptions: shave, build.
Verb lay used only in an indefinite form. Personal forms are formed from the verb lay 1st conjugation.
Verbs want, run and all those educated from them (to want, to run away, to come running etc.) have endings of different conjugations, that is, they are heterogeneously conjugated:
Verbs have a special form of conjugation eat, give(verb create conjugated the same way as a verb give).
Face
Verbs in the present and future tenses of the indicative mood and in the imperative mood have an inconstant morphological feature faces.
The face indicates the producer of the action.
The 1st person form indicates that the producer of the action is the speaker (alone or with a group of people): I’m going, let’s go.
The 2nd person form indicates that the producer of the action is the listener / listeners: go, go, go, go.
The 3rd person form indicates that the action is carried out by persons not participating in the dialogue, or by objects: he is going, he is going, let him go / go.
Forms 1 and 2 persons in the absence of a subject can indicate that the action is attributed to any manufacturer (see generalized personal one-part sentence: The slower you go, the further you will go).
From the point of view of attitude towards morphological category Person verbs can be divided into personal and impersonal.
Personal verbs denote actions that have a producer, and can act as predicates of two-part sentences (I'm sick).
Impersonal verbs denote an action that does not have a producer (It’s getting dark), or an action that is thought of as occurring against the will of the subject (I’m not feeling well). These are states of nature (It’s getting evening), of a person (I’m shivering) or a subjective assessment of the situation (I want to believe it). Impersonal verbs cannot be predicates of two-part sentences and act as the main member of a one-part impersonal sentence.
Impersonal verbs have a limited number of forms:
In the past tense of the indicative mood and in the conditional mood, the impersonal form coincides with the neuter singular form. numbers: dawn (would);
In the present / future tense of the indicative mood, the impersonal form coincides with the form of the 3rd person singular. numbers: it is dawning, it will be dawning;
In the imperative mood, the impersonal form coincides with the form of the 2nd person singular. numbers: Sunrise earlier, I would get up earlier (figurative use of the imperative mood in the meaning of the conditional).
Most impersonal verbs also have an infinitive form, but separate impersonal verbs they don’t even have it, for example: The task should be done in advance (the verb to follow in the infinitive does not have the meaning of must).
Personal verbs can also appear in an impersonal form (cf.: A wave washed away the boat. - A wave washed away the boat.). This happens when the action itself is more important to the speaker than its producer.
In the indicative mood, the morphological feature of a person is expressed by personal endings and, if there is a subject in the sentence, it is a concordant category: the personal pronouns I and we require the verb to be put in the 1st person form, the personal pronouns you and you require the verb to be put in the 2nd person, other pronouns and all nouns, and also words acting as a noun require the use of a verb in the 3rd person form.
Genus
The gender of a verb is an inflectional morphological characteristic of such verb forms as singular forms of the past tense of the indicative mood, singular forms of the conditional mood, participial forms. The gender characteristic of a verb serves to coordinate the verb with nouns and pronominal nouns and is a non-verbal indicator of their gender characteristic (Boy came - Sh - Girl came). The neuter gender can also indicate the impersonality of the verb (Vecherel-o).
Number
Number is a morphological characteristic inherent in all verbal forms, except for the infinitive and gerunds. The number of the verb serves to coordinate verb forms with a noun or pronominal noun (Prish-Sh person - Came-and people). Plural of the verb in one-part sentence indicates the uncertainty of the subject (There is a knock on the door), and the only thing can indicate impersonality (I am shivering).
Relationship between verb categories
There are relationships among verbal morphological characteristics:
1. Aspect and tense: SV verbs do not have present tense forms, and the future tense form is simple, NSV verbs have a present tense form, and the future tense form is compound.
2. Tense and mood: verbs change tenses only in the indicative mood, and in the imperative and conditional moods there is no morphological characteristic of tense.
3. Person and gender are mutually exclusive and cannot be represented in the same form: person is represented in the present and future tense of the indicative mood and in the imperative mood, and gender is represented in the past tense of the indicative mood and the conditional mood.
4. The vast majority of reflexive verbs are intransitive.
5. Forms of the passive voice have irreversible transitive verbs.
Thus, a verb is a part of speech that denotes a process and expresses this meaning in the categories of aspect, voice, mood, tense and person; the verb also has the categories of number and - in the forms of the past tense and subjunctive mood - the category of gender.
