Today, the journalistic style of speech is becoming popular and in demand, as the role of public speech in modern communication is sharply increasing. A person of our time often has the need to constructively build a dialogue, competently argue a position, and refute the opponent’s point of view. You can learn this by learning the secrets journalistic speech.
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What it is
What is journalism? These are works of literature, journalism, reflecting topical issues in the life of society. “journalistic” is translated from Latin as “public.” Publicists and journalists write about what interests the majority of society.
Therefore, the main task of the authors is to influence the thoughts, feelings, and actions of the addressee through information, to encourage action, to influence the formation of public opinion, moral choice, and spiritual development of readers. There is no place for fiction or convention in journalism; it orients the readership towards a specific fact and reflection on it.
Important! The journalistic style is used mainly for pressing issues of political, social, everyday, economic, sports, and cultural life of society.
Signs of journalistic style
Characteristics of journalistic style and text:
- problems of today;
- addressed to the mass reader;
- transfer of information;
- variety of topics;
- emotionality;
- call to action;
- open author's position;
- consistency;
- accuracy of facts;
- imagery.
Linguistic features of journalistic text
The main principle for selecting speech means in the material presented by the author is accessibility. Speaking in the media or in public is structured in accordance with the style in question. This explains the use of neutral.
The publicist's vocabulary is full of words from the field of politics and economics, which is due to his interest in socio-political topics. The influence function is realized thanks to assessment tools verbal expressiveness (scribbler, paper maker, hook-maker), words with a figurative meaning (breeding ground for Nazis, election race).
The syntax differs by a combination of constructions colloquial (incomplete, nominal sentences) and book speech ( separate members, subordinate clauses, inversion).
| Linguistic features of journalistic style | |
| Lexical | · book words (sons of the fatherland, fatherland); · socio-political vocabulary (freedom, democracy, progress); · neologisms (bioterrorism, Mars rover); · borrowing (speaker, marketing); · steady momentum (make a difference, common sense); · epithets (fatal coincidence of circumstances); · comparisons (love for son, like madness); · (disease of the state); · colloquial expressions (sharpen the lasses, let the duck go). |
| morphological | · abundance of adjectives; · forms of the genitive case; verbs of the past, present tense; · with suffixes -om-, -em-; · using the singular to mean the plural. |
| syntactic features of journalistic style | · appeals (friends, citizens); · introductory combinations of words (as stated); · rhetorical questions, exclamations; · incomplete sentences (Make way for the young!); · presentation of thoughts in the form of a question, answer; · gradation (country, homeland, fatherland); · parcellation (You need to live cheerfully. Freely.) |
Genre originality of journalism
A wide range of social, political, moral, ethical, and philosophical problems determine the genre diversity of journalistic literature. Conventionally, they can be divided as follows:
Newspaper genres:
- note (a concise message about a new event in the life of society that is significant for others);
- report ( operational information from the scene of the incident);
- interview (a conversation with a person in the form of questions and answers, intended for the media);
- article from a magazine, newspaper (reasoning based on an analysis of facts in their cause-and-effect relationship, including a clearly expressed position on the issues being disclosed).
Genres of artistic journalism:
- essay (a short story about a real event, person, phenomenon, differing from the literary one in its authenticity, lack of fiction, including open reflections on the subject of the image);
- feuilleton (exposure of social vices, built on the basis of one or a group of closely related phenomena);
- pamphlet (an denunciation aimed at an entire belief system, ideology, for example fascism).
Oratorical genres:
- oral presentation (communication with an audience in order to convey important information to the listener and prove one’s point of view);
- report (detailed discussion on a given topic);
- discussion (collective discussion of complex problems).
Signs of similarity with other speech styles
The journalistic style is not closed; it reflects the features of other functional styles.
What do scientific and journalistic texts have in common? The composition of both is based on reasoning. Pulls out first important problem, which worries the author. Then an analysis is given, an assessment of a possible way to solve it. The publicist gives examples from life, facts, refers to an authoritative opinion, which he uses to confirm his point of view. In conclusion, conclusions and generalizations are made. In such texts there is no scientific research, conclusions, although they are characterized by logical consistency, strict validity, general scientific terminology is the main characteristic of the journalistic style.
The connection with business style is indicated by specific numbers and exact facts that are used to reveal topics of concern to the author and the public.
So, unlike other varieties of speech, journalistic style is not strictly regulated, because in essence, what is journalism? She is characterized by emotionality and expressiveness; the style of the publicist allows for variations in norms, for example, the use expressive means artistic, spoken language.
Syntactic features of journalistic style demonstrate connection with artistic speech, which is manifested in the use of tropes and stylistic figures of speech (metaphors, comparisons, epithets, personifications, metonymy, hyperboles, litotes, etc.), in reflecting the individuality of the writer (speaker). Through the word the author influences the imagination and the feelings of the addressee, based only on real events, excluding fiction.
Attention! Knowing the similarities and differences between styles will help you avoid mistakes in determining the stylistic direction of the text.
Example of journalistic style text
In order to more accurately understand what exactly the described style of speech is, it is necessary to use examples of texts. This makes it easier to analyze and pay attention to key points.
Fragment of A.N. Tolstoy’s article “Moscow is threatened by an enemy.”
Let us stand as a wall against the mortal enemy. He is hungry and greedy. Today he decided to attack us and attacked us... This is not a war, as it happened when wars ended in a peace treaty, triumph for some and shame for others. This conquest is the same as at the dawn of history, when the German hordes, led by the king of the Huns, Attila, moved west to Europe to seize lands and exterminate all life on them.
There will be no peaceful end to this war. Russia and Germany are fighting to the death, and the whole world is listening to a gigantic battle that has not stopped for more than 100 days...
Our task is to stop Hitler's armies in front of Moscow. Then the great battle will be won by us.
You should know this! How to prove that the text is written in a journalistic style?
- Determine whether the task of informing and influencing has been achieved.
- Find out the scope of purpose of the material being presented.
- Identify the main stylistic features of journalistic speech.
- Find linguistic means inherent in this style.
Example of stylistic text analysis
(excerpt from A. N. Tolstoy’s article “Moscow is threatened by an enemy!”).
Area of use of the text - periodicals. A work written during the Great Patriotic War, contains a fiery call to fight against the fascists, addressed to compatriots. In every word and line one can feel the author’s concern for the fate of his beloved homeland and people. The writer appears before the reader as a true patriot.
The author's goal is to tell about a terrible ordeal for Soviet people, about the approach of the enemy to the capital, to encourage a decisive struggle for the freedom of the fatherland, to instill faith in an early victory, which is impossible to win without defending Moscow. "No step back!" - this is the author’s position, and every sentence emphasizes this.
The genre of the work corresponds to the plan of A. N. Tolstoy - the article. It is intended for a like-minded reader who shares the feelings of the writer, so the reflection is carried out in the first person plural(let's stand up, our task).
- comparison (let's stand as a wall),
- personification (the world is listening),
- epithets (mortal enemy, cowardly coward),
- phraseological unit (fight to death),
- expressive repetitions (more expensive, homeland),
The comparison of the Nazi offensive with the barbaric campaign of the Huns, who destroyed all living things on their way, was not used by chance. In this case, journalistic style is used to show inhumanity, cruelty of the enemy, thereby emphasizing that the Soviet soldiers faced a difficult battle. Thus, all the signs of the journalistic style of the fragment proposed for analysis are evident.
Journalistic style: main features
Russian language 11th grade 12th week Publicistic style of speech
Conclusion
In conclusion of the above, I would like to once again emphasize the importance of journalism for modern man. Thanks to her, you feel the spirit of the time, you are always at the center of events, you feel involved in what is happening in the country, the world, and you are formed as a person. In addition, by listening to news, reports, interviews, reading articles, essays in periodicals, on a subconscious level you assimilate the linguistic means of expressiveness of the journalistic style, which helps to increase the level of speech culture.
Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation
Department of Political Science and Political Management
Journalistic style (characteristics of one of the genres, the language of one of the print media)
Introduction
Characteristics of journalistic style
Genre differentiation of journalistic style
1 Genre groups
2 Journalistic article
Linguistic means of journalistic style
2 Journalistic vocabulary
4 Syntax of journalistic style
Language means of the article
Magazine headlines
Conclusion
Bibliography
Introduction
When a teacher gives a lecture, a scientist makes a presentation at a scientific conference, diplomats participate in negotiations, students take exams, or a student answers a lesson, their speech differs from that used in an informal, everyday setting: at a holiday table, a friendly conversation, in a circle families. Depending on the goals and objectives that are set and solved during communication, various linguistic means are selected and unique varieties of a single literary language - functional styles - are formed. The functional style emphasizes that varieties of literary language are distinguished on the basis of the role that language plays in each specific case. Scientific works, textbooks, reports are written in a scientific style; reports, financial reports, orders and instructions are drawn up in an official business style; articles in newspapers, magazines, radio and television appearances are based on a journalistic style; When discussing various everyday problems, a conversational style is used.
Within the framework of the journalistic style, the newspaper variety is most widespread, therefore in linguistic literature this style is called newspaper-journalistic. This style is also used in magazines. Newspaper and journalistic speech is designed primarily to influence the masses, so it takes into account the interests of readers as much as possible. An important feature of the language of a newspaper or magazine is its accessibility and communicative significance. And the task of my work is to figure out whether, with the help of the linguistic features of the journalistic style, it is really possible to agitate, persuade, and propagandize. The purpose of my work is to study the functional features of linguistic means and genre differentiation of journalistic style in the analytical weekly magazine "Kommersant Vlast". The relevance of this work is determined by the fact that language is studied in its functioning, and, in addition, journalism plays a large role in the communication process (it influences the consciousness and speech of people). The material of my research is words, phrases, fragments of texts from the magazines “Kommersant Vlast” No. 13, 14, 15 for 2013.
1. Characteristics of journalistic style
1 Definition of journalistic style
Journalistic style is a historically established functional variety of literary language that serves a wide range of social relations: political, economic, cultural, sports, everyday life, and others. This style is used in mass propaganda work. It is used in socio-political literature, periodicals (newspapers, magazines), radio and television programs, documentary films, and some types of oratory (at meetings and rallies). The purpose of the journalistic style is to influence listeners and readers to agitate and promote socio-political ideas.
2 History of journalistic style
Journalism as a type of literature appeared in Rus' already in the 11th century. This, for example, is the “Sermon on Law and Grace” by the first Russian Metropolitan Hilarion. The journalistic style was present in various works of the 15th-17th centuries. Its further development in the 18th century was associated with the publication of the first Russian printed newspaper Vedomosti and the creation of a number of magazines. The journalistic style finally took shape at the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th centuries in the texts of A.N. Radishcheva, V.G. Belinsky, F.M. Dostoevsky and others. In the 20th century, prominent publicists were A.M. Gorky, A.N. Tolstoy, K.M. Simonov.
2. Genre differentiation of journalistic style
1 Genre groups
The journalistic style is used in many genres. There are three groups of genres: informational (interview, report, note, chronicle), analytical (article, correspondence) and artistic and journalistic (essay, feuilleton, pamphlet, essay).
In general, modern newspaper and magazine speech is less characterized by open appeal, sloganism, rhetoric, and unreasoned directiveness. It is more characterized by analyticity and evidence-based presentation. After all, the form of restrained, calm evidence can be expressive, that is, expressive and turn out to be the embodiment of the influencing function of the journalistic style.
In modern newspapers and magazines, a significant place is occupied by dialogue forms of presentation (interviews, conversations, contrasting two points of view, etc.), as well as information and analytical (articles, commentaries, etc.), and, for example, essays and reports are becoming rare phenomenon. New genres are also appearing: “straight line”, “round table”. It’s a pity that my researched journals don’t yet include these new genres.
And there are simple interviews, informational notes (for example, about cultural events for the current week), surveys, and statistics. From the artistic and journalistic group there are essays and essays. But most of all, of course, there are articles in magazines. This is the article we’ll talk about.
2 Journalistic article
A journalistic article is an analytical genre in which the problems of social reality are examined in depth and in detail. The main stylistic feature of an article is considered to be logical: the formulation of the problem, its assessment-analysis problem, the reasons for its occurrence - a program of action to solve this problem. For example, in the article “Let's Divide Our Lives,” the problem of the Gazprom division is discussed. The reason for the division is a completely new situation in the European gas market: gas prices are falling due to the flow of cheap eastern liquefied gas natural gas. To resolve this problem, our leadership, in connection with the adoption of the third energy package in 2009 ("a set of rules prohibiting companies that simultaneously produce, transport, and distribute gas from operating in the EU market"), thought about dividing Gazprom into several companies: mining, transport and distribution. The emergence of new large gas producing companies, Rosneft and NOVATEK, should reduce the gas monopoly on the market not only in Russia, but also in the EU countries.
A journalistic article involves the inclusion of various inserts (vivid descriptions of episodes, mini-interviews, illustrations) to enliven the discussion. In this article, for example, there are boxes that, according to Kremlin officials, “consultations on Gazprom are so far of an exclusively informal nature” and that “the situation in the gas market will increasingly resemble the oil industry, where there are several large producers and one infrastructure monopoly". The article also contains a noteworthy mini-interview with Putin’s press secretary Dmitry Peskov about the possibilities of implementing the third energy package. For an impactful effect, the article also includes photo illustrations of the Russian leadership and the head of Gazprom, Alexei Miller, discussing the Nord Stream pipe project, which may not be in demand in the context of the “shale revolution.” What the “shale revolution” is can be learned from the subtitle of the article: it is “a process of technology achieved in the United States that makes it possible to begin on an industrial scale the exploitation of natural gas reserves located in shale formations,” which can significantly undermine the authority of Gazprom.
Before displaying the linguistic features of the article, I would like to talk in general about the features of linguistic means in the journalistic style in the journals under study.
3. Linguistic means of journalistic style
1 Functions of journalistic style
The usual form of implementing the journalistic style is a monologue. And the main principle of journalistic speech, the basis and feature of its organization is its “openness,” a direct, immediate expression of the author’s “I,” because the author of a journalistic text addresses the reader with his thoughts, feelings, and assessments. In journalism, all assessments belong to the author and it does not matter whether he speaks on behalf of a certain social group, union, party, class, or on his own behalf. Therefore, the speech structure of journalism is almost always of an emotional and personal nature. The journalistic style has many functions. I would like to focus on two main ones: informative (message, transfer of new information) and influencing (impact on the mind and feelings of the reader). Magazines often have several functions: informational, educational, educational, organizational, analytical-critical, entertaining. However, the main function, which absorbs all of the above and is most directly expressed in the style of speech, is influencing-informational, with an emphasis on the aspect of influence. These two functions determine the composition and organization of the linguistic means of the journalistic style. The informative function of style requires the use of commonly used vocabulary, standards, and cliches, because neutral vocabulary facilitates the perception of new information and facilitates the communication process. Standard is an exclusive and characteristic property of magazines. The vast majority of magazine speech stereotypes are of a positive or negative nature. The influencing function of style contributes to the formation of evaluative vocabulary, since the task of a publicist is not only to report on events, phenomena, facts, but also to explain them, give them a social assessment, and lead the reader to the “necessary” ones. conclusions. Newspaper and journalistic speech is devoid of convention and, as I have already said, in journalism the author’s “I” appears openly, and we have one stylistic layer - the author’s speech. However, the one-dimensionality of journalistic speech is not a sign of poverty. On the contrary, it is in this property that its expressiveness and strength lie. Whatever the publicist talks about, the structure directly expresses his “voice”, assessment of emotions, train of thoughts, passion, and excitement about the topic. The activeness of the author's position makes journalism a powerful means of influence. The use of linguistic means is determined largely by their social-evaluative qualities and capabilities in terms of effective and purposeful influence on a mass audience.
The journalistic style is characterized by alternating standard and expression, logical and figurative, evaluative and evidential, economy of language, clarity, conciseness, consistency of presentation with informative richness. Hence the evaluative, appealing, and polemical nature characteristic of the journalistic style. Publicistic speech is designed primarily to influence the masses, so it takes into account the interests of readers as much as possible. An important feature of the language of magazines is its general accessibility and communicative significance.
2 Journalistic vocabulary
The property of combining the opposite is most clearly manifested in the vocabulary of journalistic style:
This is the use of standard, cliched words and phrases: played a key role, human factor, solutions, economic content, achieve goals, face problems, export;
The use of expressive, expressive, emotional speech means: personifications ( the ground disappears from under your feet, sinkholes swallow buses, a busy intersection), metonymy ( President's right hand, pocket structures), metaphors ( mountain of books, shale revolution, salt articles, warm welcome). Journalism is emotional, effective, expressive, but the publicist does not depict reality, but directly and openly agitates, convinces, and propagandizes. Here “belief is primary, it is expressed in the word, its meaning, emotional shades.” Magazines are in dire need of expressive means, but this expression is social in nature, it is purposeful and evaluative. Metaphors are used here not so much for imagery, but to create an evaluative effect, positive or negative. Typically, concepts that are important ideologically and economically are subject to metaphorization: electric rivers, bread industry;
Combination of words related to both book and colloquial vocabulary: fatherland-lawlessness; thoughts-disassembly; socialization-poor fellow;
use of socio-political words: power, parliamentary mandate, constitutional strengthening, Kremlin officials;borrowed words: president, press service, interview, curator, consulting, monitoring; various economic, political, philosophical terms that are reinterpreted and given a journalistic overtone: strategic direction, head of state, bastion of stability, lowering differential.Indeed, unlike other styles of literary language, in journalistic language persuasion acts as the main function of language, and it has an agitational character. This is manifested primarily in the choice of linguistic means. And since the issues treated by journalism have political content, political overtones, the choice of linguistic means is conscious and purposeful. The use of words that are associated with the expression of ideological concepts cannot but be influenced by social groups and classes that put different contents and different evaluations into the same words;
The use of so-called newspaperisms, professional journalistic vocabulary, neologisms: Medvedev's four-year plan, presidential apparatus, Putin 3.0., arbitrable, default, déjà vu, Duma member;
It is not typical for magazines, although possible, for highly specialized words and expressions, dialectisms, argotisms, poetisms, barbarisms, individual neologisms, that is, everything that may cause difficulties in understanding the message is excluded.
3 Morphological means of journalistic style
The morphological means of journalistic texts are distinctive:
nouns with suffixes are actively used - ost, -stv, -nie, -ie(position, independence, innovation, cooperation, execution, association), with international suffixes and prefixes -ism, -ist, -ation, anti-, counter-, de- (bureaucracy, administration, anti-corruption, countermeasures, optimist); adjectives with prefixes inter-, all-, general-, over-(comprehensive, generally accepted, interdepartmental);
forms are often used passive participles past tense ( implemented, familiarized, successful); superlative adjectives ( the most important, the brightest, the best);
words formed by addition ( socio-political, business associations, chambers of commerce and industry);
The 1st person verb form is common, since the narration is usually told on behalf of the author.
3.4 Syntax of journalistic style
The syntax of journalistic style texts also has its own characteristics. It is characterized by:
elliptical designs, i.e. phrases with a missing element of the statement, characterized by brevity, dynamism, increased energy : arbitration proceedings are voluntary, based on the results of each - an exam;
Nominal sentences, especially in headings: "king, queen, ballet" The State Duma;
Interrogative sentences (How will Thatcher go down in history? What is the meaning of life?);
introductory words ( first of all, first of all, indeed, in addition).
4. Language means of the article
Now let’s return specifically to our article “Let’s divide our lives.” Along with standard socio-political phrases ( corruption, infrastructure, stronghold of stability, state, national treasure, ministry, reform, oil industry), highly specialized terms are used: " shale revolution", shale gas, long list of candidates, gas market, gas business, gas monopoly, Ministry of Energy, management, EU authorities, lobbied for construction, Nabucco gas pipeline, energy package, spot market. The main linguistic features of the article also include means of linguistic expressiveness: personification ( weigh all the arguments, the European Union snapped back, the monopoly turned into a tool), metaphors ( never got around to it, it’s a cornerstone, it can’t be solved in one fell swoop), epithets ( Gazprom's encroachments), alliteration ( let's live and divide), phraseological unit ( provide retroactive discounts). The article contains an abundance of means expressing the logical connections of statements: conjunctions (compositional however, and, but, but, or, subordinating if...then, bye, so, what, how, so that, on which), introductory words ( most likely, finally, firstly, secondly, true, however, that means, in particular, according to “Vlast”).genre journalistic style article
Whether or not to understand the problem discussed in the article, to agree or not with the conclusions and opinions of journalists is up to each reader. So, using the example of analyzing one article from the magazine “Kommersant Vlast” No. 15, 2013, we examined the linguistic features of the analytical genre of journalistic style. Of course, each genre has its own characteristics, but in general they all perform the informative and influential functions of a journalistic style.
From all of the above, we see that all linguistic means are expressively significant, since they embody a journalistic idea. That is why in journalism the problem of choosing an accurate, bright, effective, expressive word is so important.
5. Magazine headlines
Separately, I would like to talk about headlines in magazines. After all, it is the names of sections, headings of articles, notes, subheadings, and sidebars that are unique guides for magazine readers. They attract the reader’s attention and inform him about the topic of the publication. The magazines have developed a clear system for categorizing materials, models of heading structures and their placement have emerged. For better orientation, publications are grouped into thematic collections. The magazine has its own permanent sections, which should attract the attention of readers; they should not have unclear wording. The journals studied have such sections as “Vertical”, “Resignations and Appointments”, “They are about us”, “Week”, “Question of the week”, “Political Economy”. Brief and clear. And if a heading signals the general direction of the publications placed under it, then the heading names the topic of a specific material, and with the help of subheadings you can emphasize the most important points. For example, the headline “No Dispute” - the subtitle “High-profile cases of arbitration courts in Russia” or the title “Let's divide our lives” - the subtitle “What is the shale revolution”.
The title should not just name the topic, it should report a fact, event, formulate an attitude towards it, and convey the author’s position. These magazines have a large number of structural models of headings and methods of their lexical and phraseological expression. Among them, verbless constructions clearly predominate: “Command hour,” “King, Lady, Ballet,” “History”; two-word sentences: “Keep stamps,” “Put into use.” Such names are short, expressive, and easily perceived by readers. Also for magazines Characteristic are two-word constructions connected by a conjunction, which can give the reader more information. For example, “Drill and ice,” “Profit and profit.” Interrogative sentences are stylistically significant: “When will you repent?”, “Why don’t you like Americans? "For the reader, naturally, not only the structure of the title is important, but also its content. And expressive elements should not contradict the content of the material, its genre. But often in magazines there are “blunders” when the title contradicts the content or sounds meaningless (“Thatcher of Discord” ), or there are spelling and syntax errors, or the content contains unreliable information, especially in last year’s issues, when articles were regularly published by a student of the Faculty of History of Moscow State University, Evgeniy Ponasenkov, distorting historical facts. For example, in his article “Kommersant Power” No. 35, 2002, pp. 77-78, he wrote: “And then Napoleon’s envious Alexander I was forced to agree to the Peace of Tilsit.” In fact, the facts of Alexander I’s envy of Napoleon are not confirmed by anything. On the contrary, Napoleon was always jealous of Alexander and other hereditary monarchs of large states and curried favor with them so that they would recognize him as their equal. One can even recall Napoleon’s passionate desire to become related to some monarchical house of Europe.
Thus, magazines should feature headlines that attract readers' attention by being informative and accurate in their content. After all, they help the reader choose materials that most deserve his attention. And they should be real guidelines, original signals on the pages of the magazine.
Conclusion
In conclusion, I would like to say that based on the analysis of the analytical magazines "Kommersant Vlast" I was able to familiarize myself with the functional features of the linguistic means of the journalistic style and understand all its stylistic features, namely logic, imagery, emotionality, evaluativeness, appeal. The journals studied mainly consist of articles that belong to the analytical genre and are characterized by the presence of both standard phrases and highly specialized socio-political terms, and are also enriched with means artistic expression and various syntactic structures, which in turn perform, along with the informative function, the most important function of the journalistic style - influencing. The information in magazines is intended not for a narrow circle of specialists, but for broad layers of society, and the impact is directed not only on the mind, but also on the feelings of the reader, so that he develops a certain attitude towards public affairs, and it does not matter whether it is positive or negative. After all, for a modern publicist, the main thing is to convey information to the reader in such a way that he understands it and draws the conclusions he needs. And if earlier a socio-political magazine was a party, public, trade union or state body and was aimed at convincing the reader of the correctness of the author’s position, now, in the era of glasnost, democracy and freedom of speech, the reader himself forms his own worldview, agreeing or not with author's position. Yes, the magazines studied educate, inform, agitate, are easy to read, the headlines are clear and understandable, they have a lot of expression, they call and make you think about social, political and economic problems, despite the fact that the journalistic speech structure is emotional and personal in nature. That is, journalistic language perfectly fulfills its communicative function. But, I think, the assessment, emotional, aesthetic or logical, is made by the reader himself.
And no matter how pompous it may sound that the world today is ruled by news, conveying this news to the reader and listener is a very difficult task for a publicist and journalist.
Bibliography
1.Vvedenskaya L.A., Pavlova L.G., Kashaeva E.Yu. "Russian language and culture of speech", 2005.
Bushko O.M. "School Dictionary of Literary Terms", 2005.
Baranov M.T., Kostyaeva T.A., Prudnikova A.V. "Russian language", 1984.
Kozhina M.N. "Stylistics of the Russian language", M., 1993.
Kozhina M.N., Duskaeva L.R., Salimovsky V.A. "Stylistics of the Russian language", M., 2008.
Maydanova L.M. "Workshop on modern Russian language", Ekaterinburg, 1993.
Karaulov Yu.N. Encyclopedia "Russian Language", 1997.
Kozhin A.N., Krylova O.A., Odintsov V.V. " Functional types Russian speech", M., graduate School, 1982.
Magazines "Kommersant Vlast" No. 13, 14, 15 for 2013 and No. 35 for 2002.
Tags: Journalistic style (characteristics of one of the genres, the language of one of the print media) indicating the topic right now to find out about the possibility of obtaining a consultation.
The journalistic style is considered one of the most dynamic and developing in speech. Translated from Latin, this term means “public, state”. The style is divided into separate substyles, reflecting the focus of the term. The specific properties of the journalistic style are used to inform by presenting facts, as well as to use expressiveness and influence the emotions of listeners.
The journalistic style of speech refers to the functional styles in literary language. The scope of application covers various views on public life, including scientific, philistine, social and others. It includes:
- newspaper genre;
- television;
- oratorical;
- advertising;
- communicative.
In some textbooks, this style is called newspaper-journalistic or socio-political. However, the name and definition used are more accurate, since in addition to newspapers, it is found in electronic media and on television. In addition to politics, the style also covers other topics. These are sports, culture, popular science, etc.
Journalism belongs to the journalistic and literary genre. Within its framework, it is possible to identify economic, philosophical, legal, scientific and other issues of modern society.
And the purpose of application is expressed in influencing public opinion and political forces to strengthen or change relevant positions.
The subject of the genre is life in its various manifestations:
- presented and real;
- private and public;
- on a large and small scale.
Language style features
The journalistic style of speech performs two main linguistic functions:
- messages;
- impact.
The first is for the authors to inform a wide range of people about serious social problems. These functions, one way or another, include speech styles and substyles. The peculiarity is reflected in the subject matter of the information reported. The method of presentation also differs. For example, it states scientific fact- at the same time the opinion and mood of the authors, reflections are expressed. This feature illustrates the difference from the official business tone. The publicist himself chooses the information that is worth paying attention to. He independently decides how to define it in the message.
Along with the presentation of facts of scientific, social, political or other interest, the functions of influence are also realized. With their help, the author convinces listeners of attitude and behavior. Therefore, style and substyles can be defined as tendentious, emotional, polemical.
In the genres of journalistic style, functions are distributed unevenly. One of them will always prevail. It is important that they do not replace each other. This means that persuasion must be based only on reliable evidence with full disclosure of information.
Lexical features of texts
The linguistic features of the journalistic style are clearly expressed through vocabulary. Designations: morality and economics, ethics, culture, scientific dialect, psychological experiences, etc. Main features and examples.
- The text has ready-made social standards. They largely reflect the time period. Current examples: “injection of lies”, “financial elite”, “wooden ruble” and so on.
- A relationship arises between the author and the readers that is reminiscent of the relationship between an actor and an audience. This is another characteristic of the style. Here the vocabulary even takes on “stage” shades. So, they say: “the struggle behind the scenes”, “the drama unfolded”, “the famous trick” and the like.
- You can often hear emotional and evaluative judgments, but not of an individual, but of a social nature. Among them there are words that carry an approving (compassionate, prosperity) and negative (philistine, racism) assessment.
- A special place is given to layers of a solemn, rhetorical and civil-pathetic nature (self-sacrifice). And the Old Church Slavonicisms inserted into the text give it a passionate and slightly pathetic tone (power).
- Military terminology (mobilization of reserves) is used figuratively.
- An example of an evaluation tool is archaisms (healers, profits).
Morphological features of texts
These signs of journalistic style indicate the use of different grammatical forms, which differs in frequency. Compared to lexical features, the text does not contain so many of them. This:
- a singular noun used instead of the required plural (The teacher always knows the student);
- imperative verb forms (Be on TV with us);
- present tense verbs (May 1 continues);
- participles ending in -omiy (slave);
- noun in genitive case(way out);
- derived prepositions (based on).
Syntactic features of texts
A special feature of this section is the clear expression of the influencing function. From different forms designs that have the potential to influence are selected. They are taken not from popular science, but from colloquial speech. At the same time, it provides an accessible structure for mass perception. These include the following signs and examples:
- Specific sentences of the text and repeated or short and abrupt, illustrating the general picture of what is happening.
- Rhetorical questions: Do Russians want war?
- Silence is expressed by ellipses, hinting at unspokenness: They wanted what was best...
- In the question-and-answer technique, the author first asks questions and then answers himself. Thanks to this, the newspaper reader's interest in the topic is growing: How are displaced people treated? It is believed that they absorb the main part of the funds - benefits.
- Sentences in which the order of application of the beginning and end is changed: The scientific blog was an exception, instead of: The scientific blog was an exception.
- Exclamation types: Go ahead, vote!
- Advertising text headings: Fierce February is such a hot time for sales.
Headings tend to reflect the text through epithets and metaphors. Thanks to this, the inconsistency of a particular phenomenon is revealed in a condensed form.
Forms of expression of genres
The peculiarity of today is how the genres of journalistic style are mixed. On their basis, hybrid species arise. The characteristics of the presentation and the combination of standard and original language means depend on the task at hand. Their decisions differ in different circumstances. Types of mixed genre and examples of application:
- note and report as a type of information genre;
- article as an analytical genre;
- essay or featurette as a form of artistic and journalistic writing.
A note is a type of informing about what is happening in scientific or socio-political, cultural and other spheres of life. Newspapers always contain them. The message is a short summary of important news without details. Often, newspaper chronicles do not even have a headline, but tell about the event using a wide range of language means depending on the given topic.
Reportage
The leading journalistic styles include reporting. Distinctive features:
- objectivity;
- accuracy of display of what is happening;
- brightness and emotionality of statements.
Reporting belongs to dynamic genres. It combines remarkable episodes and uses a variety of stylistic expressions. The information is presented with elements of analysis and author's assessment.
Articles
Another journalistic genre is considered to be articles published by newspapers, magazines, and websites. Their purpose is to analyze pressing problems. But unlike the media, here the information is addressed only to a circle of readers interested in a specific problem. Article structure:
- initial thesis;
- justification;
- descriptions of episodes, quotes and arguments of the author;
- conclusion.
The use of vocabulary and stylistic coloring depends on what area is being addressed and what type of presentation is chosen.
Journalistic essay
A journalistic essay is similar to an article - a sketch that includes reasoning that reveals problems in a free, natural form. It is also considered in the form of an essay. There are bright illustrations that serve as food for thought. In addition, the presentation is presented through the author's perception. This means that the fate of the essay depends on the writer: on beliefs, analysis, knowledge, empathy and the ability to translate this into speech.
Journalism is the main lever for the emergence and further spread of neologisms in the language. It influences the development of a living language. Therefore, it is important that style is studied thoroughly. Careless and inaccurate influence leads to serious negative consequences when replicated when people perceive speech error for the norm.
Speeches are a functional type of literary language, widely used in various spheres of social life. These are magazines, newspapers, radio, television, documentaries, political literature, public political speeches, the activities of various parties and all kinds of public associations.
Terminology
Textbooks often interpret the journalistic style of speech as newspaper-journalistic, simply newspaper or socio-political. The name most often determines the narrow scope of functioning of this style.
Newspaper - comes from the history of the formation of speech features of political communication, since it was periodicals, primarily newspapers, that formed the main features of the journalistic style of speech. And today one can observe its fully established functioning in both print and electronic versions of the media.
Another variety - the socio-political style - shows its connection with social political life and, in addition to politics - sports, culture, ecology, the activities of human rights organizations and so on.
If we keep in mind the concept of literature, and not linguistics, that is, the content characteristics of works, then all these branches can be linked together, since the journalistic style of speech has all the same features.
What is journalism
This type of journalism and literature examines the most pressing economic, political, legal, as well as philosophical and literary problems that concern modern life. The journalistic style of speech is capable of influencing the opinion of any existing ones to make changes or changes in their work in favor of class interests, moral or social ideals.
Journalism explores all modern life in all its manifestations - large and small, private and public, reflecting its vision in documents, art, and the press. In literature and journalism there is no better way to develop the Russian language. The journalistic style of speech is the first to indicate changes in style, demonstrate the creation of neologisms and introduce new formulas of phraseological units.
Current problems in current public life are the main topic, which is what journalism serves, being a mechanism for influencing the ideological and political aspects of the activities of social institutions, a means of agitation, propaganda, and public education. The main role in the transmission of social information belongs to journalism.
Genres of journalistic style of speech
Verbal and written speech, forms of visual graphics (caricature, poster), photography and cinematography (television, documentary films), drama, theater, as well as verbal and musical compositions, fiction and popular science literature - all these are areas where journalism reigns.
A journalistic orientation is characteristic of any genre, but the main thing here is not to confuse the concepts: the type of literature is journalism, and style is a certain function of language. The topics here can be unusually broad, the main thing is that the issues do not leave the center of public attention. Depending on the topic, signs of a journalistic style of speech may include special vocabulary that requires not only explanations, but also voluminous comments.
Many topics never leave public discussions, and therefore the dictionary of the language has already formed a certain circle of verbal units and entire phraseological units inherent only to this style. Here there is politics, information events from the sphere of activity of parliament, government, materials about elections, party events, and so on.
Stylistic dictionary
The following ready-made language templates (newspaperisms) are regularly encountered: coalition, faction, leader, candidate, democracy, bill, opposition, conservatism, federalism, radicals, parliamentary hearings, election campaign, second round, lively discussion, rating, election headquarters, lower house, parliamentary inquiry, voter confidence, public consent, parliamentary investigation.
Economists cannot do their texts without words such as investment, budget, auction, inflation, audit, arbitration, licensing, raw materials, bankruptcy, joint stock company, monopoly, labor market, stock price, customs duties and many others.
Materials on health, education, social protection, a journalist cannot build without such things as: state support, variability of education, teachers’ salaries, student exchange, Remote education, scientific cooperation, unloading school curriculum, health insurance, benefits for medicines, the cost of living, the consumer basket, child benefits, standard of living and so on.
Informing the population on the state of public order requires its own terminology and has its own established phrases: protecting the rights of citizens, fighting crime, the scene of an incident, trial, prosecutorial check, recognizance not to leave and others.
Interstyle connections
To create a real picture of events and convey to the reader or viewer all the impressions of the journalist, an artistic and journalistic style of speech is used. The same phrases sound different in a police report, a scientific monograph or a television report. Many words from these examples are used in both scientific and official business styles.
Incidents, natural disasters, accidents are covered using the following words and ready-made cliches: typhoon, hurricane, flood, earthquake, terrorist attack, hostage taking, car collision, rescue operation, environmental disaster.
War correspondents have their own vocabulary: explosives, action, mining, land mine, collision, sniper, bombing, shelling, serious injury, combat mission, civilians, casualties, destruction, and so on.
International topics are easily distinguished from any other by the use of such words and combinations: negotiations, peace settlement, official visit, world community, multilateral consultations, tense situation, European integration, strategic partnership, peacekeeping forces, global problems, territorial integrity and the like.
The unlimited subject matter of the journalistic style also determines the variety of vocabulary, which is why journalism is in this sense the richest variety of literature.
Definition of speech style
The scientific-journalistic style of speech limits the meaning of words to a concept - clearly defined, stable, emphatically unemotional. Conversational speech is mobile and vague. Artistry reveals the inner meaning of a word, its imagery.
Journalism, in addition to the emotional component, gives the word an evaluative character, forms an attitude towards the event in question, since this type of literature deals with purely socio-political issues of our time.
The very subject of discussion - politics, social life, economics - always concerns the interests of almost every person. This means that the journalistic style of speech cannot be indifferent and indifferent. Examples of publications about prices, inflation, ethnic conflicts - they are not characterized by streamlined formulations and sluggish expressions.
Publicist's tasks
Social and political phenomena, their processes and trends require constant assessment. Journalism always actively intervenes in life and shapes public opinion. Here it is important not just to passively register events, but to participate in them, defend your ideas openly and passionately, and evaluate the facts. Newspaper speech uses a number of specific means and methods to achieve expression.
The form of expression can be different - from emphasized intellectual presentation to direct agitation. Also effective is the method of restrained, calm and demonstrative presentation of the essence of a phenomenon or process. The choice of medium depends on the stylistic skill of the journalist, on how rich the Russian language has endowed him. The journalistic style of speech has dual characteristics in connection with the various functions of the publication - informational and purely influencing - which are very unevenly distributed among genres.
Genre distribution
Types of works that are relatively stable in theme, composition and style are divided into approximately three groups.
- Information genres: report, interview, reporting, note.
- Analytical genres: review, review, review, correspondence, article, conversation.
- Artistic and journalistic genres: pamphlet, feuilleton, sketch, essay.
Let's start from the end. The artistic and journalistic style of speech is characterized by the greatest expression. The information genre is dry. The analytical genre is the same, but only to a superficial glance.
Analytical review
The text of the journalistic style of speech can be contradictory and ambiguous. One of its main functions is to “brainwash” the reader with the help of the media. The author uses extreme accessibility of presentation and, of course, a subjective assessment of the situation, which, however, certainly embellishes the journalistic style of speech. Examples of the analytical genre:
- Given: village Experimentalovka. A local resident tested a certain chemical on his chicken, causing it to lay a golden egg.
- First option: Discovery of the century! In a terrible outback, in the almost complete absence of the most basic civilization, a resident of the village of Experimentalovka came up with a drug with which you can make chickens lay golden eggs! Our Kulibins can do anything, even the greatest alchemists of all times and peoples could not invent a better way! The experimenter refuses to comment for now, because he suddenly started drinking from the joy of the discovery. However, we can say with confidence that it is on such heroes that our land rests! Stabilization of the economy is ahead, moreover, leadership in gold mining and the production of products from it!
- Second option: Apocalypse! The world is shocked by the discovery of a drunken knacker from Experimentalovka! Selfish goals led this maniac to inhuman cruelty towards poor, defenseless creatures! A resident of a remote village filled his chickens with an unknown chemical solution in an attempt to get the philosopher's stone. The chickens took the gold, but that didn’t end the chicken’s torment. The immoral experimenter did nothing to help the victims of his experiments and went on a drinking binge. Such a discovery is fraught with many events that cannot be avoided. Judging by the nature of the actions of the newly minted “scientist”, he will try to take over the world.
Other analytical genres
Articles, reviews and other analytical genres are distinguished not only by imagery and emotionality, but also by logic and evaluation. The expression of appeal is not alien to them. Linguistic means must correspond to the task set by the genre: socio-political vocabulary, syntactic constructions various types, journalistic style of speech.
This characteristic also applies to scientific reasoning: a deep social problem is posed, it is analyzed and solutions are evaluated, and the conclusions are generalized. The material is constructed sequentially, according to a strict logical scheme, and special general scientific terminology is used. So, journalistic style of speech.
Examples of texts
Information genre:
- An emergency occurred in the village of Experimentalovka in the Inexperienced District of the Test Region. A local resident's hen laid a golden egg. Perhaps the chicken was not alone, the data is being checked. There is information that a chemical solution of unknown composition was tested on chickens. There have been no comments from the rural experimenter yet.
Artistic and journalistic genre:
- If you are overtired, tasting the dry scientific style, washing it down with the duplicity of the journalistic, when you want to get enough of light and rich food and quench your thirst with a cocktail of bright images and emotional shades, you simply need an artistic and journalistic style of speech.
The first three texts stemmed from one not very real-life incident. Nevertheless, the examples of texts given above will help to recognize the journalistic style of speech, despite the variety of genres.
The newspaper-journalistic style functions in the socio-political sphere and is used in oratory, in various newspaper genres (for example, editorial, report, etc.), in journalistic articles in periodicals. It is implemented both in written and oral form.
One of the main characteristic features newspaper-journalistic style is a combination of two trends - a tendency towards expressiveness and a tendency towards a standard. This is due to the functions that journalism performs: informational and content function and the function of persuasion, emotional influence. They have a special character in a journalistic style. Information in this area social activities addressed to a huge circle of people, all native speakers and members of a given society (and not just specialists, as in the scientific field). For the relevance of information, the time factor is very important: information must be transmitted and become generally known in the shortest possible time, which is not at all important, for example, in an official business style. In the newspaper-journalistic style, persuasion is carried out through an emotional impact on the reader or listener, therefore the author always expresses his attitude to the information being communicated, but it, as a rule, is not only his personal attitude, but expresses the opinion of a certain social group of people, for example some party, some movement, etc. So, such a feature of the newspaper-journalistic style as its emotionally expressive nature is associated with the function of influencing the mass reader or listener, and the standard of this style is associated with the speed of transmission of socially significant information.
The tendency towards a standard means the desire of journalism for rigor and information content, which are characteristic of scientific and official business styles. For example, standard for newspaper-journalistic style include Steady growth, temporary support, wide scope, friendly environment, official visit etc. The tendency towards expressiveness is expressed in the desire for accessibility and figurativeness of the form of expression, which is characteristic of artistic style and colloquial speech - features of these styles are intertwined in journalistic speech. Here is a small fragment of D. Smirnova’s article “Women in Plain Sight”:
"IN In any society there are a number of problems directly related to the social functioning of women. Feminism has long been preoccupied with these problems, insisting not on equality, but on the otherness of women and men. Education and medicine, the rights of children and the disabled, military service and the penal code - this is the field of social activity in which women's gentleness, the ability to compromise, and preference for the private over the public should have served their purpose. In essence, it doesn’t matter who combines all this into one program - a man or a woman. But it’s still more convenient for a woman. As my grandmother used to say, “why talk to men? - They don’t even know how to dress for the weather.”(Puls. 1998. No. 36).
Words and phrases characteristic of the scientific style are used here (a number of problems, social functioning of women, preference for private over public etc.), official business (rights of children and disabled people, military service, punishment code), as well as colloquial, even colloquial expressions (handy, to do a service, as my grandmother used to say),
The newspaper-journalistic style is both conservative and flexible. On the one hand, journalistic speech contains a sufficient number of cliches, socio-political and other terms. On the other hand, the desire to convince readers requires more and more new linguistic means to influence them. All the riches of artistic and colloquial speech serve precisely this purpose.
The vocabulary of the newspaper-journalistic style has a pronounced emotional and expressive overtones and includes colloquial, colloquial and even slang elements. Here we use such lexical and phraselogical units and phrases that combine functional and expressive-evaluative connotations, for example duping, yellow press, accomplice and so on.; they not only show that they belong to the newspaper-journalistic style of speech, but also contain a negative assessment. Many words acquire a newspaper-journalistic connotation if they are used in a figurative meaning. For example, the word signal becomes functionally colored, realizing figurative meanings “that which serves as an impetus for the beginning of some action” (This article served as a signal for discussion) and “a warning, a message about something unwanted that may happen” (More than one signal was received about an unfavorable situation at the plant).
Newspaper and journalistic speech actively uses foreign words and elements of words, in particular prefixes A; anti-, pro-, neo-, ultra- (anti-constitutional, ultra-right etc.). It is thanks to the media that the active dictionary of foreign words that make up the Russian language has recently expanded significantly: privatization, electorate, denomination and etc.
The functional style under consideration not only attracts the entire stock of emotionally expressive and evaluative words, but also includes even proper names, titles literary works etc., for example Plyushkin, Derzhimorda, Man in a Case etc. The desire for expressiveness, imagery and at the same time for brevity is also realized with the help of precedent texts (texts familiar to any average member of a society), which today is an integral part of journalistic speech. At the beginning of Yu. Gladilshchikov’s article “About counterculture” we read:
“Former Soviet intellectuals continue to bet on youth. “They believe that a new generation of Russian (Georgian, etc.) boys will appear, who will not want to put up with the meanness of their fathers.”(Results. May 13, 1997).
The last phrase is precedent-setting; F. M. Dostoevsky’s “Russian boys” posed world-wide unsolvable questions. Thus, the author of the article very expressively characterizes the type of “Soviet intellectual”, well-read, knowledgeable of Dostoevsky, striving to remake the world (about winged words, see § 4 of Chapter IX “Culture of Speech Communication”).
The syntax of the newspaper-journalistic style of speech also has its own characteristics associated with the active use of emotionally and expressively colored constructions: exclamatory sentences of various meanings, interrogative sentences, sentences with appeal, rhetorical questions, repetitions, dismembered constructions, etc. The desire for expression determines the use of constructions with colloquial coloring: constructions with particles, interjections, phraseological constructions, inversions, non-union proposals, ellipses (omission of one or another member of the sentence, structural incompleteness of the construction), etc. Evaluate from the point of view of syntax another excerpt from the article by Yu. Gladilshchikov:
« It is somehow banal to prophesy a youth rebellion. But within the borders of the post-Soviet space, such a prophecy is quite logical. After all, the USSR never had what the Western world experienced - there was no counterculture.
How did this not happen? What about our hippies? And our underground A rock? Are dirty directors “parallelists”? (...) Without going into details, I will note that this, of course, is not a counterculture at all... Both the sixties and seventies, sitting in their kitchens, joined hands in a single anti-totalitarian impulse. They dreamed of freedom for the whole society. It was not a counterculture, but a friendship between those who thought more broadly against those who thought narrower. It didn’t depend on age.”
There are five interrogative sentences in this text. The last sentence is divided into two communicative independent sentences, an incomplete sentence (Dreamed of freedom...), repetition of the predicate in the third sentence (did not have). In addition, there is expressive and emotional-evaluative vocabulary that has a conversational overtones (dirty, spoiled), precedent phrase held hands...(I immediately remember “Let’s join hands, friends” by B. Okudzhava). All these means serve the author to create an emotional, figurative text.
