Each of us is born twice. We are forever stuck at the age at which we were not loved. There is no person in the modern world.

Texts and audio for the presentations of the OGE from the FIPI bank.

Text 23

The word "mom" special word. It is born together with us, accompanies us in the years of growing up and maturity. It is babbled by a child in the cradle. A young man and a deep old man pronounces with love. Every language has this word. And in all languages it sounds gentle and affectionate.

Mother's place in our life is special, exceptional. We always bring our joy and pain to her and find understanding. Maternal love inspires, gives strength, inspires to a feat. In difficult life circumstances, we always remember our mother. And we need at this moment only she. A man calls his mother and believes that she, wherever she is, hears him, sympathizes and hurries to help. The word "mother" becomes equivalent to the word "life".

How many artists, composers, poets have created wonderful works about my mother! "Take care of mothers!" - the famous poet Rasul Gamzatov proclaimed in his poem. Unfortunately, we realize too late that we forgot to say many good and kind words to our mother. To prevent this from happening, you need to give them joy every day and hour. After all, grateful children are the best gift for them.
(According to the Internet)

Text 24. O. Roy. The feeling of happiness in childhood.

In childhood, a person is happy, as they say now, by default. By nature, a child is a creature instinctively predisposed to happiness. No matter how difficult and even tragic his life may be, he still rejoices and constantly finds more and more reasons for this. Perhaps because he still has nothing to compare his life with, he still does not suspect that it can be somehow different. But, most likely, all the same, because the child's soul has not yet had time to be covered with a protective shell and is more open to goodness and hopes than the soul of an adult.

And with age, everything seems to turn inside out. No matter how calmly and prosperously our life develops, we will not calm down until we find in it some kind of splinter, awkwardness, malfunction, cling to it, and feel deeply unhappy. And we believe in the drama we invented, sincerely complain about it to friends, spend time, health, mental strength on experiences ...

It is only when a really real tragedy happens that we realize how absurd the imagined suffering is and how trifling the reason for it. Then we clutch our heads and say to ourselves: “Lord, what a fool I was when I suffered because of some nonsense. No, to live for your own pleasure and enjoy every minute.
(According to O. Roy)

Text 25. Y. Bondarev (about children in the war)

War was a cruel and rude school for children. They were not sitting at desks, but in frozen trenches, and in front of them were not notebooks, but armor-piercing shells and machine-gun belts. They did not yet have life experience and therefore did not understand the true value of simple things that you do not attach importance to in everyday peaceful life.

The war filled their spiritual experience to the limit. They could cry not from grief, but from hatred, they could childishly rejoice at the spring crane wedge, as they never rejoiced either before the war or after the war, with tenderness to keep in their souls the warmth of bygone youth. Those who survived returned from the war, having managed to preserve in themselves a pure, radiant world, faith and hope, becoming more implacable to injustice, kinder to good.

Although the war has already become history, the memory of it must live on, because the main participants in history are People and Time. Not to forget the Time means not to forget the People, not to forget the People - it means not to forget the Time.
(According to Yu. Bondarev)

Text 26. Yu.M. Nagibin (about education)

We often talk about the difficulties associated with raising a person starting life. And the biggest problem is the weakening of family ties, the decrease in the importance of the family in raising a child. And if in early years in a person, the family did not lay anything lasting in moral sense, then society will have a lot of trouble with this citizen.

The other extreme is the overprotection of the child by the parents. This is also a consequence of the weakening of the family principle. Parents have not given their child spiritual warmth and, feeling this guilt, they strive in the future to pay their inner spiritual debt with belated petty care and material benefits.

The world is changing, becoming different. But if the parents could not establish internal contact with the child, shifting the main concerns to grandparents or public organizations, then one should not be surprised that some child acquires cynicism and disbelief in selflessness so early that his life becomes impoverished, becomes flat and dry.
(According to Yuri Markovich Nagibin)

Text 27

There are values that change, get lost, disappear, becoming the dust of time. But no matter how society changes, all the same, over the course of millennia, eternal values remain that have great importance for people of all generations and cultures. One of these eternal values, of course, is friendship.

People very often use this word in their language, they call certain people their friends, but few people can formulate what friendship is, who is a true friend, what he should be. All definitions of friendship are similar in one thing: friendship is a relationship based on the mutual openness of people, complete trust and constant readiness to help each other at any moment.

The main thing is that friends have the same life values, similar spiritual guidelines, then they will be able to be friends, even if their attitude to certain phenomena of life is different. And then true friendship is not affected by time and distance. People can talk to each other only occasionally, be apart for years, and still be very close friends. Such constancy distinguishing feature real friendship.

Text 28

Each of us once had favorite toys. Perhaps every person has a bright and tender memory associated with them, which he carefully keeps in his heart. Favorite toy is the most vivid memory from the childhood of every person.

In the age of computer technology, real toys no longer attract the same attention as virtual ones. But despite all the novelties that appear, such as telephones and computer equipment, the toy still remains unique and indispensable in its kind, because nothing teaches and develops a child like a toy with which he can communicate, play and even acquire vitality. experience.

The toy is the key to consciousness little man. In order to develop and strengthen positive qualities in him, to make him mentally healthy, to instill love for others, to form a correct understanding of good and evil, it is necessary to carefully choose a toy, remembering that it will bring to his world not only its own image, but also behavior, attributes, as well as the value system and worldview. It is impossible to raise a full-fledged person with the help of toys of a negative orientation.

Text 29. E. Semibratova (About youthful love)

Times are changing, new generations are coming, in which, it would seem, everything is not the same as the previous ones: tastes, interests, life goals. But intractable personal questions meanwhile for some reason remain unchanged. Today's teenagers, like their parents in their time, are worried about the same thing: how to attract the attention of someone you like? How to distinguish infatuation from true love?

A youthful dream of love is, no matter what they say, first of all, a dream of mutual understanding. After all, a teenager definitely needs to realize himself in communication with peers: to show his ability to sympathize, empathize. Yes, and just show their qualities and abilities in front of those who are friendly towards him, who are ready to understand him.

Love is the unconditional and boundless trust of two to each other. Trust, which reveals in everyone all the best that a person is only capable of. Real love certainly includes friendships, but is not limited to them. It is always more than friendship, because only in love do we recognize the other person's full right to everything that makes up our world.
(According to E. Semibratova)

Text 30.I. Ilyin. (about kindness).

In order to appreciate kindness and understand its meaning, you must certainly experience it yourself. It is necessary to perceive the ray of someone else's kindness and live in it. One must feel how a ray of this kindness takes possession of the heart, word and deeds of all life. Kindness comes not out of duty, not out of duty, but as a gift.

Someone else's kindness is a premonition of something more, which is not even immediately believed in; it is the warmth from which the heart warms up and comes into a reciprocal movement. A person who has once experienced kindness cannot but respond sooner or later, confidently or uncertainly, with his kindness.

It is a great happiness to feel the fire of kindness in your heart and give it free rein in life. At this moment, during these hours, a person finds his best in himself, hears the singing of his heart. “I” and “one’s own” are forgotten, someone else’s disappears, because it becomes “mine” and “me”, and there is no place left for enmity and hatred in the soul.
(According to I. Ilyin)

Text 31. K. Paustovsky (about a dream)

If a person's ability to dream is taken away, then one of the most powerful incentives that give rise to culture, art, science, and the desire to fight for the sake of a beautiful future will disappear. But dreams should not be divorced from reality. They should predict the future and make us feel that we are already living in this future and we ourselves are becoming different.
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Dreams are needed not only for children, but also for adults. It causes excitement, a source of high feelings. It does not allow us to calm down and always shows new sparkling distances, a different life. It disturbs and makes you long for this life. This is its value.

Only a hypocrite can say that we must rest on our laurels and stop. To fight for the future, you need to be able to dream passionately, deeply and effectively. You need to cultivate in yourself a continuous desire for meaningful and beautiful.
(According to Paustovsky)

Text 32. M. Litvak (on betrayal)

I was betrayed by a native person, I was betrayed best friend. Unfortunately, we hear such statements quite often. Most often betray those in whom we have invested our soul. The pattern here is that the more beneficence, the stronger the betrayal. In such situations, Hugo's saying is recalled: "I am indifferent to the knife blows of the enemy, but the pinprick of a friend is painful to me."

Many suffer mockery of themselves, hoping that the traitor's conscience will wake up. But what is not there cannot wake up. Conscience is a function of the soul, and the traitor does not have it. The traitor usually explains his act by the interests of the cause, but in order to justify the first betrayal, he commits the second, third, and so on ad infinitum.

Betrayal accurately destroys the dignity of a person, as a result, traitors behave differently. Someone defends his behavior, trying to justify his deed, someone falls into a feeling of guilt and fear of impending retribution, and someone just tries to forget everything, without burdening himself with either emotions or thoughts. In any case, the life of a traitor becomes empty, worthless and meaningless.
(According to M. Litvak)

The OGE in the 9th grade in the Russian language includes the task of writing a concise summary of the text you have listened to. To prepare for the OGE, teachers with children work out this task.

We offer a selection of audio recordings and tests for writing essays from the official website of FIPI. Download texts of presentations and print in Word document format.

1. The universal recipe for...

Presentation text

There is simply no and cannot be a universal recipe for how to choose the right, the only true, only path in life intended for you. And the final choice always remains with the individual.

We make this choice already in childhood, when we choose friends, learn to build relationships with peers, and play. But most of the most important decisions that determine life path, we still accept in youth. According to scientists, the second half of the second decade of life is the most crucial period. It is at this time that a person, as a rule, chooses the most important thing for the rest of his life: his closest friend, the circle of his main interests, his profession.

It is clear that such a choice is a responsible matter. It cannot be brushed aside, it cannot be postponed until later. You should not hope that the mistake can be corrected later: it will be in time, the whole life is ahead! Something, of course, can be corrected, changed, but not everything. And wrong decisions will not remain without consequences. After all, success comes to those who know what they want, decisively make a choice, believe in themselves and stubbornly achieve their goals.

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Presentation text

The Great Patriotic War goes further and further into the past, but the memory of it is alive in the hearts and souls of people. Indeed, how can one forget our unprecedented feat, our irreplaceable sacrifices made in the name of victory over the most insidious and cruel enemy - fascism. The four years of war cannot be compared with any other years of our history in terms of the severity of the experience. The most important feature of the past war was its nationwide character, when everyone fought for a common cause at the front, in the rear, in partisan detachments: from young to old. Let not everyone take the same risk, but give themselves without a trace, their experience and work in the name of the coming victory, which we got at a very high price.

But a person's memory weakens over time, first the secondary, less significant and bright, and then the essential disappear bit by bit. In addition, there are fewer and fewer veterans, those who went through the war and could talk about it. If the self-sacrifice and resilience of the people are not reflected in documents and works of art, then the bitter experience of past years will be forgotten. And this cannot be allowed.

Theme Great Patriotic War has nourished literature and art for decades. Many wonderful films have been made about the life of a person in the war, wonderful works of literature have been created. And there is no premeditation here, there is pain that does not leave the soul of the people who lost millions of human lives during the years of the war. But the most important thing in a conversation on this topic is the preservation of measure and tact in relation to the truth of the war, to its participants.

(According to V. Bykov)

3. What is the benefit of reading?

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Presentation text

What is the benefit of reading? Is it true that reading is good for you? Why do so many people keep reading? After all, not only to relax or take your free time.

The benefits of reading books are obvious. Books broaden the horizons of a person, enrich his inner world, make him smarter. It is also important to read books because it increases lexicon a person develops clear and precise thinking. Everyone can be convinced of this by their own example. One has only to thoughtfully read some classic work, and you will notice how it has become easier to express your own thoughts with the help of speech, to select the right words. A person who reads speaks better. Reading serious works makes us constantly think, it develops logical thinking. Don't believe? And you read something from the classics of the detective genre, for example, "The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes" by Conan Doyle. After reading, you will think faster, your mind will become sharper and you will understand that reading is useful and profitable.

It is also useful to read books because they have a significant impact on our moral guidelines and on our spiritual development. After reading this or that classical work, people sometimes begin to change for the better. (According to the Internet)

4. No matter how interesting a child's home and school life is...

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Presentation text

No matter how interesting the home and school life of a child is, if he does not read precious books, he is deprived. Such losses are irreparable. It is adults who can read the book today or in a year - the difference is small. In childhood, time is counted differently, here every day is a discovery. And the sharpness of perception in the days of childhood is such that early impressions can then influence the whole life. Childhood impressions are the most vivid and lasting impressions. This is the foundation of the future spiritual life, the golden fund.

Seeds sown in childhood. Not everyone will germinate, not everyone will bloom. But the biography of the human soul is the gradual germination of seeds sown in childhood.

The next life is complex and varied. It consists of millions of actions that are determined by many character traits and, in turn, form this character. But if we trace and find the connection between phenomena, it becomes obvious that every feature of the character of an adult person, every quality of his soul and, perhaps, even every act of his were sown in childhood, have since then had their germ, their seed.

(According to S. Mikhalkov)

5. What is a good book?

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What is a good book? It should be exciting and interesting. After reading the first pages, there should be no desire to put it on the shelf. These are books that make you think, express emotions. The book should be written in rich language. It must carry deep meaning. Original and unusual ideas also make the book useful.

Do not get carried away by any one genre, kind of literature. Passion only for the fantasy genre can turn young readers into those who know the way to Avalon better than the way home. If you have not read the books from school curriculum, you should start with them. Classical literature is a mandatory base for every person. It has disappointment and joy, love and pain, tragedy and comedy. Such books will teach sensitivity, help to see the beauty of the world, to understand yourself and people. Popular science literature will broaden your horizons, help you determine your path in life, and provide an opportunity for self-development.

We hope that the reasons for reading will make the book your best friend.

6. Have a family and children..

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Having a family and children is as necessary and natural as it is necessary and natural to work. The family has long been held together by the moral authority of the father, who was traditionally considered the head. The children respected and obeyed their father. He was engaged in agricultural work, construction, logging and firewood. All the burden of peasant labor was shared with him by adult sons.

The management of the household was in the hands of the wife and mother. She was in charge of everything in the house: she looked after the cattle, took care of food, and clothes. She did not do all these works alone: even children, having barely learned to walk, little by little, along with the game, began to do something useful.

Kindness, tolerance, mutual forgiveness of insults grew into mutual love in a good family. Quarrelsomeness and quarrelsomeness were considered a punishment of fate and aroused pity for their carriers. It was necessary to be able to give in, forget the offense, respond with kindness or remain silent. Love and harmony between relatives gave rise to love outside the home. From a person who does not love and does not respect his relatives, it is difficult to expect respect for other people. (According to V. Belov)

7. Is it possible to define what art is with one exhaustive formula?

Is it possible to define what art is with one exhaustive formula? Of course not. Art is charm and witchcraft, it is the revelation of the funny and the tragic, it is morality and immorality, it is the knowledge of the world and man. In art, a person creates his image as something separate, capable of existing outside of himself and remaining after him as his trace in history.

The moment a person turns to creativity, perhaps, is greatest discovery unparalleled in history. Indeed, through art, each individual person and nation as a whole comprehends his own characteristics, his life, his place in the world. Art allows you to get in touch with individuals, peoples and civilizations that are distant from us in time and space. And not just to get in touch, but to recognize and understand them, because the language of art is universal, and it is it that enables humanity to feel itself as a single whole.

That is why, since ancient times, an attitude to art has been formed not as entertainment or fun, but as a powerful force capable of not only capturing the image of time and man, but also passing it on to descendants.

(According to Yu. Bondarev)

8. The word "culture" is multifaceted.

The word "culture" is multifaceted. What does true culture carry in the first place? It carries the concept of spirituality, light, knowledge and true beauty. And if people understand this, then our country will become prosperous. And therefore it would be very good if every city and village had its own center of culture, a center of creativity not only for children, but also for people of all ages.

True culture is always aimed at upbringing and education. And such centers should be headed by people who understand well what real culture is, what it consists of, what its significance is.

Such concepts as peace, truth, beauty can become the key note of culture. It would be good if honest and disinterested people, selflessly devoted to their work, respecting each other, were engaged in culture. Culture is a huge ocean of creativity, there is enough space for everyone, there is something for everyone. And if we all together begin to participate in its creation and strengthening, then our entire planet will become more beautiful. (According to M. Tsvetaeva)

9. What does it mean to be a cultured person?

What does it mean to be a cultured person? A cultured person can be considered an educated, well-mannered, responsible person. He respects himself and those around him. A cultured person is also distinguished by creative work, striving for high things, the ability to be grateful, love for nature and the motherland, compassion and sympathy for one's neighbor, goodwill.

A cultured person will never lie. He will maintain self-control and dignity in all life situations. He has a clear goal and achieves it. The main goal of such a person is to increase goodness in the world, to strive to ensure that all people are happy. The ideal of a cultured person is genuine humanity.

Nowadays, people devote too little time to culture. And many do not even think about it throughout their lives. It is good if a person's process of familiarization with culture occurs from childhood. The child gets acquainted with the traditions that pass from generation to generation, absorbs the positive experience of the family and his homeland, learns cultural values. As an adult, he can be useful to society. (According to the Internet)

10. Some believe that a person grows up ...

Some believe that a person matures at a certain age, for example, at 18, when he becomes an adult. But there are people who remain children even at an older age. What does it mean to be an adult?

Adulthood means independence, that is, the ability to do without anyone's help, guardianship. A person with this quality does everything himself and does not expect support from others. He understands that he must overcome his difficulties himself. Of course, there are situations when a person cannot cope alone. Then you have to ask for help from friends, relatives and acquaintances. But in general, it is not typical for an independent, adult person to rely on others.

There is an expression: the hand should wait for help only from the shoulder. An independent person knows how to be responsible for himself, his deeds and actions. He plans his own life and evaluates himself, without relying on someone else's opinion. He understands that much in life depends on himself. Being an adult means being responsible for someone else. But for this, you also need to become independent, be able to make decisions. Adulthood does not depend on age, but on life experience, on the desire to live life without nannies.

11. What is friendship? How do they become friends?

What is friendship? How do they become friends? You will meet friends most often among people of a common fate, one profession, common thoughts. And yet it is impossible to say with certainty that such a commonality determines friendship, because people of different professions can make friends.

Can two opposite characters be friends? Certainly! Friendship is equality and similarity. But at the same time, friendship is inequality and dissimilarity. Friends always need each other, but friends do not always receive equally from friendship. One is friends and gives his experience, the other in friendship is enriched by experience. One, helping a weak, inexperienced, young friend, learns his strength, maturity. Another, weak, recognizes in a friend his ideal, strength, experience, maturity. So, one in friendship gives, the other rejoices in gifts. Friendship is based on similarities, and manifests itself in differences, contradictions, dissimilarities.

A friend is the one who claims your rightness, talent, merit. A friend is one who lovingly exposes you in your weaknesses, shortcomings and vices.

12. Friendship is not something external.

Friendship is not something external. Friendship lies deep in the heart. You can't force yourself to be someone's friend or force someone to be your friend.

For friendship, a lot is needed, first of all, mutual respect. What does it mean to respect your friend? It means to reckon with his opinion and to acknowledge it. positive features. Respect is shown in words and deeds. A respected friend feels that he is valued as a person, respected for his dignity and helped him not only out of a sense of duty. In friendship, trust is important, that is, confidence in the sincerity of a friend, that he will not betray or deceive. Of course, a friend can make mistakes. But we are all imperfect. These are the two main and main conditions for friendship. In addition, for friendship, for example, common moral values are important. People who have different views of what is good and what is evil will find it hard to be friends. The reason is simple: will we be able to show deep respect for a friend and, perhaps, trust, if we see that he does things that are unacceptable, in our opinion, and consider this the norm. Strengthen friendships and common interests or hobbies. However, for a friendship that has existed for a long time and has been tested by time, this is not important.

Friendship does not depend on age. They can be very strong and bring a lot of experiences to a person. But without friendship, life is unthinkable. (According to the Internet)

13. Trials await friendship always.

Trials await friendship always. The main one today is a changed way of life, a change in the way and routine of life. With the acceleration of the pace of life, with the desire to quickly realize oneself, an understanding of the significance of time came. Previously, it was impossible to imagine, for example, that the hosts were weary of the guests. Now that time is the price of achieving one's goal, relaxation and hospitality are no longer important. Frequent meetings and leisurely conversations are no longer indispensable companions of friendship. Due to the fact that we live in different rhythms, meetings of friends become rare.

But here is a paradox: before, the circle of contacts was limited, today a person is oppressed by the redundancy of forced communication. This is especially noticeable in cities with high population density. We strive to isolate ourselves, to choose a secluded place in the subway, in a cafe, in the reading room of the library.

(According to N.P. Kryshchuk)

14. When I was at school, it seemed to me ...

When I was at school, it seemed to me that my adult life would take place in some other environment, as if in a different world, and I would be surrounded by other people. But in fact, everything turned out differently. My peers stayed with me. Friends of youth turned out to be the most faithful. The circle of acquaintances has grown unusually. But real friends, old, true friends, are acquired in youth. Youth is a time of rapprochement.

Therefore, take care of youth until old age. Appreciate all the good things that you acquired in your youth, do not lose friends. Nothing acquired in youth goes unnoticed. Good youth skills will make life easier. The bad ones complicate it and make it more difficult. Remember the Russian proverb: "Take care of your honor from a young age"? All the actions committed in youth remain in the memory. The good ones will make you happy. The wicked will not let you sleep.

15. When I was ten years old ...

When I was about ten years old, someone's caring hand put a volume of Animal Heroes on me. I consider it my "alarm clock". From other people I know that for them the “alarm clock” of the feeling of nature was a month spent in the summer in the countryside, a walk in the forest with a man who “opened his eyes to everything”, the first trip with a backpack, with an overnight stay in the forest ...

There is no need to enumerate everything that can awaken in human childhood an interest and a reverent attitude towards the great mystery of life. Growing up, a person should comprehend with his mind how complex everything in the living world is intertwined, interconnected, how this world is strong and at the same time vulnerable, how everything in our life depends on the wealth of the earth, on the health of wildlife. This school must be.

And yet at the beginning of everything is love. Awakened in time, she makes the knowledge of the world interesting and exciting. With it, a person also acquires a certain point of support, an important starting point for all the values of life. Love for everything that turns green, breathes, makes sounds, sparkles with colors, and there is love that brings a person closer to happiness.

(According to V.M. Peskov)

16. Self-doubt is an ancient problem...

Self-doubt is an ancient problem, but it attracted the attention of physicians, teachers and psychologists relatively recently - in the middle of the 20th century. It was then that it became clear: ever-increasing self-doubt can cause a lot of trouble - up to serious illnesses, not to mention everyday problems.

What about psychological problems? After all, self-doubt can serve as the basis for constant dependence on the opinions of others. Imagine how uncomfortable the addict feels: other people's assessments seem to him much more important and significant than his own; he sees his every act primarily through the eyes of others. And most importantly, he wants approval from everyone, from loved ones to passengers on the tram. Such a person becomes indecisive and cannot correctly assess life situations.

How to overcome self-doubt? Some scientists are looking for an answer to this question, based on physiological processes, others rely on psychology. One thing is clear: self-doubt can be overcome only if a person is able to set goals correctly, correlate them with external circumstances and positively assess their results.

17. What really lies in this ...

What really lies in this seemingly familiar concept of friendship? Scientifically speaking, friendship is a disinterested relationship between people based on common sympathies, interests and hobbies. A true friend is always there, whether we feel bad or good. He will never try to take advantage of your weakness for his own purposes and will always come to the rescue when he is needed the most. He will not only help in trouble, but will sincerely rejoice in moments of happiness with you.

But, unfortunately, such relations are gradually fading away. Selfless friendship is slowly becoming a relic of the past. Friends now for us are people who can help in a particular issue, or those with whom you can have a good time. In fact, if one of the supposedly close friends has a crisis, the friends disappear somewhere until this crisis passes. This situation is familiar to almost everyone. In a word, profitable friendship is rapidly crowding out disinterested friendship.

We must remember that many problems that seem grandiose and frightening can be solved without much difficulty if there are reliable friends nearby. Friendship gives confidence in the future. It makes a person bolder, freer and more optimistic, and his life is warmer, more interesting and multifaceted. True friendship spiritually unites people, contributing to the development in them of the desire for creation, and not destruction.

18. In modern world no person...

In the modern world there is no person who would not come into contact with art. Its importance in our life is great. Books, cinema, television, theatre, music, painting have firmly entered our lives and have a huge impact on it.

Contact with the world of art gives us joy and disinterested pleasure. But it would be wrong to see in the works of writers, composers, artists only a means of obtaining pleasure. Of course, we often go to the cinema, sit down to watch TV, pick up a book to relax and have fun. And the artists themselves, writers, composers build their works in such a way as to support and develop the interest and curiosity of viewers, readers, listeners. But the meaning of art in our life is much more serious. It helps a person to see and understand better. the world and himself.

Art can save character traits era, to give people the opportunity to communicate with each other through decades and centuries, becoming a kind of memory repository for future generations. It imperceptibly forms the views and feelings, character, tastes of a person, awakens a love for beauty. That is why, in difficult moments of life, people often turn to works of art, which become a source of spiritual strength and courage.

19. Many people think that being sincere...

Many people think that being sincere means to openly and directly say what you think and do what you say. But here's the problem: a person who immediately voices what first came into his head runs the risk of being branded not only natural, but also ill-mannered, or even stupid. Rather, a sincere and natural person is one who knows how to be himself: take off the masks, get out of the usual roles and show his true face.

The main problem is that we do not know ourselves well, we are chasing ghostly goals, money, fashion. Few people consider it important and necessary to direct the vector of attention to their inner world. You need to look into your heart, stop and analyze your thoughts, desires and plans in order to understand what is truly mine, and what is imposed, dictated by friends, parents, society. Otherwise, you risk spending your whole life on goals that you don’t really need at all.

If you look into yourself, you will see a whole world, endless and multifaceted. You will discover your characteristics and talents. You just need to study. And, of course, it will not become easier and easier for you, but it will become more interesting. You will find your life path. The only way to become sincere is to know yourself.

20. The essence of the concept of "power" is ...

The essence of the concept of "power" lies in the ability of one person to force another to do what he would not have done of his own free will. The tree, if left undisturbed, grows straight up. But even if it does not manage to grow evenly, then it, bending under obstacles, tries to get out from under them and again stretch upwards. So is man. Sooner or later he will want to get out of obedience. Submissive people usually suffer, but if once they managed to throw off their "burden", then they often turn into tyrants themselves.

If you command everywhere and everyone, then loneliness awaits a person as the end of life. Such a person will always be alone. After all, he does not know how to communicate on an equal footing. Inside he has a dull, sometimes unconscious anxiety. And he feels calm only when people unquestioningly carry out his orders. The commanders themselves are unfortunate people, and they breed misfortune, even if they achieve good results.

Commanding and managing people are two different things. The one who manages, knows how to take responsibility for actions. This approach preserves the mental health of both the person himself and those around him.

(According to M.L. Litvak)

21. In a society where the idea of individualism is cultivated...

In a society where the idea of individualism is cultivated, many have forgotten about such things as mutual assistance and mutual assistance. And human society has just been formed and continues to exist thanks to a common cause and help to the weak, thanks to the fact that each of us complements each other. And how can we now support the completely opposite point of view, which says that there are no other interests than our own? And the point here is not even that it sounds selfish, the point is that it is in this issue that personal and public interests are intertwined.

Do you see how much deeper it is than it seems? After all, individualism destroys society, and therefore weakens us. And only mutual support can preserve and strengthen society.

And what is more in line with our common interests - mutual assistance or primitive selfishness? There can be no two opinions here. We must help each other if we want to live well together and not depend on anyone. And, helping people in difficult times, you don’t have to wait for gratitude, you just need to help, not looking for benefits for yourself, then they will help you in return, of course.

22. One person was told that his acquaintance ...

One person was told that his acquaintance spoke of him in unflattering terms: “Yes, it can’t be! the man exclaimed. “I didn’t do anything good for him…” Here it is, the algorithm of black ingratitude, when good is met with evil. In life, it must be assumed, this person met more than once with people who confused the landmarks on the compass of morality.

Morality is the guide to life. And if you deviate from the road, you may well wander into a wind-blown, thorny bush, or even drown. That is, if you behave ungratefully towards others, then people have the right to behave towards you in the same way.

How to treat this phenomenon? Be philosophical. Do good and know that it will surely pay off. I assure you that you yourself will enjoy doing good. That means you will be happy. And this is the goal in life - to live it happily. And remember: exalted natures do good.

23. I remember hundreds of answers from boys...

Audio recording of the OGE 2017 in Russian from the demo version

Presentation text

I remember hundreds of boys' answers to the question: what kind of person do you want to become? Strong, brave, courageous, smart, resourceful, fearless ... And no one said: kind. Why is kindness not put on a par with such virtues as courage and bravery? But without kindness - genuine warmth of the heart - the spiritual beauty of a person is impossible.

And experience confirms that good feelings should be rooted in childhood. If they are not educated in childhood, you will never educate them, because they are assimilated simultaneously with the knowledge of the first and essential truths, the main of which is the value of life: someone else's, one's own, the life of the animal world and plants. Humanity, kindness, benevolence are born in worries, worries, joys and sorrows.

Good feelings, emotional culture are the focus of humanity. Today, when there is already enough evil in the world, we should be more tolerant, attentive and kind towards each other, towards the surrounding living world and do the most courageous deeds in the name of goodness. Following the path of goodness is the most acceptable and the only path for a person. He is tested, he is faithful, he is useful - both to a person alone and to the whole society as a whole.

(According to V.A. Sukhomlinsky)
171 words

24. The word "mother" is a special word.

The word "mother" is a special word. It is born together with us, accompanies us in the years of growing up and maturity. It is babbled by a child in the cradle. A young man and a deep old man pronounces with love. Every language has this word. And in all languages it sounds gentle and affectionate.

25. In childhood, a person is happy ...

26. The war was a cruel and rude school for children.

(According to Yu. Bondarev)

27. We often talk about the difficulties associated with the upbringing of a person beginning life.

We often talk about the difficulties associated with raising a person starting life. And the biggest problem is the weakening of family ties, the decrease in the importance of the family in raising a child. And if in the early years nothing lasting in the moral sense was laid in a person by the family, then later society will have a lot of trouble with this citizen.

(According to Yu.M. Nagibin)

28. There are values that change...

There are values that change, get lost, disappear, becoming the dust of time. But no matter how society changes, eternal values remain for thousands of years, which are of great importance for people of all generations and cultures. One of these eternal values, of course, is friendship.

29. Each of us once had favorite toys.

A toy is the key to the mind of a little person. In order to develop and strengthen positive qualities in him, to make him mentally healthy, to instill love for others, to form a correct understanding of good and evil, it is necessary to carefully choose a toy, remembering that it will bring to his world not only its own image, but also behavior, attributes, as well as the value system and worldview. It is impossible to raise a full-fledged person with the help of toys of a negative orientation.

30. Times are changing, new generations are coming...

Times are changing, new generations are coming, in which, it would seem, everything is not the same as the previous ones: tastes, interests, life goals. But intractable personal questions meanwhile for some reason remain unchanged. Today's teenagers, like their parents at one time, are worried about the same thing: how to attract the attention of someone you like? How to distinguish infatuation from true love?

Love is the unconditional and boundless trust of two to each other. Trust, which reveals in everyone all the best that a person is only capable of. True love certainly includes friendships, but is not limited to them. It is always greater than friendship, because only in love do we recognize the other person's full right to everything that makes up our world.

(According to E. Semibratova)

31. To appreciate kindness and understand its meaning...

Someone else's kindness is a premonition of something more, which is not even immediately believed. This is the warmth from which the heart warms up and comes in response. A person who has once experienced kindness cannot but respond sooner or later, confidently or uncertainly, with his kindness.

It is a great happiness to feel the fire of kindness in your heart and give it free rein in life. At this moment, during these hours, a person finds his best in himself, hears the singing of his heart. “I” and “one’s own” are forgotten, someone else’s disappears, for it becomes “mine” and “me”. And for enmity and hatred there is no place in the soul. (138 words)

32. If a person is deprived of the ability to dream ...

If a person is deprived of the ability to dream, then one of the most powerful incentives that give rise to culture, art, science and the desire to fight for the sake of a beautiful future will disappear. But dreams should not be divorced from reality. They should predict the future and make us feel that we are already living in this future and becoming different ourselves.

Dreams are needed not only for children, but also for adults. It causes excitement, a source of high feelings. It does not allow us to calm down and always shows new sparkling distances, a different life. It disturbs and makes you long for this life. This is its value.

33. Everyone is looking for a place in life...

Each person is looking for a place in life, trying to assert his self. It `s naturally. But how does he find his place? What are the paths to get to it? Which moral values have weight in his eyes? The question is extremely important.

Many of us cannot admit to ourselves that because of a misunderstood, inflated sense of self-worth, because of the unwillingness to appear worse, we sometimes take rash steps, we do not act very correctly: we don’t ask again, we don’t say “I don’t know” , "I can not" - there are no words. Selfish people cause a feeling of condemnation. However, those who exchange their dignity like small coins are no better. In the life of every person, there are probably moments when he is simply obliged to show his pride, to assert his self. And, of course, this is not always easy to do.

The true value of a person is revealed sooner or later anyway. And the higher this price, the more a person loves not so much himself as others. Leo Tolstoy emphasized that each of us, the so-called small ordinary person, is in fact a historical person who is responsible for the fate of the whole world.

34. I was betrayed by a loved one, I was betrayed by my best friend.

I was betrayed by a loved one, I was betrayed by my best friend. Unfortunately, we hear such statements quite often. Most often betray those in whom we have invested our soul. The pattern here is this: the more beneficence, the stronger the betrayal. In such situations, one recalls Hugo's statement: "I am indifferent to the knife blows of the enemy, but the pinprick of my friend is painful to me."

Betrayal completely destroys the dignity of a person, as a result, traitors behave differently. Someone defends his behavior, trying to justify his deed, someone falls into a feeling of guilt and fear of impending retribution, and someone just tries to forget everything, without burdening himself with either emotions or thoughts. In any case, the life of a traitor becomes empty, worthless and meaningless.

(According to M. Litvak)

35. It just seems to us that when something happens to us...

It just seems to us that when something happens to us, it is a unique phenomenon, the only one of its kind. In fact, there is not a single problem that has not already been reflected in world literature. Love, fidelity, jealousy, betrayal, cowardice, the search for the meaning of life - all this has already been experienced by someone, rethought, reasons, answers are found and imprinted on the pages fiction. The case is small: take it and read it and you will find everything in the book.

Literature, opening the world with the help of the word, creates a miracle, doubles, triples our inner experience, infinitely expands our outlook on life, on a person, makes our perception thinner. In childhood, we read fairy tales and adventures in order to experience the excitement of search and intrigue. But there comes an hour when we feel the need to open the book in order to delve into ourselves with its help. This is the hour of growing up. We are looking for an interlocutor in the book who enlightens, ennobles, teaches.

Here we are with the book. What is happening in our soul? With each book we read, which opens up the pantries of thoughts and feelings before us, we become different. With the help of literature, a person becomes a Human. It is no coincidence that the book is called a teacher and a textbook of life.

Each of us is born with a purpose. It just seems that you can choose your own path in life, profession. In fact, already at the moment of our birth, the stars prescribe our fate, and since childhood we have been steadily moving in the direction destined for us. The correspondent of IA "Express-Novosti" turned to a famous astrologer with a request to tell what is in store for Aquarius, Gemini and Libra, and this is what the astrologer said.

Aquarius

Aquarius is recognized as the most independent, free sign of the zodiac. But with all this, Aquarius are the most faithful friends, comrades. They do not refuse anyone support, help, noisy companies always gather around them. This quality is the ability to make friends and support a good relationship- used by Aquarius not only for personal, but also for professional purposes. Aquarians are often busy establishing business contacts, establishing profitable relationships. Ambassadors of peace, whose mission is to establish friendly relations between countries, are also usually born under the sign of Aquarius.

Twins

Gemini is alien to constancy. They are always on the lookout for new experiences and change. If something stagnates in one place, then Gemini immediately becomes bored. This feature is widely used in their professional activities - they are constantly looking for and inventing new methods, improving technologies. Wherever the Twins work - in science, in technology, in business - everywhere they will improve, develop the existing business, and they do it quite successfully.

Scales

Libra is constantly weighing something in the mind, every situation is checked from all sides, they are looking for a grain of justice. Such a neat, careful, balanced approach to any business comes in handy for them in the profession they choose. These qualities of Libra are especially in demand in diplomacy - after all, it is especially important to calculate both your own steps and other people with whom diplomats deal. If you study the biographies of the most famous diplomats, you will notice that most of them were Libra.

Thirty-five years have passed since the day when Boris Vasiliev's story "The Dawns Here Are Quiet..." was published in the magazine Yunost. First of all, she amazed us, who were then working in the editorial office, with her piercing human truth about the war, about young girls who died in the swampy forests of Karelia in the spring of 1942, died without lofty words, without even realizing that they accepted death heroically, with silent dignity. . None of these five girls even thought about whether it was necessary to sacrifice their lives in this forest wilderness, in an unequal battle with experienced, hefty German saboteurs, who turned out to be three times more than these girls, dressed in tunics, skirts and rough army boots. After all, no one will ever know how they died in this completely random military battle, on white May nights, when the sun, barely going beyond the horizon, reappeared over the forests and the crazy squeal of millions of mosquitoes continued to overcome people ...

They say that even death is red in the world when, in front of your comrades or just strangers, you must (or must) accept the unknown and terrible that is destined for you. Sometimes the language does not dare to call such behavior a feat.

What was really heroic in Liza Brichkina's grave step by step advancement through swampy swamps full of icy water? a viscous cold sludge pulled her into the depths. And Liza, who grew up with her forester father, far from cities, from radio, noisy fun parties, playful boys, so dreamed of simple human affection, strong male hands ... Boris Vasiliev did not want to describe how Liza's heart was beating in fear and horror, when she was drawn into the bottomless swamps - under the chirping of birds, under the rays of the indifferent northern sun. Boris Vasiliev is stingy with words; in the most tragic last minutes he writes with clenched teeth, and we read, feeling a lump in the throat ...

And dying like this - in obscurity, alone with the whole world that will never know about you - is probably no easier than climbing out of a trench towards a machine gun in front of the eyes of your comrades ... Front-line soldiers remember that the most terrible death is ridiculous (in the old days the word " lepota" meant "beauty"). And who will condemn Galya Chetvertak, who grew up in an orphanage, when she, unable to withstand the test of fear, ran out of hiding with a scream of horror under German machine gun fire ...

In the early 70s of the recent twentieth century, few wrote like Boris Vasiliev. Hundreds of books have already been created about the grandiose military battles - near Stalingrad, on the Kursk Bulge, about the capture of Prague and Berlin; told about the biographies of famous commanders, about the life famous heroes, who closed the embrasure of the enemy bunker with their chest ... The first quarter of a century after the war was ending.

And then the quiet voice of Boris Vasilyev sounded throughout the country, talking about the unknown girls who died in the Karelian swamps. In connection with this story by Vasiliev, one can also recall V. Bogomolov's story "Ivan" (based on it by Andrei Tarkovsky directed the magnificent film "Ivan's Childhood"), Boris Balter's story "Goodbye, Boys", Vasil Bykov's novels "Sotnikov" and "Live to dawn."

The war appeared in those works in real human tragedies, in difficult destinies not at all famous characters.

That was, of course, to a large extent a new word about the war. And still not the last word. Although there have appeared in recent years the magnificent novels of Viktor Astafiev "Cursed and Killed", Georgy Vladimov's "The General and His Army" and other good books. And yet the big truth about the war is yet to come. Grigory Baklanov, the author of the talented novel Forever Nineteen, recently rightly noted in a newspaper interview that the more or less exhaustive truth about the war has not yet been told: thousands of archival, classified documents, numerous memoirs of war participants have not been published.

But literature, in spite of everything, continues its sacred work: it goes into new depths of time, history, the human soul. Literature continues to explore the spiritual ups and downs of people. And perhaps the most important thing in this process is the turn of literature to the human dimension of time and history. Writers learn to count millions of people to the nearest one person. This is exactly how Fyodor Dostoevsky bequeathed to treat people: to count millions of people - living and dead - with an accuracy of one.

Boris Vasiliev is one of that small constellation of writers who have made this creative principle the main one for themselves. Despite the fact that our society so far only verbally, declaratively, recognizes these humanistic values. Gradually - unfortunately, later than other countries - Russia comes to the understanding that the life of every person is a one-of-a-kind life. And the death of each changes the spiritual state of mankind. It has long been said that a whole world is buried under each gravestone. Indeed, even today, almost sixty years after the victory of 1945, we did not bother - or did not have the courage - to name those who died by name, we could not even properly bury them. There were millions of them. So far they haven't even been counted, those boys and girls; and this is also our misfortune and our fault.

In the Zori, a thought once flashed through the foreman Vaskov: was it necessary to sacrifice these five girls so that the Germans would not go to Kirovskaya railway and didn't blow it up? The mortally wounded Rita Osyanina tries to calm him down: “It’s all clear, war ...” And then Fedot Vaskov, who at first seemed to the girls a “mossy hemp”, semi-literate martinet, suddenly could not stand it: “While the war is understandable. And then when will there be peace? Will it be clear why you had to die? Why didn’t I let these Fritz go further, why did I make such a decision? What to answer when they ask: what is it you, men, couldn’t protect our mothers from bullets? .. They took care of the Kirovskaya road and the White Sea Canal named after Comrade Stalin? .. "

A powerful moral charge is embedded in Vasiliev's story. Burying the body of Sonya Gurvich, foreman Vaskov thinks about how important one, single person is for this many-sided world: “And most importantly, Sonya could give birth to children, and those would be grandchildren and great-grandchildren, and now there will be no this thread. A small thread in the endless yarn of humanity, cut with a knife ... "

Boris Vasiliev avoids false pathos, the slightest pomp, because he knows the price of truly authentic words, expressive artistic details. He doesn't want to portray his girls as hard-nosed, bronzed heroines. They are alive, with all their fears and mischief. The beautiful Zhenya Komelkova, who was not afraid at gunpoint of hidden German machine gunners to play a fun swim in icy water to confuse enemies, is cheerful and fearless. And here follows an expressive detail typical of Boris Vasiliev, given, as the filmmakers say, in close-up: Fedot Vaskov also climbed into this mortal font to help out Komelkova. “Zhenya pulled his hand, he sat down next to him and suddenly saw that she was smiling, and her eyes, wide open, were full of horror, like tears. And this horror is alive and heavy, like mercury.

In the novel “Not on the Lists,” the writer creates a stunning scene of the death of a young girl Mirra, who experienced first love with Nikolai Pluzhnikov in the stinking casemates of the besieged Brest Fortress. From childhood, Mirra was called a cripple, a lame leg (she has a prosthesis of one leg), she did not dream of love, of male tenderness, but then she felt happy, tried to save her conceived child and ... ran into the bayonets of German soldiers and our traitor guards. Those pages at the end of the fourth part of the novel are hard to read. In describing such scenes, it is very tempting to slip into heartbreaking intonations, but Boris Vasilyev is still strict and stingy with words. And this makes his prose sound even more convincing.

Vasiliev is not very inclined towards everyday, descriptive scenes; this is probably why the first half of the novel “He Wasn’t on the Lists” is to a certain extent inferior in emotional tension to the final chapters (however, this is natural in the compositional plan of the novel). Boris Vasiliev prefers transcendental situations, when the everyday principle is highlighted by the existential feeling of life, when everyday life is permeated with currents of being, that is, a higher meaning of the moving world.

And then in the stories of Boris Vasiliev, a breath of universal, truly eternal questions begins to arise: what is true humanity and - perhaps the most difficult question - how to remain human in the unthinkable, cruel circumstances of a merciless, cynical world. After all, each of us is born one day, grows up, becomes almost an adult boy or girl. Why do some people go through life with dignity, finding their calling, while others break down, are tempted by cheap passions, selfish desires, drown their conscience with big and small deals in tobacco smoke or drugs? Everyone is given a soul at birth, but how differently people dispose of it ... Some live with a pure soul, while others have a soul that shakes, is sold, is pawned in devilish aspirations, wears out. In Lermontov's brilliant poem "Angel", it is shown how the heavenly sound of the divine song in the young soul "remained - without words, but alive." Why, then, do you so often meet people in whose souls this divine sound fades, dies, and often dies? And at a very young age.

This sound is called conscience. If you write this word through a dash (through a hyphen), then the meaning of the word will be revealed: conscience - news, that is, a secret, deeply personal meeting - a meeting of each person with himself, with his parents, friends and the whole world. Perhaps no one will ever know about this secret conversation between you and your conscience, but it will affect your actions and behavior.

So no one knew that foreman Semishny for several months, until last day of his life, hid the regimental banner on his chest and, dying, handed it over to Nikolai Pluzhnikov. And no one ordered foreman Stepan Matveyevich to blow himself up with two bundles of grenades, throwing himself into a marching column of Nazi soldiers. It is hard to forget the blind political instructor with broken legs; he calmly waited for the Germans, holding a revolver in one hand, and a grenade in the other ...

Yes, perhaps it can be said that if in the story “The Dawns Here Are Quiet…” the writer suggests thinking about the value of human life, then in the novel “He Was Not on the Lists” the author is looking for answers to questions no less difficult: how to save a person in yourself, how to preserve personal dignity and honor at difficult everyday crossroads?

A sharpened conscience distinguishes the best heroes of Boris Vasiliev; it allows the writer to inexorably judge cowards and cowards, traitors and cynics... The height of the moral court comes precisely from the important, at first glance, elusive quality of the protagonist of the novel, Nikolai Pluzhnikov, from his conscientiousness.

One day he gave himself a tough moral judgment. Only rare people are capable of such judgment. Nikolai remembered that he had released the captured German, who begged not to be shot, assuring him that he was not a fascist, but a simple working man. And the next day, this pardoned "working man" showed the Nazis the way to the underground casemate, where Aunt Christya was hiding, and the invaders turned the good old woman into ashes with a flamethrower.

Nikolai remembered how an unfamiliar border guard covered him from automatic fire and died himself ... How another Red Army soldier, Salnikov, practically saved Nikolai from inevitable captivity and death. Pluzhnikov remembered everyone who helped him, saved him, rushing forward, regardless of the danger. It turned out that he was really guilty before the burned Aunt Christya, before the dead comrades. "He only survived because someone died for him."

In those days, he became very ill and was even ready to commit suicide in an underground casemate. For several days he lay numb, not answering Mirra, then still alive. “Day and night there was grave silence in the dungeon, day and night the fat bowls shone dimly, day and night darkness was on duty behind the yellow fuming light, viscous and impenetrable, like death. And Pluzhnikov kept looking at her. I looked into the death in which I was guilty. And in those days he realized his duty to those who were dying, so that he, Nikolai Pluzhnikov, remained alive. In a conversation with Mirra, he states that “a man cannot be defeated if he does not want to. You can kill, but you can't win." In this state, he meets death. And even the Hitlerite general and German officers, having finally captured Pluzhnikov, blind, half-dead, gray-haired in his twenty years, give him, an unknown Russian soldier, the highest military honors. Nikolai Pluzhnikov remained undefeated.

In the final scenes of the novel, the word of Boris Vasiliev takes on a tragic breath, and this happens naturally, without forcing pathos. It becomes obvious that Vasiliev's restrained prose - both the story and the novel - develops into a truly tragic narrative, the effectiveness of which on the emotional and spiritual state of the reader increases many times over. It is no coincidence, perhaps best books world literature written in the genre of tragedy. From Aeschylus' Oedipus Rex to Goethe's Faust, from Cervantes' Don Quixote to Shakespeare's King Lear, and in the Russian twentieth century from Sholokhov's The Quiet Don to Bulgakov's The Master and Margarita and Pasternak's Doctor Zhivago - all these works belong to the diverse genres of tragedy.

Since the time of ancient playwrights, the tragedy genre has developed its own traditions, its own range of topics and conflicts, the main ones being connected with the hero’s painful awareness of his duty to people, to his native land, to his conscience, finally. And then a person acts at the behest of duty. And then death is not terrible, and the person leaves life, trampling death by death.

And it is no longer necessary to call the best modern books about the war - military prose. Literature is moving on to new, universal criteria for evaluating and analyzing those unforgettable events. Nicholas II Luzhnikov, in a conversation with Mirra, says that one should not blindly pray for the dead stones of the past. “You just have to remember,” says Pluzhnikov, addressing not only current but also future generations.

And literature is memory, including the memory of how to remain human.

Vladimir Voronov