Journalistic style is considered one of the most mobile and developing in speech. Translated from Latin, this term means “public, state”. The style is divided into separate substyles, reflecting the focus of the term. The specific properties of the journalistic style are used to inform by presenting facts, as well as to use expressiveness and influence the emotions of listeners.
The journalistic style of speech refers to the functional styles in literary language. The scope of application covers various views on public life, including scientific, philistine, social and others. It includes:
- newspaper genre;
- television;
- oratorical;
- advertising;
- communicative.
In some textbooks, this style is called newspaper-journalistic or socio-political. However, the name and definition used are more accurate, since in addition to newspapers, it is found in electronic media and on television. In addition to politics, the style also covers other topics. These are sports, culture, popular science, etc.
Journalism belongs to the journalistic and literary genre. Within its framework, it is possible to identify economic, philosophical, legal, scientific and other issues of modern society.
And the purpose of application is expressed in influencing public opinion and political forces to strengthen or change relevant positions.
The subject of the genre is life in its various manifestations:
- presented and real;
- private and public;
- on a large and small scale.
Language style features
The journalistic style of speech performs two main linguistic functions:
- messages;
- impact.
The first is for the authors to inform a wide range of people about serious social problems. These functions, one way or another, include speech styles and substyles. The peculiarity is reflected in the subject matter of the information reported. The method of presentation also differs. For example, it states scientific fact- at the same time the opinion and mood of the authors, reflections are expressed. This feature illustrates the difference from the official business tone. The publicist himself chooses the information that is worth paying attention to. He independently decides how to define it in the message.
Along with the presentation of facts of scientific, social, political or other interest, the functions of influence are also realized. With their help, the author convinces listeners of attitude and behavior. Therefore, style and substyles can be defined as tendentious, emotional, polemical.
In the genres of journalistic style, functions are distributed unevenly. One of them will always prevail. It is important that they do not replace each other. This means that persuasion must be based only on reliable evidence with full disclosure of information.
Lexical features of texts
The linguistic features of the journalistic style are clearly expressed through vocabulary. Designations: morality and economics, ethics, culture, scientific dialect, psychological experiences, etc. Main features and examples.
- The text has ready-made social standards. They largely reflect the time period. Current examples: “injection of lies”, “financial elite”, “wooden ruble” and so on.
- A relationship arises between the author and the readers that is reminiscent of the relationship between an actor and an audience. This is another characteristic of the style. Here the vocabulary even takes on “stage” shades. So, they say: “the struggle behind the scenes”, “the drama unfolded”, “the famous trick” and the like.
- You can often hear emotional and evaluative judgments, but not of an individual, but of a social nature. Among them there are words that carry an approving (compassionate, prosperity) and negative (philistine, racism) assessment.
- A special place is given to layers of a solemn, rhetorical and civil-pathetic nature (self-sacrifice). And the Old Church Slavonicisms inserted into the text give it a passionate and slightly pathetic tone (power).
- Military terminology (mobilization of reserves) is used figuratively.
- An example of an evaluation tool is archaisms (healers, profits).
Morphological features of texts
These signs of journalistic style indicate the use of different grammatical forms, which differs in frequency. Compared to lexical features, the text does not contain so many of them. This:
- a singular noun used instead of the required plural (The teacher always knows the student);
- imperative verb forms (Be on TV with us);
- present tense verbs (May 1 continues);
- participles ending in -omiy (slave);
- noun in the genitive case (exit from the situation);
- derived prepositions (based on).
Syntactic features of texts
A special feature of this section is the clear expression of the influencing function. From different forms designs that have the potential to influence are selected. They are taken not from popular science, but from colloquial speech. At the same time, it provides an accessible structure for mass perception. These include the following signs and examples:
- Specific sentences of the text and repeated or short and abrupt, illustrating the general picture of what is happening.
- Rhetorical questions: Do Russians want war?
- Silence is expressed by ellipses, hinting at unspokenness: They wanted what was best...
- In the question-and-answer technique, the author first asks questions and then answers himself. Thanks to this, the newspaper reader's interest in the topic is growing: How are displaced people treated? It is believed that they absorb the main part of the funds - benefits.
- Sentences in which the order of application of the beginning and end is changed: The scientific blog was an exception, instead of: The scientific blog was an exception.
- Exclamation types: Go ahead, vote!
- Advertising text headings: Fierce February is such a hot time for sales.
Headings tend to reflect the text through epithets and metaphors. Thanks to this, the inconsistency of a particular phenomenon is revealed in a condensed form.
Forms of expression of genres
The peculiarity of today is how the genres of journalistic style are mixed. On their basis, hybrid species arise. The characteristics of the presentation and the combination of standard and original language means depend on the task at hand. Their decisions differ in different circumstances. Types of mixed genre and examples of application:
- note and report as a type of information genre;
- article as an analytical genre;
- essay or featurette as a form of artistic and journalistic writing.
A note is a type of informing about what is happening in scientific or socio-political, cultural and other spheres of life. Newspapers always contain them. The message is a short summary of important news without details. Often, newspaper chronicles do not even have a headline, but tell about the event using a wide range of language means depending on the given topic.
Reportage
The leading journalistic styles include reporting. Distinctive features:
- objectivity;
- accuracy of display of what is happening;
- brightness and emotionality of statements.
Reporting belongs to dynamic genres. It combines remarkable episodes and uses a variety of stylistic expressions. The information is presented with elements of analysis and author's assessment.
Articles
Another journalistic genre is considered to be articles published by newspapers, magazines, and websites. Their purpose is to analyze pressing problems. But unlike the media, here the information is addressed only to a circle of readers interested in a specific problem. Article structure:
- initial thesis;
- justification;
- descriptions of episodes, quotes and arguments of the author;
- conclusion.
The use of vocabulary and stylistic coloring depends on what area is being addressed and what type of presentation is chosen.
Journalistic essay
A journalistic essay is similar to an article - a sketch that includes reasoning that reveals problems in a free, natural form. It is also considered in the form of an essay. There are bright illustrations that serve as food for thought. In addition, the presentation is presented through the author's perception. This means that the fate of the essay depends on the writer: on beliefs, analysis, knowledge, empathy and the ability to translate this into speech.
Journalism is the main lever for the emergence and further spread of neologisms in the language. It influences the development of a living language. Therefore, it is important that style is studied thoroughly. Careless and inaccurate influence leads to serious negative consequences when replicated when people perceive speech error for the norm.
(newspapers, magazines, television, posters, booklets). It is characterized by the presence of socio-political vocabulary, logic, emotionality, evaluativeness, and appeal. It widely uses, in addition to neutral, high, solemn vocabulary and phraseology, emotionally charged words, the use of short sentences, chopped prose, verbless phrases, rhetorical questions, exclamations, repetitions, etc. The linguistic features of this style are affected by the breadth of topics: there is a need to include special vocabulary that requires explanation. On the other hand, a number of topics are in the center of public attention, and vocabulary related to these topics takes on a journalistic connotation. Among such topics, we should highlight politics, economics, education, healthcare, criminology, and military topics.
The journalistic style is characterized by the use of evaluative vocabulary that has a strong emotional connotation (an energetic start, a firm position, a severe crisis).
This style is used in the sphere of political-ideological, social and cultural relations. The information is intended not only for a narrow circle of specialists, but for broad sections of society, and the impact is aimed not only at the mind, but also at the feelings of the recipient.
Functions of journalistic style:
- Informational - the desire to inform people about the latest news as soon as possible
- Influencing - the desire to influence people's opinions
Speech task:
- influence mass consciousness
- call to action
- report information
The vocabulary has a pronounced emotional and expressive coloring and includes colloquial, colloquial and slang elements. Vocabulary characteristic of the journalistic style can be used in other styles: official business, scientific. But in a journalistic style, it acquires a special function - to create a picture of events and convey to the addressee the journalist’s impressions of these events.
This is a very important style, with its help you can convey what cannot be conveyed by other styles of speech.
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See what “Publicistic style” is in other dictionaries:
Journalistic style- (newspaper journalistic, newspaper, political, newspaper magazine) - one of the functions. styles serving a wide area of social relations: political, economic, cultural, sports, etc. P.s. used in political... ... Stylistic encyclopedic dictionary of the Russian language
JOURNALISTIC STYLE- PUBLICISTIC (from Latin publicus - public) STYLE. See functional styles...
journalistic style Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
Journalistic style- (newspaper journalistic, newspaper, political, newspaper-magazine) One of the functional styles serving the sphere of public relations: political, economic, cultural, sports, etc. P.s. used in political... ... General linguistics. Sociolinguistics: Dictionary-reference book
journalistic style- see style of language + journalism... Terminological dictionary-thesaurus on literary criticism
journalistic style- a type of literary language: one of the book styles of speech, used in the sphere of politics, social, economic and cultural life of society, in the media. See also journalism... Dictionary of literary terms
PUBLICIST STYLE- PUBLICISTIC STYLE. See journalistic style... New dictionary methodological terms and concepts (theory and practice of language teaching)
- [manner] noun, m., used. often Morphology: (no) what? style, why? style, (I see) what? style, what? style, about what? about style; pl. What? styles, (no) what? styles, what? styles, (see) what? styles, what? styles, about what? about styles 1. Style is called... ... Dictionary Dmitrieva
speech style- ▲ style of presentation; style of speech; character of presentation. conversational style. book style. art style. journalistic style. scientific style. scientific. formal business style. clerical style [language]. protocol style. protocolism...... Ideographic Dictionary of the Russian Language
STYLE IN LINGUISTICS- STYLE IN LINGUISTICS, a system of linguistic elements united by a certain functional purpose, methods of their selection, use, mutual combination and correlation, a functional variety of literary language. Compositional speech... ... Literary encyclopedic dictionary
Books
- Contrasting style. Newspaper and journalistic style in English and Russian languages, A. D. Schweitzer. In the book offered to the reader by the famous Russian linguist A.D. Schweitzer, the subject of contrastive stylistics is defined, the principles of contrastive stylistic analysis are outlined,...
Journalism is called the chronicle of modernity, since it fully reflects current history and addresses the topical problems of society - political, social, cultural, everyday, philosophical, etc. Newspaper-journalistic (journalistic) style speeches are presented on the pages of newspapers and magazines, in materials of radio and television journalism, in public lectures, in the speeches of speakers in parliament, at congresses, plenums, meetings, rallies, etc.
Texts belonging to this style are distinguished by a variety of topics and linguistic design. On the one hand, the same genre, for example, the reporting genre, will be significantly different in a newspaper, on radio and on television. But, on the other hand, a newspaper report differs significantly from other newspaper genres - information, essay, feuilleton, etc.
However, all genres of journalism have many common features that allow them to be combined into a single whole. And these common features due to their common function. Texts of journalistic style are always addressed to the masses and always perform - along with information - an influencing function. The nature of the impact can be direct and open. For example, at a rally, speakers openly call on the masses to support or reject this or that decision of the government, this or that speaker, politician, etc.
The nature of the impact may be different, as if hidden behind the outwardly objective presentation of facts (cf. radio and television news programs). However, the very selection of facts, their more or less detailed consideration, the nature of the presentation of the material also provide for a certain impact on the masses. By its very nature, journalism is called upon to actively intervene in life and shape public opinion.
A characteristic feature of journalism is also that it influences not just one person, but the masses, society as a whole and its individual social groups. In the journalistic style, the author's individuality is manifested much more strongly than in the scientific, official and business styles. However, in this case, the author manifests himself not only as a specific person (with his own unique characteristics), but also as a representative of society, an exponent of certain social ideas, interests, etc.
Therefore, the main feature, the dominant feature of the journalistic style is social evaluation, which is manifested both in the selection of facts, the degree of attention to them, and in the use of expressive language means.
In general, the journalistic style is characterized by a constant alternation of expression and standard, the constant transformation of expressive means into a standard and the search for new expressive means of expression.
For example, metaphors cold war, iron curtain, perestroika, stagnation, thaw almost immediately turned into socio-political, standardly used terms.
Such confrontation and interaction between expression and standard is quite natural. The influencing function determines the constant desire of journalism for expression, but the need for expressive and visual means conflicts with the need to quickly respond to all modern events. Standards, being ready-made speech forms, are correlated with certain socio-political and other situations. And a text constructed in a familiar, standard form is easier to write and easier to digest. It is no coincidence that such stereotypes are most often found in those genres that require an economical and concise form and that are operatively related to the event itself: an official message, information, a press review, a report on the work of parliament, government, etc. In other genres (essay, feuilleton, etc.) there are fewer speech standards, original expressive techniques come to the fore, and speech is individualized.
The standard informative means used in the journalistic style include the following:
| Language means | Examples |
|---|---|
| Socio-political vocabulary. | Society, citizen, patriotism, reform, democracy, parliament, debate. |
| Terminology of science, production and other social means. | As the Institute's specialists say terrestrial magnetism Russian Academy, main flow of solar matter passed away from the Earth... At the beginning of the century there was a peak of eleven years solar activity cycle. The number of requests for medical help by those suffering from illnesses has doubled in 6 days of cardio-vascular system. |
| Book vocabulary of abstract meaning. | Intensify, constructive, priority. |
| Proper names. | It was decided to hold the next meeting of the G8 in Canada. After talk of a possible resignation, the Italian coach "Spartak" gave his club the best match of the season. The president V.V. Putin addressed the forum participants. |
| Abbreviations, that is, compound words. | UNESCO, CIS, UN. |
| Newspaper clichés, that is, set phrases and whole sentences. | Difficult political situation; reserves for increasing efficiency; reach design capacity. |
| Polynomial phrases. | Together with the delegation she went to the DPRK working group to prepare proposals for the modernization of Korean roads. |
| Complete sentences with direct word order. | Yesterday, Minister of Railways N. Aksyonenko, at the head of the delegation of the Ministry of Railways of the Russian Federation, flew to Pyongyang. |
| Complex and complicated sentences with participles, participial phrases, plug-in structures and so on. | It is expected that during the ministerial meeting a number of issues related to connecting the Trans-Korean Railway with the Trans-Siberian Railway will be resolved. |
Among the expressive-influencing means, it is necessary to highlight the following:
| Language means | Examples |
|---|---|
| Language level: Vocabulary and phraseology | |
| Vocabulary of various stylistic colors. | Puncture a politician inexperienced in intrigue; to one of the regional police departments of Khabarovsk the man rammed cannon; The Pentagon watches with helpless despair as Chinese experts gutted top secret plane; light up the fire the state machine is not for weak. |
| Newspaperisms, that is, units that are widely used in this area and almost uncommon in other areas. | Achievements, steady, initiative, machinations, curbing, atrocities, military, outrages, unanimously, unity. |
| Tropes, that is, figures of speech in which a word or expression is used figuratively in order to achieve greater expressiveness. | |
| a) Metaphor, that is, the use of a word in a figurative meaning based on the similarity of two objects or phenomena. | Election marathon; political farce; reserve of racism; political solitaire. |
| b) Metonymy, that is, the use of the name of one object instead of the name of another object on the basis of an external or internal connection (contiguity) between these objects or phenomena. | Gold(meaning “gold medals”) went to our athletes. London(meaning “the government, the ruling circles of Great Britain”) agreed to participate in the military operation together with Washington(meaning “government, ruling circles of the USA”). |
| c) Synecdoche, that is, a type of metonymy in which the name of a part (detail) of an object is transferred to the entire object, and vice versa - the name of the whole is used instead of the name of the part. At the same time, often singular used instead of the plural and vice versa. | The presentation was dominated by crimson jackets(instead - wealthy people, conventionally called now new Russians). Protection(instead - the defender) demands the full acquittal of Rokhlin's widow. Even the most discerning buyer you will find something you like here. |
| d) Epithet, that is, an artistic, figurative definition. | Dirty war; gangster prices; barbaric methods. |
| e) Comparison, that is, a trope consisting in likening one object to another based on a common feature. | snow dust pillar stood in the air. It was noticeable that the “best teacher in Russia” was worried when he went on stage like a first grader. |
| f) Periphrasis, that is, a trope consisting of replacing the name of a person, object or phenomenon with a description of their essential features or an indication of their characteristic features. | Foggy Albion (England); king of beasts (lion); creator of Macbeth (Shakespeare); singer of Gyaur and Juan (Byron). |
| g) Allegory, that is, an allegorical depiction of an abstract concept using a concrete, life-like image. | Such a quality of a person as cunning is shown in the form of a fox, greed - in the form of a wolf, deceit - in the form of a snake, etc. |
| h) Hyperbole, that is figurative expression containing an exorbitant exaggeration of the size, strength, or significance of an object or phenomenon. | Wide as the sea, highway; officials robbed poor tenants to the skin; ready strangle in arms. |
| i) Litotes, that is, a figurative expression that downplays the size, strength, and significance of the described object or phenomenon. | Below a thin blade of grass you have to bow your head. Such injections into our economy - a drop in the sea. |
| j) Personification, that is, endowing inanimate objects with the signs and properties of a person. | The ice track awaits future champions. Terrifying poverty tightly grabbed it to an African country. No wonder slander and hypocrisy all life hugging each other. |
| A cliché of an expressive-impacting nature. | People of good will; with a sense of legitimate pride; with deep satisfaction; enhance martial traditions; policy of aggression and provocation; pirate course, the role of the world gendarme. |
| Phraseologisms, proverbs, sayings, catchwords, including modified ones. | Washington still exhibits the habit rake in the heat with someone else's hands. This faction is no stranger sing from someone else's voice. The restoration of Lensk proved that we have not yet forgotten how work with a twinkle. Lennon lived, Lennon is alive, Lennon will live! |
| Language level: Morphology | |
| Emphasized role of collectiveness (use of the singular in the meaning of the plural, pronouns every, every, adverb always, never, everywhere and etc.). | How to help to the farmer? This land is abundantly watered with the blood of our fathers and grandfathers. Every a person has thought about this question at least once in his life. Never The world has never seemed so small and fragile. |
| Superlative forms as an expression of expression, the highest assessment. | The most decisive measures, the highest achievements, the strictest prohibition. |
| Imperative (incentive) forms as an expression of agitation and sloganism (imperative mood, infinitive, etc.). | Summon slanderers to answer! Be worthy in memory of the fallen! Everyone - to fight the flood! |
| Expressive use of present tense forms when describing past events: the author seeks to present himself and the reader as participants in these events. | Now I often I'm asking myself, what made me in life? AND I answer- Far East. There are different concepts about everything, and there are different relationships between people. For example, in Vladivostok comes whaling flotilla "Slava". The whole city buzzing. Collects the boss of all the sailors and says: “If you, scoundrel, come tomorrow and say that you were robbed, then it’s better not to come.” In the morning someone is, of course, robbed, and blames... |
| Language level: Expressive syntax and rhetorical figures * | |
| Antithesis, that is, a sharp opposition of concepts, thoughts, images. | The rich feast on weekdays, but the poor grieve even on holidays. |
| Gradation, that is, such a construction of parts of a statement in which each subsequent part contains an increasing (or decreasing) semantic or emotionally expressive meaning. | Our officials have long forgotten that they are obliged protect the people's property, preserve, increase, fight for every penny! |
| Inversion, that is, the arrangement of the members of a sentence in a special order, violating the usual (direct) word order. | With joy this message was received. Don't leave terrorists from retribution. |
| Parallelism, that is, the same syntactic construction of adjacent sentences or segments of speech, including such types of parallelism as anaphora, that is, repetition of the same elements at the beginning of each parallel series, and epiphora, that is, repetition of the last elements at the end of each series. | Every day a pensioner came to the district administration. Every day the pensioner was not accepted. The plant was not working on Monday - shared received for a new order money. Didn't work on Tuesday either - divided the money. And now, a month later, there’s no time for work either - divide money not yet earned! |
| Mixing syntactic constructions (incompleteness of the phrase, the end of the sentence is given in another syntactically than the beginning, etc.). | Our experiment showed that Russian “wild geese” are ready to fight for either the Americans or the Taliban. If only they paid... A banknote was confiscated from a citizen detained in Kazan, which was 83 times higher than the norm. Do terrorists really have such “weapons of mass destruction”? |
| Connection structures, that is, those in which phrases do not immediately fit into one semantic plane, but form a chain of attachment. | I recognize the role of the individual in history. Especially if it's the president. Especially the President of Russia. We did everything ourselves. And what didn’t they come up with! It’s worse when they don’t notice the person behind the clothes. It's worse when they offend you. They are being insulted undeservedly. |
| A rhetorical question, that is, the affirmation or denial of something in the form of a question, a rhetorical exclamation, a rhetorical appeal, as well as a question-and-answer presentation of material as an imitation of dialogue; introduction to the text of direct speech. | So we won’t hear the truth from our valiant naval commanders? Get a blue outfit, inspector! Yesterday, the Minister of Internal Affairs signed a report from the State Traffic Safety Inspectorate on the introduction of a new uniform for its employees in Russia. A wall along the equator? Easily! |
| Nominative representations, that is, an isolated nominative case that names the topic of the subsequent phrase and is intended to arouse special interest in the subject of the statement. | September 11, 2001. This day became a dark day in the life of the entire planet. |
| Ellipsis, that is, the deliberate omission of any member of the sentence, which is implied from the context. | Your letters contain the truth of life. Russia is in the final of the 2002 World Cup! |
| Polyunion or, on the contrary, non-union in complex and complicated sentences. | The team was shaken up more than once. And the coaches were changed. And the center was transferred to the right flank. And the defense was dispersed. If you're afraid of wolves, don't go into the forest. |
Of course, the use of standard and expressive language in a journalistic style largely depends on the genre, on the sense of proportion, taste and talent of the publicist.
Subject: Journalistic style. Basics of Public Speaking
Plan
1. General characteristics of journalistic style
2. Style-forming features of journalism and linguistic means of their implementation
3. Public speech. Formation of rhetoric as a science. Types and genres of eloquence
4. Main stages of preparing a public speech
5. Logical foundations of speech. Argumentation
6. Interaction between speaker and audience
7. Types of discussion speech
1. General characteristics of journalistic style
Journalistic style (from lat. publicus– public) serves the sphere of public relations: political-ideological, socio-economic, cultural and others. This style is the most popular of all book styles, since its spread is facilitated by the media: its examples are presented on the pages of newspapers, magazines, in promptly published books and brochures, in materials from radio, film and television journalists, as well as on the Internet.
Main functions journalistic style (journalism) are informing(message) and impact, and the primary function is information. Journalism allows the mass audience to receive up-to-date information about events in the country and the world, about news from politics, science, sports, etc. Thus, information, contained in journalistic texts, specific. It is distinguished by:
as a rule, the topicality and relevance of the issue;
diversity of content, since journalism reflects different aspects of our life: political, economic, moral, etc.;
the intended purpose of a mass, very heterogeneous and most often dispersed audience: after all, we read the newspaper, listen to the radio most often alone (the exception is movie viewers and partly television viewers, as well as listeners of the speaker’s public speech, although the interests of this audience can also be very diverse;
stylistic heterogeneity of speech (which will be discussed in more detail in § 2 of this lecture) and visual design.
No less important for journalism influence function (voluntary). After all, the author’s communicative intention includes not only a message on a particular topic, but also the hope for a response from the reader (listener), for public resonance. Along with factual information, a journalistic work also contains the author’s interpretation, assessment, and commentary. It influences our feelings and mind, and this influence is carried out due to not only emotionality, expressiveness, but also the thoughtful logic of presentation of the material. Therefore, for analytical genres of journalism (see Table 2), a system of arguments and logical judgments is mandatory. It should also be noted that influence in journalism can be both open, “straightforward”, and veiled. In the latter case, the point of view of the author (the media) can be expressed, for example, through the order of arrangement (sequence) of journalistic materials, through a graphic series, the intonation of a radio or television presenter, etc.
The influence function of journalism is traditionally closely related to such concepts as agitation and propaganda.
Agitation– this is the dissemination of operational information about current events that actively shape the life position of the mass addressee in specific situations. Campaign materials convey the ideological and emotional attitude of the author and the media to facts, events, processes, etc. A typical example of campaigning is election leaflets and videos of candidates.
Propaganda– this is an activity to disseminate fundamental ideas, knowledge that shapes mass consciousness, as well as the worldview of a particular person, giving the mass addressee value guidelines for understanding the processes occurring in society. First of all, the views held by the owner and/or editorial board of the media (as well as the socio-political forces behind it) on fundamental issues of life are popularized. For example, “glossy” publications consistently promote the bourgeois way of life.
The functions mentioned above are equally characteristic of the journalistic style and of journalism, but these terms should not be identified. The first term is much broader, since journalism, in addition to the genres presented in the media, also includes literary critical works, as well as public speeches at meetings, rallies, plenums, etc. Journalistic works are published in the form of books; and many school compositions and essays are also journalistic in nature. Thus, any person who masters the journalistic style is capable of creating a journalistic text, expressing his own opinion about certain events and phenomena. However, in our everyday consciousness the term journalism primarily associated with journalism (journalists) and politics (politicians).
Journalism exists in both written and oral forms. Since today they watch and listen much more than they read and write, radio and television journalism takes on special importance in modern conditions. In addition, there are journalistic genres that combine verbal and visual components: posters, caricatures, television and radio broadcasts, theatrical drama productions, etc.
What types and forms of journalism are you most familiar with? What TV and radio programs do you prefer?
What do you read from the modern press?
2. Style-forming features of journalism and their linguistic means
incarnations
The scope of use and the main functions of journalism determine its most important stylistic features, presented in table. 1
Table 1
Main style-forming features of journalistic style
|
Function |
Relevant functions style-forming features |
The essence of the concept |
|
Informative |
Documentary |
Reflection of new socially significant information about reality: facts, events, processes, etc. |
|
Credibility |
Correspondence to reality, objectivity. |
|
|
Efficiency |
The combination of the novelty of the information being communicated and the speed of its verbal presentation |
|
|
Availability |
Focus on a form of presentation of information that is understandable to the mass addressee or target audience |
|
|
Voluntary |
Expressiveness |
Communicatively appropriate manifestation of the author’s individuality in the text |
|
Tendency |
Expression in the text of any idea, direction in views and intentions; bias, partiality |
|
|
Controversy |
Expression of conflicting ideas, opinions, judgments; dispute when discussing any problems |
|
|
Callability |
Expression of a call to action in the text |
Of course, style-forming features manifest themselves in speech works of different genres differently and not to the same extent. As already noted, journalistic messages are based on a wide variety of information; This factor, as well as differences in the way the material is presented, gives rise to a variety of genres. The typology of the main genres of journalism is given in Table. 2
table 2
Main genres of journalism
|
Genre Types |
Genres |
|
Information |
Note, chronicle, correspondence, informational interview, report, quick poll, press conference, obituary |
|
Analytical |
Article, analytical interview, media review, journalistic investigation, review, review, commentary, round table, debate |
|
Propaganda |
Brochure, leaflet, poster, debate |
|
Artistic and journalistic |
Essay, feuilleton, essay, pamphlet, parody, satirical commentary |
Now let's talk in more detail about some of the style-forming features of journalism in relation to different genres.
Due to documentary we should dwell on such a concept of journalism (and journalism) as fact-news. After all, there are many events happening in the world, but not all are selected for coverage. The selection criteria are their scale, conflict potential, and ability to arouse interest among a wide audience.
One of the important components of documentation is factuality, which involves indicating the place, time and circumstances of the fact, event, as well as their participants. Credibility, so necessary in information and analytical journalism, is to a lesser extent characteristic of artistic and journalistic, as well as propaganda genres. In essays, for example, a certain amount of fiction is acceptable; feuilletons, pamphlets, and leaflets tend to use exaggeration (hyperbole) or, conversely, understatement (litotes). But they say about a report that it reflects reality in the least distorted form.
Naturally, in journalistic works both of these properties are “supported” by non-linguistic means: video, photographs, audio recordings, etc.
Efficiency journalism (especially in relation to the work of the media) is due to a number of reasons, including the presence of competition “in the news market” and the frequency of publication (broadcasts, programs). And from a technological point of view, it is associated with the method of recording and transmitting information. So, if we talk about the placement of journalistic materials in the media, we should keep in mind that among the existing four subsystems of journalism (print, radio, TV and Internet media), the least efficient, precisely for technical reasons, is print (newspapers, magazines, books and etc.). And the fastest ways to respond to events are the Internet and radio.
In addition, to create analytical materials, and even more so artistic and journalistic works devoted to a particular problem, much more time is needed than to write informational texts.
Availability A journalistic text is largely relative in nature, and this quality can only be assessed taking into account the addressee. Accessible text is the level of complexity of which (in terms of informative content and compositional and speech design) corresponds to the background knowledge and intellectual level of the addressee. In other words, the publicist must be sure that the terms, borrowings, precedent texts, etc. he uses must be understandable to the potential reader (listener). Of course, certain expressions in the text of a sports (economic, political, music, etc.) observer may not be understandable to a wide audience, but this fact itself does not indicate a violation of communicative norms by the author.
One of the main qualities of journalism is expressiveness. The fact is that the main task of a publicist is not only to awaken interest in his oral or written speech, but also to maintain this interest. After all, it is the expressive speech of a publicist that we regard as successful and effective.
Expressiveness consists of many “components”, the main ones being expressiveness, evaluativeness and imagery. Expressiveness- this is an expression of the subjective attitude of the author of the text to the subject of speech and/or to the addressee through the use of unusual and/or unexpected linguistic and speech means in a given situation. The antipode of expressiveness is everything standard, familiar, expected, and the most typical means of expressing the standard are speech stereotypes (For more information about speech stereotypes, see lecture No. 6, § 6.4). Evaluativeness implies the expression of a positive or negative assessment of the subject of speech. And in general, for journalistic style is characterized by open, unveiled expression the author’s point of view, his assessment of facts, processes, etc. Imagery as an artistic reflection of reality, of course, is characteristic of artistic and journalistic genres (This concept is explored more deeply in lecture No. 10, § 10.3.).
TOPIC 5.PUBLICIST SPEECH STYLE
§ 1. Journalistic style of speech (general characteristics)
In Latin there is a verb publicare- “make it a common property, open it to everyone” or “explain publicly, make it public.” The origin of the word is connected with it journalism. Journalism- this is a special type of literary work that highlights, explains current issues socio-political life, moral problems are raised.
The subject of journalism is life in society, economics, ecology - everything that concerns everyone.
Journalistic style used in the socio-political sphere of activity. This is the language of newspapers, socio-political magazines, propaganda radio and television programs, commentaries on documentaries, the language of speeches at meetings, rallies, celebrations, etc. Journalistic style is speech activity in the field of politics in all the diversity of its meanings. The main means of journalistic style are designed not only for message, information, logical proof, but also for the emotional impact on the listener (audience).
Characteristic features of journalistic works are the relevance of the issue, political passion and imagery, sharpness and vividness of presentation. They are determined by the social purpose of journalism - by reporting facts, forming public opinion, and actively influencing the mind and feelings of a person.
Journalistic style is represented by many genres:
1. newspaper– essay, article, feuilleton, report;
2. television– analytical program, information message, live dialogue;
3. oratorical– speech at a rally, toast, debate;
4. communicative– press conference, “no tie” meeting, teleconferences;
§ 2. Functions of journalistic style
One of the important features of the journalistic style is the combination within its framework of two functions of language: message functions(informative) and impact functions(expressive).
Message function is that the authors of journalistic texts inform a wide range of readers, viewers, and listeners about issues that are significant to society.
The information function is inherent in all styles of speech. Its specificity in the journalistic style lies in the subject and nature of the information, its sources and recipients. Thus, television programs, newspaper and magazine articles inform society about the most diverse aspects of its life: about parliamentary debates, about the economic programs of the government and parties, about incidents and crimes, about the state of the environment, about the everyday life of citizens.
The way of presenting information in a journalistic style also has its own distinctive features. Information in journalistic texts not only describes facts, but also reflects the assessment, opinions, and sentiments of the authors, and contains their comments and reflections. This distinguishes it, for example, from official business information. Another difference in the provision of information is due to the fact that the publicist strives to write selectively - first of all, about what is of interest to certain social groups, he highlights only those aspects of life that are important to his potential audience.
Informing citizens about the state of affairs in socially significant areas is accompanied in journalistic texts by the implementation of the second most important function of this style - impact functions. The goal of the publicist is not only to talk about the state of affairs in society, but also to convince the audience of the need for a certain attitude towards the facts presented and the need for the desired behavior. Therefore, the journalistic style is characterized by open bias, polemicism, and emotionality (which is caused by the desire of the publicist to prove the correctness of his position).
In various journalistic genres, one of the two named functions can act as the leading one, while it is important that the influence function does not displace the information function: the promotion of ideas useful to society should be based on complete and reliable information to the audience.
§ 3. Linguistic features of journalistic style of speech
Lexical features
1. In the journalistic style there are always ready-made standard formulas (or speech cliches), which are not of an individual authorial, but of a social nature: warm support, lively response, sharp criticism, bringing basic order etc. As a result of repeated repetitions, these cliches often turn into boring (erased) cliches: radical changes, radical reforms.
Speech patterns reflect the nature of time. Many clichés are already outdated, for example: sharks of imperialism, growing pains, servants of the people, enemy of the people. On the contrary, they were newfangled for the official press of the late 90s. became words and expressions: elite, struggle of elites, elite of the criminal world, top financial elite, promote, virtual, image, iconic figure, power pie, child of stagnation, wooden ruble, injection of lies.
Numerous examples of speech cliches are part of the so-called journalistic phraseology, which allows you to quickly and accurately provide information: peaceful offensive, the power of dictatorship, ways of progress, security issue, package of proposals.
2. The relationship between the sender and the addressee in a journalistic style is similar to the relationship between an actor and the audience. "Theatrical" vocabulary – the second striking feature of the journalistic style. It permeates all journalistic texts: political show , on politicalarena , behind the scenes struggle,role leader,dramatic events famous in politicstrick , nightmarescenario and etc.
3. A characteristic feature of the journalistic style is emotional and evaluative vocabulary. This assessment is not individual, but social in nature. For example, words with a positive rating: asset, mercy, thoughts, dare, prosperity; words with a negative rating: instill, philistine, sabotage, racism, impersonality.
4. In the journalistic style, a special place belongs to book layers of vocabulary that have a solemn, civil-pathetic, rhetorical coloring: dare, erect, self-sacrifice, army, fatherland. The use of Old Church Slavonicisms also gives the text a pathetic tone: accomplishments, power, guardian etc.
5. Texts of journalistic style often contain military terminology: guard, height assault, front line, line of fire, direct fire, strategy, mobilization of reserves. But it is used, naturally, not in its direct meaning, but figuratively (in texts with these words we can talk, for example, about harvesting, commissioning new production facilities, etc.).
6. As evaluation tool in journalism there may be words of passive vocabulary– archaisms. For example: Dollar and his healers . Military profits grow.
Morphological characteristics
We include the frequency use of certain grammatical forms of parts of speech as morphological features of journalistic style. This:
1) singular number of a noun in the plural meaning: Russian man always had endurance; Teacher always knows student ;
2) genitive case of a noun: timechange , plastic bagproposals , reformprices , exit fromcrisis and etc.;
3) imperative verb forms: Stay with us on channel one!
4) present tense of the verb: in Moscowopens , April 3begins ;
5) participles on - washed:driven, weightless, attracted;
6) derived prepositions: in the area, on the way, on the basis, in the name of, in the light, in the interests of, taking into account.
Syntactic features
TO syntactic features journalistic style should include frequently repeated, as well as types of sentences (syntactic constructions) that are specific in nature. Among them:
1) rhetorical questions: Will the Russian man survive? Do Russians want war?
2) exclamatory sentences: Everyone's off to the polls!
3) sentences with modified reverse order: The army is at war with nature(cf.: The army is at war with nature).The exception was mining industry enterprises(compare: Enterprises were an exception);
4) headings of articles, essays that perform an advertising function: Small troubles of a large fleet. Winter is a hot season.
Headlines often use a specific language device – " connection of the incompatible." It makes it possible to language means reveal the internal inconsistency of an object or phenomenon: a toiling parasite, repeated uniqueness, gloomy gaiety, eloquent silence.
Questions and tasks
1. Where is the journalistic style of speech used?
2. Name the genres of journalism.
3. Tell us about the functions of the journalistic style (informative and expressive).
4. What are the linguistic features of the journalistic style of speech (lexical, morphological, syntactic)?
5. What technique do journalists use in the headlines of articles and essays?
Structural and logical diagram of "Genres of journalistic style of speech"
