Norway map in Russian. Detailed map of Norway in Russian. Flora and fauna

Norway - country in northern Europe, the main part of which is located in the western part of the Scandinavian Peninsula.

The territory of Norway includes approximately 50,000 small coastal islands, as well as the large Svalbard archipelago, Bear Islands and Jan Mayen Islands in the Arctic Ocean. On a detailed map of Norway, you can find the country's border with three states: with Sweden in the east, with Finland and Russia in the northeast.

Norway is one of the largest oil and gas producers in Europe and a global exporter of timber, titanium and fish.

Norway on the world map: geography, nature and climate

Norway on the world map is located in Northern Europe, in the west of the Scandinavian Peninsula, washed by the waters of the North Sea from the south, Norwegian - from the west, Barents - from the north.

Minerals

The country has large reserves of oil and gas, iron, titanium and zinc. In smaller volumes, there are also deposits of lead, copper, coal, apatite and graphite.

Relief

Most of the territory of Norway is occupied by the Scandinavian mountains with numerous fjords (bays deep into the land with rocky shores) and valleys. The northern and southern part of the country is occupied by elevated plateaus - fjelds - Yuste-dalsbrs, Telemark, Yutunheimen, in the last of which the highest point of Norway is located - Mount Gallhøpiggen (2470 m).

Hydrography

The river network of Norway is dense, and the rivers themselves are full-flowing, deep and narrow. The rivers are fed by snow-rain or ice. The longest river is the Glomma (619 km), flowing through the east of the country.

About 4 thousand Norwegian lakes occupy 5% of the country's area and are located mainly in southern Norway. The largest lake is Mjosa with an area of 365 km 2, located on the map of Norway in Russian in the southern part of the country, 100 km north of the capital Oslo.

There are almost 900 glaciers on the territory of the country, most of which also occur in Southern Norway.

Flora and fauna

Norwegian soils are not very fertile. The most common types of soils are: mountain-meadow, low-humus podzols, podzols, brown, marsh gleyed and others.

There are mixed broad-leaved forests, taiga and coniferous-broad-leaved forests, mountain forests and tundra vegetation in the country. Forests occupy 27% of the country's territory, they grow: oaks, beeches, ash trees, birches, spruces, mosses and lichens.

Lynxes, deer, martens, ermines, squirrels, bears, hares and foxes are found in local forests and tundra; and among the representatives of birds - capercaillie, black grouse, gulls, geese and other birds. Fish of the salmon family live in fresh water, and herring, mackerel, and cod live in sea water.

The protected areas of Norway include 37 national parks, several nature reserves and about a hundred wildlife preserves.

Climate

Norway's climate varies from mild temperate maritime in the south, temperate continental in the center, to subarctic in the very north of the country. The climate of Norway is significantly softened under the influence of the warm currents of the Atlantic and Arctic Oceans, characterized by mild, for such high latitudes, winters and cool summers. The average January temperature in Norway ranges from -17°C in the far north to +2°C in the southwest of the country, while the average July temperatures range from +7°C to +17°C respectively. Cloudy and rainy weather prevails in Norway - approximately 800 - 1200 mm of precipitation falls annually.

Map of Norway with cities. Administrative division of the country

Norway consists of 19 counties (provinces, counties), and is also unofficially divided into 5 regions:

Southern Norway,
Northern Norway,
Western Norway,
Eastern Norway,
Central Norway.

Largest cities

Oslo- the capital and most important city of Norway, located on the banks of the Oslo Fjord, in the southeast of the country. Oslo is a major seaport and center of the oil and gas industry, as well as one of the most expensive cities in the world. Akershus Fortress, built in the 13th century, is the main attraction of the city. Oslo is home to 673,000 people.
Bergen- the second largest city in the country, which on the map of Norway with cities in Russian can be found in its western part. Being on the coast of the North Sea determines the main specialization of the city - maritime business and maritime research (oceanography). The population of Bergen is 273 thousand people.
Alesund- Another city on the west coast of Norway, the largest center of the country's fishing industry. Three kilometers west of Alesund, there is a large aquarium, which clearly shows the life of the marine inhabitants of the North Atlantic in the most natural conditions - cod, eels, halibut and other fish - because the water comes directly from the sea. The population of the city is 42 thousand people.

Kingdom Norway occupies the western and northern parts of the Scandinavian Peninsula, the Spitsbergen archipelago in the Arctic Ocean and Jan Mayen Island in the North Atlantic Ocean. Norway is washed by the North and Norwegian Seas. It borders on Finland and Russia in the northeast, and Sweden in the east.

The name of the country comes from the ancient Norwegian Norreweg - "northern road".

General information about Norway

Official name: Kingdom of Norway

Capital: Oslo

The area of the land: 385.2 thousand sq. km

Total population: 4.8 million people

Administrative division: Norway is divided into 18 counties, which are governed by governors. Traditional division: Northern Norway, which includes three historical and geographical regions (Nurland, Troms, Finnmark), and Southern Norway, which combines four regions: Trennelag, Vestland (West), Estland (East) and Sør-lann (South).

Form of government: A constitutional monarchy.

Head of State: King.

Composition of the population: Norwegian. In a number of communes of Troms and Finnmark, the Sami has an equal status with him.

Official language: German. Most people working in the tourism industry understand and speak English. In the border areas they speak: Hungarian, Slovenian, Croatian, Czech, Italian.

Religion: 85.7% - Lutheran Church, 2.4% - Orthodox, 1.8% - Muslims, 1% - Pentecostals, 1% - Catholics, 8.1% - others.

Internet domain: .no

Mains voltage: ~230 V, 50 Hz

Phone country code: +47

Country barcode: 700-709

Climate

Located almost entirely in the temperate zone, in comparison with other land areas located at the same latitudes, the south of Norway is much warmer and more humid due to the large influx of heat from the Norwegian Current. The warm current, however, does not penetrate the Skagerrak Strait, which sharply affects the climate of southeastern Norway, at the same time, continental air masses from the Baltic easily penetrate here.

Masses from higher latitudes, where the Arctic High dominates in winter, often also penetrate into the offshore zone. Since the surface of Norway drops steeply to the sea, and the valleys are elongated meridionally, warm air masses cannot penetrate very deep into them, which creates a situation where in winter the temperature drop gradient when moving deep into the fjord is greater than when moving north.

The height of the Scandinavian mountains does not allow air masses to pass to the east of the country, and create a barrier effect, which, subject to significant moisture saturation, causes a huge amount of precipitation, both in summer and in winter. The influence of the warm current on the country's climate is not associated with the direct heating of the oceanic air layer (after all, the territory of southern Norway is separated from this current by 300-400 km), but with the western transfer that brings these heated air masses.

Average January temperatures range from -17 °C in the north of Norway in the town of Karashuk to +1.5 °C on the country's southwestern coast. Average temperatures in July are around +7°C in the north and around +17°C in the south in Oslo.

Geography

Norway is located in northern Europe, in the western part of the Scandinavian Peninsula. A third of the country lies beyond the Arctic Circle. The total area of the country is about 387 thousand square meters. km. The country shares land borders with Russia, Sweden and Finland. In the north, the coast of Norway is washed by the Barents Sea, in the west by the Norwegian and North Seas, in the south, the Skagerrak Strait separates Norway from Denmark. Norway owns the Svalbard archipelago with Bear Island in the Arctic Ocean, Jan Mayen Island in the North Atlantic, as well as Bouvet Island off the coast of Antarctica and more than 50 thousand small islands.

The territory of Norway is predominantly mountainous and covered with forests, tundra and mountain vegetation. The highest points are the city of Gallhöpiggen (2469 m) and the city of Glittertinn (2452 m), located in the Yutunheimen massif. The longest river is Glomma (600 km), the largest lake is Miessa (362 km). High plateaus (felds) are covered by the largest glaciers in Europe, total area which are 5 thousand square kilometers. The largest of the glaciers are Jostedalsbre (the largest glacier in Europe), Svartisen in north central Norway. There are fjords all along the Norwegian coastline, they were formed thousands of years ago when glaciers cut deep into the land. The longest is the Sogne Fjord (204 km).

Flora and fauna

Vegetable world

Tundra vegetation (subnival-nival belt) has a significant distribution and is confined to the highest mountain regions, to areas adjacent to glaciers and the northern part of the country. Growing conditions here are the most unfavorable within Norway: low temperatures, a small growing season, wide distribution of snowfields and the proximity of glaciers, strong winds and thin soil cover. Therefore, the vegetation cover here is extremely fragmented and is mainly represented by various mosses and lichens.

The vegetation of the alpine belt occupies vast expanses of fjelds and the most elevated parts of the western coast above the line of possible tree growth, located at an average height of 800 - 1700 m, the values of which, as in the case of the vegetation of the subnival-nival zone, increase when moving from west to east . The climatic conditions in which these formations grow are also unfavorable. Trees in this belt are completely absent, shrubs and forbs are dominant communities, shrub vegetation appears only at the lowest hypsometric levels, the moss-lichen layer is poorly developed and appears only in areas covered with snow for a long time. The species composition includes amphiatlantic and circumpolar species. The dominant plant forms here are hemicryptophytes and chamephytes.

Mountain forests and light forests occupy the most large areas in Norway, located in the lower tier of the Scandinavian mountains. They rise to 1000 m in the most continental areas, and in the coastal zone of the Atlantic they descend even into the lowlands under the influence of a general decrease in the belt boundaries here. This belt includes pure birch forests on the western macroslope, and pine-birch forests in more continental parts.

The taiga zone also occupies significant areas on the territory of Southern Norway, occupying its most continental sections (Ostlan and East Serlan), as well as reaching the coast on the Trønnelag plain, where the warming influence of the ocean is still noticeable, but allows taiga vegetation to grow here. Formations of this belt are absent on the western macroslope of mountains and in the fjord area. It is represented by spruce and oak-spruce and pine forests in the south.

The Atlantic moorlands occupy a narrow coastal outer strip along the entire western coast, never going deep into the fjords. Moorlands here are developed on well-drained, oligotrophic acidic substrates. Tree and shrub species are generally absent here, however, they can appear in some places well protected from the wind blowing from the sea. In terms of species, heathers predominate in combination with shrubs, herbs, grasses, mosses and lichens. The soil and vegetation cover here is often fragmented.

Mixed and broad-leaved forests in Norway are represented by small areas occupying the southernmost part of the country. However, the inner parts of the largest fjords, where the warming effect of the ocean is strong, are also occupied by mixed broad-leaved forests, which take on an intrazonal character there. Represented by oak, beech and ash forests.

Floodplain vegetation is represented by one area of the floodplains of the Glomma and Logen rivers in the area of their confluence, which is significant in terms of scale. Hydrophilic vegetation is developed here due to periodic flooding. It is represented by forests of alder and spruce, which occupy floodplain and oxbow depressions.

Animal world

The following representatives of the animal world are found in the forests of Norway: lynx, red deer, marten, weasel, badger, beaver, ermine, squirrel. The white and blue fox, lemming (Norwegian mouse), and reindeer live in the tundra. Hare and fox are found everywhere in large commercial quantities, while the wolf and bear are practically exterminated.

Norway has a large number of birds: capercaillie, black grouse, gulls, eiders, wild ducks, geese. Huge bird colonies nest on the coastal cliffs. IN sea waters there are a large number of fish, of which traditionally commercial: herring, cod, mackerel. Trout, salmon, salmon live in rivers and lakes.

Attractions

The main treasure of Norway is its nature. Thousands of secluded bays and picturesque fjords encircle its coast, and low mountains covered with forests and meadows create a unique flavor of this country. Thousands of clean lakes and rivers provide a unique opportunity to enjoy fishing and water sports, and carefully protected nature allows you to get acquainted with one of the most untouched corners of Europe.

Fjords are the main attraction of the country. The entire coastline of the country is indented by these narrow and deep bays, sung in the ancient Scandinavian sagas. The most popular among tourists are Yairangerfjord, Lysefjord, Sognefjord,

You can exchange currency at any bank or post office, as well as at bank branches at the railway station and at Oslo Airport. Non-cash forms of payment are extremely developed, major credit cards are accepted almost everywhere.

Traveler's checks can be exchanged at most banks, travel agencies, post offices and offices of international payment systems. Some banks take a certain percentage from each check, so it is more profitable to import money in a single check.

Useful information for tourists

Night clubs, discos and other entertainment establishments have a clear gradation regarding the age of visitors, the range of alcoholic drinks offered and opening hours. Therefore, many of them may require a passport to enter. Entrance to most museums is free.

Smoking is prohibited in all forms of public transport and on board aircraft, as well as in most public buildings, offices, etc. In hotels, bars and restaurants, all common areas are non-smoking, and a third of the tables are mandatory for non-smokers. Hotels follow the same policy - up to 50% of hotel rooms are non-smoking only, and this should be taken into account when choosing a hotel. Cigarettes are only sold to persons over the age of 18.

All parking in Norway is paid. You can't park outside the parking lots - only cars of residents living in the surrounding houses can be there.

Norway, due to the fact that there is a polar day from May to July, is sometimes called the "Land of the Midnight Sun". This, of course, is a mysterious and even somewhat romantic name, but it does not cause a strong desire to come to this country. However, Norway is not only the Land of the Midnight Sun. First of all, Norway is the Vikings, amazingly beautiful fjords, some of which are included in the UNESCO World Heritage List, and, of course, prestigious ski resorts.

Geography of Norway

Norway is located in the western part of the Scandinavian Peninsula. In the northeast, Norway borders on Finland and Russia, in the east - on Sweden. In the northeast, Norway is washed by the Barents Sea, in the southwest by the North Sea, and in the west by the Norwegian Sea. The Skagerrak Strait separates Norway from Denmark.

The total territory of Norway, including the islands of Svalbard, Jan Mayen and Bear in the Arctic Ocean, is 385,186 square kilometers.

A significant part of the territory of Norway is occupied by mountains. The highest of them are Mount Gallhöppigen (2469 m) and Mount Glittertinn (2452 m).

There are a lot of rivers in Norway, the longest of which are Glomma (604 km), Logen (359 km), and Otra (245 km).

Norway is sometimes referred to as the "Lakeland". This is not surprising, given that there are several hundred lakes in it. The largest of these are Mjøsa, Rösvatn, Femunn, and Hornindalsvatnet.

Capital

The capital of Norway is Oslo, which is now home to more than 620 thousand people. It is believed that Oslo was founded in 1048 by the Norwegian king Harald III.

Official language of Norway

The official language in Norway is Norwegian, which consists of two dialects (Bokmål and Nynorsk). Most often, Norwegians speak Bukol, but for some reason Nynorsk is popular with Norwegian Internet users.

Religion

More than 80% of Norwegians are Lutherans (Protestants) belonging to the Church of Norway. However, only about 5% of Norwegians go to church every week. In addition, 1.69% of Norwegians are Muslims and 1.1% are Catholics.

State structure of Norway

Norway is a constitutional monarchy in which the head of state, according to the Constitution of 1814, is the King.

The executive power in Norway belongs to the King, and the legislative power belongs to the local unicameral parliament - the Storting (169 deputies).

The main political parties in Norway are the liberal-conservative Progress Party, the social democratic Norwegian Labor Party, the Christian Democratic Party and the Social Left Party.

Climate and weather

Norway is at the same latitude as Alaska and Siberia, but this Scandinavian country has a much milder climate. In late June - early August in Norway, the weather is warm and the days are long. At this time, the average air temperature reaches + 25-30C, and the average sea temperature - + 18C.

The warmest and most stable weather is always observed on the southern coast of Norway. However, even in the north of Norway in summer the air temperature can exceed +25C. However, in the central regions and in the north of Norway, the weather often changes.

In winter, most of Norway tends to turn into a real snow paradise. In winter in Norway, the air temperature can even drop to -40C.

Sea in Norway

In the northeast, Norway is washed by the Barents Sea, in the southwest by the North Sea, and in the west by the Norwegian Sea. The Skagerrak Strait separates Norway from Denmark. The total coastline of Norway is 25,148 km.

Average sea temperature in Oslo:

January – +4C
February - +3С
March - +3C
April - +6С
May - +11C
June - +14С
July - +17С
August – +18C
september - +15С
October - +12C
November - +9С
December - +5С

The real beauty of Norway is the Norwegian fjords. The most beautiful of them are Naeroyfjord, Sognefjord, Geirangerfjord, Hardangerfjord, Lysefjord, and Aurlandsfjord.

Rivers and lakes

There are a lot of rivers in Norway, the longest of which are Glomma in the east (604 km), Logen in the southeast (359 km), and Otra in Serland (245 km). The largest Norwegian lakes are Mjøsa, Rösvatn, Femunn, and Hornindalsvatnet.

Many tourists come to Norway to fish. In Norwegian rivers and lakes, salmon, trout, whitefish, pike, perch and grayling are found in large numbers.

History of Norway

Archaeologists have proven that people on the territory of modern Norway lived as early as the 10th millennium BC. But real story Norway began in the Viking Age, whose cruelty is still legendary on the coast of Great Britain, for example.

From 800-1066, the Norse Vikings became known throughout Europe as brave warriors, ruthless invaders, cunning merchants and inquisitive seafarers. The history of the Vikings ended in 1066, when the Norwegian king Harald III died in England. Olaf III became King of Norway after him. It was under Olaf III that Christianity began to spread rapidly in Norway.

In the XII century, Norway captured part of the British Isles, Iceland and Greenland. It was the time of the greatest prosperity of the Norwegian kingdom. However, the country was greatly weakened by competition from the Hanseatic League and the plague epidemic.

In 1380, Norway and Denmark entered into an alliance and became one country. The union of these states lasted more than four centuries.

In 1814, Norway, according to the Treaty of Kiel, became part of Sweden. However, Norway did not submit to this and the Swedes invaded its territory. In the end, Norway agreed to be part of Sweden if they were left with the constitution.

Throughout the 19th century, nationalism grew in Norway, and this led to a referendum in 1905. According to the results of this referendum, Norway became an independent state.

During the First World War, Norway remained neutral. Second world war Norway also declared its neutrality, but it was nevertheless occupied by German troops (for Germany this was a strategic move).

After the end of World War II, Norway suddenly forgot about its neutrality, and became one of the founders of the NATO military bloc.

Culture of Norway

The culture of Norway differs markedly from the cultures of other peoples of Europe. The fact is that this Scandinavian country is located far from such European cultural centers like Florence, Rome and Paris. However, tourists will be pleasantly impressed by the Norwegian culture.

Many Norwegian cities have annual music, dance and folklore festivals. The most popular of them is the international cultural festival in Bergen (music, dance, theater).

It cannot be said that the Norwegians have made a huge contribution to world culture but the fact that he was significant is undeniable. The most famous Norwegians are polar explorers Roald Amundsen and Fridtjof Nansen, composers Varg Vikernes and Edvard Grieg, artist Edvard Munch, writers and playwrights Henrik Ibsen and Knut Hamsun, and traveler Thor Heyerdahl.

Cuisine of Norway

The main products of Norwegian cuisine are fish, meat, potatoes and other vegetables, and cheese. Norwegians' favorite traditional snack is pölse (potato cake with sausage).

Fenalår - dried lamb.
Fårikål - lamb stew with cabbage.
Pinnekjøtt - salted ribs.
Roast of wild elk or deer.
Kjøttkaker - fried beef meatballs.
Laks og eggerøre - smoked salmon omelet.
Lutefisk - baked cod.
Rømmegrøt - sour cream porridge.
Multekrem - cloudberry cream for dessert.

Traditional alcoholic drink in Norway - Aquavit, the strength of which is usually 40%. The production of aquavita in Scandinavia began in the 15th century.

Sights of Norway

Norwegians have always been distinguished by the fact that they are very careful about their history. Therefore, we advise tourists to visit Norway to see:

Cities and resorts

The largest Norwegian cities are Oslo, Bergen, Trondheim, and Stavanger.

Norway is famous for its great ski resorts. Every winter in Norway there are different championships in skiing. The top ten Norwegian ski resorts include, in our opinion, the following:

Trysil (Trisil)
Hemsedal (Hemsedal)
Hafjell (Hafjell)
Geilo (Geilo)
Tryvann (Tryvann)
Norefjell
Oppdal (Oppdal)
Hovden (Hovden)
Kvitfjell (Kvitfjell)
Kongsberg (Consberg)

Souvenirs/Shopping

We advise tourists from Norway to bring a real Norwegian wool sweater, toy trolls, modern dishes, wooden kitchen utensils, silverware, ceramics, jerky, brown goat cheese, and Norwegian vodka - aquavit.

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NORWAY

(Kingdom of Norway)

General information

Geographical position. The Kingdom of Norway occupies the western and northern parts of the Scandinavian Peninsula, the Svalbard archipelago (including Bear Island) in the Arctic Ocean and Jan Mayen Island in the North Atlantic Ocean. Norway is washed by the North and Norwegian Seas, and has land borders with Finland and Russia in the northeast and with Sweden - almost along the entire length of the country from south to north - in the east.

Square. The territory of Norway occupies 323,758 sq. km

Main cities, administrative divisions. The country is divided into 18 counties, which are governed by governors. Traditional division: Northern Norway, which includes three historical and geographical regions: Nordland, Troms and Finnmark, and Southern Norway, which includes four regions: Trennelag, Vestland (West), Esgland (East) and Serland (South).

Political system

State structure: hereditary constitutional monarchy. The head of state is the king, legislative power belongs to the Storting, elected for 4 years.

Relief. Most of the territory is occupied by the Scandinavian mountains with the most high mountain Galdhepiggen (2469 m). The steep northwestern and western slopes of the mountains are dissected by fjords (glaciated and then flooded river valleys, most characteristic of Norway) of the North and Norwegian Seas, while the gentler eastern slopes are cut by deep valleys such as the Österdal. The longest and most branched fjords in Vestland: Sognefjord (204 km), Hardangerfjord (179 km). The south of Norway is occupied by high plateaus (fjelds - plateau-like summit surfaces of the mountains of the Scandinavian Peninsula, covered with tundra vegetation or glacier caps) Telemark, Yutunhemen and others, and in the north there is the Finmarken plateau.

Geological structure and minerals. On the territory of Norway there are deposits of oil, natural gas, iron ore, copper, nickel.

Climate. The climate of Norway is temperate oceanic, and in the far north - subarctic. The average January temperature ranges from +2°C on the south coast to -12°C in the fjelds (January frosts down to -40°C occur in the interior of Northern Norway); July - respectively from + 15 ° С to + 6 ° С. Summer on the coast is cool, windy and rainy. On the western slopes of the mountains, precipitation is 2000-3000 mm per year, in the east and in Finnmarken - 300-800 mm.

Inland waters. Due to the mountainous terrain, the rivers are full of rapids and abound in waterfalls. The largest river in Norway is the Glomma, 611 km long (12 km from the mouth there is a waterfall 22 m high). More than 200,000 lakes, mostly small ones, occupy about 4.5% of the country's territory.

Soils and vegetation. Forests occupy more than a quarter of the country's territory: mainly taiga and mountain coniferous (spruce, pine, and above 1,100 m in the south and below 300 m in the north - birch); in the extreme south - broad-leaved (there are beech and oak forests). In the north and the tops of the fjelds, tundra and forest-tundra predominate.

Animal world. In the Norwegian forests are found: elk, red deer, lynx, marten, weasel, badger, beaver, ermine, squirrel; in the tundra: reindeer, white and blue fox, lemming (Norwegian mouse). Hare and fox are found everywhere in large commercial quantities, wolf and bear are practically exterminated. There are a lot of birds in Norway: black grouse and capercaillie, gulls, eiders, wild ducks and geese. Huge bird colonies form noisy "bird colonies" on the coastal cliffs. In the usually calm and shallow (from 70 to 300 m) sea, there are many fish. Traditionally commercial species of fish: herring, cod, mackerel. Salmon, salmon, trout are found in rivers and lakes.

Population and language

With a population of just over 4 million people, 98% are Norwegians. Of the national minorities, the largest are the Sami (about 30 thousand) and the Kvens, the Norwegian Finns. A small number (only about 20 thousand) of emigrants from England, Iceland, the USA are highly qualified specialists. The language is Norwegian.

Religion

Protestants - 95%.

Brief historical outline

The first people on the territory of modern Norway appeared more than ten thousand years ago with the end of the Ice Age.

Of the ancient authors about Norway - "Nerigon", Pliny the Elder mentions, however, as an island on the edge of the earth. Runic (Germanic) inscriptions date back to the 3rd-4th centuries. ad. The special dissection of the relief also contributed to the isolation of the tribes living in Norway. In addition to the Germans, Finnish-speaking tribes also lived here. Written evidence of the 9th century. confirm that the Norwegians not only traded with the Sami, but also subjugated them.

The time of the Vikings (ancestors of the Norwegians) is usually counted from their attack on the Lindisfarne Monastery in England in 793, at that time the property stratification of the community took place, the tribal system disintegrated, the leaders-kings stood out, with their squads, the tribal nobility-yarls took shape. Strengthening their power, the kings became specific rulers. ,

At the end of the ninth century King Harald the Shaggy (later they began to call him Beautiful-Haired) united the small tribes by force and imposed taxes and duties on them, which, even during the life of Harald, led to a mass flight of the nobility and free community members to the North Atlantic islands (Orkney, Hebrides, Shetland and Iceland ).

By the X century. four intertribal formations are formed - tings (gatherings of free community members), who approved the laws, ruled the court, and decided questions of war and peace.

In the X century. Norwegians adopt Christianity, which spread throughout the country under King Olaf II the Holy (1016-1028).

In the XII century. the warlike Viking Age gave way to a more peaceful trading period.

In the XIII century. the two-century process of the unification of Norway ended and the state code of laws - Lannslov was adopted. By the end of the reign of Haakon the Old, Norway, which already owned the Faroe Islands (since 1035) and other islands in the North Atlantic, annexed Iceland and Greenland (1263).

The period of Norway's power was short-lived. With the strengthening of the trade union of the German Hansa merchants, the country is weakening.

In 1266 the Hebrides were lost in a war with Scotland.

In the XIV century. the country loses its independence with the conclusion of separate alliances with Sweden (1319) and Denmark (1380). The severity of the situation was aggravated by the plague that broke out in the middle of the XIV century. and destroyed almost two-thirds of the population. The dependent position of Norway is strengthened with the signing of the Kalmar Union in 1397. The Kalmar Union is a union of Denmark, Sweden and Norway under the auspices of Denmark.

In 1468, Scotland conquered the Shetland and Orkney Islands (with a Norwegian population) from Norway.

In 1523 Sweden withdrew from the Kalmar Union, and in 1537 Norway became a Danish province; Denmark received the last Norwegian possessions in the North Atlantic - Greenland, Iceland and the Faroe Islands.

In the XV century. Norwegian written language gradually replaced by Danish.

In 1536, Denmark carried out the Reformation in Norway; Danish, replacing Latin, became the official church, and then the literary language. In developed regions (especially around Oslo), a Danish-Norwegian mixed dialect developed, which developed in the late Middle Ages into the literary Norwegian language - riksmol (literally - "state language") or Bokmål ("book language").

At the end of the XV century. The first university of the Danish-Norwegian state was opened in Copenhagen (the capital of modern Denmark). The first famous Norwegian scientists were the physicist and mathematician Jene Kraft and the mathematician Kaspar Wessel. In the XVII-XVIII centuries. colleges were opened on the territory of Norway itself: the Free Mathematical School in Christiania - the future of Oslo (later the Norwegian Military Institute) and the Mining Seminary in Kongsberg.

In the middle of the XVII century. The collapse of the Hanseatic League and the English Navigation Act of 1651, which limited the rights of Dutch intermediaries, contributed to the development of the Norwegian economy. Norwegian merchants began to freely export timber to England on their ships. Developed and ancient art Norwegians - iron smelting

from swamp, and then seam ore. Copper mines were developed, metallurgical and copper-smelting plants were built.

In 1809, the Norwegian Welfare Society was founded, which became the core of the national liberation movement, the growth of which was facilitated by the development of the economy.

In 1811, a Norwegian university was established in Christiania (with the money collected by public subscription).

In 1814, by decision of the countries of the anti-Napoleonic alliance, Norway was transferred to Sweden, which caused an open struggle of the Norwegians against Swedish rule. The Constituent Assembly in Eidsvoll proclaimed the first constitution of an independent Norwegian state, but the sovereignty of Norway was curtailed, and the functions of the Norwegian king were performed by the Swedish king. The Eidsvoll constitution, with some changes, is valid in Norway to this day, and the day of its adoption is May 17, 1814. - is a national holiday.

The struggle against Swedish rule was led by the Norwegian supreme representative body, the Storting, which relied on the peasantry and abolished titles of nobility in Norway, the land tax, which approved the law on local self-government. In 1873, the post of the Swedish governor in Norway was abolished, and in 1855 the Lannsmol language (literally, “the language of the country”, “rural language”) received the rights of the literary and state language along with Rixmol.

On June 7, 1905, the Storting adopted a resolution on the termination of the union with Sweden, approved by a referendum in August of the same year. The Danish Prince Charles, who took the name Haakon VII, was elected King of Norway.

At the beginning of World War II, Norway again declared neutrality, but on April 9, 1940, Nazi Germany attacked Norway.

On June 7, 1940, the king and government, together with the country's gold reserves, moved to Great Britain and organized a government in exile.

For five years, Norway was ruled by the puppet pro-fascist government of Quisling, and a nationwide resistance movement unfolded in the country, which, together with the landing forces of the Norwegian and allied armies, fought against the invaders.

In the autumn of 1944, the liberation of the country began in the course of the Petsamo-Kirkenes operation jointly with the Soviet troops.

King Haakon died on 8 1957, his son Olaf V ascended the throne, who successfully ruled the country and was very popular among the people.

In 1991, after the death of Olaf V, his son Crown Prince Harald (Harald V) ascended the throne.

Brief economic essay

Norway is a highly developed industrial country. Extraction of oil and natural gas (in the Norwegian sector of the North Sea), coal (in Svalbard), iron and titanium ores. Ferrous and non-ferrous (aluminum, nickel, magnesium, zinc) metallurgy; production of ferroalloys. Electrochemistry, mechanical engineering (including shipbuilding, production of offshore oil drilling platforms, electrical and radio electronics), woodworking, pulp and paper, and fish processing industries are developed. The basis Agriculture meat and dairy cattle breeding; sheep and pigs are also bred. Grain crops (mainly barley, oats) and fodder grasses are cultivated. Forestry, logging. Fishing. Export: oil and natural gas, products of shipbuilding, pulp and paper and chemical industries, metals, fish products. The monetary unit is the Norwegian krone.

Brief essay culture

Art and architecture. Oslo. Museum of Ethnography; museum of paleontology; museum of mineralogy; National Gallery; Frogner Park (about 150 works by the sculptor G. Vigeland).

The science. K. Guldberg (1836-1902) - physicist and chemist who established the law of mass action; V. Goldshmidt (1888-1947) - geochemist, one of the founders of geochemistry and crystal chemistry; J. Bjerknes (1897-1975) - one of the founders of the theory of atmospheric fronts; F. Nansen (1861-1930), explorer of the Arctic; T. Heyerdahl (b. 1914) - ethnographer and archaeologist, famous traveler; R. Amundsen (1872-1928) - polar explorer, the first to reach the South Pole; O. Hassel (1897-1981) - chemist, one of the founders of conformational analysis.

Literature. G. Ibsen (1828-1906) - playwright, one of the founders of the national Norwegian theater ("A Doll's House", "Ghosts", "Gedda Gabler").

Music. E. Grieg (1843-1907) - composer, pianist, conductor, the largest representative of the national school of composers, who vividly implemented Norwegian musical folklore in his compositions.

In this one you will have Norway map in Russian, both in image format and interactive satellite map.

The Land of the Midnight Sun, Norway, is a country of fjords, forests, lakes and waterfalls, of extraordinary purity and tranquility. Almost the entire territory of the country is covered with forests, and large cities and industrial centers are located on the banks of large fjords. Distinctive feature the capital of the country, Oslo, is the almost complete absence of transport on the roads, because the largest highways pass underground, which gives the city a touch of a certain provinciality. The spirit of medieval Europe literally permeates the air of Oslo, the whole city is filled with sights that will delight you with their originality and architecture. For example, Arkeshus Castle, with its gloominess and spirit of the Middle Ages, will bring you closer to the traditions and customs of the life of the Norwegian nobility. Parks with museums located on their territory will introduce you to the masterpieces of painting and musical creations of great authors.

The variety of waterfalls located throughout the country will “breathe life” even into the most sophisticated travelers. Waterfalls Vorginsfossen, Kjosfossen, Laxfossen amaze with their majesty and power. Endless mountains and glaciers give the impression of traveling to the sky itself.

Natural uniqueness and unforgettable architecture make Norway an attractive country to visit for the most demanding tourists.

Country Location: Eurasia, Europe, Northern Europe

Based	872
date of independence	June 7, 1905 (proclaimed) October 26, 1905 (recognized) (from union with Sweden)
official languages	Norwegian (bokmål and nynorsk) locally - Sami
Capital	Oslo
Largest cities	Bergen, Stavanger, Trondheim
Form of government	A constitutional monarchy
King Prime Minister	Harald V (Harald V) Jens Stoltenberg (Jens Stoltenberg)
Territory Total % water surface	67th in the world 385,186 km² 5
Population Score (2011) Density	5,006,000 people (114th) 13.0 people/km²
GDP Total (2010) Per capita	$335.3 billion (25th) 59 600 $
HDI (2011)	▬ 0.943 (very high) (1st)
demonym	Norwegian, Norwegian, Norwegians
Currency	Norwegian krone (NOK, code 578)
Internet domain	.no
Telephone code	+47
Timezone	+1 (summer +2)

Just as the flag and coat of arms of Norway define the essence of this country, so its map allows you to get to know this country better. Below you will see Norway map in Russian in JPG format. the image is presented in a reduced form, you can open it with the left mouse button in full screen, or save it by right-clicking, and then "save as".

Below you will see what Norway looks like on the world map.

Below you can use satellite map of norway. The map was kindly provided by Google Maps. If you do not know how to use them, then I will be happy to tell you, just go to my Google Maps article, where I tell you everything in detail. Well, in short, using the “+” and “-” buttons you can zoom in and out of the map, by holding the left mouse button on the map you can navigate on it, and in the upper right corner you can change the display modes.

And one more opportunity to show a map of Norway is a wonderful program for displaying a complete three-dimensional model of our planet, you can even see the terrain, the mountains are high, the water in the seas sways, and special cultural monuments are presented in the Google Planet mode. If you do not have Google Earth, you will be prompted to do so. If you logged in through the Opera browser, viewing is not possible. This is best done in Firefox and Google Chrome browsers.

Enter the required country in the box and click "Go!":

And now, for dessert, a column that, I think, will become permanent. Interesting information for review that I came across on the Internet, which will allow you to take a break from hard work for a moment. Well, my dear readers, if you are interested in flights to Israel, then I can easily tell you how to learn more about it. Here is the site pro-israel.ru for you, go to it and everything will become clear and understandable to you. Well, now the video!

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