The word “high” evokes different associations for different people. For some, a nine-story building already seems tall. Others live quietly in some skyscraper with more than a hundred floors. But these are all small things compared to 8 thousand meters above sea level. And such heights are found on our planet. These are the most peaceful. There are 14 of them in total. Their height exceeds the eight thousandth mark. And all these peaks are located in the Himalayas and Karakoram, in countries such as Nepal, China, and the disputed region of Kashmir.
And the dream of many professional climbers is to reach each of these peaks. And people began to “fight” them a long time ago, but only in the last century were they able to conquer all these peaks. Mount Annapurna is the first “eight-thousander” that succumbed to two Frenchmen L. Lachenal and M. Herzog. And this happened in 1950. And to date, 22 people have already conquered all the most in the world. Moreover, the last 20 climbers “climbed” these peaks after the mid-90s. And before that there were only two record holders. This is a climber from Italy who spent 16 years (1970-1986) achieving his record. The second conqueror was the Polish climber Jerzy Kukuczka. But the Pole spent only 8 years (from 1979 to 1987) on all 14 picks and no one can “beat” his record to this day. And the first climber from the CIS to conquer all the highest mountains was a Kazakh. He did this in 2000-2009 and during his climbs he never used oxygen.
And the highest and most desirable mountain for climbers is, undoubtedly, Everest. The indigenous inhabitants of Tibet call this mountain in their own way - Chomolungma, and the Nepalese call it Sagarmatha. But people have still not been able to determine the exact height of this peak. And currently this height is between 8844 and 8852 meters. The first attempts to conquer Everest were made back in 1921, but they all ended in failure. The highest mountains in the world did not really want to submit to man. And over 50 years, more than two hundred people died on the slopes of this mountain. The cause of their death was cold, exhaustion and accidents. It wasn't until 1953 that a New Zealand climber reached the summit of Everest.
Chogori, Daspang, K2, Godwin-Osten - these are all the names of one peak, which is number two in the category of the highest mountains in the world. The height of this peak is 8611 meters and is located in Kashmir. This peak is part of the Karakoram mountain range, which is located to the west of the Himalayas. And for the first time Chogori was conquered by the Italians Achille Compagnoni and Lino Lacedelli in 1954.
There is also a mountain range in the Himalayas located between India and Nepal. It consists of five peaks and the highest of them (8586 meters) is Kanchenjunga Peak. And this mountain ranks third in the world ranking of peaks. And besides it, three more peaks from this massif have a height exceeding the eight thousandth mark. And the fifth, “smallest” mountain is only 8 meters short of the “cherished” eight thousand. And until the mid-19th century, Kanchenjunga was considered the highest on the planet. But then, after more accurate calculations, she took third place. This mountain was first conquered by the British Joe Brown and George Bandon in 1955.
There are also mountains in other parts of the world. These are, of course, not the highest mountains in the world, but in their regions they occupy the first places in height. So in the South American Andes the highest peak is (6962 meters). And in North America, such a peak is Mount McKinley (6194 meters). In Africa, the championship belongs, of course, to Kilimanjaro, with a height of 5895 meters. Well, in Russia the highest peak is Elbrus. It rises 6642 meters above sea level and is also considered the highest peak in Europe. And every climber who climbs Elbrus sees in front of him endless expanses of ice and snow. They say that this is an unforgettable sight.
For a long time now, the question - what is the highest mountain in the world - has not puzzled anyone. Everyone knows: the highest mountain is Everest, or Chomolungma.
The first to proclaim Everest the highest mountain in the world were the Indian scientist R. Sikdar and the English surveyor M. Hennessy. This happened in the second half of the 19th century. Since then, several measurements have been made, and six years ago the official height of the mountain was recognized as 8848 m.
Surprisingly, such a seemingly obvious outsider as the extinct Muana Kea volcano in the Hawaiian Islands is claiming the palm and the status of the highest mountain in the world. Its visible height is slightly above 4200 m, but this is only an appearance: the main part of the impressive mountain is hidden under water - about 6000 m.
Everest – Mecca for climbers
Everest is located in the Himalaya mountain range, a mysterious and harsh region. The highest mountain in the world is named after George Everest, an English geographer and surveyor who put a lot of effort into exploring this mountain range.
The first ascent of Everest was made in 1953. Since then, hundreds of expeditions have been equipped, the goal of which is to conquer Chomolungma. Climbers are attracted by the difficulty of climbing the highest mountain in the world: low temperatures, high rarefaction of the atmosphere, hurricane winds, avalanches turn climbing Everest into a dangerous and extreme adventure, which, however, acquires Lately commercial in nature.
If the first ascents were made alone, and the risk of death was prohibitive, now the situation has changed. Most climbers who conquer Everest are part of commercial expeditions. The cost of such an ascent is from $40,000. Of course, the risk of dying during the assault on the mountain remains, but with proper organization and favorable climatic conditions, hundreds of climbers return safely from the top of Everest, having experienced the most wonderful and amazing moments in their lives.
In total, more than 200 people have died on Chomolungma since 1953. Despite the enormous danger, climbing Everest is the dream of all climbers in the world; the bar by which they measure their achievements.
Mauna Kea - Hawaiian Shrine
The fame of Chomolungma, its rich and dramatic history, overshadowed the obvious fact that the highest mountain in the world is still a Hawaiian volcano.
The aborigines considered the mountain a sacred place and worshiped it. In the Hawaiian language, “mauna kea” means “white mountain” - all year round, despite the tropical climate, sparkling snow lies on its top, compressed into snow-white caps. Impenetrable forest covers the slopes of the mountain, and dozens of rare species of animals and plants are protected by the nature reserve located on Mauna Kea.
The volcano is known to all astronomers of the world - it is one of best places to observe the celestial bodies. More than a dozen observatories are located on its top, and in 2014, construction began on the most powerful telescope in the world.
The foot of the mountain is located on the ocean floor at a depth of almost 6000 m, and the total height of the volcano is over 10200 m. The dispute about which mountain is the best - Everest or Mauna Kea - can be resolved if we admit that Everest is the highest mountain in the world above sea level , and the Hawaiian volcano is simply the highest mountain.
Delightful Elbrus
The highest mountain in Russia is the beautiful Elbrus, a volcano in the Greater Caucasus mountain system. Its height is 5642 m above sea level, which makes Elbrus the highest mountain not only in Russia, but throughout Europe.
Rumors about the majestic peak reached many nations, so it is quite difficult to name the exact origin of the volcano’s name.
The two shining heads of Elbrus are a kind of symbol of the Caucasus, and the glaciers of the mountain feed the rivers: Kuban, Malku, Baksan, tributaries of the Terek.
Disputes still rage as to whether Elbrus is an extinct volcano or whether it is “dormant.” In any case, hot masses are still preserved in its depths, and the mineral springs of the resorts of the North Caucasus originate in the thickness of the volcano.
Elbrus is the birthplace of Russian mountaineering. The first ascent of the majestic mountain was made in 1829. Since then, the highest mountain in Russia has become a place for mass mountaineering and tourism, and in Soviet times, holidays on this mountain were the most prestigious and fashionable event.
Recently, Elbrus has become one of the most skiable mountains in the world. There is snow on its slopes from November to May, and some ski slopes are accessible all year round. In total, there are over 30 kilometers of ski slopes on the mountain, and dozens of cable cars operate. Every year thousands of tourists storm the peaks of Elbrus, ski and snowboard, and admire the stunning views.
The highest mountains are amazing creations of nature; majestic, menacing, attractive. The thirst for conquering peaks will never leave humanity, which means that the mountains are waiting for their conquerors.
Greetings, my curious readers, or as they say in China, “Nihao”. You're probably wondering why I suddenly started speaking Chinese? It's simple! Today I would like to tell you about the most beautiful and at the same time dangerous Mount Everest.
Everest, or as the locals call it Chomolungma, is considered the highest point on earth above sea level. There are so many legends and stories around this amazing peak that you begin to think, “maybe I should risk conquering Everest?”
I’ll tell you right away to dreamers and just adventure lovers that even among trained professional climbers, not everyone will risk climbing Chomolungma. It is only in photographs and videos that climbers smile with happiness, standing among the non-melting ice. In reality, this is an extremely life-threatening activity. Only one attempt to climb Everest in ten is successful. In other cases, many simply turn back when there are several tens of meters left to the top.
Everest height above sea level
This is because the last meters are the most difficult and dangerous, and few people dare to risk their lives once again. The height of Everest above sea level, according to officially accepted data, is 8848 meters, but disputes are still ongoing. China, for example, believes that the height of the world's tallest mountain is four meters less. They carried out the measurement without taking into account the ice cap.
But the Americans established with the help of navigation instruments that Everest is two meters higher, the Italians, in general, consider the mountain to be eleven meters higher than the official figure. In general, while the debate continues, the official height remains the same. But every year, the mountain grows by several centimeters, due to the constant movement of lithospheric plates.
Chomolungma: some historical facts
It is known from history that Everest used to be the bottom of an ancient ocean. But due to the beginning of the movement of the titanic plates, when the Indian lithospheric plate collided with the Eurasian plate, the large Himalayan mountain range rose. And at its head was Everest. The plates continue to shift, so the mountain will only grow in the near future. Of course, if it weren't trampled by hundreds of tourists trying to climb to the top, it would grow faster. Kidding.
There are many fans in the world who dream of conquering this mountain at least once in their lives. mysterious mountain. But often their dreams are not destined to come true, and main reason this – . After all, a full-fledged expedition requires something like $100,000. And this does not include the fact that health must be simply ideal. At a minimum, you should calmly run 10 kilometers of cross-country. Least.
The most optimal period for climbing Everest
Everest is part of the large chain of the Himalayas. Everest itself is surrounded by younger brothers, so you can see the mountain in its full glory only by climbing the neighboring peaks.
In winter, the temperature at the peak of Everest can drop to -60 0 C. And in the summer, the warmest month of July does not rise above -19 0 C. But spring is considered the most suitable season for climbing. In summer there is frequent monsoon rainfall at the summit. And in the fall it is already dangerous, due to possible avalanches.
In which country is the highest Mount Everest located?
There was a lot of controversy here, because Nepal and China were at odds for a very long time, and when relative peace was established (although it looks more like occupation than peace), it was decided to draw the border right in the middle of the peak of Everest. Now officially the mountain is located on the territory of two states, and is equally considered the property of both countries. The southern part of Everest is located in Nepal and the northern part is in Tibet, an autonomous region of China.
Until the mid-nineteenth century, Knchenjunga was considered the highest mountain, but thanks to the Welsh mathematician George Everest, who proved that Everest is higher, scientific world admitted this fact. The mountain was named after him.
Temperature at the top of Everest
In general, it’s not hot on Everest, let’s say. The temperature there never rises above 0 degrees. The coldest month is January. This month average level The thermometer is -36 degrees Celsius, and can drop to -60C. The warmest month is July. You can comfortably “warm up” at minus 19 degrees Celsius (average value).
Where is the most beautiful view of Everest?
To see how beautiful Everest is, there are several obstacles to overcome.
First- is to climb to the top of Kalapatthar.
It is from here that the view of the glacier opens up, as if Everest towers over the whole world.
Second– choose a good time for shooting, because due to poor visibility you can spend the whole day and not take a single photo. The weather in the mountains is constantly changing, and every minute here is worth its weight in gold.
Conquerors of Everest: the most famous Earth records
The first person to climb the peak of Everest was the scientist Edmund Hillary, accompanied by his assistant Sherpa Tenzing Norgay, a local resident and guide.
The youngest conqueror of the peak is considered to be 13-year-old American Jordan Romnro. Of course, the Japanese also did not stand aside, and the oldest conqueror was the Japanese - 80-year-old Yuchiro Miura
The list goes on, a variety of records were set on the roof of our world. They used it to snowboard, send messages and photos to social media, and much more.
The one who put on a great show of freestyle snowboarding was Marco Siffredi. Not to be confused with Roko.
Look at the photos of both Mount Everest itself and its surroundings, which the Internet is full of, and you will understand why the mountain so attracts travelers all over the world. By the way, Yandex did something like a virtual tour to Everest.
In terms of its significance, Everest can only be compared with, which is considered the deepest in the world.
Although Everest is considered the roof of the world, another mountain of significant height is Lhotse, which is its neighbor. And the famous volcano of Russia and Europe, which is also one of the seven largest peaks in the world.
What does above sea level mean?
Interesting question, isn't it? Several centuries ago, scientists decided that it would be more correct to measure the height of land starting from the sea line. It's convenient and there are no unnecessary questions. After all, everything above the sea line is land and animals and people can live on it, and what is below is the seabed. Of course, it is also from the earth, but people cannot live there.
So, any measurement of the height of mountains and various ridges is measured exactly this way, from sea level. If the reporting point had been different, then Everest would no longer be the largest peak in the world. And its place would be taken by the famous Hawaiian volcano Mauna Kea, 4200 m high, going down another 6000 meters. Calculate the total yourself.
The unusual story of conquering the summit of Everest
During the civil war in , many centuries ago, when brother went against brother, one young guy fell in love with a beautiful girl, but they were not destined to be together due to the fact that their families were enemies. The girl also liked the guy. After all, he was brave and strong, and most importantly, he did not retreat from his love. Despite the prohibitions and enmity, he fought for his beloved.
But, unfortunately, the couple in love found out about their relationship and decided to forcibly marry the girl off and take her to her husband in another village. The girl managed to convey a message to her lover about this event. And the guy in love decided to steal his beloved and run away from the hostility and war that was imposed on them.
On the day when the wedding ceremony was to take place, the bride was transported in a special carriage to the place where the groom was waiting. But on the way, the cart was overtaken by a guy in love, who overcame the escort, took his girlfriend, and they rode as far as possible. But failure awaited them here, since the horse could not carry two people for a long time, so it quickly ran out of steam. And at this time a chase was sent for the fugitives.
And when the lovers were already catching up, the girl began to pray for their salvation. God, having heard such a sincere request to save his loved one, decided to help. Suddenly a strong whirlwind arose under the couple and carried them to the foot of Mount Chomolungma.
And since then, the mountaineers who live in the most sacred place believe that they were chosen by the gods. Therefore, traditions are still sacredly respected.
How much does it cost to conquer Everest?
Anyone who has read about Everest knows that the journey is not cheap. And with average calculations it will cost $100,000, or even more. Most of this amount will go towards the fee paid by every tourist who wants to conquer the highest mountain. It is $35,000 and is revised every year.
Of course, many of you will be outraged, “robbery” and so on. But even with such numbers, there are enough people willing, and their number is growing every year. But every climber who conquers Everest leaves behind mountains of garbage, and who will clean up? After all, you can’t deliver transport up the mountain, because the air is very thin. And not every person will dare to get up and clean up dirty tourists.
Of course, most of the equipment becomes unusable or simply unnecessary, for example, used oxygen cylinders, and lugging the extra load to the top is very difficult. After all, with each kilometer it becomes more difficult to walk, and weight matters when you climb the peak.
For each person, the rise can last differently, from a month to 4. It all depends on your health and experience in climbing other mountain peaks.
Well, if you still dare to go on an expedition, then study in advance everything about the mountain itself and pay for additional services of guides and guides, not counting porters and the climbing equipment itself. Make an estimate for the ascent and go ahead!
Good luck in conquering Everest and remember the wisdom of the mountaineers who have lived there for many generations: “Everest has a soul, it honors the spirit and character of the person who decided to conquer it. And if you do it just because of vanity, the mountain will never submit to you!”.
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This article is a logical continuation of my pseudo-research artisanal activity. It was reflections on the topic of the heroic exploration of the far north in the 17th century that led me to think about the demography of that time.
To begin with, I will state the idea on which I ended the previous article, namely: How quickly humanity is multiplying and isn’t history very stretched out compared to the rabbit-like agility of people.
I looked through many articles on the topic of demography of the Russian family. I learned the following very important point for me. Peasant families usually grew from 7 to 12 children. Was it related to way of life, the enslavement of Russian women and, in general, the realities of that time. Well, at least common sense tells us that life at that time was less suitable for entertainment than it is now. Nowadays, a person can occupy himself with a wide range of activities. But in the 16th-19th centuries there were no televisions, as well as the Internet and even radio. But what can we say about radio, even if books were a novelty, and then only church ones, and only a few knew how to read. But everyone wanted to eat, and in order to run the household and not die of hunger in old age, they needed a lot of children. And besides, the very creation of children is an international pastime and does not lose relevance in any era. Moreover, this is a godly thing. There was no contraception, and there was no need for it. All this causes a large number of children in the family.
They got married early, before Peter, 15 was the right age. After Peter it’s closer to 18-20. In general, 20 years can be taken as childbearing age.
Also, of course, some sources talk about high mortality, including among newborns. This is something I don't understand a bit. In my opinion, this statement is unfounded. It seems like the old days, no scientific and technical progress in terms of medicine, no institutes of obstetrics and gynecology and all that. But I take my father as an example, in whose family he had 5 brothers and sisters. But they were all born in a rather distant village without these obstetric tricks. The only progress that was made was electricity, but it is unlikely that it could directly help health. Throughout their lives, very few people from this village turned to a doctor for help and, as far as I could see, the absolute majority lived to be 60-70 years old. Of course, there were all sorts of things everywhere: someone would be bitten by a bear, someone would drown, someone would burn in their hut, but these losses were within the limits of statistical error.
From these introductory notes I make a table of the growth of one family. I take it as a basis that the first mother and father begin childbearing at the age of 20 and by the age of 27 they already have 4 children. We don’t take three more into account; let’s say they died suddenly during childbirth or then did not comply with life safety rules, for which they paid, and some men were even taken into the armed forces. In short, they are not the successors of the family. Each of these four lucky ones, let’s say, has the same fate as their parents. They gave birth to seven, four survived. And those four who were given birth to by those whom the first two gave birth to did not become original and followed in the footsteps of their mothers and grandmothers and each gave birth to 7 more children, of whom four grew up. I apologize for the pun. Everything is clearer in the table. We get the number of people from each generation. We take just the last 2 generations and count them. But, since successful childbearing requires a man and a woman, we assume that in this table there are only girls, and another identical family gives birth to boys for them. And then we calculate the birth rate index for 100 years. We divide the sum of 2 generations of people by 2, since for each girl we are forced to add a man from a neighboring family and divide the resulting number by 4, this is how many people we had in our conditions, in the first level of this pyramid. That is, dad and mom are from families where only boys and only girls are born. All this is conditional and only to present the level of possible birth rates over 100 years.
That is, under these conditions, the population would increase 34 times in a year. Yes, it's just potential, with ideal conditions, but then we keep this potential in mind.
If we tighten the conditions and assume that only 3 children reach the childbearing stage, we get a coefficient of 13.5. An increase of 13 times in 100 years!
And now we take a completely catastrophic situation for the village. Nobody pays a pension, the cow needs to be milked, the land needs to be plowed, and there are only 2 children. And at the same time we get a birth rate of 3.5.
But this is just a theory, even a hypothesis. I'm sure there's a lot I didn't take into account. Let's turn to the great Vicky. https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_Reproduction
Additions from 05/04/16
One of the commentators on another page pointed out to me the absurdity of the calculations, since with the birth rate of 2 children in a family, no increase can be observed. There will simply be a change of generations. Moreover, naturally, even some minus will appear, since not everyone will be lucky to survive. Here mathematics gives way to ordinary common sense. I will add more correct 2 tables with minimum quantity 2.5 children per family and 3 children. At the same time, the tables are now built with the condition that the principle that it is the woman who gives birth to children is observed. as well as the total number of female and male people over 100 years should be equal. The coefficients turned out to be: 4.25 for a family of 2.5 children and 8.25 for a family of 3 children. 2.5 children are realized due to the fact that 2 conditional families are taken and one of them gives birth to 2 children in a generation and the second 3. In the next generation, on the contrary, the first gives birth to 3 children, the second 2. Some may think that there are not enough men for women, but I repeat that the tables are conditional, for clarity, with an equal distribution of men and women. This means that there are hundreds more families, among which there are the required number for marriages. 
As I already said, even some mistakes and some absurd conventions do not change the picture at all. And of course, they do not change the essence of the article in any way.
The end of the supplementary period.
Returning to the topic of the development of medicine, which defeated high mortality. I can’t believe in the great medicine of the designated countries, and in my opinion, the high growth in them is only in comparison with the low growth in European countries, and before it was at the same level.
And Russia in the 19th century, judging by the same Wiki, was in 2nd place in terms of birth rates in the world, after China.
But the main thing we see is population growth of 2.5-3% per year. And a modest 3% per year turns into an 18-fold increase in population in 100 years! An increase of 2% makes a 7-fold increase in 100 years. That is, in my opinion, these statistics confirm the possibility of such an increase (8-20 times per 100 years) in Russia in the 16th-19th centuries. In my opinion, the life of peasants in the 17th-19th centuries was not very different, no one treated them, which means the increase should be the same.
We roughly understood that humanity can multiply many times over in a very short time. Various reviews The Russian family only confirms this; there were many children. My observations also confirm this. But let's see what the statistics tell us.
Sustainable growth. But if we take the lowest coefficient of 3.5 times over 100 years, which is MUCH less than the 2 or 3% per year that some advanced countries have, then even that is too high for this table. Let's take the interval 1646-1762 (116 years) and compare it with our coefficient of 3.5. It turns out that the meager demography should have reached 24.5 million in 100 years, but only reached 18 million in 116 years. And if we calculate the growth over 200 years within the boundaries of 1646, then in 1858 there should be 85 million, but we have only 40.
And I would like to draw your attention to the fact that the end of the 16th and the entire 17th century for Russia was a period of great expansion into territories with very difficult climatic conditions. With such an increase, I think it’s hardly possible.
To hell with the 17th century. Maybe someone was missing somewhere or the quantity was compensated by quality. Let's take the heyday of the Russian Empire in the 19th century. Just a good 100 year period is indicated as 1796-1897, we get an increase of 91.4 million in 101 years. They had already learned to count and mastered absolutely the entire territory, at the maximum of which the Republic of Ingushetia died. Let’s calculate how much the population should have been with an increase of 3.5 times in 100 years. 37.4* 3.5 equals 130.9 million. Here! It's already close. And this despite the fact that Russian empire was the leader in fertility after China. And let’s also not forget that over these 100 years, Russia not only gave birth to people, but in the number 128.9, as far as I understand, the population of the annexed territories is also taken into account. But to be honest, we generally need to compare within the territories of 1646. In general, it turns out that according to the meager coefficient of 3.5 there should have been 83 million, but we have only 52. Where are there 8-12 children in a family? At this stage, I am inclined to believe that there were still a lot of children, rather than in the statistics given, or whatever Mironov’s work is called.
But you can play with demographics in the opposite direction. Let's take 7 million people in 1646 and interpolate back a hundred years with a factor of 3, we get 2.3 million in 1550, 779 thousand in 1450, 259 thousand in 1350, 86,000 in 1250, 28,000 in 1150 and 9,600 people in 950 year. And the question arises: did Vladimir baptize this handful of people?
What will happen if we interpolate the population of the entire earth with a minimum coefficient of 3? Let's take the exact year 1927 - 2 billion people. 1827th - 666 million, 1727th -222 million, 1627th -74 million, 1527th - 24 million, 1427th - 8 million, 1327th - 2.7 million... In general, even with a coefficient of 3, in the year 627 there should have been 400 people living on earth ! And with a coefficient of 13 (3 children in a family), we get a population of 400 people in the year 1323!
But let's return from heaven to earth. I was interested in facts, or rather, at least some official sources, information from which I could rely. I took Vicky again. Compiled a table of the population of large and medium-sized cities from the beginning of the 17th century to the end of the 20th. I entered all the significant cities into Wiki, looked at the date of the city’s founding, and the population tables and moved them to my place. Maybe someone will learn something from them. For those less curious, I recommend skipping it and moving on to the second, in my opinion, the most interesting part.
When I look at this table, I remember what was there in the 17th and 18th centuries. We need to deal with the 17th century, but the 18th century is the development of manufactories, water mills, steam engines, shipbuilding, iron making, and so on. There should be an increase in cities in my opinion. And we have urban population It begins to increase at least somehow only in 1800. Velikiy Novgorod, founded in 1147, and in 1800 only 6 thousand people lived in it. What did you do for so long? In ancient Pskov the situation is the same. In Moscow, founded in 1147, already 100 thousand live in 1600. And in neighboring Tver in 1800, that is, only 200 years later, only 16,000 people live. In the north-west rises the capital city of St. Petersburg, with 220 thousand people, while Veliky Novgorod has passed just over 6 thousand. And so on in many cities.
Part 2. What happened in the mid-19th century.
Regularly, “underground” history researchers stumble upon the mid-19th century. Many incomprehensible wars, great fires, all sorts of incomprehensible things with weapons and destruction not comparable to them. Here is at least this photo, where the date of construction is clearly indicated on the gate, or at least the date when these gates were installed, 1840. But at this time, nothing could threaten or harm the abbey of these gates, much less simply destroy the abbey. There were skirmishes between the British and the Scots in the 17th century, and then quietly.
So I, while researching the population of cities on Wiki, ran into something strange. Almost all Russian cities experienced a sharp decline in population around either 1825 or 1840s or 1860s, and sometimes in all three cases. The thought comes to mind that these 2-3 failures are actually one event that was somehow duplicated in history, in this case in censuses. And this is not a percentage drop, as in the 1990s (I counted a maximum of 10% in the 90s), but a decrease in population by 15-20%, and sometimes 30% or more. Moreover, in the 90s big number people simply migrated. And in our case, they either died, or people found themselves in such conditions that they could not give birth to children, which led to this effect. We recall photographs of empty cities in Russia and France from the mid-19th century. We are told that the shutter speed is long, but there are not even shadows from passers-by, perhaps this is just that period.
I would like to note one more detail. When we look at the demographic gap, we compare it with the value of the previous census, the second minus the first - we get a difference that we can express as a percentage. But this will not always be the right approach. Here's the example of Astrakhan. The difference between 56 and 40 is 11,300 people, which means that the city lost 11,300 people in 16 years. But in 11 years? We don’t yet know whether the crisis was extended over all 11 years, or whether it happened, say, in a year, in 1955. Then it turns out that from 1840 to 1855 the trend was positive, and another 10-12 thousand people could have been added and by the 55th there would have been 57,000. Then we get a difference of not 25%, but 40%.
So I look and I can’t understand what happened. Either all the statistics are falsified, or something is seriously mixed up, or the guardsmen wandered from city to city and slaughtered thousands of people. If there was a catastrophe, like a flood, then everyone would be washed away in one year. But if the catastrophe itself happened earlier, and then a sharp change in the world paradigm followed, as a result of the weakening of some states that were more affected and the strengthening of those less affected, then the picture with the guardsmen takes place.
Below, for the sake of an example, I would like to superficially examine a couple of oddities in the clippings.
City of Kirov. There was a very small population decline in 56-63, not great, only 800 people were lost. But the city itself is not great, although it was founded God knows how long ago, in 1781, and before that, it also had a history dating back to the era of Ivan the Terrible. But to start building a huge cathedral in the unremarkable city of Kirov, Kirov region with a population of 11 thousand in 1839, in honor of Alexander I’s visit to the Vyatka province and calling it, of course, Alexander Nevsky Cathedral is strange. Of course, it is 2 times lower than St. Isaac's, but it was built over several years, not counting the time of collecting money. http://arch-heritage.livejournal.com/1217486.html
Moscow. 
It began to lose a fair amount of population at the beginning of the 18th century. I admit the possibility of an outflow of the population to St. Petersburg in the mid-18th century, after the construction of the road in 1746, along which, by the way, it took a month to get there. But in 1710, where did those 100 thousand people go? The city has been under construction for 7 years and has already been flooded a couple of times. I cannot accept that 30% of the population with their belongings, it is not clear how they leave the pleasant Moscow climate, a populated city, to the northern swamps and barracks. And where did more than 100 thousand people go in 1863? Are the events of 1812 happening here? Or let’s say the turmoil of the early 17th century? Or maybe it's all one and the same?
One could somehow explain this by some kind of recruitment or local epidemic, but the process can be traced throughout Russia. Tomsk has a very clear framework for this cataclysm. Between 1856 and 1858 the population declined by 30%. Where and how were so many thousands of conscripts sent without even having railways? To central Russia on the western front? The truth can also protect Petropavlovsk-Kachatsky.
It feels like the whole story is mixed up. And I’m no longer sure that the Pugachev uprising took place in the 1770s. Maybe these events just happened in the middle of the 19th century? Otherwise I don't understand. Orenburg.
If we put these statistics into official history, it turns out that all the disappeared people were conscripts for the Crimean War, some of whom later returned. Still, Russia had an army of 750 thousand. I hope that in the comments someone will evaluate the adequacy of this assumption. But, all the same, it turns out that we underestimate the scale of the Crimean War. If they went so far as to sweep almost all adult men from large cities to the front, then they were also swept out of villages, and this is already the level of losses of the 1914-1920s if expressed as a percentage. And then there was the First World War and Civil War, which took away 6 million people, and don’t forget about the Spanish Flu, which within the borders of the RSFSR alone claimed 3 million lives in a year and a half! It’s strange to me, by the way, why such an event receives so little attention in the same media. Indeed, in the world it claimed from 50 to 100 million people in a year and a half, and this is either comparable to or more than the losses of all sides over 6 years in the Second World War. Isn’t this the same manipulation of demographic statistics, in order to somehow trim the population size, so that there would be no questions about where these 100 million people went, say, in the same mid-19th century.
On our planet, only 14 mountain peaks have a height of more than 8000 meters. Most of the peaks are located in the Himalayas and are known to everyone as the “Roof of the World”. Conquerors and climbers from all over the Earth consider it their duty to climb at least one of the points, however, such ascents are accompanied by many dangers. Until the mid-20th century, it was believed that eight-thousanders were impossible to conquer, but there were already many brave souls who proved the opposite. We bring to your attention the top 10 highest mountains in the world, the ranking is presented in ascending order.
10. Annapurna (8091 m)
Located on the territory of Nepal, it is part of the mountain range of the same name. The name translates from Nepali as “Goddess of Fertility.” The summit of the first of all the Himalayan ranges was conquered by man back in 1950; the height was conquered by two French climbers. Annapurna consists, in fact, of nine peaks, one of which (Machapuare) has not yet been attempted. Local residents are sure that God Shiva lives on the top, so there is no need to disturb him. Annapurna has gained the reputation of an extremely dangerous mountain, where death awaits every third brave person (the number of deaths on the way to the top is recorded at 32%). Interesting fact: After the 2015 earthquake, Annapurna became another 20 cm higher.
North American relief can be divided into several types: in the central and northern parts you can admire the delightful plains, ...
9. Nanga Parbat (8125 m)
Killer Mountain is in ninth place on our list. The peak is located in the Pakistani-controlled territory of Kashmir, between two large rivers - the Indus and Astor, in the northwestern part of the Himalayas. The name is translated from Sanskrit as “Mountain of the Gods” and is one of the three most dangerous eight-thousanders for climbing. The first mention of the peak in geographical maps dates back to the 19th century, but the conquest of Nanga Parbat did not occur until 1953, although attempts to climb the peak were made between 1895 and 1950. Even the future first climber of Everest tried to climb the mountain, but Tenzing Norgay failed to reach the top. According to reliable information, Nanga Parbat caused the death of more than 64 climbers, in addition, 10 more people were killed at the foot of the mountain by Taliban militants.
8. Manaslu (8156 m)
In Sanskrit the name translates as “Mountain of Spirits”. Manaslu is also located on Nepalese soil, and is part of a massif called the Mansiri Himal. Geographers distinguish three peaks of the ridge - central, northern and eastern. The ascent to Manaslu was carried out in several stages and took a long period of preparation. In 1950, a reconnaissance of the mountain was made, after which climbers from Asia tried to climb to the top almost every year, overcoming a height of 5275 meters, then 7750 meters. The conquest took place in 1956 by a group of Japanese researchers. Today, more than 10 tourist routes, and the mountain attracts travelers like a magnet, despite the sad statistics - 53 people have died here in 60 years.
7. Dhulagiri (8167 m)
The incredibly beautiful Dhulagiri, due to the abundance of snow and glaciers, is translated from Sanskrit as “White Mountain”. The peak is located in the Himalayan massif of the same name, which belongs to the Nepalese side. There are two waterways flowing from both sides of Dhulagiri - the Kali Gandaki and Mayangdi rivers. In total, the peak consists of eleven peaks, ranging from 7193 to 8167 m in height, the last of which was conquered by climbers only in 1975. To climb the central peak, a group of climbers - citizens of several European countries - was assembled. For the first time, a light aircraft was used to transport people to the mountain. On May 13, 1960, the mountain climbers finally conquered the height, after which the path they paved became a classic route. In total, about 60 people died on Dhulagiri.
6. Cho Oyu (8201 m)
Also located in the Himalayas, it is considered the sixth highest eight-thousander. The peak is located on the border between two states - China and Nepal and geographically belongs to the Mahalangur-Himal ridge, to the Chomolungma mountain range. Not far from the peak lies the icy Nangpa La pass, through which there is a trade route connecting Tibet and Nepal. Many climbers consider Cho Oyu the easiest to climb among all ridges exceeding 8 thousand meters. The ascent to the peak is made from the Tibetan side, since the Nepalese wall, located to the south, is practically impregnable. The mountain is included national park Nepal - "Sagarmatha". Today there are 15 routes on the summit, including the first route along which two Austrians climbed Cho Oyu in 1954 in company with the local Dawa Lama.
5. Makalu (8485 m)
It is not for nothing that mountains are called one of the most grandiose creations of nature; they have fascinated and delighted people at all times. This is not surprising, high...
The second name of the eight-thousander, which is located between China and Nepal, is “Black Giant”. Makalu is Everest's closest neighbor; both peaks are located only 19 km from each other. There were no attempts to climb Makalu for more than a hundred years, and only in 1955 two Frenchmen decided to do it. The mountain is considered extremely difficult to climb due to the steepness of the slopes and very steep cliffs, which only the most experienced climbers can overcome. The percentage of those who reached the peak is about 30; the rest of Makalu never conquered it. Since the middle of the last century, 17 routes have been laid to the height, along which expeditions from America, France, Japan, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, Russia, Ukraine, Italy and Kazakhstan climbed. In just over half a century, 26 people found their final refuge on the slopes of Makalu.
4. Lhotse (8585 m)
The mountain is located in the Tibet Autonomous Region, is part of the Mahalangur Himal mountain range and is part of a national reserve. Lhotse is located three kilometers from Everest and is separated from it by a seven-thousand-meter pass known as the South Col. The shape of the top is unique in its kind and is a pyramid with three sides. Climbers distinguish three peaks that make up Lhotse - Main, Middle and Shar, with all three having a height of more than 8,000 meters. Middle Lhotse was included in the Guinness Book of Records as an eight-thousander peak that had never been unclimbed until 2001. The first ascent to Main Lhotse was carried out along the western slope in 1956 by climbers from Switzerland; 14 years later the northeastern ridge was explored.
3. Kanchenjunga (8585 m)
It is located in the mountain range of the same name, on the territory of a national park with the same name and closes the top three eight-thousand-meter peaks. The peak is located on the border between India and Nepal and includes 5 peaks, 4 of which are above 8000 m. Kanchenjunga is translated as “five treasures of the great snows”, and is considered the “muse” of the great Russian artist and philosopher Nicholas Roerich, who sang the peak in his paintings. Until the mid-19th century, scientists considered Mount Kanchenjunga the highest in the world, but a little later the first place was given to Everest. The peak was first conquered by people in 1955, when an expedition led by two Britons climbed the peak. Today, climbers have developed 11 routes, which have been visited by groups from Germany, England, Japan, Poland, India, Soviet Union. Over the entire history of the conquest of Kanchenjunga, 40 people died here.
South America for us is something unattainable and exotic. A lot has been written about these places literary works, a huge amount was removed...
2. Chogori (8614 m)
From the Western Tibetan language the name of the mountain is translated as “high”. The peak is unusually picturesque, located on the border of China and Pakistan and is considered the most difficult peak to climb. Chogori was discovered as a result of an expedition in 1856 and is known among climbers as “K-2”. Two mountain climbers from England tried to conquer Chogori for the first time, but they did not reach the top. In the same year, an Italian group carried out the plan, and a person set foot on K-2 for the first time. In total, 249 climbers visited Chogori, of which 60 died.
1. Everest or Chomolungma (8848 m)
There are few people who do not know what the highest mountain in the world is. The undisputed leadership belongs to the great and terrible Everest, whose name translates as “divine mother of vital energy.” Located in Nepal, the peak belongs to the Mahapangur Himal mountain range and is divided into southern and northern. There are legends about the beauty of Chomolungma, and its shape is almost ideal and is a triangular pyramid. Everest was first conquered by man in 1953, and since then more than 200 people have found their final refuge on its slopes. To climb the mountain, you need at least two months and about 10 thousand dollars. The biggest problem climbers face is low night temperatures - down to - 60 and a constant lack of oxygen.
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