A complex sentence is understood as a very large number of diverse sentences, which may differ from each other in structure, number of grammatical bases, meaning, etc. Sometimes something that is not even one is mistaken for a complex sentence. In this article, we will look at the types of subordinate clauses in NGN and learn how to distinguish them from each other.
What is a complex sentence?
A complex sentence (SPP) is a type complex sentence, which consists of a main and dependent (subordinate) parts, connected to each other by a subordinating conjunction or a conjunctive word.
You need to take an umbrella with you(main part) , because(subordinating conjunction)it might start to rain(dependent part) .
Depending on the meaning that the dependent part carries in relation to the main part, and on what word in the main part the dependent part refers to, several types subordinate clauses :
- definitive,
- explanatory,
- circumstances,
- connecting.
Subordinate clause
- depends on the noun located in the main part of the dictionary;
- located in a sentence after or inside the main part, but always after the noun on which it depends;
- answers the questions of definition “which?”, “which?”, “which?”, “whose?” (hence the name – “attributive clause”);
- is attached to the main part by the conjunctive words “what”, “who”, “from where”, “where”, “when”, “where”, which can be replaced by the conjunctive word “which”;
- in the main part there may be demonstrative words “that”, “such”, “this”, etc.
Victor Petrovich(Which?) , who took the exam for the fifth hour in a row, I felt an approaching migraine while filling out another grade book.
Lida was given just such a bike for her birthday.(Which?) what she dreamed of.
It's hard for me to remember that moment in my life(Which?) when my friends and I began to meet less and less often.
Important! Subordinate clauses are added only with the help of allied words. If there is a conjunction in the sentence, then this is another type of subordinate clause.
Suddenly a crazy thought came to mind(which one? about what?) as if everything was planned in advance and now nothing can be changed.
From the noun “thought” you can ask the question “what?” or “about what,” and it may seem that this is a attributive clause. But it is precisely the presence of the conjunction “as if” that indicates that this explanatory clause.
Explanatory clause
- refers to a verb, noun, adverb or adjective found in the main clause;
- located in a sentence after or in the middle of the main part;
- answers questions in the indirect cases “whom?”, “what?”, “to whom?”, “what?”, “by whom?”, “what?”, “about whom?”, “about what?” etc.;
- is joined to the main part by conjunctions, “as if”, “so that”, “as if” and allied words “where”, “where”, “whose”, “who”, “what”, “which”, “why”, “which” ", "from where", "why", "why", etc.
A dog devoted to its owner always senses from afar(what? – V.P.) that the owner is approaching the house.
Little children are confident(in what? - P.P.) , what in New Year Santa Claus brings them gifts under the tree.
I think I can guess(about what? - P.P.) where did this rumor come from.
As the name implies, such subordinate clauses are similar to circumstances: they answer the same questions, mean the same thing as circumstances, and come in the same types as circumstances.
Clause of time
- denotes the time at which the action takes place in the main part;
- answers the questions “when?”, “how long?”, “since when?”, “until when?”;
- are joined to the main part with the conjunctions “when”, “while”, “as soon”, “barely”, “before”, “until”, “before”, “as”, etc. .
By the time Sofia came home from school, Mom has already prepared lunch(what time?) .
The sun will come out(When?) when the rain stops.
I will try new charlotte recipes(How long?) until I find the best one.
Subordinate clause
- denotes the location of an event occurring at the end of the main part
- can be located in any part of the sentence;
- in the main part, as a rule, there are demonstrative words “there”, “from there”, “there”, “everywhere”, “everywhere”, etc.;
- answers the question “where?”, “where to?”, “from where?”;
- connects to the main part with the allied words “where”, “where”, “from”.
The scout returned from there(where?) , from where no one has ever returned.
The cat goes to sleep there(Where?) where is it warmest.
Where am I going(Where?) , there you go too.
Subordinate reasons
- contains an explanation of why certain actions occur in the main part;
- can be located in any part of the sentence;
- answers the questions “why?”, “because of what?”, “why?”, “for what reason?”;
- connected to the main part by conjunctions, “for”, “from the fact that”, “since”, etc.
(whereby?) Thanks to the fact that Oksana spent the whole night preparing for the physics exam, she passed it with flying colors.
The children need to get up early tomorrow, so I need to go to bed early today(why? for what reason?).
Subordinate clause
- contains the meaning of the outcome, consequence, result, which follow from the content of the main part;
- is always located in a sentence after the main part;
- answers the question “due to what?”, and from the main part you can ask the questions “what follows from this?”, “what happened as a result of this?”;
- joins the main part using the conjunction “so that”.
By winter it gets dark early in the evenings(what follows from this?) , so evening walks will have to be canceled (due to what?) .
Important! The proposal does not apply to an IPP with a corollary clause if:
a) the main part contains the adverb “so”, and the subordinate part contains the conjunction “that” (this is a subordinate clause of action and degree);
The sun was so hot today(How?) that within ten minutes on the street you could get sunstroke.
b) there is a coordinating or non-union connection between the parts, and the second part contains the adverbs “because”, .
Today Misha received a D in math , and therefore he was in no hurry to go home. – SSP
Our cat recently gave birth to kittens , so he rarely comes out of his hiding place . – BSP
Subordinate clause
- contains a condition under which it is possible to perform the actions discussed in the main part;
- can be located in any part of the sentence;
- answers the question “under what conditions?”;
- is connected to the main part by conjunctions, “when” (meaning “if”), “provided if”, “if”, “if”, “if... then”, “once... so”, “as... so”, etc. .d.
If Sveta finishes the school year without C grades, her parents will buy her roller skates(under what condition?) .
Come visit us and we’ll give you food and drink when we're home (under what condition?) .
Since I made a promise, so hold it no matter what.
Clause of purpose
- contains the purpose of what is being discussed in the main clause;
- can occupy any place in a sentence;
- answers the questions “why?”, “for what?”, “for what purpose?”;
- connects to the main part with the conjunctions “so that”, “if only”, “so that”, etc.
To live well you have to work hard(for what purpose?) .
In order to fly on vacation with children to Asian countries, You need to prepare a first aid kit and sunscreen in advance(For what?) .
Tourists must be able to use a compass then(For what?) to find a way out of any thicket to civilization.
Clause of concession
- contains conditions and actions, despite the fulfillment of which events in the main part still occur;
- answers the questions “despite what?”;
- is connected to the main part by conjunctions, “even though”, “despite the fact that”, “let”, “let”, “for nothing”, as well as the allied words “how”, “how much”, “what (would)”, “ where”, “where”, “who”, etc. (necessarily with a negative particle “ni”).
Peter followed in the footsteps of his father and became the city prosecutor(in spite of what?) , although during his studies at the institute he showed no interest in this profession.
Even though the weather is good outside, children refused to go for a walk(despite what?) .
No matter how I rushed to the station, the train left without me anyway(despite what?) .
Subordinate clause of comparison
- contains a comparison with the main part;
- can occupy any place in a sentence;
- answers the questions “how?”, “like what?”, “like what?”, “like who?”, “than who?”, “than what?”;
- the main part may contain the demonstrative word “so”;
- joins the main part with the help of conjunctions, “as if”, “than”, “exactly”, “just as”, “as if”, “no matter what”, etc.;
The dog started jumping up and down when he saw the bone.(How?) like I haven't eaten for a week.
My daughter handled the test skillfully as if she had kneaded it many times already.
- allocated to a special group subordinate comparisons, which contain a comparison of two parts, and characteristic feature such proposals is the presence of the conjunction “than..., that”.
- Another separate group is NGN, which in the main part has:
a) an adjective or adverb in the comparative degree,
b) pronouns “other”, “other”,
c) pronominal adverb “otherwise”,
and the subordinate clause is added by the conjunctions “than” and “than”.
There was more homeworkthan I had hoped.
I'd rather(comparative adjective) I went hiking in Karelia for two weeks rather than going to Turkey.
And you are completely different from what I thought about you.
Important! A comparative clause may not contain a predicate if it coincides with the predicate in the main part. Such a subordinate clause should not be confused with a comparative phrase. You can distinguish them from each other by the following criteria: comparative clause contains a predicate or words dependent on it, the comparative phrase does not have such words.
The girl danced gracefully and subtly, like a real ballerina (dancing)(Where?) on the stage.
Here we see a comparative clause with the omitted predicate “dancing”. “On stage” is a predicate-dependent adverbial circumstance ( dancing(Where?) on the stage).
The girl danced gracefully and subtly, like a real ballerina.
If you remove the predicate-dependent member of the sentence, then the comparative clause turns into a comparative phrase.
- speaks of the image, method of action, as well as the measure and degree discussed in the main sentence;
- in a sentence it is located after the main part;
- answers the questions “how?”, “in what way?”, “to what extent?”, “to what extent?”, “how?”, “how much?”, “how much?”, “to what extent?”;
- connects to the main part with the conjunctions “what”, “so that”, as well as the allied words “how”, “how much”, “how much”;
- in the main part there are necessarily demonstrative words “such”, “so much”, “so much”, “so”, “to such an extent”, “to that”, which form pairs with conjunctions “so much... that”, “so..., what”, “before..., what”, etc.
He looked at her like this(How?) the way only lovers look.
Seeing the mountain of balloons and the three-story cake, the birthday girl was so happy(how much?) who started jumping joyfully and clapping her hands.
Dad is so tired from work(how? how much?) that he even turned off his phone over the weekend.
- as a rule, refers to the entire main part, contains some additional message or assessment;
- in a sentence it comes after the main part;
- the main part is complete in form and does not contain any indication that it is followed by a subordinate clause
- answers the questions “what is the conclusion from this?”, “what is the assessment of this?”, “what can be said about this?”;
- is joined by the conjunction words “what”, “where”, “from where”, “where”, “when”, “how”, “why”, “why”, “why”, “why”, “as a result of which”, etc. d.
He spent half his life traveling , which could not but leave an imprint on his personality.
Bears are great at fishing , for which they go out into the middle of small mountain rivers and catch fish on the fly.
My father built a house in the country with my own hands, which required great care and skill.
Table “types of subordinate clauses”
| Location | Questions | Conjunctions / allied words | Demonstrative words | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Subordinate clause | after or inside the main clause, but after the noun on which it depends | "Which?" , "which?" , "which?" , "whose?" | “what”, “who”, “from where”, “where”, "when where" ---- Can be replaced with "which" | “that”, “such”, “this” and etc. |
| Explanatory clause | after or inside the main part | "whom?" , "what?" , "to whom?" , “what?” , "by whom?" , "how?" , “about whom?” , "about what?" etc. | “how” , “as if” , “so that” , “what” , “as if” , “where” , “where” , “whose” , “who” , “what” , “which” , “why” , “which” ", "from where", "why", "why" | |
| Adverbial clause | ||||
| Clause of time | in any part | "When?" , "how long?" , "since when?" , "How long?" | “when” , “until” , “as soon as” , “barely” , “before” , “until” , “while” , “before” , “as” | |
| Subordinate clause | in any part | "Where?" , "Where?" , "where?" | “where”, “where”, “from” | “there”, “from there”, “there”, “everywhere”, “everywhere”, etc. |
| Subordinate reasons | in any part | "from what?" , "because of which?" , "Why?" , "for what reason?" | “since”, “because”, “for”, “because”, “since”, “due to the fact that”, “due to the fact that”, “due to the fact that”, etc. | |
| Subordinate clause | after the main part | "due to what?" | "So" | |
| Subordinate clause | in any part | “under what condition?” | “if”, “when” (meaning “if”), “provided if”, “if”, “if”, “if... then”, “once... so”, “as... so”, etc. . | |
| Clause of purpose | in any part | "For what?" , "For what?" , "for what purpose?" | “in order to”, “in order to”, “just to”, “so that”, “so that”, etc. | |
| Clause of concession | in any part | “in spite of what?” , "despite what?" | “despite the fact that”, “even though”, “although”, “despite the fact that”, “let”, “let”, “for nothing”, “how”, “how much”, “what (would)”, “where”, “where”, “who”, etc. (necessarily with a negative particle “ni”). | |
| Subordinate clause of comparison | in any part | "How?" , “like what?” , "like what?" , "like who?" , “than who?” , “what what?” | “(as) if”, “as if”, “as if”, “than”, “exactly”, “just as”, “as if”, “no matter what”, etc. | "So" |
| Clause of manner and degree | after the main part | "How?" , "how?" , “to what extent?” , "in what degree?" , "How?" , "How many?" , "how much?" , “to what extent?” | “what”, “so that”, “how”, “how much”, “how much” | “such”, “so much”, “so much”, “so”, “to such an extent”, “before that” |
| Subordinate clause | after the main part | “what is the conclusion from this?” , "what's the score on this?" , “What can we say about this?” | “what”, “where”, “from where”, “where”, “when”, “how”, “why”, “why”, “why”, “why”, “as a result of which”, etc. |
Subordinate clause- a syntactically dependent predicative part of a complex sentence containing a subordinating conjunction or a conjunctive word.
For example: Vladimir saw with horror that he drove into an unfamiliar forest (Pushkin). Portray the feeling which I was experiencing at the time, very hard(Korolenko). Term used in educational practice "subordinate clause" usually replaced by theoretical works term “subordinate part”(accordingly, instead of “main sentence” - “main part”); This avoids the use of the same term “sentence” in relation to the whole and its individual parts, and also emphasizes the interconnectedness of the structural parts of a complex sentence.
Subordinate clause can be associated with a separate word (group of words) of the main sentence, performing the function of distributing or explaining these members.
For example: She dreams that she is walking through a snowy meadow(Pushkin) (the subordinate clause extends the predicate of the main sentence is dreaming). His nature was one of those who need an audience for a good deed.(L. Tolstoy) (the subordinate clause explains the group of words one of those).
In other cases, the subordinate clause correlates with the entire composition of the main clause.
For example: If grandfather left home, grandmother would arrange the most interesting meetings in the kitchen.(Gorky) (the subordinate clause refers to the main thing as a whole).
A subordinate clause can clarify a word in the main clause that is not a member of the sentence.
For example: Grow, a country where, by the will of a single people, all merged into one people!(Lebedev-Kumach) the subordinate clause refers to the address word country).
A subordinate clause can refer to two main clauses as a whole.
For example: It was already quite dawn and people began to rise when I returned to my room.(L. Tolstoy).
Classification of types of subordinate clauses
School textbooks present two types of classifications of subordinate clauses.
In the complexes of T.A. Ladyzhenskaya and M.M. Razumovsky subordinate clauses are divided into three groups: definitive , explanatory And circumstances ; the latter are divided into subgroups.
In the V.V. complex Babaytseva's subordinate clauses are divided into subject , predicates , definitive , additional And circumstances depending on which member of the sentence is replaced by a subordinate clause (to determine the type of subordinate clause, questions are asked to various members of the sentence).
Since the classification adopted in the complexes of T.A. is more common in the practice of school and pre-university teaching. Ladyzhenskaya and M.M. Razumovskaya, let’s turn to her.
Let's present information about the types of subordinate clauses in the form of a summary table.
Types of subordinate clauses
| 1. Definitive (including pronominal attributives) | Answer questions Which? whose? Who exactly? What exactly? and refer to a noun or pronoun in the main part; most often joined with the help of allied words which, which, whose, where
etc. and unions what, to, as if
and etc. | The native places where I grew up will forever remain in my heart; That, who does nothing, will achieve nothing; She looked with such a look that everyone was silent. |
| 2. Explanatory | They answer questions about indirect cases and usually refer to the predicate in the main part; join through unions what, so, if, if, if etc. and allied words where, where, how many, which and etc. | I soon realized that I was lost; It seemed to him, as if everyone around him was happy about his happiness. |
| 3. Circumstantial: | ||
| mode of action, measure and degree | Answer questions How? how? to what extent? in what degree? how much? and usually refer to one word in the main sentence; join through unions what, to, as if, exactly and allied words how, how much, how much. | We're so tired that we couldn't go further. |
| time
| Answer questions When? From what time? until what time? how long? when, while, how, while, as, while, as long as, after, barely, since, only, slightly, before, as soon as, just, just, just, only, just a little, earlier than, before. | Until the rain stops, you will have to stay at home. |
| places | Answer questions Where? Where? where? and usually refer to the entire main clause; join with the help of allied words where, where, where. | People go to folklore practice where they are still alive folk traditions songs, tales |
| goals | Answer questions For what? for what purpose? and usually refer to the entire main clause; join through unions so that, in order to, in order to, then that, in order, if only, yes, if only. | To avoid getting lost, we went out onto the path. |
| causes | Answer questions Why? from what? for what reason? and usually refer to the entire main clause; are joined with the help of conjunctions because, because, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, then that, since, for, good, since, in connection with the fact that, especially since . | Because the candle burned weakly, the room was almost dark. |
| conditions | Answer the question under what condition? and usually refer to the entire main clause; join through unions if, if, when, if, if, how, once, as soon, whether... whether. | If the weather does not improve within 24 hours, the trip will have to be postponed. |
| concessions
| Answer questions no matter what? in spite of what? and usually refer to the entire main clause; join through unions although, despite the fact that, despite the fact that, let and combinations of pronominal words with a particle no matter how, no matter where, no matter how much, no matter where. | Even though it was already well after midnight b, the guests did not leave; No matter how you rot the tree, it keeps growing. |
| comparisons
| Answer questions like what? like who? than what? than who? and usually refer to the entire main clause; join through unions as, just as, as if, as if, exactly, as if, as if, what. | Birch branches reach towards the sun, as if they were holding out their hands to him. |
| consequences | They answer questions about why what happened? what follows from this? and usually refer to the entire main clause; join by union So. | The summer was not very hot so the mushroom harvest should be good. |
Subordinate clauses can be attached to the main clause using a particle whether, used in the meaning of a union.
For example: He didn't know if tomorrow would come. Union-particle whether can serve to convey an indirect question: They asked if we would go with them.
REMEMBER: The main thing for determining the type of subordinate clauses is the semantic question.
Conjunctions and allied words can add additional shades of meaning to a complex sentence.
For example: The village where Evgeniy was bored was a charming place. This complex sentence with attributive clause , having an additional spatial connotation of meaning.
In the Russian language, there is a group of complex sentences, the subordinate parts of which cannot be called either attributive, explanatory, or adverbial. This complex sentences with subordinate clauses .
Such clauses contain additional, incidental, additional message to the content of the main part of a complex sentence. In this sense, such subordinate clauses often approach in meaning to plug-in constructions.
The means of communication in them are allied words what, why, why, why, as a result of which and others, which seem to repeat in a generalized form the content of the main part.
For example: His enemies, his friends, which might be the same thing, he was honored this way and that.(A. Pushkin) The coachman decided to travel along the river, which was supposed to shorten the naked path by three miles.
(A. Pushkin)
It is impossible to pose a question to adjunct clauses, since in the main part of a complex sentence there is no word or phrase that would require the presence of a subordinate clause.
Algorithm for determining the type of subordinate clause
1. Determine the main part of a complex sentence.
2. Identify the reference word in the main part (if there is one).
3. Ask a question from the main part to the subordinate clause:
b) from the predicate in the main part;
c) from a noun or pronoun in the main part;
d) it is impossible to ask a question to a subordinate clause (with adjectives and comparatives).
4. Indicate the means of communication in the subordinate part (conjunctions or allied words).
5. Name the type of subordinate clause.
Which deals with the study of two units: sentences and phrases.
This article will focus specifically on sentence syntax. First, we will find out what the concept of a sentence as a whole means, and then we will talk in more detail about the types of subordinate clauses in the Russian language.
1. The concept of a proposal
Being one of the main ones, it is a set of one or several words, which, as a rule, contain a question (then they are called interrogative), a call to action (incentive) and the transfer of certain information (narrative).
Everything is usually divided into complex (equal) and complex subordinate clauses (these types of subordinate clauses are considered dependent. They are connected using special conjunctions or allied words).
2. How to correctly identify proposals?
By their nature, these units of syntax are very, very diverse. In order to determine, you just need to remember four main signs:
About grammatical meaning;
About the question this sentence answers;
About the part of the sentence to which it can be attributed;
About means of communication.
It is on the basis of these features that syntactic units are divided into circumstantial, attributive, connective and circumstantial.
3. in Russian
1. Definitive. Role performed: characterize the attribute of an object.
The question the sentence answers is: which one?
What does the sentence refer to: a noun.
Conjunctions and allied words: when, from where, where, which, which, whose, what, which.
Other characteristics: demonstrative words are used - any, every, every, such, that.
For example: The camera I bought in Chicago last year takes excellent pictures.
2. Explanatory. Role performed: consider in more detail and complement the meaning of the main sentence.
The question the sentence answers is: what?
What they refer to: a verb, an adjective, an adverb, a single phrase.
Conjunctions and as, as if, so that, what, why, where, what for, when, where.
Other characteristic features: the demonstrative word “that” is used.
For example: I know I can do this.
3. Connecting. Role performed: contains an additional clarification message.
What they refer to: the entire main clause.
Conjunctions and allied words: “why”, “what”, “why”.
4. Detailed types of subordinate clauses. Subordinate clauses of this type are quite diverse and therefore also have their own classification:
- mode of action and degree
Role performed: indicate the measure, degree and manner of action.
The question the sentence answers is: how? how much? in what degree? How?
What they refer to: a verb or an adjective.
Conjunctions and allied words: “as if”, “so that”, “what”, “how much”, “how much”, “how”.
Other characteristic features: demonstrative words - “such”, “to such an extent”, “as much”, “so much”, “so”.
For example: He screamed so loudly that he almost deafened those present.
- places
Role performed: indicate the location of the action.
The question that these sentences answer is: where? Where? Where?
What do they refer to: the whole sentence or the predicate.
Conjunctions and allied words: “from where”, “where”, “where”.
Other characteristic features: demonstrative words - “everywhere”, “everywhere”, “there”, “there”.
For example: Where the road ended, the field began.
- time
Role performed: indicates the duration of the action.
The question the sentence answers is: until when? When? since when? how long?
Conjunctions and allied words: “until”, “since”, “until”.
Other characteristic features: demonstrative words - “sometimes”, “once”, “always”, “now”, “then”.
For example: While you were watching TV, I finished reading the newspaper.
- conditions
Performed role: denotes the condition under which an action is performed.
The question the sentence answers is: in what case? under what condition?
Conjunctions and allied words: “kohl”, “if”, “times”, “if”, “how”.
For example: If you remind me, I will bring you a book.
- causes
Role: Indicates the cause.
The question the sentence answers is: for what reason? from what? Why? because of which?
What they refer to: everything Ch. to a sentence or to a predicate.
Conjunctions and allied words: “because”, “because”, “since”.
For example: He went on foot because... I didn’t want to travel in stuffy transport.
- comparisons
Role performed: provide explanation through comparison.
The question the sentence answers is: like what?
What does the sentence refer to: everything Ch. to a sentence or to a predicate.
Conjunctions and allied words: “as if”, “as”, “than”, “as if”.
For example: He chose to remain silent, like a fish.
Role performed: indicates the purpose of the action.
The question that the sentence answers is: for what? for what purpose? for what? For what?
What they refer to: everything Ch. to a sentence or to a predicate.
Conjunctions and allied words: “in order to”, “then”, “in order to”.
For example: I want to learn in order to know.
- concessions
Role performed: circumstance for performing an action.
The question the sentence answers is: despite what? in spite of what?
What they refer to: the entire main clause or the predicate.
Conjunctions and allied words: “no matter what”, “despite the fact that”, “what”, “although”, “let”, “no matter how”, “whenever”, “no matter how much”
For example: Although it was cold, he was sweating.
- consequences
Role performed: means consequences, result or conclusion.
The question that the sentence answers is: what of this?
What they refer to: everything Ch. proposal.
Conjunctions and allied words: “so”, “therefore”.
For example: Despite my hunger, I will not eat this.
There are (by analogy with the minor members of the sentence: definitions, additions and circumstances) three main type subordinate clauses: definitive, explanatory And circumstantial; the latter, in turn, are divided into several types.
Subordinate clause may refer to a specific word in the main (proverbial subordinate clauses) or to the whole main thing (unverbal subordinate clauses).
For determining the type of subordinate clause It is necessary to take into account three interrelated features: 1) a question that can be asked from the main clause to the subordinate clause; 2) the verbatim or non-verbal nature of the subordinate clause; 3) a means of connecting the subordinate clause with the main one.
Subordinate clauses
Similar to the definitions in simple sentence, attributive clauses express the attribute of an object, but, unlike most definitions, they often characterize the object not directly, but indirectly - through situation, which is somehow related to the subject.
Due to general meaning attribute of an object attributive clauses depend on the noun(or from a word in the meaning of a noun) in the main sentence and answer the question Which? They join the main thing only with allied words - relative pronouns (which, which, whose, what) and pronominal adverbs (where, to where, from where, when). In a subordinate clause, allied words replace the main noun on which the subordinate clause depends.
For example: [One of the contradictions, (what creativity is alive Mandelstam), concerns own nature of this creativity] (S. Averintsev)- [noun, (by what (= contradictions)),].
Conjunctive words in complex sentences with can be divided into basic (which, which, whose) And non-basic (what, where, where, where, when). Non-main ones can always be replaced by the main allied word which, and the possibility of such a replacement is a clear sign attributive clauses.
The village where(wherein) I missed Evgeny, there was a lovely corner... (A. Pushkin)- [noun, (where),].
I remembered today a dog that(which) was friend of my youth (S. Yesenin)- [noun], (what).
Sometimes at night in the city desert there is one hour, imbued with melancholy, when(in which) for the whole city night got off... (F. Tyutchev) -[noun], (when).
The main clause often contains demonstrative words (demonstrative pronouns and adverbs) that one, that one, For example:
It was the famous artist whom she saw on stage last year (Yu. German)- [uk.sl. That - noun], (which).
Pronominal attributive clauses
They are close in meaning to subordinate clauses pronominal attributive clauses . They differ from attributive clauses proper in that they refer not to the noun in the main clause, but to the pronoun (that, every, all etc.), used in the meaning of a noun, for example:
1) [Total (that knew more Eugene), retell to me lack of leisure) (A. Pushkin)- [local, (what)]. 2) [No oh (what do you remember), nature]... (F. Tyutchev)- [local, (what)].
Like subordinate clauses, they reveal the attribute of the subject (therefore it is better to ask a question about them too Which?) and are joined to the main sentence using allied words (main allied words - Who And What).
Wed: [That Human, (who came yesterday Today didn't show up] - subordinate clause. [word + noun, (which), ].
[That, (who came yesterday Today didn't show up] - subordinate pronominal attributive. [local, (who),].
In contrast to the actual attributive clauses, which always come after the noun to which they refer, pronominal clauses can also appear before the word being defined, for example:
(Who lived and thought), [he can't in the shower don't despise people] ... (A. Pushkin)- (who), [place. ].
Explanatory clauses
Explanatory clauses answer case questions and refer to a member of the main sentence that needs semantic expansion (supplement, explanation). This member of the sentence is expressed by a word that has the meaning speeches, thoughts, feelings or perception. Most often these are verbs (say, ask, answer and etc.; think, know, remember and etc.; be afraid, be happy, be proud and etc.; see, hear, feel etc.), but there may be other parts of speech: adjectives (glad, satisfied) adverbs (known, sorry, necessary, clear), nouns (news, message, rumor, thought, statement, feeling, sensation and etc.)
Explanatory clauses attached to the word being explained in three ways: 1) using conjunctions what, as, as if, in order to, when and etc.; 2) using any allied words; 3) using a particle conjunction whether.
For example: 1) [The light has decided], (what t smart and very nice) (A. Pushkin)- [verb], (that). [I_ was afraid], (so that in a bold thought You me I couldn't blame) (A. Fet) - [ vb.], (so that). [To her dreaming], (as if she goes along a snow glade, surrounded by sad darkness) (A. Pushkin)- [verb], (as if).
2) [You You know himself], (what the time has come) (N. Nekrasov)- [verb], (what). [Then she started asking questions me], (where am I now Working) (A. Chekhov)- [verb], (where). (When he will arrive), [unknown] (A. Chekhov)- (when), [adv.]. [I_ asked and the cuckoo], (How many yo I I'll live)... (A. Akhmatova)- [verb], (how much).
3) [Both are very I wanted to know\, (brought whether father the promised piece of ice) (L. Kassil)- [verb], (li).
Explanatory clauses can serve to convey indirect speech. With the help of unions what, how, as if, when indirect messages are expressed using a conjunction to- indirect incentives, with the help of allied words and particle conjunctions whether- indirect questions.
In the main sentence, with the word being explained, there may be an indicative word That(in different cases), which serves to highlight the content of the subordinate clause. For example: \Chekhov through the mouth of Doctor Astrov expressed one of his absolutely amazingly accurate thoughts about] (that the forests teach a person to understand the beautiful) (K. Paustovsky)- [noun + adjective], (that).
Distinguishing between attributive clauses and explanatory clauses
Causes certain difficulties differentiation between attributive clauses and explanatory clauses, which refer to a noun. It should be remembered that attributive clauses depend on the noun as parts of speech(the meaning of the defined noun is not important for them), answer the question Which?, indicate the attribute of the object that is named by the defined noun, and are attached to the main one only by allied words. Subordinate clauses or explanatory depend on the noun not as a part of speech, but as from a word with a specific meaning(speeches, thoughts, feelings, perceptions), except for the question Which?(and it can always be assigned from a noun to any word or sentence dependent on it) they can also be assigned case question, They reveal(explain) content speech, thoughts, feelings, perceptions and are attached to the main thing by conjunctions and allied words. ( Subordinate clause, attachable to the main thing by conjunctions and particle conjunctions whether, can only be explanatory: The thought that he was wrong tormented him; The thought of whether he was right tormented him.)
More difficult differentiate between attributive clauses and explanatory clauses, depending on nouns in cases where explanatory clauses join the main one with the help of allied words (especially the allied word What). Wed: 1) The question is what(which) they asked him, it seemed strange to him. The thought that(which) came into his head in the morning and haunted him all day. The news that(which) I received it yesterday, I was very upset. 2) The question of what he should do now tormented him. The thought of what he had done haunted him. The news of what happened in our class amazed the whole school.
1) The first group - complex sentences with subordinate clauses. Union word What can be replaced with a conjunction word which. The subordinate clause indicates the attribute of the object named by the noun being defined (from the main clause to the subordinate clause you can only ask a question Which?, case question cannot be asked). The demonstrative word in the main clause is possible only in the form of a pronoun agreed with the noun (that question, that thought, that news).
2) The second group is complex sentences with explanatory clauses. Replacing a conjunction word What union word which impossible. The subordinate clause not only indicates the attribute of the object named by the defined noun, but also explains the content of the words question, thought, news(a case question can be asked from the main clause to the subordinate clause). The demonstrative word in the main sentence has a different form ( case forms pronouns: question, thought, news).
Adverbial clauses
Majority adverbial clauses sentences have the same meanings as the circumstances in a simple sentence, and therefore answer the same questions and are accordingly divided into the same types.
Clauses of manner and degree
Characterize the method of performing an action or the degree of manifestation of a qualitative characteristic and answer questions How? how? in what degree? how much? They depend on the word that performs the function of adverbial manner of action or degree in the main sentence. These subordinate clauses are attached to the main sentence in two ways: 1) using allied words how, how much, how much; 2) using unions that, to, as if, exactly, as if, as if.
For example: 1) [The offensive was underway because was provided at headquarters) (K. Simonov)- [verb + uk.el. so], (as) (clause of manner of action).
2) [The old lady is the same age I wanted to repeat it your story], (how much of it do I need listen) (A. Herzen)-[verb+uk.el. so many],(how much) (subordinate clause).
Clauses of manner and degree can be unambiguous(if they join the main one with allied words how, how much, to what extent)(see examples above) and double digits(if added by conjunctions; the second meaning is introduced by the conjunction). For example: 1) [White the acacias smelled so much], (that their sweet, sugary, candy the smell was felt on the lips and in the mouth) (A. Kuprin)-
[uk.sl. So+ adv.], (that) (the meaning of the degree is complicated by the meaning of the consequence, which is introduced into the meaning of the subordinate conjunction What).
2) [Beautiful the girl must be dressed so that stand out from the environment) (K. Paustovsky)- [cr. + uk.sl. So],(to) (the meaning of the course of action is complicated by the meaning of the goal, which is introduced by the conjunction to).
3) [It's all small plant So sparkled at our feet] (as if it was really made made of crystal) (K. Paustovsky)- [ul.sl. so + verb.], (as if) (the meaning of the degree is complicated by the meaning of comparison, which is introduced by the conjunction as if).
Subordinate clauses
Subordinate clauses indicate the place or direction of action and answer questions Where? Where? where? They depend on the entire main sentence or on the circumstance of the place in it, expressed by the adverb (there, there, from there, nowhere, everywhere, everywhere etc.), and are attached to the main sentence using allied words where, where, where. For example:
1) [Go along the free road], (where entails free tsm for you)... (A. Pushkin)- , (Where).
2) [He wrote everywhere], (where caught his thirst write) (K. Paustovsky)- [adv.], (where).
3) (Where the river has flown), [there and there will be a channel] (proverb)- (where), [ uk.sl. there ].
Subordinate clauses should be distinguished from other types of subordinate clauses, which can also be attached to the main clause using allied words where, where, where.
Wed: 1) AND [ Tanya enters to an empty house], (where(in which) lived recently our hero) (A. Pushkin)- [noun], (where) (clause clause).
2) [I_ started to remember], (Where walked during the day) (I. Turgenev)- [verb], (where) (expository clause).
Clauses of time
Clauses of time indicate the time of the action or manifestation of the sign referred to in the main sentence. They answer questions When? how long? since when? How long?, depend on the entire main clause and are joined to it by temporary conjunctions when, while, as soon as, barely, before, while, until, since, when suddenly etc. For example:
1) [When the count is back], (Natasha discourteous I was happy him and I was in a hurry to leave) (L. Tolstoy)- (cog2) (Bye does not require poet to the sacred sacrifice Apollo), [in the worries of the vain world he is cowardly submerged} (A. Pushkin)- (Bye), .
The main clause may contain demonstrative words then, until then, after that etc., as well as the second component of the union (That). If there is a demonstrative word in the main clause Then, That When in a subordinate clause it is a conjunctive word. For example:
1) [I_ sitting until I'm not starting to feel hunger) (D. Kharms)- [uk.sl. until], (Bye).
2) (When in winter eat fresh cucumbers), [then in the mouth smells in spring] (A. Chekhov)- (when), [then].
3) [The poet feels literal meaning of the word even then] (when gives it in a figurative sense) (S. Marshak)- [uk.sl. Then],(When).
Clauses of time must be distinguished from other types of subordinate clauses attached by a conjunctive word When. For example:
1) [I_ saw Yalta that year], (when (- in which) her left Chekhov) (S. Marshak)- [adjective + noun], (when) (clause clause).
2) [Korchagin repeatedly asked me] (when he can check out) (N. Ostrovsky)- [verb], (when) (expository clause).
Subordinate clauses
Subordinate clauses indicate the conditions for the implementation of what is said in the main sentence. They answer the question under what condition?, if, if... then, when (= if), when... then, if, as soon as, once, in case etc. For example:
1) (If I I'll get sick), [to doctors I won't contact you]...(Ya. Smelyakov)- (If), .
2) (Once we started talking), [That it's better to negotiate everything to the end] (A. Kuprin)- (times), [then].
If subordinate clauses stand before the main one, then the latter may contain the second part of the union - That(see 2nd example).
Subordinate goals
Subordinate clauses offers goals indicate the purpose of what is being said in the main clause. They relate to the entire main clause, answer questions For what? for what purpose? For what? and join the main thing with the help of unions in order to (so that), in order to, in order to, then in order to, in order to (obsolete) etc. For example:
1) [I_ woke me up Pashka], (so that he didn't fall down out of the way) (A. Chekhov)- , (to);
2) [He used all his eloquence], (so that disgust Akulina from her intention) (A. Pushkin)- , (so that);
3)(In order to be happy), [necessary Not only be in love, but also to be loved] (K. Paustovsky)- (in order to), ;
When a compound conjunction is dismembered, a simple conjunction remains in the subordinate clause to, and the remaining words are included in the main sentence, being an indicative word and a member of the sentence, for example: [I_ I mention about this solely for the purpose] (so that emphasize the unconditional authenticity of many things by Kuprin) (K. Paustovsky)- [ul.sl. for that],(to).
Subordinate goals must be distinguished from other types of clauses with a conjunction to. For example:
1) [I Want], (to the bayonet equated feather) (V. Mayakovsky)- [verb], (so that) (expository clause).
2) [Time landings was calculated so], (so that to the landing place get in at dawn) (D. Furmanov)- [cr.adverb.+uk.sl. So],(so that) (clause of action with the additional meaning of purpose).
Additional reasons
Subordinate clauses offers causes reveal (denote) the reason for what is said in the main sentence. They answer questions Why? for what reason? from what?, refer to the entire main clause and are joined to it using conjunctions because, because, since, for, due to the fact that, then that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that etc. For example:
1) [I send her all my tears as a gift], (because Not live until the wedding) (I. Brodsky)- , (because)
2) [Any labor is important], (because ennobles person) (L. Tolstoy)- , (for).
3) (Thanks to we put new plays every day), [ theater ours quite willingly visited] (A. Kuprin)- (thanks to), .
Compound conjunctions, the last part of which is What, can be dismembered: a simple conjunction remains in the subordinate clause What, and the remaining words are included in the main sentence, performing the function of an index word in it and being a member of the sentence. For example:
[That's why roads to me People], (What live with me on earth) (S. Yesenin)- [uk.sl. that's why],(What).
Subordinate clauses
The subordinate clause reports an event in spite of which the action is carried out, an event called in the main clause. In concessional relations, the main sentence reports such events, facts, actions that should not have happened, but nevertheless occur (happened, will happen). Thus, subordinate clauses they call it a “failed” reason. Subordinate clauses answer questions no matter what? in spite of what?, refer to the entire main sentence and are joined to it 1) by conjunctions although, although... but, Not despite the fact that, despite the fact that, despite the fact that, let, let etc. and 2) allied words in combination With particle nor: no matter how, no matter how much, no matter what. For example:
I. 1) And (even though he was an ardent rake), [But he fell out of love finally, abuse, and saber, and lead] (A. Pushkin)- (at least), [but].
Note. In the main clause, at which there is a concessive clause, there may be a conjunction But.
2) (Let the rose is plucked), [she more blooms] (S. Nadson)- (let be), .
3) [B steppes it was quiet, cloudy], (despite What the sun has risen) (A. Chekhov)- , (although).
P. 1) (No matter how protected myself Panteley Prokofevich from any difficult experiences), [but soon had to go through a new shock for him] (M. Sholokhov)-(no matter how), [but].
2) [I_, (no matter how much would love you), getting used to it, I'll fall out of love immediately) (A. Pushkin)- [, (no matter how much), ].
Comparative clauses
The types of adverbial clauses discussed above correspond in meaning to the categories of adverbials of the same name in a simple sentence. However, there are three types of clauses (comparative, consequences And connecting), for which there is no correspondence among the circumstances in a simple sentence. A common feature of complex sentences with these types of subordinate clauses is that, as a rule, it is impossible to ask a question from the main clause to the subordinate clause.
In complex sentences with comparative clauses the content of the main clause is compared with the content of the subordinate clause. Comparative clauses refer to the entire main clause and are joined to it by conjunctions as, exactly, as if, buto, as if, just as, as if, with... with whatAnd etc. For example:
1) (As in summer we swarm midge flies to the flame), [flocked flakes from the yard to the window frame] (K. Pasternak](How), ["].
2) [Small leaves bright and friendly turn green], (as if Who their washed and varnish on them directed) (I. Turgenev)- , (as if).
3) [We three of us started talking], (as if a century do you know each other?) (A. Pushkin)- , (as if).
A special group among comparative clauses make up sentences with a conjunction how and with a double union than... that. Subordinate clauses with double conjunction than... the have comparative meaning, mutual conditionality of parts. Subordinate clauses with a conjunction how, in addition, they do not refer to the entire main thing, but to the word in it, which is expressed in the form of the comparative degree of an adjective or adverb.
1) (The smaller the woman we love), [the easier like us to her] (A. Pushkin)- (than), [that].
2) [As time went slower] (than the clouds were creeping across the sky) (M. Gorky)- [compare step.nar.], (than).
Comparative clauses can be incomplete: they omit the predicate if it coincides with the predicate of the main sentence. For example:
[Existence his concluded into this close program] (as egg into the shell) (A. Chekhov)- , (How).
The fact that this is precisely an incomplete two-part sentence is evidenced by the secondary member of the predicate group - into the shell.
Incomplete comparative clauses should not be confused with comparative clauses, which cannot contain a predicate.
Subordinate corollaries
Subordinate corollaries indicate a consequence, a conclusion that follows from the content of the main sentence .
Subordinate corollaries refer to the entire main clause, always come after it and are joined to it by a conjunction So.
For example: [ Heat All increased], (So it was getting hard to breathe) (D. Mamin-Sibiryak); [ Snow All became whiter and brighter], (So it ached eyes) (M. Lermontov)- , (So).
Subordinate clauses
Subordinate clauses contain additional information and comments to what is reported in the main sentence. Connecting clauses refer to the entire main clause, always come after it and are attached to it by conjunctive words what, what, O what, why, why, why and etc.
For example: 1) [To her I shouldn't have been late to the theatre], (from whatshe Very was in a hurry) (A. Chekhov)- , (from what).
2) [The dew has fallen], (what foreshadowed tomorrow the weather will be good) (D. Mamin-Sibiryak)- , (What).
3) [And the old man Cuckoos n quickly allotment glasses, having forgotten to wipe them], (which has never happened to him in thirty years of official activity didn't happen) (I. Ilf and E. Petrov)- , (what).
Syntactic analysis of a complex sentence with one subordinate clause
Scheme for parsing a complex sentence with one subordinate clause
1. Determine the type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement (narrative, interrogative, incentive).
2.Indicate the type of sentence by emotional coloring (exclamatory or non-exclamatory).
3. Determine the main and subordinate clauses, find their boundaries.
Make a sentence diagram: ask (if possible) a question from the main to the subordinate clause, indicate in the main word on which the subordinate clause depends (if it is a verb), characterize the means of communication (conjunction or allied word), determine the type of subordinate clause (definitive, explanatory, etc.). d.).
Sample analysis of a complex sentence with one subordinate clause
1) [In time of strong storm vomited with the roots of a tall old pine], (which is why formed this pit) (A. Chekhov).
, (from what).
The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, complex with a subordinate clause. The subordinate clause refers to the entire main thing and is joined to it by a conjunctive word from what.
2) (So that be contemporary clear), [all wide the poet will open] (A. Akhmatova).(so that), .
The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, complex with a subordinate clause of purpose. The subordinate clause answers the question for what purpose?, depends on the entire main clause and is joined to it by a conjunction so that
3) [I I love everything], (to which there is no consonance or echo in this world No) (I. Annensky).[local], (to).
The sentence is narrative, non-exclamative, complex with a pronominal clause. The subordinate clause answers the question which?, depends on the pronoun All in the main, it is joined by a conjunctive word what, which is an indirect object.
Syntactic constructions differ in the number of grammatical
European fundamentals. A contains one set of main members, while a complex contains two or more. The subordinate clause can only be in (SPP). In the design of an IPP there is always a main part, from which in most cases you can ask a question to the dependent part. That is, a subordinate relationship arises between them.
The formal sign of a subordinate clause in NGN is the presence of a means of grammatical connection (conjunction or, as well as the impossibility of separation from the main one without loss or distortion of meaning.
Types of subordinate clauses
There are four types of dependent parts in the IPP: connecting, attributive, explanatory and adverbial.
SPPs with adverbial clauses are the most difficult type of complex sentences to study.
This group of dependent parts is heterogeneous in its composition. The questions asked from the main part to the subordinate adverbial clause are exactly the same as those of the secondary member of the sentence of the same name.
10 varieties of adverbial clauses
- Mode of action.
An adverbial clause of this type answers the questions: “How?”, “In what way?”
The summer days passed so quickly that we involuntarily sped up along with them.
- Degrees and measures.
In this case, you can ask questions to dependent clauses: “To what extent?” "To what extent?", "How much?"
Kashtanov lied so convincingly that everyone believed his stories.
- Time.
As the name implies, such an adverbial adverbial clause indicates the moment the event occurred. Their typical questions are: “When?”, “How long?”, “Since when?”
When morning came, the camp town began to revive.
- Places.
This type of subordinate clause often refers to one predicate in the main part, less often to the entire sentence. “Where?”, “From where?”, “Where to?” - the main questions of this type.
From where we are going, returning on foot will be problematic.
- Goals.
In NGN, the adverbial clause reflects the specification of the action occurring in the main sentence from the point of view of the final result. In other words, the design answers the question: “Why?”
To become strong, you need to train hard.
- Conditions and concessions.
Dependent clauses of these types are similar to each other in that in both cases the adverbial meaning is conditioned by something: the action occurs “thanks to” or “in spite of”.
If you find time, come visit.
Although the sun had long since set, the heat did not subside.
- Comparisons.
In SPP with a subordinate adverbial comparison, such a dependent part explains the content of the main part with the help of conjunctions: “as”, “as if”, “as if”, “exactly”.
The ice on the river split, as if a huge mirror had cracked.
- Consequences.
Dependent clauses indicate the result or conclusion of the events occurring in the main clause. This type of adverbial clause is easily recognized by the conjunctions “so” and “therefore”.
The wind howled louder than usual, so I fell asleep only in the morning.
- Causes.
The last type of dependent adverbial parts answers the question: “Why?” Most often, the subordinate reason is attached to the main one with the help of conjunctions “because”, “because that”, “due to the fact that” and a number of others.
Maria began to get ready to go home; the first lights came on on the street.
It is worth noting that for definition it is important not only to ask the right question, but also to determine the syntactic means of communication. Often it is the subordinating conjunction that suggests the type of dictionary.
