Andrey Dmitrievich Sakharov
Biography
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Andrey Dmitrievich Sakharov(May 21, 1921 - December 14, 1989) - Soviet physicist, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences and political activist, dissident and human rights activist.
Biography:
Born in Moscow. His father, Dmitry Ivanovich Sakharov, is a physics teacher at the Lenin Pedagogical Institute, his mother Ekaterina Alekseevna Sakharova (ur. Sofiano) - the daughter of the hereditary military man Alexei Semenovich Sofiano - is a housewife. My maternal grandmother Zinaida Evgrafovna Sofiano is from the family of Belgorod nobles Mukhanov. He spent his childhood and early youth in Moscow. Sakharov received his primary education at home. I went to school from the seventh grade. After graduating from high school in 1938, Sakharov entered the physics department of Moscow University. In the summer of 1941 he tried to enter the military academy, but was not accepted due to health reasons. In 1941 he was evacuated to Ashgabat. In 1942 he graduated from the university with honors. In 1943, Sakharov married Claudia Alekseevna Vikhireva. 1945 - admission to graduate school at the Physics Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences named after. P.N. Lebedeva, 1947 - dissertation defense.
In 1948, Andrei Sakharov was included in a special group for the development of thermonuclear weapons. 1950 - the scientist begins research into controlled thermonuclear reactions. 1952 - Sakharov puts forward the idea of magnetic cumulation to produce super-strong magnetic fields. 1953 - after a successful test of the Soviet hydrogen bomb, Andrei Sakharov was elected academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences. 1954 and 1956 - the scientist is awarded the title “Hero of Socialist Labor”.
Sakharov was called the “father” of the Soviet hydrogen bomb. But this dubious title did not so much please the academician as it worried him - there were too many moral problems behind it. By the end of the 1950s, Andrei Sakharov began to actively protest against nuclear weapons testing.
1961 - the academician works on the idea of laser compression to obtain a pulsed controlled thermonuclear reaction. The same year was marked by the scientist’s speech against nuclear testing, which ultimately led to his conflict with Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev. 1962 - Sakharov becomes the Hero of Socialist Labor for the third time. And in 1963, an international treaty was concluded in Moscow banning nuclear tests in three areas: in the atmosphere, in water and in space. One of the initiators of this document was Academician Sakharov.
1966 - Andrei Sakharov begins to intercede with the government on behalf of the repressed. In 1968, the academician wrote the article “Reflections on Progress, Peaceful Coexistence and Intellectual Freedom.” In his own words, this moment became a “turning point in fate.” The Soviet press reacts to the article with silence for some time, then one after another more and more disapproving responses begin to appear. The article was published abroad. Immediately after this, Sakharov was removed from secret work.
1970 - Sakharov, despite the fact that the pressure on himself and his relatives is gradually increasing, does not tire of fighting for the rights of the repressed. He becomes one of the founders of the Moscow Committee for Human Rights. In addition, he very boldly speaks out for the abolition death penalty, against forced treatment in psychiatric hospitals, for the right to emigrate.
In 1975, Academician Sakharov was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize “for his fearless support of the fundamental principles of peace among nations and for his courageous struggle against abuse of power and any form of suppression of human dignity.” In the same year he writes and publishes the book “About the Country and the World.”
1979 - Soviet troops entered Afghanistan. Sakharov publicly condemns this step. 1980 - the scientist gives two correspondence interviews to the Western press: one to the German newspaper " Die Welt", the second - American " The New York Times" In them, Sakharov speaks out, among other things, in favor of a boycott of the Moscow Olympics: “The Olympic Committee must refuse to hold the Olympics in a country waging war.” Literally the next day after the publication of the newspapers, at the beginning of January 1980, a government decree was adopted, according to which Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov was deprived of all government awards “in connection with the systematic commission ... of actions discrediting him as the recipient.” On January 2, Sakharov was exiled to the city of Gorky (now Nizhny Novgorod). The location was not chosen by chance - this city was closed to foreigners. In Gorky, the academician is virtually isolated from society and is constantly guarded by the police. The scientist’s relatives and friends have a hard time in Moscow, and it comes to the point that, in protest against the arbitrariness of the authorities towards them, Sakharov goes on a hunger strike twice during his “exile.” The human rights activist’s work continues even in isolation. Sakharov writes an article “The Danger of Thermonuclear War”, which receives a huge response in the West. A letter was written to Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev stating that it is necessary to withdraw troops from Afghanistan. Gorbachev receives an appeal from an academician about the need to release all prisoners of conscience.
December 1986 - Mikhail Sergeevich Gorbachev, by special order, returns Sakharov to Moscow. In February 1987, Andrei Sakharov speaks at the international forum “For a nuclear-free world, for the survival of humanity.” 1988 – the scientist is elected chairman of the Memorial Society.
March 1989 - the academician was elected people's deputy of the USSR from the Academy of Sciences. November of the same year - Sakharov develops and presents to the Kremlin a draft of a new Constitution, which is based on the protection of individual rights and the right of all peoples to equal statehood with others.
December 14, 1989 - Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov dies in Moscow. He was buried at Vostryakovsky cemetery.
Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov (1921 - 1989) - an outstanding Soviet physicist and public figure, one of the creators of the hydrogen bomb, winner of the 1975 Nobel Peace Prize. The fate of this man is closely connected with Moscow. Among his main Moscow addresses are the memorial apartment and the Sakharov Center. He was born in Moscow and was buried here, on.
Light of family and childhood
Andrei Dmitrievich was born on May 21, 1921 in Moscow in one of the clinics on Devichye Pole (now the Sechenov Moscow Medical Academy on Bolshaya Pirogovskaya Street, 6, building 1). His first address in Moscow was his parents’ house on Merzlyakovsky Lane, where the family moved out when Andrei was only a few months old (Merzlyakovsky lane, 10).
The house where he lived with his parents throughout his childhood (Granatny Lane, 3, building 1), was built in 1884. This house still exists. The family occupied two rooms in a large communal apartment on the second floor. “Six families lived and had separate households in it: grandmother Maria Petrovna, the families of her three sons and two outside families,” Sakharov recalled.
Father, Dmitry Ivanovich Sakharov, was a teacher of physics and mathematics, the author of a well-known problem book and many popular science books. Andrei Dmitrievich later wrote about that time: “Since childhood, I lived in an atmosphere of decency, mutual assistance and tact, hard work and respect for the high mastery of my chosen profession.” Grandfather, Ivan Nikolaevich Sakharov, was a sworn attorney (lawyer) of the Moscow District Court. Andrei Dmitrievich’s grandmother, Maria Petrovna Sakharova, came from the nobility. She provided big influence to raise young Andrei.
Sakharov later recalled his time living in the house on Granatny Lane as follows: “In a large room we had a bedroom and a dining room, there were school tables for children and a huge piano that occupied a quarter of the room.” In this house, “imbued with the traditional family spirit,” Sakharov lived for twenty years until the very beginning of the Great Patriotic War. Patriotic War. The books of his childhood were the Gospel and the Works.
Sakharov did not attend school for several years, studying at home until the seventh grade. His father taught him physics and mathematics. “At the request of my parents, for the first five years I studied not at school, but in a home study group. This rather complex and expensive, difficult undertaking was apparently caused by their distrust of Soviet school those times and the desire to give children a better education.”
All this contributed to the formation of skills independent work. But, at the same time, this shaped the character of the future academician - shy, reserved, uncommunicative. These qualities accompanied him throughout his life.
The beginning of the way
In 1936‒1937 young Sakharov attended a school mathematics club at, and studied first in school number 110, and later - in school number 113 (Profsoyuznaya street, 118B). In 1938, Sakharov entered the physics department of Moscow State University. At that time the faculty was located in one of the buildings old building of Moscow State University on Mokhovaya Street, built in 1901 by architect M. Bykovsky specifically for the physics department and laboratories (Mokhovaya street, 11, building 7). Nowadays, the Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics named after V. A. Kotelnikov is located here.
After the start of the war, Sakharov and the university evacuated to Ashgabat, where he studied in depth quantum mechanics and the theory of relativity. In 1942, he graduated from Moscow State University and was considered by that time the best student in the entire existence of the department. In 1943, Andrei Dmitrievich married Claudia Alekseevna Vikhireva. Three children were born into the Sakharov family: Tatyana, Lyubov, Dmitry.
In 1944, Sakharov became a graduate student at the P. N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences (Miusskaya Square, 4). Now the building is occupied by the M. V. Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics. Sakharov's scientific supervisor was I. Tamm, a future academician and Nobel laureate. One of his contemporaries recalled how professors Tamm and Leontovich took student Sakharov’s exam on the theory of relativity and gave him a C. Then, at night after the exam, Tamm called Leontovich and said: “Listen, this student said everything correctly! It’s you and me who didn’t understand anything - it’s us who need to give C’s! We still need to talk to him." So Sakharov became Tamm’s student.
From 1945, Sakharov again lived in his parents’ house in Moscow, and later the Sakharov family rented rooms in Moscow and the town of Pushkino near Moscow.
In 1947, Andrei Dmitrievich defended his candidate's dissertation, and 6 years later - his doctorate. On the recommendation of academician Tamm, Sakharov was hired at the Moscow Energy Institute ( Krasnokazarmen 
Naya street, no. 17). At the Moscow Energy Institute, he taught courses in nuclear physics, the theory of relativity and electricity, and taught part-time at the Moscow Mechanical Institute (since 1953 - MEPhI). He later moved to staff Ministry of Medium Engineering (Bolshaya Ordynka Street, 24)- under this name the Soviet Nuclear Ministry operated. The 12-story building in which it was located was built in 1957. Now the Federal Atomic Energy Agency is located here.
Main decision
Since 1947, Sakharov participated in the project to create the first Soviet hydrogen bomb, and in November 1955 its first successful test took place. It was created according to a scheme called “Sakharov’s layer”. Andrei Dmitrievich is called the “father of the hydrogen bomb,” although he himself spoke about collective authorship. Sakharov's work in the field of thermonuclear weapons as part of a special group (led by A. Kurchatov) did not go unnoticed: Sakharov became three times Hero of Socialist Labor (1953, 1956, 1962), laureate of Stalin's (1953) and Lenin's (1956) .) prizes, and at the age of 32 he was elected a full member of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
In 1948, by resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, Sakharov was allocated a room in the house at the address: st. 25 October, no. 4 (now , no. 10). This was Sakharov’s first home in Moscow, in which he settled with his wife Claudia. Currently, this building houses the Nikolskaya Plaza business center.
This is how he recalled his room: “Our room had an area of only 14 m2, we did not have a dining table (there was nowhere to put it), we dined on stools or on the windowsill. About 10 families lived in a long corridor, and there was one small kitchen, a restroom on the landing (one for two apartments), no bath, of course. But we were immensely happy. Finally, we have our own home, and not a hectic hotel or capricious owners who could kick us out at any moment. Thus began one of the best, happiest periods of our life with Klava.”
In the fall of 1949, Sakharov, with the help of Kurchatov, received the first apartment of his life in Picturesque street in Moscow. “We were moving into a huge, by our standards, three-room separate apartment on the outskirts of Moscow. Ya. B. Zeldovich joked about my receiving an apartment that this was the first use of thermonuclear energy for peaceful purposes.”
As part of the nuclear program from 1948 to 1968. Sakharov worked and since 1950 lived in a closed nuclear center in the city of Sarov (Nizhny Novgorod region), code name “Arzamas-16”. At the same time, Sakharov traveled to Moscow many times on scientific issues. His family also lived in Arzamas since November 1950 
-16. It is interesting that in his empty Moscow apartment, Sakharov settled M. M. Agreste, expelled from Arzamas-16, and his family. In 1953 Sakharov received new apartment in Moscow (now Marshal Novikov Street, 3), living in it during frequent short trips from the closed city. This house still exists today and is part of the architectural and historical ensemble “Academic Town of Laboratory No. 2 of the USSR Academy of Sciences.”
The accidental loss of life in a bomb explosion in 1955 led Sakharov to think about the humanitarian aspects of the use of these weapons and the danger of a global nuclear war. Realizing this, Sakharov changes his life and begins to fight for the organization of control over nuclear weapons. “We know too little about the laws of history, the future is unpredictable, and we are not gods. We, each of us, in every matter, both “small” and “big,” must proceed from specific moral criteria, and not from the abstract arithmetic of history,” he wrote.
In 1956‒1962 Sakharov opposed nuclear tests in the atmosphere, and in 1963 he became one of the initiators of the Moscow Treaty banning nuclear tests in three environments (the atmosphere, space and ocean). However, his contribution to the USSR nuclear program during these years was also very significant. In particular, on October 30, 1961, the test of the most powerful bomb in world history, the “Tsar Bomba”, also known as “Kuzka’s Mother,” took place on Novaya Zemlya. The power of its explosion was 57-58 Megatons, which is about 4000 times more powerful than the Hiroshima nuclear bomb. One of its leading developers was A. Sakharov.
The turning point occurred in the late 1960s, when Sakharov became one of the leaders of the human rights movement. In particular, on December 5, 1965, he took part in a silent demonstration at the monument on Constitution Day - for human rights and against the anti-constitutional articles of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR.
In defense of freedom
Among the most famous works of A.D. Sakharov is the article “Reflections on Progress, Peaceful Coexistence and Intellectual Freedom” (1968). Here he put forward the idea of bringing together the socialist and capitalist systems for the sake of creating a harmonious world. This work, published in a total circulation of almost 20 million copies, became widely known in the West. In November 1970, Sakharov became one of the founders of the Human Rights Committee and spoke out in defense of political prisoners. He believed that in the USSR “we need systematic protection of human rights and ideals, and not political struggle, which inevitably leads to violence.”
He was subjected to repression for his speeches. In 1969, after an 18-year stay in Arzamas-16, he was removed from practical participation in the nuclear program and returned to Moscow, where again, like 25 years ago, he became an employee Physical Institute named after P. Lebedev(Leninsky Prospekt, 53).
In 1969, Andrei Dmitrievich had to endure the death of his wife: Klavdia Alekseevna died of cancer. Three years later, Sakharov married Elena Bonner, whom he met at the trial in Kaluga in the case of Revolt Pimenov and Boris Weil. Sakharov wrote about her: “She is a great organizer, she is my think tank.” In the summer the couple lived in a dacha in Zhukovka (Moscow region, Odintsovo district). “The Sakharovs spent every summer in the same village. In the summer of 1972, on a small forest street next to the Sakharovs lived Rostropovich and his guest Alexander Solzhenitsyn, Alexander Galich, who was staying nearby at another dacha. Dmitry Shostakovich lived around the corner,” this is how L. Kopelev recalled it.
In 1974, Sakharov held a press conference at which he announced the Day of Political Prisoners in the USSR. In the summer of 1975, his book “On Country and Peace” was published, and in the same year he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.
On January 22, 1980, Sakharov was arrested on the street in Moscow after openly protesting against the Soviet military invasion of Afghanistan and in the evening of the same day he and his wife were exiled to the city of Gorky (Nizhny Novgorod), closed to foreigners. He was placed in a bugged apartment, with the telephone turned off, with a policeman on duty around the clock in front of the door, and with a “strong order protection point” in the yard; outside the house he was accompanied by KGB agents. By decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, he was deprived of titles and awards. During the years of exile, he went on hunger strike three times (1981, 1984, 1985) and was placed in the Gorky Regional Hospital, where he spent a total of almost 300 days. “We won’t let you die, but you will become a useless invalid,” the chief doctor told him.
The era of Sakharov
In December 1986, Andrei Dmitrievich was returned from exile and continued to work at the Physical Institute as chief research fellow, continuing, already during the years of perestroika, active social activities to protect human rights in the USSR and put forward peace initiatives.
In 1988, Sakharov received a high honor: he was elected honorary chairman of the Memorial Society, and in the same year the International Sakharov Prize for humanitarian work in the field of human rights was established by the European Parliament. In 1989, Sakharov was elected people's deputy of the USSR. At the First Congress of People's Deputies, which was held at that time in Kremlin Palace of Congresses, Sakharov proposed a draft of a new Constitution of the USSR, based on respect for human rights and the right of peoples to statehood. Here's how it begins: “All people have the right to life, liberty and happiness” (Article 5). Not everyone liked Sakharov’s ideas at the congress: he was interrupted by shouts and whistles, but outside the Kremlin walls, the position of the great scientist and human rights activist was appreciated and respected by many.
Unexpected 
The death of Andrei Dmitrievich on December 14, 1989 became a tragedy that shook the entire country. He died in his apartment in Moscow (Zemlyanoy Val street 48-B, apartments 61 and 62) after a day of hard work at the Congress of People's Deputies .
The cause was heart disease. Sakharov received this apartment in 1986, after he was able to return from exile to Moscow. Apartment 62 was located on the floor below apartment 61, in which he lived with his family, and served as a study. After the death of the academician, the housing was transferred to the Sakharov Center and remained untouched for a long time - until the opening of a museum here.
On May 21, 1994, the opening took place in the apartment Sakharov Archive (Zemlyanoy Val street, 48-B, apt. 62). Documents are collected here 
KGB nts concerning the dissident movement. There is a small memorial exhibition at the archive archival documents, dedicated to Andrei Sakharov.
Memorial museum-apartment Sakharov opened here in 2013 ( Zemlyanoy Val street, 48-B). The apartment museum is part of the Sakharov Center. In it you can see the restored furnishings of Sakharov’s office from 1987-1989. and the audiovisual installation “One Moscow Window”, telling about the spouses Andrei Sakharov and Elena Bonner. On the house where Sakharov lived (48a Zemlyanoy Val Street), you can now see memorial plaque: It was installed on May 21, 1991, on his 70th birthday. The author of the project was the sculptor Daniel Mitlyansky.
Andrei Dmitrievich is buried at Vostryakovsky cemetery in Moscow (Ozernaya street, 47, site No. 80).“I am convinced that our era will be called in the history of mankind “the era of Sakharov.” He was a real prophet. A prophet in the ancient, primordial sense of the word, that is, a man who called on his contemporaries to moral renewal for the sake of the future,” this is what Soviet and Russian philologist, cultural critic, art critic, academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAN) Dmitry Likhachev said about Sakharov’s place in history. His ideas about the importance of respecting human rights, curbing militarism, control over state policy by society, overcoming disunity between people and between states are more relevant in our time than ever.
Works in Moscow Museum and public center "Peace, progress, human rights" named after Andrei Sakharov (Sakharov Center)(Zemlyanoy Val, 57, p. 6). The center opened in 1996 in the premises of a two-story mansion of the Usachev-Naydenov estate of the 17th - 19th centuries, its area is 500 square meters. m. Next to the main building there is a small exhibition hall and a storage room (it was converted from a garage). This was the first museum dedicated to the victims of political repression. It contains sections: “Mythology and ideology in the USSR”, “Political repression in the CCCP”, “Resistance to unfreedom in the USSR” and “Andrei Sakharov. Personality and destiny".
The museum exhibits original documents, photographs, objects of camp life, tools of labor of prisoners, camp newspapers, letters. By visiting the Sakharov Center, you will see a wide panorama of the historical process, the essence of which was the confrontation between society and the totalitarian system, the movement from unfreedom to freedom. The documentary film “Free Man Andrei Sakharov” is shown here. The center also organizes tours of the Sakharov Memorial Apartment.
One of the central highways of Moscow is Prospekt Academician Sakharov, which received this name in 1990. It is often used in modern times to hold opposition rallies and marches.
In the park of arts " Muzeon"there is a bronze one sculpture by Andrei Sakharov works by Grigory Pototsky (2008). It was installed as part of the exhibition “Leaders and Victims” opposite the sculpture of Brezhnev, whose policies Sakharov was a victim of. Andrei Dmitrievich appears before us in a complex image with a touch of tragedy: he turns his face to the sun, looks into the sky, and his whole figure seems to stretch upward, but at the same time it seems literally chained to the ground.
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He was a professor and physics teacher at the Moscow Pedagogical Institute (now a university) named after V.I. Lenin, author of popular books and a problem book on physics. Mother, Catherine Sofiano, was of noble origin and was the daughter of a military man.
In 1945, he entered graduate school at the Lebedev Physical Institute, and in November 1947 defended his Ph.D. thesis. In 1953, Sakharov defended his doctoral dissertation and in the same year was elected a full member of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
In 1948, Andrei Sakharov was included in the research group for the development of thermonuclear weapons, led by Igor Tamm, where he worked until 1968. Sakharov proposed his own bomb design in the form of layers of deuterium and natural uranium around a conventional atomic charge. The group's intensive work culminated in the successful test of the first Soviet hydrogen bomb on August 12, 1953.
Subsequently, the group led by Sakharov worked on improving the hydrogen bomb. In parallel, Sakharov, together with Tamm, put forward the idea of magnetic plasma confinement and carried out fundamental calculations of controlled installations. thermonuclear fusion. In 1961, Sakharov proposed using laser compression to produce a controlled thermonuclear reaction. These ideas laid the foundation for large-scale research into thermonuclear energy.
In 1969, Sakharov returned to scientific work at FIAN. On June 30, 1969, he was enrolled in the department of the institute, where his scientific work began, as a senior researcher.
Since the late 1950s, Sakharov has been involved in human rights activities. In 1958, two of his articles were published on the harmful effects of radioactivity from nuclear explosions on heredity and, as a consequence, a decrease in average life expectancy. In the same year, Sakharov tried to influence the extension of the moratorium on atomic explosions declared by the USSR. In 1966, he signed a letter “25 celebrities” to the XXIII Congress of the CPSU against the rehabilitation of Stalin.
The European Parliament established the Sakharov Prize "For Freedom of Thought".
Since 1995, for outstanding work in nuclear physics, particle physics and cosmology to domestic and foreign scientists Russian Academy Sciences is awarded the Gold Medal named after A.D. Sakharov. Since 2001, Russian journalists have been awarded the Andrei Sakharov Prize “For Journalism as an Act.”
The material was prepared based on information from RIA Novosti and open sources
ANDREY DMITRIEVICH SAKHAROV
This man had an amazing fate. One of the authors of the most terrible weapon - the hydrogen bomb, won the Nobel Peace Prize!
Above his grave is Academician D.S. Likhachev said: “He was a real prophet. A prophet in the ancient, primordial sense of the word, that is, a person who calls his contemporaries to moral renewal for the sake of the future. And, like any prophet, he was not understood and was expelled from his people.”
Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov was born on May 21, 1921 in Moscow into a family of intellectuals. Father, Dmitry Ivanovich Sakharov, a professor at the Moscow Pedagogical Institute, was the author of several popular books and a problem book on physics. From his mother, Ekaterina Alekseevna, née Sofiano, Andrei inherited not only his appearance, but also character traits such as perseverance and non-contact.
Sakharov spent his childhood in a large, crowded Moscow apartment, “imbued with a traditional family spirit.”
After graduating from school with a gold medal in 1938, Sakharov entered the physics department of the Moscow state university. After the outbreak of the war, Andrei moved to Ashgabat with the university, where he seriously studied quantum mechanics and the theory of relativity.
In 1942, Sakharov graduated from the university with honors. To him, as the best student of the faculty, Professor A.A. Vlasov offered to stay in graduate school. But Andrei refused and was sent to a military plant, first in Kovrov, and then in Ulyanovsk. Here Andrey met future wife. In 1943, he united his fate with local resident Claudia Alekseevna Vikhireva, who worked as a laboratory chemist at the same plant. They had three children - two daughters and a son.
After the end of the war, Sakharov entered graduate school at the P.N. Physics Institute. Lebedev to the famous theoretical physicist I.E. Tammu. In 1947, the young scientist brilliantly defended his Ph.D. thesis, where he proposed a new selection rule for charging parity and a method for taking into account the interaction of an electron and a positron during pair production.
In 1948, Sakharov was included in Tamm's group to create thermonuclear weapons. In 1950, Sakharov went to the nuclear research center - Arzamas-16. Here he spent eighteen whole years.
On August 12, 1953, the first thermonuclear bomb created according to his design was successfully tested. The Soviet government did not skimp on awards for the young scientist: he was elected an academician, he became a laureate of the Stalin Prize and a Hero of Socialist Labor. He was awarded the latter title three times, also receiving it in 1956 and 1962.
However, while working on the most destructive weapon in the history of mankind, Sakharov understood better than others the enormous danger it posed to civilization. In “Memoirs,” Andrei Dmitrievich indicated the date of his transformation into an opponent of nuclear weapons: the end of the fifties. He was one of the initiators of the Moscow Treaty banning tests in three environments. Because of this, Sakharov had a conflict with N. Khrushchev. Nevertheless, a year after his speech, an international treaty banning nuclear weapons tests in the atmosphere, water and space was concluded.
In 1966, Sakharov, together with S.P. Kapitsa, Tamm and 22 other prominent intellectuals signed a letter addressed to Brezhnev in defense of writers A. Sinyavsky and Y. Daniel.
The scientist’s views increasingly did not coincide with the official ideology. Sakharov put forward the theory of convergence - the rapprochement of the capitalist and socialist worlds, with reasonable sufficiency of weapons, openness and the rights of each individual person.
As V.I. writes Ritus: “During these same years, Sakharov’s social activities intensified, which increasingly diverged from the policies of official circles. He initiated appeals for the release of human rights activists P.G. from psychiatric hospitals. Grigorenko and Zh.A. Medvedev. Together with physicist V. Turchin and R.A. Medvedev wrote the “Memorandum on democratization and intellectual freedom.” I went to Kaluga to participate in picketing the courtroom, where the trial of dissidents R. Pimenov and B. Weil was taking place. In November 1970, together with physicists V. Chalidze and A. Tverdokhlebov, he organized the Human Rights Committee, which was supposed to implement the principles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. In 1971, together with academician M.A. Leontovich actively opposed the use of psychiatry for political purposes and at the same time - for the right to return of the Crimean Tatars, freedom of religion, freedom to choose the country of residence and, in particular, for Jewish and German emigration."
The memorandum cost Sakharov all his posts: in 1969, Academician Sakharov was accepted as a senior researcher in the theoretical department of the Lebedev Physical Institute. At the same time, he was elected a member of many academies of sciences, such authoritative ones as the US National Academy of Sciences, the French, Roman, and New York Academies.
In 1969, Sakharov’s first wife died, and Andrei Dmitrievich took her loss very hard. In 1970, he met Elena Georgievna Bonner at a trial in Kaluga. In 1972 they got married. Bonner became her husband's loyal friend and ally.
In 1973, Sakharov held a press conference for Western journalists at which he denounced what he called “détente without democracy.” In response to this, a letter from forty academicians appeared in Pravda. Only the intercession of the fearless P.L. saved Andrei Dmitrievich from expulsion from the Academy of Sciences. Kapitsa. However, neither Kapitsa nor anyone else could resist the growing persecution of the scientist.
On October 9, 1975, Sakharov was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize "for his fearless support of the fundamental principles of peace among men" and "for his courageous struggle against the abuse of power and all forms of suppression of human dignity."
The scientist was not released from the country. His wife went to Stockholm. Bonner read out the speech of the Soviet academician, which called for “true detente and genuine disarmament,” for “general political amnesty in the world” and “the release of all prisoners of conscience everywhere.”
The next day, Bonner read her husband’s Nobel lecture “Peace, progress, human rights,” in which Sakharov argued that these three goals were “inextricably linked with one another” and demanded “freedom of conscience, the existence of an informed public opinion, pluralism in the education system, freedom press and access to sources of information,” and also put forward proposals for achieving detente and disarmament.
It ended like this: “Many civilizations must exist in infinite space, including more intelligent, more “successful” ones than ours. I also defend the cosmological hypothesis, according to which the cosmological development of the Universe repeats itself in its basic features an infinite number of times. At the same time, other civilizations, including more “successful” ones, must exist an infinite number of times on the “previous” and “following” pages of the book of the Universe to our world. But all this should not detract from our sacred desire in this very world, where we, like a flash in the darkness, arose for an instant from the black non-existence of the unconscious existence of matter, to fulfill the demand of Reason and create a life worthy of ourselves and the goal we vaguely discern.”
The apotheosis of Sakharov’s human rights activities came in 1979, when the academician spoke out against the entry of Soviet troops into Afghanistan. A little time passed, and by decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dated January 8, 1980, the human rights activist was deprived of the title of three times Hero of Socialist Labor and all other awards.
Sakharov was detained on the street in Moscow and sent into exile in the city of Gorky, where he lived under house arrest for seven years. His wife shared his fate. Andrei Dmitrievich was deprived of the opportunity to engage in science, receive magazines and books, and simply communicate with people.
The only available way to protest against arbitrariness Soviet authorities there was still a hunger strike. But after the next one, in 1984, he was placed in a hospital and began to be force-fed. In a letter to the President of the USSR Academy of Sciences A.P. Sakharov wrote to Aleksandrov, his long-time colleague in “secret physics”: “I was forcibly held and tortured for 4 months. Attempts to escape from the hospital were invariably stopped by KGB officers, who were on duty around the clock at all possible escape routes. From May 11th to May 27th inclusive, I was subjected to painful and humiliating force-feeding. Hypocritically, all this was called saving my life. On May 25-27, the most painful and humiliating, barbaric method was used. They threw me onto the bed again and tied my arms and legs. They put a tight clamp on my nose, so I could only breathe through my mouth. When I opened my mouth to breathe in air, a spoonful of a nutritious mixture of broth with pureed meat was poured into my mouth. Sometimes the mouth was forced open - with a lever inserted between the gums.”
Sakharov's political exile lasted until 1986, when perestroika processes began in society. After a telephone conversation with M. Gorbachev, Sakharov was allowed to return to Moscow and begin scientific work again.
In February 1987, Sakharov spoke at the international forum “For a nuclear-free world, for the survival of mankind” with a proposal to consider reducing the number of Euro-missiles separately from the problems of SDI, reducing the army, and security nuclear power plants. In 1988, he was elected honorary chairman of the Memorial Society, and in March 1989, a people's deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR from the Academy of Sciences.
It would seem that fate was again favorable to him. However, the possibilities of democracy turned out to be limited, and Sakharov was never able to speak out loud about the problems that worried him. He again had to fight for the right to express his views from the rostrum of the people's assembly. This struggle undermined the scientist’s strength, and on December 14, 1989, returning home after another debate, Sakharov died of a heart attack. His heart, as shown by the autopsy, was completely worn out. Hundreds of thousands of people came to say goodbye to the great man.
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| Tombstone | ||
| Memorial plaque in Yekaterinburg | ||
| Memorial plaque in Moscow (on the house where he lived) | ||
| Monument in St. Petersburg | ||
| Memorial plaque on a house in Sarov | ||
| Annotation board in Moscow | ||
| Bust in Yerevan | ||
| Bust in Nizhny Novgorod | ||
| Memorial plaque in Nizhny Novgorod |
Andrey Dmitrievich Sakharov - Soviet physicist and public figure, one of the authors of the first works on the implementation of a thermonuclear reaction (hydrogen bomb) and the problem of controlled thermonuclear fusion, Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Professor, Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
Born on May 21, 1921 in Moscow in the family of physicist Dmitry Ivanovich Sakharov (1889-1961) and Ekaterina Alekseevna Sofiano (1893-1963). Russian. For the first five years he studied at home. In the next five years of school, Sakharov, under the guidance of his father, studied physics in depth and performed many physical experiments.
In 1938, Sakharov entered the physics department of the M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University (MSU). After the outbreak of the Great Patriotic War, he and the university were evacuated to Ashgabat (Turkmenistan); seriously engaged in the study of quantum mechanics and the theory of relativity. After graduating with honors from Moscow State University in 1942, where he was considered the best student ever studying at the physics department, he refused the offer of Professor A.A. Vlasov to remain in graduate school. Having received a specialty in defense metallurgy, he was sent to a military plant, first in the city of Kovrov, Vladimir region, and then in Ulyanovsk. Working and living conditions were very difficult. However, Sakharov’s first invention appeared here - a device for monitoring the hardening of armor-piercing cores.
In 1943, Sakharov married Klavdiya Alekseevna Vikhireva (1919-1969), a native of Ulyanovsk, a laboratory chemist at the same plant. They had three children - two daughters and a son. Due to the war and then the birth of children, Klavdiya Alekseevna did not complete higher education and after the family moved to Moscow and later to the “object”, she was depressed that it was difficult for her to find a suitable job.
Returning to Moscow after the war, Sakharov in 1945 entered graduate school at the P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute with the famous theoretical physicist I.E. Tamm to study fundamental problems. In his PhD thesis on nonradiative nuclear transitions, presented in 1947, he proposed a new selection rule for charge parity and a way to take into account the interaction of electron and positron during pair production. At the same time, he came to the idea (without publishing his research on this problem) that the small difference in the energies of the two levels of the hydrogen atom was caused by the difference in the interaction of the electron with its own field in the bound and free states. A similar fundamental idea and calculation were published by the American physicist H. Bethe and awarded the Nobel Prize in 1967. The idea proposed by Sakharov and the calculation of the mu-meson catalysis of the nuclear reaction in deuterium saw the light of day and was published only in the form of a secret report.
Apparently, this report became the basis for Sakharov’s inclusion in 1948 in I.E. Tamm’s special group to verify a specific hydrogen bomb project, on which Ya.B. Zeldovich’s group was working. Soon Sakharov proposed his own bomb design in the form of layers of deuterium and natural uranium around a conventional atomic charge. When an atomic charge explodes, ionized uranium significantly increases the density of deuterium, increases the rate of thermonuclear reaction and fissions under the influence of fast neutrons. This “first idea” - ionization compression of deuterium - was significantly supplemented by V.L. Ginzburg with the “second idea”, which consisted in the use of lithium-6 deuteride. Under the influence of slow neutrons, tritium is formed from lithium-6 - a very active thermonuclear fuel. With these ideas in the spring of 1950, I.E. Tamm’s group, almost in full force, was sent to the “object” - a top-secret nuclear enterprise centered in the city of Sarov, where it increased noticeably due to the influx of young theorists. The intensive work of the group and the entire enterprise culminated in the successful testing of the first Soviet hydrogen bomb on August 12, 1953.
“For exceptional services to the state in carrying out a special task of the Government” by Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dated January 4, 1954 Sakharov Andrey Dmitrievich awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor with the Order of Lenin and the Hammer and Sickle gold medal.
In 1953 he was elected a full member (academician) of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
Subsequently, the group led by Sakharov worked on the implementation of the collective “third idea” - compressing thermonuclear fuel with radiation from the explosion of an atomic charge. The successful test of such an advanced hydrogen bomb in November 1955 was marred by the deaths of a girl and a soldier, as well as serious injuries to many people away from the test site. This circumstance, as well as the mass resettlement of residents from the test site in 1953, forced Sakharov to seriously think about the tragic consequences of atomic explosions, about the possible release of this terrible force out of control.
In parallel with his work on bombs, Sakharov, together with I.E. Tamm, put forward the idea of magnetic plasma confinement (1950) and carried out fundamental calculations of controlled thermonuclear fusion installations. He also owned the idea and calculations for creating super-strong magnetic fields by compressing the magnetic flux with a conducting cylindrical shell (1952). In 1961, Sakharov proposed using laser compression to produce a controlled thermonuclear reaction. These ideas laid the foundation for large-scale research into thermonuclear energy.
By decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of September 11, 1956, for exceptional services to the state while carrying out a special task of the Government, he was awarded the second gold medal “Hammer and Sickle”.
In 1958, two articles by Sakharov appeared on the harmful effects of radioactivity from nuclear explosions on heredity and, as a consequence, a decrease in average life expectancy. According to the scientist, each megaton explosion leads to 10 thousand victims of cancer in the future. That same year, Sakharov tried unsuccessfully to influence the extension of the moratorium on atomic explosions declared by the USSR. The next moratorium was interrupted in 1961 by the test of a super-powerful 50-megaton hydrogen bomb for political rather than military purposes.
By decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dated March 7, 1962, for exceptional services to the state while carrying out a special task of the Government, he was awarded the third gold medal “Hammer and Sickle”.
Controversial activities on the development of weapons and the ban on their testing, which led in 1962 to acute conflicts with colleagues and government authorities, had a positive result in 1963 - the Moscow Treaty Banning Tests of Nuclear Weapons in Three Environments.
Even then, Sakharov’s interests were not limited to nuclear physics. In 1958, he opposed N.S. Khrushchev’s plans to reduce secondary education, and a few years later he, together with other scientists, managed to rid Soviet genetics of the influence of T.D. Lysenko. In 1964, Sakharov successfully spoke out at the Academy of Sciences against the election of biologist N.I. Nuzhdin as an academician, considering him, like T.D. Lysenko, responsible for “shameful, difficult pages in the development of Soviet science.”
In 1966, he signed a letter “25 celebrities” to the XXIII Congress of the CPSU against the rehabilitation of J.V. Stalin. The letter noted that any attempt to revive Stalin's policy of intolerance of dissent "would be the greatest disaster" for Soviet people. Acquaintance in the same year with R.A. Medvedev and his book about I.V. Stalin significantly influenced the evolution of Sakharov’s views. In February 1967, he sent his first letter to L.I. Brezhnev in defense of four dissidents. The authorities’ response was to deprive him of one of the two positions held at the “facility.”
In June 1968, a large article appeared in the foreign press - Sakharov’s manifesto “Reflections on Progress, Peaceful Coexistence and Intellectual Freedom” - about the dangers of thermonuclear destruction, environmental self-poisoning, dehumanization of humanity, the need to bring the socialist and capitalist systems closer together, the crimes of Stalin and the lack of democracy in the USSR . In his manifesto, Sakharov spoke out for the abolition of censorship, political courts, and against keeping dissidents in psychiatric hospitals. The reaction of the authorities was not long in coming: Sakharov was completely removed from work at the “facility” and dismissed from all posts related to military secrets. On August 26, 1968, he met with A.I. Solzhenitsyn, which revealed the difference in their views on the necessary social transformations.
In March 1969, Sakharov's wife died, leaving him in a state of despair, which was then replaced by long-term mental devastation. After a letter from I.E. Tamm (at that time the head of the Theoretical Department of the Lebedev Physical Institute) to the President of the USSR Academy of Sciences M.V. Keldysh and, apparently, as a result of sanctions from above, Sakharov was enrolled on June 30, 1969 in the department of the institute, where his scientific work began , to the position of senior researcher - the lowest that a Soviet academician could occupy.
From 1967 to 1980, he published more than 15 scientific papers: on the baryon asymmetry of the Universe with the prediction of proton decay (according to Sakharov, this is his best theoretical work, which influenced the formation of scientific opinion in the next decade), about cosmological models of the Universe, about the connection of gravity with quantum fluctuations of the vacuum, about mass formulas for mesons and baryons.
During these same years, Sakharov’s social activities intensified, which increasingly diverged from the policies of official circles. He initiated appeals for the release of human rights activists P.G. Grigorenko and Zh.A. Medvedev from psychiatric hospitals. Together with physicist V. Turchin and R. A. Medvedev, he wrote the “Memorandum on democratization and intellectual freedom.” I went to Kaluga to participate in picketing the courtroom where the trial of dissidents R. Pimenov and B. Weil was taking place. In November 1970, together with physicists V. Chalidze and A. Tverdokhlebov, he organized the Human Rights Committee, which was supposed to implement the principles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. In 1971, together with academician M.A. Leontovich, he actively opposed the use of psychiatry for political purposes and at the same time - for the right to return of the Crimean Tatars, freedom of religion, freedom to choose the country of residence and, in particular, for Jewish and German emigration.
In 1972, Sakharov married Elena Georgievna Bonner (1923-2011), whom he met in 1970 at a trial in Kaluga. Having become a loyal friend and ally of her husband, she focused Sakharov’s activities on protecting the rights of specific people. Policy documents were now considered by him as a subject for discussion. However, in 1977 he signed a collective letter to the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on amnesty and the abolition of the death penalty, in 1973 he gave an interview to Swedish radio correspondent U. Stenholm about the nature of the Soviet system and, despite the warning of the deputy Attorney General, held a press conference for 11 Western journalists, during which he condemned not only the threat of persecution, but also what he called “détente without democratization.” The reaction to these statements was a letter published in the Pravda newspaper by 40 academicians, which caused a vicious campaign condemning Sakharov’s public activities, as well as statements on his side by human rights activists, Western politicians and scientists. A.I. Solzhenitsyn made a proposal to award Sakharov the Nobel Peace Prize.
Intensifying the fight for the right to emigrate, in September 1973, Sakharov sent a letter to the US Congress in support of the Jackson Amendment. In 1974, during President Richard Nixon's stay in Moscow, he held his first hunger strike and gave a television interview to draw the attention of the world community to the fate of political prisoners. On the basis of the French humanitarian prize received by Sakharov, E.G. Bonner organized the Fund for Assistance to Children of Political Prisoners. In 1975, Sakharov met with the German writer G. Bell, together with him he wrote an appeal in defense of political prisoners, and in the same year he published the book “On the Country and the World” in the West, in which he developed the ideas of convergence, disarmament, democratization, strategic balance, political and economic reforms.
In October 1975, Sakharov was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, which was given to his wife, who was being treated abroad. E.G. Bonner read out Sakharov’s speech to the audience, which contained a call for “true detente and genuine disarmament,” for “general political amnesty in the world” and “the release of all prisoners of conscience everywhere.” The next day, E.G. Bonner read her husband’s Nobel lecture “Peace, Progress, Human Rights,” in which Sakharov argued that these three goals are “inextricably linked with one another,” demanded “freedom of conscience, the existence of informed public opinion, pluralism in education system, freedom of the press and access to sources of information,” and also put forward proposals for achieving detente and disarmament.
In April and August 1976, December 1977 and early 1979, Sakharov and his wife traveled to Omsk, Yakutia, Mordovia and Tashkent to support human rights activists. In 1977 and 1978, the children and grandchildren of E.G. Bonner, whom Sakharov considered hostages of his human rights activities, emigrated to the United States. In 1979, Sakharov sent a letter to L.I. Brezhnev in defense of the Crimean Tatars and the removal of secrecy from the case of the explosion in the Moscow metro.
Despite his open opposition to the Soviet regime, Sakharov was not formally charged until 1980, when he strongly condemned the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. On January 4, 1980, he gave an interview to a New York Times correspondent about the situation in Afghanistan and its correction, and on January 14, he gave a television interview to ABC.
By the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of January 8, 1980, “in connection with the systematic commission of actions by Sakharov A.D. that discredit him as an award recipient, and taking into account numerous proposals from the Soviet public, ... on the basis of Article 40 of the General Regulations on Orders, medals and honorary titles of the USSR" Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov was deprived of all government awards, including the title of three times Hero of Socialist Labor, and on January 22, without any trial, he was expelled to the city of Gorky (now Nizhny Novgorod), closed to foreigners, where he was placed under house arrest.
At the end of 1981, Sakharov and Bonner went on a hunger strike for the right of E. Alekseeva to travel to the United States to meet her fiance, Bonner’s son. The departure was allowed by L.I. Brezhnev after a conversation with the President of the Academy of Sciences A.P. Alexandrov. However, even those close to Sakharov believed that “personal happiness cannot be purchased at the price of the suffering of a great man.” In June 1983, Sakharov published a letter to the famous physicist S. Drell in the American magazine Foreign Affairs about the danger of thermonuclear war. The response to the letter was an article by four academics in the newspaper Izvestia, which portrayed Sakharov as a supporter of thermonuclear war and the arms race and sparked a noisy newspaper campaign against him and his wife. In the summer of 1984, Sakharov went on an unsuccessful hunger strike for his wife’s right to travel to the United States to meet her family and receive treatment. The hunger strike was accompanied by forced hospitalization and painful feeding. Sakharov reported the motives and details of this hunger strike in the fall in a letter to A.P. Alexandrov, in which he asked for assistance in obtaining permission for his wife to travel, and also announced his resignation from the Academy of Sciences in case of refusal.
April-September 1985 - Sakharov’s last hunger strike with the same goals; again hospitalized and force-fed. Permission to leave E.G. Bonner was issued only in July 1985 after Sakharov’s letter to M.S. Gorbachev with a promise to focus on scientific work and stop public appearances if his wife’s trip was allowed. In a new letter to Gorbachev on October 22, 1986, Sakharov asks to stop his deportation and the exile of his wife, again promising to end his public activities. On December 16, 1986, M.S. Gorbachev announced to Sakharov by telephone about the end of his exile: “come back and start your patriotic activities" A week later, Sakharov, together with E.G. Bonner, returned to Moscow.
In February 1987, Sakharov spoke at the international forum “For a nuclear-free world, for the survival of mankind” with a proposal to consider reducing the number of Euro-missiles separately from the problems of SDI, the reduction of the army, and the safety of nuclear power plants.
In 1988, he was elected honorary chairman of the Memorial Society, and in March 1989, a people's deputy of the Supreme Council of the USSR. Thinking a lot about the reform of the political structure of the USSR, Sakharov in November 1989 presented a draft of a new constitution, based on the protection of individual rights and the right of all peoples to statehood.
Sakharov was a foreign member of the Academies of Sciences of the USA, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway and an honorary doctor of many universities in Europe, America and Asia.
He died on December 14, 1989, after a busy day of work at the Congress of People's Deputies. His heart, as shown by the autopsy, was completely worn out. He was buried at the Vostryakovskoye cemetery in Moscow (site 80). Hundreds of thousands of people came to say goodbye to the great man.
Sakharov was never reinstated in the awards he was stripped of in 1980. He categorically refused this, and Gorbachev did not sign the corresponding Decree.
Awarded the Order of Lenin (01/04/1954), medals, and foreign awards.
Laureate of the Lenin Prize (1956), Stalin Prize (1953), Nobel Peace Prize (1975).
In 1988, the European Parliament established the International Andrei Sakharov Prize for humanitarian work in the field of human rights.
Streets in Dubna, Chelyabinsk, Kazan, Sarov, Lvov, Odessa, Riga and Sukhumi, an avenue in Moscow and squares in St. Petersburg, Barnaul and Yerevan are named after Sakharov. In Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod and the city of Sarov, Nizhny Novgorod region, memorial plaques are installed on the houses in which he lived, as well as on the buildings of the Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Moscow and the All-Russian Research Institute of Experimental Physics in Sarov.
