The most famous prosecutors. How do they become prosecutors? Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation. Should a woman go to work in the prosecutor's office

From the first prosecutor of Russia to the last prosecutor of the Union Zvyagintsev Alexander Grigorievich

Gallery of Russian and Soviet prosecutors

In the book offered to the attention of readers for the first time under one cover are collected short essays about the life and work of people who have ever climbed the Prosecutor's Olympus in Russia and the Soviet Union throughout the almost 300-year history of this state institution. The prosecutor's office was formed by Peter I in 1722. Since that time, the post of Prosecutor General in Russia until the October Revolution of 1917 was occupied by 35 people. The first among them was the emperor's associate Pavel Ivanovich Yaguzhinsky, later a count and holder of many orders.

After the revolution, for more than four years there was no prosecutor's supervision in the country. Only in 1922, by a decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the RSFSR, the prosecutor's office was recreated in Soviet Russia. The first Prosecutor of the RSFSR was a bright representative of the victorious class, a professional revolutionary, lawyer Dmitry Ivanovich Kursky. In the early years, each Soviet republic had its own prosecutor. However, with education Soviet Union, in order to coordinate their activities and exercise supervision over all-Union bodies, the post of prosecutor of the Supreme Court of the USSR was introduced, which was occupied by a well-known lawyer, an active revolutionary Pyotr Ananievich Krasikov. In 1933, when the Prosecutor's Office was established USSR, the first allied prosecutor was again a man with revolutionary merits, but far from jurisprudence, Ivan Alekseevich Akulov. In December 1991, in connection with the collapse of the Soviet Union, the USSR Prosecutor's Office was abolished, and the RSFSR Prosecutor's Office received a new name - the Prosecutor General's Office Russian Federation. At that time, it was led by Valentin Georgievich Stepankov.

In Soviet and post Soviet period The prosecutor's offices of Russia and the Soviet Union were headed by 29 people. In total, therefore, since the founding of the prosecutor's office, 64 people have occupied the highest post in it. The current 65th Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation is Vladimir Vasilyevich Ustinov.

Even if you cast a cursory glance at the biographies of Russian and Soviet prosecutors, you will notice that each of them is original and does not resemble its predecessor. Many prosecutors sincerely cared about the observance of the rule of law in the country, fought for justice to the best of their strength and capabilities, as well as talent and abilities. Fate was more favorable to some, perhaps less so to others. Someone climbed to the top of the prosecutor's power slowly, step by step overcoming the hierarchical ladder, someone took off quickly and swiftly. For the most part, people nominated to this post by the emperor or leader, general secretary or president, occupied it by right and with dignity. But there were also random persons who ended up in the prosecutor's office by chance or circumstances and had no inclination to it at all.

Several people led the prosecutor's office for decades. Among the "long-servers" are the Prosecutor General Prince A. A. Vyazemsky (he held the position for 29 years), Attorney General USSR R. A. Rudenko (27 years old), Prosecutor General Princes V. N. Panin (23 years old) and N. Yu. Trubetskoy (20 years old). The joint term of these four statesmen at the head of the prosecutor's office is almost a hundred years. A whole century!

But there were also those who flashed by and quickly disappeared behind the prosecutor's horizon. Least of all had to serve in this field protege of the Provisional Government, Prosecutor General I. N. Efremov - only 11 days. It is characteristic that in the short period of existence of this government, from February to October 1917, five prosecutor generals were replaced. The same personnel "leapfrog" was observed in the pre-revolutionary period, from July 1915 to February 1917, when three people managed to lead the prosecutor's office in less than two years, and in the post-Soviet period, from 1992 to 2000, when, replacing each other, at the post The Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation was visited by six people. For example, O. I. Gaidanov temporarily performed duties for less than one month, A. I. Kazannik for about five.

In Russian history, it happened that one person twice held the highest prosecutorial post. At the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries, Prosecutor Generals A. A. Bekleshov and Prince P. V. Lopukhin received this honor. Prince Ya. P. Shakhovskoy, the only one of all prosecutor generals, was also the chief prosecutor of the Holy Synod. In the Soviet period, A. Ya. Vyshinsky, M. I. Pankratiev, and N. S. Trubin became prosecutors twice (first of the republic, and then of the Union). But V. G. Stepankov, in a year and a half of his tenure in a high prosecutorial position, managed to be first the Prosecutor General of the RSFSR, and then the Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation.

Starting from 1802 (until October 1917), all the Prosecutor Generals of Russia were at the same time Ministers of Justice. In the Soviet period of history, such a combination persisted for some time. Prosecutors of the RSFSR D. I. Kursky and N. M. Yanson were also People's Commissars of Justice of the republic. Then these posts were separated, but until 1936 in all Soviet republics People's Commissars of Justice also supervised the prosecution system. In general, the prosecutor's office and the justice authorities often had common leaders. For example, N. V. Krylenko and V. A. Antonov-Ovseenko first became prosecutors of the republic, then people's commissars of justice of the RSFSR. K. P. Gorshenin from the post of People's Commissar of Justice of the RSFSR was appointed Prosecutor General of the USSR, and then Minister of Justice of the USSR. The prosecutor of the republic, N. M. Rychkov, was appointed from this position as People's Commissar, and since 1946, Minister of Justice of the USSR. The Prosecutor of the RSFSR B.V. Kravtsov also moved to the chair of the Union Minister of Justice, and his predecessors in the prosecutor’s post A.A. Kruglov and V.M. and the second - the Minister of Justice of the Republic. The Prosecutor General of the USSR A. Ya. Sukharev was the Minister of Justice of the RSFSR before being appointed to this position.

Often former prosecutor generals (in recent history prosecutors and prosecutors general) occupied the highest government posts, which testifies to the originality of these persons. And one of them, A.F. Kerensky, even managed to become the head of the Russian state for a short time. The first Prosecutor General Count P. I. Yaguzhinsky was the cabinet minister, N. Yu. Trubetskoy and Ya. P. Shakhovskaya were conference ministers. Prince P. V. Lopukhin, Count D. N. Bludov, M. G. Akimov and I. G. Shcheglovitov headed the State Council Russian Empire. There are similar examples in Soviet history. The Prosecutor of the USSR, I. A. Akulov, later became the Secretary of the Central Executive Committee of the SSR, and A. Ya. Vyshinsky - Deputy Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. The former prosecutor of the republic N. M. Yanson at one time worked as Deputy Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR, and I. T. Golyakov and A. A. Volin, who headed the prosecutor's office of the republic, led the Supreme Court of the USSR for a long time.

Diplomatic activity was not alien to Russian and Soviet prosecutors. Of the tsarist prosecutors, Count P. I. Yaguzhinsky, Prince D. I. Lobanov-Rostovsky, D. V. Dashkov, Count D. N. Bludov, Count V. N. Panin, N. V. Muravyov proved themselves to be good diplomats. From the Soviet - D. I. Kursky, V. A. Antonov-Ovseenko, A. Ya. Vyshinsky. The latter was even the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR.

Among the prosecutors there were quite a few professional military men, officers and generals who participated in battles more than once. In the pre-October period, these were Prince N. Yu. Trubetskoy (Field Marshal General), Prince Ya. P. Shakhovskoy, A. I. Glebov, Prince A. A. Vyazemsky, A. N. Samoilov, A. A. Bekleshov, Prince D. I. Lobanov-Rostovsky. In the Soviet period - N. V. Krylenko (Supreme Commander), V. A. Antonov-Ovseenko, V. M. Bochkov, A. M. Rekunkov, A. Ya. Sukharev, B. V. Kravtsov (Hero of the Soviet Union) , P. V. Baranov.

For all time of existence of bodies of Office of Public Prosecutor only once they were headed by the woman. In tsarist times, as you know, women were not accepted into the service. Only shortly before the revolution, on February 8, 1917, at the suggestion of the Prosecutor General N. A. Dobrovolsky, the Council of Ministers approved a law according to which women who had a certificate of graduation from a gymnasium or institute could be appointed to serve in clerical positions of the central and local institutions of the ministry Justice, as well as to the office of the Governing Senate. In the Soviet prosecutor's office, women began to work as assistant prosecutors, district prosecutors, and held positions in the apparatus of the republics, territories and regions. In the mid-1930s, Faina Efimovna Nyurina acted for some time as the Prosecutor of the RSFSR. In subsequent years, only N.A. Gorsheneva happened to be the Deputy Prosecutor of the RSFSR. No other woman in Russia held this high position. True, in a number of other Union republics there were also women in these posts.

The heads of the prosecutor's office, as a rule, were people of mature age (45–60 years). And yet, sometimes quite young people occupied the highest prosecutorial positions. The youngest prosecutor in Russia was Count K. I. Palen, who became prosecutor general at the age of 34. A.F. Kerensky headed the prosecutor's office at the age of 36. At the same age, K. P. Gorshenin became an allied prosecutor, M. I. Pankratiev and A. A. Volin became republican prosecutors, and A. N. Ilyushenko became acting. O. Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation.

Traditionally, the educational level of most prosecutors was also high. In the 18th century, they mostly received a brilliant home education, sometimes studied abroad, graduated from the cadet corps. Only one Prosecutor General, P.Kh. Obolyaninov, did not receive any systematic education, he was taught only to read and write. In the 19th and early 20th centuries (before the October Revolution), prosecutors general were people who graduated from the law faculty of the university (11 people), or the Imperial School of Law (4 people), or another prestigious educational institution (gymnasium, lyceum, private boarding school). Only D. P. Troshchinsky had only elementary education. In the Soviet and post-Soviet period of history, most of the prosecutors (general prosecutors) of the USSR and the republic had a higher legal education. Only a few individuals (N. M. Yanson, N. M. Rychkov, M. I. Pankratiev) had a primary education. At the same time, they, as a rule, completed various legal courses.

Among the prosecutors there are many people who were seriously engaged in science and taught at universities. Prosecutor General Count D. N. Bludov was the president of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Several serious historical studies belong to his pen. I. G. Shcheglovitov lectured at the Imperial School of Jurisprudence, published a major work on criminal justice. N. V. Muravyov wrote a large work on the history of the prosecutor's office - "Prosecutor's supervision in its structure and activities", published two volumes of his court speeches and articles. The Prosecutor of the USSR A. Ya. Vyshinsky was an academician. His work "The Theory of Judicial Evidence in Soviet Law" was awarded the Stalin Prize of the 1st degree. Doctors of Law, professors (before or after being appointed to the post) were the Prosecutor General of the USSR K. P. Gorshenin, the Prosecutor Generals of the Russian Federation Yu. I. Skuratov and A. I. Kazannik, the Prosecutor of the RSFSR I. T. Golyakov. A. Ya. Sukharev also became a doctor of legal sciences after leaving the post of Prosecutor General of the USSR. All of them at one time headed research legal institutes. Prosecutors of the RSFSR S. A. Emelyanov and V. M. Blinov, Prosecutor General of the USSR N. S. Trubin, and Acting Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation O. I. Gaidanov were Candidates of Legal Sciences.

Individual Russian and Soviet prosecutors also proved to be outstanding judicial orators. First of all, these are Prosecutor General N. V. Muravyov, Prosecutor of the RSFSR N. V. Krylenko, Prosecutor of the USSR A. Ya. Vyshinsky, Prosecutor General of the USSR R. A. Rudenko. They not only did not shy away from the judicial platform, but also loved it. Their accusatory speeches were often published in periodicals, published in separate collections. But there were many who, while in this high position, never rose to the podium.

Some prosecutors have achieved outstanding success in another field, very far from legal casuistry. The names of the famous poets General Prosecutors Gavrila Romanovich Derzhavin and Ivan Ivanovich Dmitriev are firmly connected with the history of Russian literature. Prosecutor Generals D. V. Dashkov and D. N. Bludov, the creators of the Arzamas literary society, of which the young A. S. Pushkin was a member, were well known in the literary environment. The Prosecutor of the RSFSR NV Krylenko also had diverse interests. He headed the chess organization of the country, which brought up a whole galaxy of outstanding grandmasters, was a recognized master climber, even conquering Mountain peaks. He told about his fascinating travels in several books.

Prosecutors sometimes wrote memoirs and notes about their lives. Among the memoirists, one can distinguish the prosecutor generals of princes N. Yu. Trubetskoy and Ya. P. Shakhovsky, G. R. Derzhavin, I. I. Dmitriev, A. F. Kerensky, P. N. Malyantovich, as well as the former Prosecutor General Federation Yu. I. Skuratov. The former prosecutor of the republic, A. A. Volin, is also working on his memoirs.

Contemporaries published interesting memoirs about a number of prosecutor generals and Soviet prosecutors. In particular, about P. Kh. Obolyaninov, G. R. Derzhavin, I. I. Dmitriev, D. N. Bludov, N. A. Manassein, I. G. Shcheglovitov, A. A. Khvostov, A. F. Kerensky, as well as about N. V. Krylenko, P. A. Krasikov, R. A. Rudenko, B. V. Kravtsov and others.

Society has always wanted to see the standard of honesty and nobility in the prosecutor, who supervised the rule of law in the country, initiated criminal prosecution and accused criminals. As a rule, it was so. And yet, some of them, sometimes deservedly, and sometimes not, themselves had to be under investigation or trial on charges of various crimes, including in the service. In the vast majority of cases, the charges were later dropped. Even the very first Prosecutor General, Count P. I. Yaguzhinsky, was in custody when, after the death of Peter I, the “supervisors” intended to seize power. For abuses committed in the implementation of activities related to the wine farming, as well as in the Main Krieg Commissariat, Prosecutor General A. I. Glebov lost his place, and then went on trial. Back in my time Tambov Governor G. R. Derzhavin, due to the intrigues of the Governor-General Gudovich, with whom he did not get along, was put on trial by the Governing Senate, but he was acquitted. Before taking office as Prosecutor General, I. I. Dmitriev was arrested along with his comrade Likhachev on charges of “intention” for the life of Emperor Paul I. The young people were released only after the Governor-General of St. Petersburg Arkharov removed all charges from them, finding a scammer.

After the February Revolution of 1917, the Provisional Government, among other top tsarist dignitaries, arrested Prosecutor Generals I. G. Shcheglovitov, N. A. Dobrovolsky, and A. A. Makarov. The first two - for the abuses committed by them when they were at the highest prosecutor's office, and the last one - in the position of the Minister of the Interior. All three were executed after the October Revolution. Prosecutor General A. A. Khvostov, although not arrested, was under investigation and interrogated. At Soviet power former prosecutor generals S. S. Manukhin (convicted in 1921 in the case of V. N. Tagantsev, but soon amnestied) and P. N. Malyantovich (three times) were kept in custody. The last arrest for him was fatal. Accused of counter-revolutionary activities and issuing a warrant for the arrest of V. I. Lenin on the eve of the October Revolution, he was shot. In 1990 he was completely rehabilitated.

Until recently, Soviet prosecutors were arrested only for counter-revolutionary crimes. At the end of the 1930s, the former Prosecutor of the USSR A.I. Akulov, prosecutors of the RSFSR N.M. Yanson, N.V. Krylenko and V.A. Antonov-Ovseenko, and. O. Prosecutor of the Republic F.E. Nyurin. All of them have now been rehabilitated.

In the post-Soviet period, the former and. O. Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation A. N. Ilyushenko. Although he was released from custody, however, a decision on his case has not yet been made. Yu. I. Skuratov was dismissed from the post of the Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation by the President of Russia after a criminal case was initiated against him. Now it is under investigation.

It is interesting to add that there are quite a few long-livers among Russian and Soviet prosecutors. Prosecutor Generals P. Kh. Obolyaninov and A. F. Kerensky lived for almost 90 years, Prosecutor of the Republic P. V. Baranov lived for 82 years, Prosecutor General Prince D. I. Lobanov-Rostovsky and Prosecutor of the USSR V. M. Bochkov - 80 years each, Prosecutor Generals Count D. N. Bludov, Count K. I. Palen and I. N. Efremov - 79 years each. But the "record holder" is former Prosecutor RSFSR Anatoly Antonovich Volin, who recently turned 97 years old.

The life and deeds of Russian and Soviet prosecutors were closely connected with the history of our Motherland. We hope that brief essays about each of them will be interesting and informative for readers.

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How do they become prosecutors? This profession obliges its owner to have a sufficiently strong will, iron endurance, analytical mind and justice.

In order to become a prosecutor, you will first need to study at a university with a legal focus. It will also be required, but there are already separate universities for this specialty. For example, the Military University, where you can choose law.

Qualities a Prosecutor Should Possess

How do they become prosecutors, what qualities and knowledge should a person who wants to get this position have in his luggage? It is necessary to know the civil, criminal and other codes perfectly, regularly monitor all changes in legislation, have a good memory, be disciplined, accurate in judgments, balanced, responsible and have many more positive qualities, since a prosecutor will not work out of a conflicted and illiterate person at all .

How do they become prosecutors after training

A person who has been an investigator for a long time is usually appointed to this position, since prosecutorial work is very responsible, and without experience in it, one simply cannot get an appointment. In addition, it is necessary to pass a medical examination and submit a health certificate, which must correspond to the position. How do they become prosecutors? They are appointed to this position by the Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation.

Assistant prosecutors

Even after training, one does not immediately become a prosecutor, one will have to work as his assistant for some time. At the same time, having shown their qualities, in the future you can count on receiving the position of "senior assistant". Then become a prosecutor, having previously received a certain length of service.

The assistant prosecutor prepares acts for signing by his immediate superior. He has the right to independently make decisions, for example, instructions regarding the investigation. Responsibilities include preparing procedural acts for the prosecutor and making many decisions, except for:

issuance of a search warrant;
extension of the period of arrest;
placement in a psychiatric dispensary of the accused, who is not in custody;
extension of the investigation period, etc.

Powers of the prosecutor

The activities of the prosecutor include the prevention, detection and subsequent elimination of violations of the law. No one has the right to put obstacles in his supervision. He can freely enter the supervised territory, even if it has access control.

The prosecutor has the right:

request any documents for verification, even those containing;
appeal against acts that do not comply with the law;
to release citizens who were illegally detained, if there was no court decision on arrest;
issue a warrant of arrest or search;
supervise the bodies that are engaged in investigation, search and inquiry.

Prior to the trial, his powers can be divided into several groups. So the prosecutor

gives permission for the election, cancellation or change of punishment (search, arrest, detention, recording of telephone conversations, complete dismissal, etc.);
gives sanctions and direct instructions in writing;
takes part in the investigation;
may extend the investigation if necessary;
resolves any emerging investigative issues;
has the right to recuse and recuse investigators and prosecutors (lower rank);
removes unqualified investigators from conducting the investigation;
makes a withdrawal of the criminal case and carries out its subsequent transfer to the investigator;
transfers criminal cases to other law enforcement agencies;
approves and then sends to the courts the necessary indictments;
can both suspend and terminate the initiated criminal case.

The prosecutor in court has the additional powers of the public prosecutor and is an official who is entrusted with the functions of correcting violations of the law.

The prosecutor is obliged to comply with the rules of non-disclosure of the information received when working with secret documents.

Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation

Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation - higher in the prosecutor's office of the country. He heads the Prosecutor General's Office and appoints his representatives in districts and cities. He has the rank: State Counselor of Justice. The Prosecutor General has personal advisers and several assistants, including those on special assignments. He manages the entire system of the prosecutor's office, issues orders and instructions that must be carried out by all law enforcement units of the Russian Federation. Establishes the necessary staff and structure of the Prosecutor General's Office of the Russian Federation within the framework of the payroll and schedule labor activity. It defines the powers of the units, their necessary structure and number. The prosecutor is responsible for all the tasks that are assigned to the department in accordance with the law of the Russian Federation.

General Prosecutor's Office of the Russian Federation

Powers of the Prosecutor General's Office of the Russian Federation:

Coordinate anti-org. criminality of those bodies that are located in the federal district.
Monitor the proper implementation of the law of the Russian Federation by all law enforcement.
Monitor the proper observance of the freedoms and rights of Russian citizens by all bodies.
To monitor the proper implementation of the law of the Russian Federation in those districts that carry out inquiry, preliminary investigation, search and operational activities. The same supervision is carried out for regional law enforcement agencies and departments that fight crime.
Investigate criminal cases on the most dangerous and significant crimes of the Russian Federation.

The Prosecutor General's Office of the Russian Federation has a Scientific Advisory Council, which considers issues related to the activities of the entire structure. The position of the Council is approved by the Prosecutor General in the form of an order, and he also heads it. Decisions of the Council are advisory in nature, then sent to the relevant higher authorities for consideration.

The prosecutor is not a profession, but a state position. This service is dangerous, difficult, but not without some romance.

Who is a prosecutor

The prosecutor is a person who acts on behalf of and in the interests of the state, represents the prosecution in court. The first principles of trials with the participation of the prosecutor and the defender were laid down in Ancient Rome. In tsarist Russia, a similar profession was introduced in 1708 by Peter the Great.

What does a prosecutor do in the Russian judicial system

The activities and powers of the prosecutor's office are regulated by the Federal Law "On the Prosecutor's Office of the Russian Federation" and Art. 129 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. The prosecutor not only directly participates in the hearing of the case, but also carries out supervisory and investigative activities. The main functions of the prosecutor are as follows:

Control over the adoption and implementation of regulatory legal acts.
Consideration of complaints and appeals on violation of the rights and freedoms of citizens.
Appeal of illegal judicial decisions, sentences, definitions.
Accepts the materials of the investigation, processes them and submits them to the court, or sends them for additional investigation if there is insufficient evidence and there is no sufficient evidence base.

How to become a prosecutor - education

You will not find the specialty "Prosecutor" in any educational institution. You will need to get a higher legal education in one of the universities of the country. In Moscow, this could be the Faculty of Law of Moscow State University, MGIMO or RUDN University. Graduates of St. Petersburg State University and Novosibirsk State University are also valued. Employees of the military prosecutor's office are graduates of military universities.

How to become a prosecutor - personal qualities, knowledge and skills

A person who applies for the position of public prosecutor must provide a certificate of good conduct, not have diseases that may interfere with the performance of official duties. It is forbidden to have close relatives in subordination or among the direct management.
A true professional has a number of qualities and skills:

knowledge of the legal framework;
analytical thinking;
conflict avoidance and emotional stability;
the gift of persuasion;
integrity and honesty.

How to become a prosecutor - career development

Immediately after the university bench, it is hardly possible to become a prosecutor. First, it will be necessary to gain experience within 3-5 years in the position of an assistant prosecutor, and maybe an ordinary investigator. Upon appointment, the rank of 3rd class lawyer will be assigned. Be prepared for irregular working hours, contacts with the underworld, and possibly threats.

A prestigious profession is made by the people who practice it, no matter how dangerous it may be.

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NRU HSE
National Research University graduate School economy
IGSU
Institute of Public Service and Management
SHFM RANEPA
Higher School of Finance and Management RANEPA
IBDA
Institute of Business and Business Administration

Institute of Business and Design

MIREA, MGUPI, MITHT
Moscow Technological University (MIREA, MGUPI, MITHT)
RGUTIS
Russian State University of Tourism and Service
Moscow Polytechnic
Moscow Polytechnic University
RSSU
Russian State Social University
MGRI-RGGRU them. Sergo Ordzhonikidze
Russian State Geological Prospecting University named after Sergo Ordzhonikidze
MFUA
Moscow Finance and Law University
MIP
Moscow Institute of Psychoanalysis
IGUMO and IT
Institute for Humanitarian Education and Information Technologies
GSCU
Graduate School of Corporate Management
IEAU
Institute of Economics and Crisis Management
MGEU
Moscow University for the Humanities and Economics
MIPT
Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University)
MGIMO
Moscow State Institute of International Relations (University) MFA of Russia
NRNU MEPhI
National Research nuclear university"MEPhI"
RANEPA
Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation
WAVT
All-Russian Academy of Foreign Trade of the Ministry of Economic Development of Russia
Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation
Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation
MSTU im. N.E. Bauman
Moscow State Technical University named after N. E. Bauman
Lomonosov Moscow State University
Lomonosov Moscow State University
State. IRA them. A. S. Pushkin
State Institute of the Russian Language. A. S. Pushkin
MGMSU them. A.I. Evdokimova
Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry named after A. I. Evdokimov
MGUA them. O.E. Kutafina
Moscow State Law University named after O. E. Kutafin
RNIMU
Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University
Financial University
Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation
FGBOU VO MSLU
Moscow State Linguistic University
REU them. G. V. Plekhanova
Plekhanov Russian University of Economics
PMGMU them. I.M. Sechenov
First Moscow State Medical University. I. M. Sechenova
RTA
Russian Customs Academy
RGUNG them. I.M. Gubkina
Russian State University of Oil and Gas named after I. M. Gubkin
VGUYu (RPA of the Ministry of Justice of Russia)
All-Russian State University of Justice (RPA of the Ministry of Justice of Russia)
RSUH
Russian State University for the Humanities
MISiS
National Research Technological University "MISiS"
GAUGN
State Academic University for the Humanities at Russian Academy Sciences
RAM them. Gnesins
Gnessin Russian Academy of Music
MGAVMiB them. K.I.Skryabina
Moscow State Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology named after K. I. Skryabin
RUDN University
Russian University Friendship between nations
IPCC
Moscow State Institute of Culture
RCTU them. DI. Mendeleev
Russian University of Chemical Technology named after D. I. Mendeleev
SUM
State University management
MGK im. P. I. Tchaikovsky
Moscow State Tchaikovsky Conservatory
MGPU
Moscow City Pedagogical University
MIET
National Research University "MIET"
MGAHI them. IN AND. Surikov
Moscow State Academic Art Institute named after V. I. Surikov at the Russian Academy of Arts
NRU MGSU
National Research Moscow State University of Civil Engineering

Before a difficult choice - the choice of profession is everyone. For those who chose the profession of a prosecutor, this article will certainly help to get answers to the main questions.

Where to go to become a prosecutor

The first step is the conscious choice of a university that will provide you with the opportunity to receive an education suitable for work in this field. This is exactly what a higher legal education is, for which you will have to complete a period of study at any state university of a legal profile, or get such an education by becoming a student of another university, studying in a legal specialty.

In order to get a law degree in Moscow, you can opt for the Faculty of Law of the Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation or the Faculty of Law of the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, a diploma in jurisprudence can also be obtained at the State Academic University for the Humanities at the Russian Academy of Sciences.

It will also serve as your pass to the profession of a military prosecutor. So, if you are considering the option of working as a military prosecutor, then you need to choose educational institution more balanced, i.e. military orientation. The Military University of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation is just what you need.

What does it take to become a prosecutor?

Your knowledge of the criminal, civil and other codes should be close to ideal, and you will also have to regularly replenish and update your stock of knowledge, as the legislation is constantly being improved, supplemented, various amendments, changes, etc. appear.

In addition to the knowledge you have received, you will have to undergo complex training and develop special qualities in yourself, without which you will quickly lose interest or, much worse, receive a mark of incompetence as a failed prosecutor.

So what are these qualities without which one cannot become a prosecutor?

These qualities include:

analytical thinking,
almost phenomenal memory,
tranquility,
discipline,
responsibility,
performance,
self confidence.

You should remember that an uneducated, illiterate and conflict-prone person will never make a good prosecutor - this is the truth. Therefore, increasing your intellectual level in the community with the improvement of your communication skills should be a priority task for you if you want to become a prosecutor.

How to become a prosecutor in Russia

The prosecutor is not so much a profession, it is a position. It will take time to get a prosecutor from a novice lawyer. But you should start your work in the prosecutor's office with the service of an assistant prosecutor.

The road to prosecutors also lies through the investigation, which has recently been conducted in the Russian Federation by a separate structure, the Investigative Committee. In other words, one can easily retrain from an investigator to prosecutors.
The work of the prosecutor is not only the courts.

There are two areas of work of the prosecutor's office

part of the judiciary. The lawyer is responsible for defending the rights of the accused. The prosecutor brings charges. State prosecutor. He is considering taking the case to court, in which he will bring charges based on the evidence base collected in the case. During the process, the prosecutor confronts the lawyer. He must present the case in such a way that the guilt of the accused was indisputable for the participants in the process. In the Russian Federation, there is a presumption of innocence, which interprets all doubts about guilt are considered in favor of the accused. To make it clear to the "romantics" who saw the work of the prosecutor on TV - a uniform and a stern face are not enough to successfully complete the case and win in court - an evidence base is needed: evidence, conclusions based on logic and reliable testimony of witnesses.
Supervisory and investigative body. supervisory activities. The work of the prosecutor in this direction is to consider appeals and complaints from the population, initiate criminal or administrative cases if necessary, supervise the work of investigative bodies, correctional institutions, control over the implementation and observance of laws by various state structures and officials. The prosecutor evaluates decisions and acts and, if violations of the law are found, he takes certain measures.

The prosecutor is vested with the right to independently apply to the courts if, as a result of the check, there is a violation of human rights or the interests of the state.

The prosecutor acts as the main prosecutor in court. Monitors the legality of the fulfillment of obligations in various areas. Acts solely on behalf of the state.

Wage

60.000–90.000 rubles (worka.yandex.ru)

Place of work

It is possible to fulfill the duties of a prosecutor while in court or the prosecutor's office.

Responsibilities

The work of the prosecutor is divided into 2 parts: representation of the prosecution in court and supervisory and investigative activities.

The activity of the prosecutor as an accuser implies: the acceptance of accusatory evidence from the investigator, the transfer of the case to court, the evidence of the guilt of the defendant in the process. The duty of the prosecutor is to correctly state the essence of the accusation and to be a worthy opponent to the lawyer. If the prosecutor's judge's decision is not satisfactory, he has the right to appeal.

As a specialist of the supervisory and investigative body, the prosecutor considers complaints of violation of the rights and freedoms of citizens. If a violation takes place, the prosecutor is obliged to respond immediately. Outcome: protest, warning or appeal to the court.

Important qualities

The prosecutor's profession requires special analytical thinking, self-confidence and self-discipline. The prosecutor must be honest and decent, act exclusively within the law. Equally important qualities are emotional stability, easy communication skills with people and the ability to firmly defend one's position.

How do they become prosecutors? This profession obliges its owner to have a sufficiently strong will, iron endurance, analytical mind and justice.

In order to become a prosecutor, you will first need to study at a university with a legal focus. It will also require higher education, but there are already separate universities for this specialty. For example, the Military University, where you can choose law.

Qualities a Prosecutor Should Possess

How do they become prosecutors after training

Assistant prosecutors

write-outs;
extension of the period of arrest;
placement in a psychiatric dispensary of the accused, who is not in custody;
extension of the investigation period, etc.

Powers of the prosecutor

The prosecutor has the right:

request any documents for verification, even those containing ;
appeal against acts that do not comply with the law;
to release citizens who were illegally detained, if there was no court decision on arrest;
issue a warrant of arrest or search;
supervise the bodies that are engaged in investigation, search and inquiry.

Prior to the trial, his powers can be divided into several groups. So the prosecutor

gives permission for the election, cancellation or change of punishment (search, arrest, detention, recording of telephone conversations, complete dismissal, etc.);
gives sanctions and direct instructions in writing;
takes part in the investigation;
may extend the investigation if necessary;
resolves any emerging investigative issues;
has the right to recuse and recuse investigators and prosecutors (lower rank);
removes unqualified investigators from conducting the investigation;
makes a withdrawal of the criminal case and carries out its subsequent transfer to the investigator;
transfers criminal cases to other law enforcement agencies;
approves and then sends to the courts the necessary indictments;
can both suspend and terminate the initiated criminal case.

The prosecutor in court has the additional powers of the public prosecutor and is an official who is entrusted with the functions of correcting violations of the law.

The prosecutor is obliged to comply with the rules of non-disclosure of the information received when working with secret documents.

Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation

Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation - higher in the prosecutor's office of the country. He heads the Prosecutor General's Office and appoints his representatives in districts and cities. He has the rank: State Counselor of Justice. The Prosecutor General has personal advisers and several assistants, including those on special assignments. He manages the entire system of the prosecutor's office, issues orders and instructions that must be carried out by all law enforcement units of the Russian Federation. Establishes the necessary staff and structure of the Prosecutor General's Office of the Russian Federation within the framework of the payroll and work schedule. It defines the powers of the units, their necessary structure and number. The prosecutor is responsible for all the tasks that are assigned to the department in accordance with the law of the Russian Federation.

General Prosecutor's Office of the Russian Federation

Powers of the Prosecutor General's Office of the Russian Federation:

Coordinate anti-org. criminality of those bodies that are located in the federal district.
Monitor the proper implementation of the law of the Russian Federation by all law enforcement agencies.
Monitor the proper observance of the freedoms and rights of Russian citizens by all bodies.
To monitor the proper implementation of the law of the Russian Federation in those districts that carry out inquiry, preliminary investigation, search and operational activities. The same supervision is carried out for regional law enforcement agencies and departments that fight crime.
Investigate criminal cases on the most dangerous and significant crimes of the Russian Federation.

(1743-1816)

Famous Russian poet and statesman. In 1802 was appointed the first Minister of Justice in Russia. Appointment of Powers The appointment to this position occurred on the day of the signing by Emperor Alexander I of the Manifesto, according to which all state affairs were divided into parts, and their conduct was entrusted to the ministers. The management of the judiciary and the duties of the Prosecutor General were transferred to the jurisdiction of the Minister of Justice.

Prior to this appointment, Derzhavin had already worked in the public service for a long time and managed to do a lot. He served as Minister of Justice for a year. He worked hard and hard. He tried to resist the admission to high government positions of persons on bribes or recommendations, and made sure that the best officials from the provinces were selected for these positions. He developed a draft law on a conscientious arbitration court, which he sent to well-known lawyers and received positive feedback from them. Despite the fact that Alexander I also liked the draft law, it was never adopted.

Contemporaries spoke of Derzhavin as a disinterested and worthy person. Seeking justice, Derzhavin sharply opposed many ministers and senators, thereby making himself many enemies.

In his "Notes" Derzhavin tells in detail about his activities.

(1705-1777)

Prince Yakov Petrovich Shakhovskoy served as chief procurator of St. the greatest synod of Russia for more than 11 years (from December 1741 to March 1753). In August 1760 he became attorney general.

As a prosecutor, Shakhovskoy was very demanding, which made him many enemies among the members of the Synod. Fulfilling his duties, he always sought to uphold the rule of law and justice, to strictly ensure that in public institutions everything happened in order and according to the law. For these qualities, Empress Elizaveta Petrovna valued Shakhovsky and was often on his side.

The prince outlined the memoirs of his life and state activities in the work “Notes of Prince Ya.P. Shakhovsky, chief of police under Biron, chief prosecutor of the Holy Synod, prosecutor general and conference minister in the reign of Elizabeth and senator under Catherine II”, which was first published after his death in 1810.

(1683-1736)

Count Pavel Ivanovich Yaguzhinsky became the first prosecutor general in the history of the Russian state.

On January 12, 1722, Emperor Peter I signed a decree aimed at improving the activities of the state power. It was in this legislative act that the post of Prosecutor General under the Russian Senate was first approved. Already 6 days after the signing of the decree, Yaguzhinsky was appointed the first Prosecutor General of the Senate. All prosecutors in collegia and court courts were subordinate to him.

Yaguzhinsky made a lot of efforts to restore order in the Senate. He paid the main attention to the control over the correctness and legality of the resolution of cases. Yaguzhinsky's contemporaries spoke of him as a very intelligent and active person, which ensured him the favor of Peter I. Supported by the emperor, Yaguzhinsky quickly occupied a key position in the state.

On January 12, 1722, Peter I issued a decree on the establishment of a prosecutor's office in Russia. At the head of the new body of state power was the Prosecutor General. During the period from 1722 to 1917, this position was held by 30 people. Let's talk briefly about the twelve most prominent prosecutor generals of the Russian Empire.

Count Pavel Yaguzhinsky became the first prosecutor general of the empire. On January 18, 1722, Peter I, introducing Yaguzhinsky to the Senate, declared: "Here is my eye, with which I will see everything." This short phrase outlines the main task of the prosecutor's office: to oversee the work of the state apparatus and to report to the tsar in a timely manner on revealed violations.

Count Yaguzhinsky coped with this task brilliantly. Having quickly understood what exactly the monarch required of him, Pavel Ivanovich energetically set about creating bodies of prosecutorial supervision, recruiting personnel, and in a short time became, in fact, the second person in the state.

Peter I respected Yaguzhinsky, appreciated his outstanding mind and hard work. According to contemporaries, Yaguzhinsky managed to disappear for days on end in the service and do as much in one day as others could not manage even in a week.

The merits of the count in the construction of a new public service, Peter I noted with the rank of real state councilor and the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called.

In general, Pavel Yaguzhinsky is a typical nominee of the Petrine era. The son of a poor Baltic musician, at the age of 18, Pavel accidentally came into the view of the sovereign. He drew attention to the fluent speech and broad erudition of the young man and immediately enlisted him in the Preobrazhensky Regiment.
Eight years later, Yaguzhinsky was already a chamber junker and a captain of the guard, and a few years later he was a major general.

Using the unlimited confidence of the tsar, Yaguzhinsky repeatedly carried out all kinds of secret diplomatic missions for Peter, negotiated with European monarchs, and often accompanied the sovereign on his trips abroad. Pavel Yaguzhinsky became Prosecutor General of the Russian Empire when he was less than 39 years old.

Prince Nikita Trubetskoy headed the Russian prosecutor's office from 1740 to 1760. He began his career under Peter I, successively went from sergeant of the Preobrazhensky regiment to major general. And in 1740 he was appointed prosecutor general.

He had, in fact, to rebuild the system of prosecutorial power. The fact is that after the death of Peter I, the prosecutor's office lost its former influence. Peter's successors considered the prosecutor's office a dangerous hindrance in the struggle for supreme power and did everything to reduce the functions of the prosecutor's office to a minimum.

Elizaveta Petrovna, who ascended the throne, tried to return to the prosecutor's office the importance that she had under Peter I. And in this matter, Nikita Yuryevich, an enterprising, active person, demanding of himself and others, rendered great help to the empress. Under him, the prosecutor's office again became the "eye of the sovereign."

Prince Alexander Vyazemsky was appointed Procurator-General in 1764 and held this post for nearly thirty years. Almost all the transformations of Catherine II in the field government controlled one way or another connected with the activities of Vyazemsky as prosecutor general.

In addition, Vyazemsky consistently, from the first steps in the prosecutor's field, expanded his powers and opportunities, and by the end of his career became the most influential person in the empire. He almost single-handedly led the all-powerful Secret Expedition, which was engaged in political investigation.

All the most famous political affairs of the Catherine era passed through his hands: Emelyan Pugachev, Alexander Radishchev, Nikolai Novikov and many others.

For his tireless work, Prince Vyazemsky was awarded all the highest awards of the Russian Empire: the orders of St. Andrew the First-Called, St. Alexander Nevsky, St. Anna, St. Vladimir I degree, the White Eagle and others.

Alexander Alekseevich retired in September 1792 due to a serious illness and soon died.

The famous Russian poet and statesman Gavriil Derzhavin served as Prosecutor General in 1802-1803.

Moreover, appointing Derzhavin as Prosecutor General, Alexander I ordered him to head the newly created Ministry of Justice. Thus, Gavriil Romanovich became the first Minister of Justice in Russia. True, not for long.

By zealously undertaking to carry out the functions assigned to him, Derzhavin aroused the tsar's displeasure. And a year later, the resignation followed. To Derzhavin's direct question "For what?" Alexander I allegedly replied: “You serve too zealously!”.

After retiring, Derzhavin took up literary work and never again held positions in the public service.

Another well-known poet of that time, Ivan Dmitriev, also managed to visit the Prosecutor General.

Coming from an old noble family, Dmitriev at the age of 14 entered the service in the Semyonovsky Guards Regiment. However, military service did not bring him much joy. With much greater pleasure, Dmitriev was engaged in writing.

His first poetic experiments were published in 1777. And in the 1790s, Dmitriev was already a well-known poet who made friends with Derzhavin, Karamzin, Fonvizin and other famous writers of that time.

In 1796, Ivan Dmitriev retired with the rank of colonel and intended to take up literary work. However, Paul I, who ascended the throne, ordered Dmitriev to return to public service and appointed the poet chief prosecutor of the 3rd department of the Senate.

However, the service did not last long: in 1799, Ivan Ivanovich again resigned and, having bought a house near the Red Gates in Moscow, again took up literary work.

In 1808, Alexander I called the poet to the sovereign service, offering him the position of senator. And in 1810, Dmitriev was appointed Minister of Justice and Prosecutor General of Russia.

In this position, Ivan Dmitriev lasted four and a half years, having managed to make many enemies in the highest echelons of power. Many members of the Cabinet of Ministers frankly expressed their dissatisfaction with Dmitriev's activities as Prosecutor General and eventually forced his resignation.

On August 30, 1814, Dmitriev resigned from all posts and never returned to public service.

For ten years, from 1829 to 1839, Dmitry Dashkov was the prosecutor general of the empire.

He began his civil service under Prosecutor General Dmitriev. He appreciated the abilities of the young man and patronized him in every possible way. Obviously, Dashkov's literary talent and his reputation as a brilliant polemicist also played a significant role in this.

Dashkov's career in the state field quickly took off. In 1816, he entered the diplomatic service and spent several years in Constantinople as second adviser to the Russian embassy.

Returning to Russia, Dmitry Vasilyevich successively changed several positions in the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Justice. And in 1829, Nicholas I appointed Dashkov the Prosecutor General of Russia and the Minister of Justice. In the post of Prosecutor General, Dashkov proved himself to be a brilliant organizer and expert in law.

It was under him that the work on compiling Complete collection laws of the Russian Empire. Dashkov became the initiator of the opening in St. Petersburg of Russia's first school of jurisprudence, which subsequently graduated from many outstanding domestic lawyers.

Dashkov was not afraid to argue with the emperor if the interests of the state required it. And Nikolai, by the way, appreciated this quality in Dashkov. Despite the friction between the tsar and the prosecutor general, Nicholas I always considered Dashkov his friend.

Count Viktor Panin entered the history of the domestic prosecutor's office as an unsurpassed expert in legislation. They say that he knew by heart many articles of the Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire, which, as you know, included 56 voluminous volumes.

However, in his direct work as Prosecutor General, Panin earned himself the fame of a "perfect despot", in the words of his contemporaries. Viktor Nikitich did not tolerate any objections and, if he made any decision, he stubbornly followed it, even if after some time he himself was convinced of its absurdity.

Therefore, when in 1862 Panin was relieved of his post as Prosecutor General and Minister of Justice, the joy of the officials of both departments knew no bounds. Count Panin held the post of Prosecutor General for 23 years.

The judicial reform of the 1860s is unthinkable without the reformatory activity of Dmitry Zamyatnin.

Being at the post of Prosecutor General from 1862 to 1867, Zamyatnin directed all his outstanding organizational talent and energy to a deep reform of the legal proceedings in Russia.

He managed to recruit the best lawyers of that time: Sergei Zarudny, Nikolai Stoyanovskiy, Konstantin Pobedonostsev, Dmitry Rovinsky and others.

For two years, work was underway on the drafting of the Judicial Statutes. Dmitry Nikolayevich personally delved into all the subtleties, edited the articles of the statutes, prepared them for further presentation to the tsar.

This colossal work was completed in November 1864, when Alexander II approved the Judicial Statutes.

Their introduction into life radically changed the entire judicial system in the country: the judiciary was completely separated from the administrative and legislative bodies, jury trials were created, publicity and competitiveness were introduced in the process itself.

Since then, a new era has begun in the history of domestic legal proceedings, and the work of Zamyatnin as one of his reformers cannot be overestimated.

In addition, Prosecutor General Zamyatnin controlled the investigation of many of the most important political cases of that time. For example, in the case of Karakozov, who shot the tsar, Dmitry Nikolaevich personally supported the prosecution in court.

Zamyatnin's policy was continued by Dmitry Nabokov. On May 30, 1878, he was appointed Minister of Justice and, according to the tradition that had developed by that time, Prosecutor General of Russia (in the 19th century, these two posts were usually combined).

An excellent connoisseur of law and an ardent supporter of judicial reform, Dmitry Nikolayevich energetically set to work. Under him, two new judicial districts were opened: Kiev and Vilensky.

He personally supported the prosecution in the case of the terrorist Alexander Solovyov, and after the assassination of Alexander II, he was actively involved in preparing the trial for the “First March case”.

During the period of counter-reforms that followed after the assassination of Alexander II, Nabokov, remaining in his post, managed to maintain all the main achievements in the field of legal proceedings, sacrificing only minor details.

This was also forced to be recognized by such liberal jurists as the notorious Anatoly Koni.

Dmitry Nabokov retired from the post of Prosecutor General in 1885, but for almost twenty years, until his death, he served as a member of the State Council and a senator.

Nikolai Manassein earned himself the reputation of an "impeccably honest" person, obsessed with a "humane attitude towards people."

Even while holding the high post of Prosecutor General of Russia, Manassein remained a completely easy-to-communicate and accessible person. The entrance to his prosecutor's office was open to any petitioner.

Nikolai Avksentievich served as Prosecutor General for more than eight years - from 1885 to 1894. Over the years, the central apparatus of the prosecutor's office and the Ministry of Justice was reorganized, judicial reform was carried out in the Baltic States, and prosecutorial and judicial bodies throughout the country were significantly strengthened.

11

Ivan Shcheglovitov became Prosecutor General and Minister of Justice of Russia in a difficult period for the country: in the spring of 1906. A revolution was raging in Russia, the war with Japan had recently ended.

Extraordinary measures were required to bring down the wave of social protest, to restore order and tranquility. And Shcheglovitov, having received the appointment, briskly set to work.

The new Prosecutor General began to restore order in his own department. In a short time, all those who compromised themselves with ties with the revolutionary and liberal movement were expelled from the prosecutorial and judicial bodies.

Ivan Grigoryevich tried to select people with a pronounced monarchist, conservative orientation for leadership positions. It is not surprising that the activities of Shcheglovitov as Prosecutor General caused a mixed reaction in society: from sympathy to complete rejection.

Duma liberals and democrats of all stripes were especially zealous in their criticism of Shcheglovitov. However, this did not prevent Ivan Grigorievich from remaining in his post for nine years, despite the frequent change of government and ministers. And only in the summer of 1915, under pressure from the left forces, Nicholas II dismissed Shcheglovitov.

The first to be arrested by the new government in February 1917 was Shcheglovitov, although by that time he had not held any government posts. He was charged with absurd charges of abuse of office and kept in the Peter and Paul Fortress for almost a year.
Shcheglovitov was already shot by the Bolsheviks on September 5, 1918.

Nikolai Dobrovolsky became the last Prosecutor General of the Russian Empire. He held this post for only two months: from December 20, 1916 to February 28, 1917.

During the February Revolution, Dobrovolsky tried to hide in the Italian embassy, but then voluntarily surrendered to the new government.

The Extraordinary Investigative Commission, created by the Provisional Government, presented Dobrovolsky with a whole bunch of accusations, of which the most harmless was taking a bribe from the merchant Yakov Nakhimov.

However, when Nikolai Alexandrovich himself offered the members of the Extraordinary Commission a large sum of money for their release, the offer was accepted. Dobrovolsky was released from the Peter and Paul Fortress and was even allowed to leave for the North Caucasus.

I found the former prosecutor general there October Revolution. Dobrovolsky was imprisoned in a concentration camp near Pyatigorsk and in October 1918 he was shot along with other former tsarist dignitaries.