Where 5 Olympic Games were held. Fifth Winter Olympic Games. Chronicle of the Winter Olympics

With the advent of the Olympic symbols, some associate the psychologist Carl Jung, who is also considered in some circles to be its creator. Jung was well versed in Chinese philosophy, he knew that the ring in ancient cultures is a symbol of greatness and vitality. So he introduced the idea of five intertwined rings - a reflection of the five energies that are mentioned in Chinese philosophy: water, wood, fire, earth and metal.

Together with the symbols in 1912, the scientist introduced his image of the Olympic competitions - the modern pentathlon. Any Olympian had to master each of his five events.

The first discipline - swimming - in the form of a blue ring also depicts the element of water and indicates the rhythm that holds the breath, allows you to move forward on the surface of the water, to leadership.

The green ring - jumping - is an image of a tree and a symbol of the rider's energy. He must have the ability to control not only his own energy, but also the energy of the horse.

The next discipline is fencing, and it is represented by the fire element in the form of a red ring. This discipline symbolizes flair. The success of a swordsman depends on the ability to feel the enemy and guess his movements.

Ring yellow color earth element and represents such a discipline as cross-country running. It indicates perseverance and perseverance. The cross-country runner jumps over the elements, knowing when to slow down and when to speed up.

The discipline of shooting and the unique properties of the metal are depicted by a black ring. This requires precision and clarity. The success of the shot depends not only on physical tension, but also on the ability of cold thinking, with which the shooter concentrates on the target and hits the target.

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what do the five rings symbolize

Olympic symbolism is what distinguishes games of this magnitude from other world competitions. It originated along with the whole movement and represents a whole complex of various attributes. Some of them are basic and unchanged, others change depending on where this or that Olympics takes place.

The Olympic is represented by several attributes at once - an emblem, a flag, a motto, a principle, an oath, fire, medals, an opening ceremony and a talisman. Each of them carries its own functional load and meets all the requirements of world-class sports competitions.

The emblem of the Games has been approved since 1913 and is unchanged. She is familiar to everyone - five colored rings, among themselves. It has been operating since then, it was developed taking into account the ancient Greek Olympiad. The five circles mean the five continents that participate in sports competitions. In addition, in any country there must be at least one color that is represented on the Olympic rings. Therefore, the emblem of the Olympic movement performs the function of a unifying factor.

The flag is just as important. It represents the image of the Olympic rings on a white cloth. His role is quite simple - the white color symbolizes the world. And in combination with the emblem, it turns into a symbol of peace during the Games. It was first used as an attribute of the competition in 1920 in Belgium. According to the rules of the Olympics, the flag must participate in both the opening and closing ceremonies. After the end of the Games, it must be handed over to the representative of the city where the next competitions will be held in 4 years.

motto Olympic Games serves as the Latin slogan: "Citius, Altius, Fortius!". Translated into Russian, this means "Faster, Higher, Stronger!". The role of the motto in the Olympics is to constantly remind everyone present why everyone is here.

The principle "The main thing is not winning, but participating" is an Olympic statement that appeared in 1896. The symbolism of the principle is that the athletes should not feel defeated if they lose. Its goal is that the participants of the competition do not fall into depression, but, on the contrary, find strength in themselves and prepare even better for the next Games.

The traditional oath used is 1920. These are words about the need to respect your rivals, to observe sports ethics. The oath is given not only by athletes, but also by judges and members of the evaluation commissions.

Of course, one cannot ignore such a symbol of the Olympics as fire. The ritual comes from Ancient Greece. The fire is lit directly in Olympia, then it is transferred to a special torch, which, traveling through the whole world, arrives in the capital of the Olympic Games. Fire is needed as a symbol to emphasize that sport competitions is an attempt to improve oneself, it is an honest struggle for victory, and it is also peace and friendship.

Medals are not only an award, but also a certain symbol of the Games. They serve as a tribute to strong athletes and at the same time emphasize that all people are brothers, because. representatives of various nationalities meet on the podium.

The opening ceremony is a mandatory attribute of the Olympic Games. Firstly, it sets the mood for all two weeks ahead. Secondly, it is a demonstration of the power of the host country. Thirdly, it is the opening ceremony that is the unifying force. This is due to the fact that a parade of athletes is obligatory for her, in which future rivals walk side by side, shoulder to shoulder.

The talisman can be called a changeable symbol of the Olympics. After all, a new attribute is being developed for each competition. It must be approved by the IOC commission, chosen from several proposed options. The one they end up with is patented and becomes the symbol of the Olympic Movement in a given year. The talisman must meet several requirements - reflect the spirit of the host country of the Olympics, bring good luck to athletes and create a festive atmosphere. As a rule, the Olympic mascot is presented in the form of an animal that is popular for the country where the competition is held. In some cases, it can be made in the form of a fantastic creature.

The five rings are the international symbol of the modern Olympics, which was coined at the beginning of the 20th century. It is one of the ten attributes of the competition, including a fire, an olive branch, an anthem, medals, a slogan, etc. The Olympic rings are depicted on a white flag that flutters over huge stadiums, often built specifically for the long-awaited sporting event.

Almost simultaneously with the revival of the Olympic Games in their modern version, which fell at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, the so-called Olympic movement appeared. Its founder was Baron Pierre de Coubertin, who also played a central role in the development of a new milestone in the history of the Olympics. The main idea of the movement was the complete alienation of international sports from the political relations of the participating countries.

It was the idea of the unity of athletes of all countries and their renunciation of the political situation in their native countries that formed the basis for the creation International Olympics. five rings different color on white, according to one version, represent the five continents. The white color of the flag means that there are no political conflicts between the countries at the time of the Olympics. In other words, world peace. Actually, this was the basic principle of games, which Pierre de Coubertin sought to transfer to the present.

There is another version of the multi-colored rings. De Coubertin chose very popular colors, at least one of which must be present in the national flag of any country. However, most sources confirm the first version. According to her, the color corresponds to Europe, yellow to Asia, black to Africa, red to America and green to Australia. The crossing of the rings is reflected in the Olympic Charter, i.e. the rules of the games, according to which athletes from all over the world, of any skin color and religion, can participate in competitions. No discrimination is allowed on any grounds.

By the way the Olympic Games are held, it is easy to see that the rules of the games are not always followed. At the opening ceremony invariably
symbols of the Olympics appear, which accompany it throughout the competition. Including the sacred Olympic fire, which, in turn, symbolizes the sun over the countries that are in the world. However, not all countries comply with the charter. The host country of the Olympic Games becomes the most vulnerable in this situation. In particular, in 1980, the United States completely ignored the games in the USSR. Canada, Turkey, South Korea, Japan, Germany and China followed suit.

1900

The II Summer Olympic Games were held in Paris (France) from May 14 to October 28, 1900. The Games were timed to coincide with the World Exhibition, which was held at that time in the French capital. The games were attended by 997 athletes from 24 countries. For the first time, women participated in the games (there were 22 in total). 95 sets of medals were played. The French team won the most medals - 91 (23 gold, 36 silver, 32 bronze). The US team is in second place with 47 awards (19 gold, 14 silver, 14 bronze). The third place was taken by Great Britain - 29 awards (14 gold, 6 silver, 9 bronze).

1904

The III Summer Olympic Games were held in St. Louis, USA from July 1 to November 23, 1904. 651 athletes from 12 countries participated in the games. A total of 95 sets of medals were played.

The 1904 Olympic Games were the first to officially award gold, silver, and bronze medals for first, second, and third place. The US team won the most medals - 238 (78 gold, 82 silver, 78 bronze), the German team was in second place - 13 medals (4 gold, 4 silver, 5 bronze). The third place was taken by the Cuban team - 9 awards (4 gold, 2 silver, 3 bronze).

1908

The IV Summer Olympic Games were held in London (Great Britain) from April 27 to October 31, 1908. The games were originally supposed to take place in Rome, Italy, but were moved to London when it became apparent that Rome would not be ready. 2008 athletes participated in the games, representing 22 countries. For the first time, a parade of delegations took place at the opening ceremony: athletes marched under the flag of their country in sportswear. 110 sets of medals were played.

The UK team won the most medals - 127 medals (50 gold, 44 silver, 33 bronze), followed by the US team - 46 medals (22 gold, 12 silver, 12 bronze). The third place was taken by the Swedish team - 25 awards (8 gold, 6 silver, 11 bronze).

1912

The V Summer Olympic Games were held in Stockholm (Sweden) from May 5 to July 27, 1912. 2407 athletes from 28 countries participated in the games. For the first time, athletes from all five continents participated in the games. 102 sets of medals were played.

The Swedish team won the most medals - 64 medals (23 gold, 24 silver, 17 bronze), followed by the US team - 63 medals (25 gold, 19 silver, 19 bronze). The third place was taken by the team of Great Britain - 40 medals (10 gold, 14 silver, 16 bronze).

1916

The VI Summer Olympic Games were scheduled to be held in Berlin (Germany). The games were canceled due to the outbreak of the First World War.

1920

The VII Summer Olympic Games were held in Antwerp (Belgium) from April 20 to September 12, 1920. 2622 athletes from 29 countries participated in the games. At the Games of the VII Olympiad, during the opening ceremony, the Olympic flag was raised for the first time with five interlaced rings of blue, yellow, black, green and red. For the first time, an Olympic oath was also taken by an athlete on behalf of all participants. A total of 156 sets of medals were played.

The USA team won the most medals - 94 (41 gold, 27 silver, 26 bronze), the Swedish team won 64 medals (19 gold, 20 silver, 25 bronze). Team Great Britain took the third place with 41 awards (13 gold, 15 silver, 13 bronze).

At the Games of the VII Olympiad, the Italian fencer Nedo Nadi achieved the only result in the history of world fencing: he won 5 gold medals - in individual foil and saber fencing competitions and in team fencing competitions in rapiers, sabers and swords.

1924

The VIII Summer Olympic Games were held in Paris (France) from July 5 to 27, 1924. 3088 athletes from 44 countries participated in the games. A total of 126 sets of medals were played. Athletes from the United States won the most medals - 98 (45 gold, 26 silver, 27 bronze), the French team was in second place - 39 medals (13 gold, 16 silver, 10 bronze). The third place was taken by the Finnish team - 38 medals (14 gold, 13 silver, 11 bronze).

At the Games of the VIII Olympiad, the athletes were accommodated in the Olympic Village for the first time. For the first time, the games were broadcast on television. At the closing ceremony of the Games, for the first time, a ritual was introduced that involves the hoisting of three flags: the flag of the International Olympic Committee, the flag of the host country and the flag of the next host country of the Olympics.

1928

The IX Summer Olympic Games were held in Amsterdam (Netherlands) from May 17 to August 12, 1928. 2883 athletes from 46 countries participated in the games. For the first time, the Olympic flame was lit at the opening ceremony. A total of 109 sets of medals were played. The US team won the most medals - 56 (22 gold, 18 silver, 16 bronze), followed by the German team - 30 medals (10 gold, 7 silver, 13 bronze). The Finnish team took third place - 25 awards (8 gold, 8 silver, 9 bronze).

1932

X Summer Olympic Games were held from July 30 to August 14, 1932 in Los Angeles (USA). 1334 athletes from 37 countries took part. 117 sets of medals were played.

Athletes from China took part in the Games of the X Olympiad for the first time.

First place went to the US team with 103 medals (41 gold, 32 silver, 30 bronze), Italy second with 36 medals (12 gold, 12 silver, 12 bronze), Finland third with 25 medals (5 gold, 8 silver, 12 bronze).

1936

XI Summer Olympic Games were held from 1 to 16 August 1936 in Berlin (Germany). 3963 athletes from 49 countries took part. 129 sets of medals were played.

Adolf Hitler tried to use the Olympics to prove his theory of Aryan racial superiority. However, the hero of the Games was American black athlete Jesse Owens, who won four gold medals.

The Olympic torch relay was held for the first time. More than three thousand runners participated in the delivery of the torch from Olympia to Berlin.

The first place was taken by the German team with 89 medals (33 gold, 26 silver, 30 bronze), the second by the United States with 56 medals (24 gold, 20 silver, 12 bronze), the third by Italy with 22 medals (8 gold, 9 silver). , 5 bronze).

1940

XII Summer Olympic Games were to be held from September 21 to October 6, 1940 in the capital of Japan - Tokyo. However, due to the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937, the IOC moved the Games to Helsinki (Finland), where they were scheduled to be held from July 20 to August 4, 1940. But after the outbreak of World War II in September 1939, the Games were finally cancelled.

Despite the cancellation of the Games, they, like the VI Summer Olympic Games that did not take place in 1916, were assigned their own serial number.

1944

The XIII Summer Olympic Games, according to the decision of the IOC, adopted in June 1939, were scheduled to be held in 1944 in London (Great Britain). They were supposed to take place in the year of the 50th anniversary of the creation of the International Olympic Committee. The Games were canceled due to World War II. London hosted the first post-war Games in 1948, gaining this right without an election.

1948

The XIV Summer Olympic Games were held in London (Great Britain) from July 29 to August 14, 1948. 4104 athletes from 59 countries took part. 136 sets of medals were played.

The best athlete of the XIV Olympiad was recognized as the Dutch athlete Fanny Blankers-Kuhn, who won four gold medals in four sprint distances.

Seventeen-year-old American Bob Mathias won the decathlon and became the youngest athlete in Olympic history to win the men's track and field tournament.

One of the heroes of the Olympics was the Soviet weightlifter Yuri Vlasov.

American boxer Cassius Clay won his first gold medal, later turning to professional boxing and becoming known as Muhammad Ali.

Soviet athletes won 15 out of 16 possible medals in gymnastics, and Larisa Latynina won 6 awards (4 gold, 1 silver and 1 bronze).

The Soviet team took first place, winning 103 awards (43 gold, 29 silver, 31 bronze). The United States came in second with 71 medals (34 gold, 21 silver, 16 bronze), and the United German Team came in third with 39 medals (12 gold, 16 silver, 11 bronze).

1964

The XVIII Summer Olympic Games were held in the capital of Japan, Tokyo, from 10 to 24 October 1964.

5152 athletes from 93 countries took part. 163 sets of medals were played.

Australian swimmer, champion of Melbourne and Rome, Dawn Fraser won the third Olympic victory. She became the first female swimmer to win a total of eight Olympic medals.

For the first time in the long history of the Olympics, one athlete managed to become the winner of the marathon distance for the second time in a row. They became an athlete from Ethiopia Abebe Bikila.

Athletes of the USSR retained the championship in the unofficial team standings, winning 96 medals (30 gold, 31 silver, 35 bronze). The US team was second with 90 medals (36 gold, 26 silver, 28 bronze), while the United German team was third with 50 medals (10 gold, 22 silver, 18 bronze).

1968

XIX Summer Olympic Games were held in the capital of Mexico - Mexico City from October 12 to October 27, 1968.

5516 athletes from 112 countries took part. 172 sets of medals were played.

The choice of Mexico City as the venue for the Olympic Games proved controversial due to the high altitude of the city - 2300 meters above sea level.

The hero of the Olympics was the American Bob Beamon, who in the long jump showed a result of 8 meters 90 centimeters, exceeding the world record by 55 centimeters at once.

The Games of the XIX Olympiad are considered a turning point in the history of high jump - American Richard Fosbury set a new Olympic record by jumping the bar in a new way - backwards. The technique was called "Fosbury flop" and began to be used around the world.

The first place in the unofficial team standings was taken by athletes from the United States, who won 107 medals (45 gold, 28 silver, 34 bronze). Athletes from the USSR took second place, winning 91 awards (29 gold, 32 silver, 30 bronze), in third place was the Hungarian team, which won 32 medals (10 gold, 10 silver, 12 bronze).

1972

7234 athletes from 121 countries took part. 195 sets of medals were played.

The Olympics were almost derailed by tragedy. On September 5, 1972, terrorists from the Black September organization broke into the Olympic village, killed two members of the Israeli team and took nine hostages. In the ensuing battle, all nine Israeli hostages were killed.

The hero of the Games was the American swimmer Mark Spitz, who became the first person to win 7 Olympic gold medals in one Games.

The first place was taken by the USSR national team, having won 99 medals (50 gold, 27 silver, 22 bronze). The United States came second with 94 medals (33 gold, 31 silver, 30 bronze), and the German Democratic Republic came in third with 66 medals (20 gold, 23 silver, 23 bronze).

1976

The XXI Summer Olympic Games were held in Montreal (Canada) from July 17 to August 1, 1976. 6084 athletes from 92 countries took part. 198 sets of medals were played. The games were boycotted by 22 African countries in protest of the New Zealand rugby team's violation of the boycott of the apartheid regime in South Africa.

At the Games of the XXI Olympiad, women's basketball was presented for the first time; Soviet basketball players became the first Olympic champions in history.

Soviet athlete Viktor Saneev for the first time in the history of Olympic competitions became the best in the triple jump for the third time in a row.

The USSR confirmed its title of Olympic leader by winning 125 medals (49 gold, 41 silver, 35 bronze). The second team of the Olympics was the GDR team, which won 90 awards (40 gold, 25 silver and 25 bronze), the US team for the first time was in third place in the medal standings (34 gold, 35 silver, 25 bronze).

1980

XXII Summer Olympic Games were held from July 19 to August 3, 1980 in Moscow (USSR). 5179 athletes from 80 countries took part in the Games, 203 sets of medals were played. The United States, Germany, Japan and several dozen other countries boycotted the Olympics in protest against the entry of Soviet troops into Afghanistan. At the Moscow Olympiad, Alexander Dityatin became the only gymnast in the world to have medals in all evaluated exercises in one competition: he won three gold, four silver and one bronze medals.

The USSR athletes became the leader in the number of medals, they won 195 awards (80 gold, 69 silver, 46 bronze), in second place were athletes from the GDR, who won 126 medals (47 gold, 37 silver, 42 bronze), the third place was for the team Bulgaria - 41 medals (8 gold, 16 silver, 17 bronze).

1984

XXIII Summer Olympic Games were held from July 28 to August 12, 1984 in Los Angeles (USA). 6829 athletes from 140 countries participated, 221 sets of medals were played. The program of the Games included rhythmic gymnastics and synchronized swimming. Soviet athletes and athletes from 13 countries announced a boycott of the Olympics in connection with the boycott of American athletes Summer Games 1980 in Moscow. In total (due to the boycott of most countries of the socialist bloc) 125 world champions could not take part in the Olympic competitions. The Chinese team competed at the Olympics for the first time after a 32-year absence.

Most of the medals were won by American athletes (83 gold, 63 silver, 32 bronze), the team from Germany was in second place, winning 59 medals (17 gold, 19 silver, 23 bronze), the Romanian team was in third place with 53 medals (20 gold, 16 silver, 17 bronze).

1988

XXIV Summer Olympic Games were held from September 17 to October 2, 1988 in Seoul (South Korea). 8397 athletes from 159 countries participated,

Ever since the founding of the International Olympic Committee, Sweden has repeatedly expressed its desire to host the Olympic Games. And at the IOC Session in 1904 in Berlin, to the great joy of the Swedes, Stockholm was declared the capital of the Games of the V Olympiad. At that time, Sweden was considered a developed sports country.

First of all, the organizers drew up a clear program for the preparation and holding of the Games, which was an advantageous difference compared to previous Olympiads. The next important step was the construction of the Olympic Stadium, later called the Royal. The Scandinavians managed to build a multifunctional stadium, which was adapted to host not only sports, but also entertainment shows. In a very short time, it was possible to turn the lawn on it, and the stadium turned into a first-class hippodrome. In the premises under the stands there were locker rooms, showers, judges and service rooms, fairs of sports equipment, equipment and literature were also located there.

However, when laying a treadmill, the Swedes slightly violated the line of turns. In this regard, the length of the treadmill was 380 meters instead of the prescribed 400 meters, which subsequently caused a number of problems for the organizers.

2541 athletes (including 57 women) from 28 countries came to Stockholm. Egypt, Luxembourg, Portugal, Serbia, Japan sent their athletes for the first time. The program of the Games has somewhat decreased compared to the last Olympics: competitions in boxing, freestyle wrestling, weightlifting, field hockey, figure skating and archery were excluded. However, the number of program issues has increased, there are 102 of them.

Russia sent one of the largest teams to Stockholm - 169 (according to other sources 178) people. The appeal of the Russian Olympic Committee (ROC), founded in 1912, said: “Russian athletes did not participate in the first three Olympic Games. Only in 1908, for the first time, representatives of Russia were sent to the IV Olympiad in London by some societies. Of the five participants, one returned with the first prize, two - with the second. This fact, as well as the fact that Russian amateurs - athletes, wrestlers, skaters, rowers, shooters, football players and others - often won victories over celebrities in Russia and abroad, allow us to be sure that with the right organization, Russia can show itself in the 1912 Olympic Games from the best side. However, organizational confusion and lack of government support have drastically reduced the Russian team's chances of success.

During the formation of the football team, a dispute arose between Moscow and St. Petersburg about the quota of players. The same situation arose in athletics. It was not possible to gather all the strongest gymnasts of the country at that time, and a weakened team went to Sweden.

The sports functionaries did not solve purely organizational problems either. The Russian delegation went to Stockholm on the steamer "Burma", which did not have the necessary capacity. Athletes, according to eyewitnesses, had to huddle 5-6 people in a cabin. In addition, before leaving, the team did not have time to issue foreign passports, and during the Olympic Games, Russian representatives were forced to live on Burma. On the deck of the ship, they were deprived of the opportunity to train, although the delegation of the US team, who also lived on the ship, did everything so that its athletes could maintain their athletic form. A 30-meter treadmill was laid on the deck, exercise bikes just invented at that time were installed, and spears or discs thrown into the sea returned to the throwers in an amazing way for the spectators on the shore.

The Russian team took only 15th place in the unofficial team standings, having won only 2 silver and 2 bronze medals.

As in previous Games, the track and field tournament became the main number of the program. For the first time, 4x100 and 4x400 meter relay races, as well as 5000 and 10000 meter runs were included in his program. In addition, another very important innovation appeared: semi-electric timing and photo finish. The most striking episode of this tournament was undoubtedly the final 5000 meters race. In the preliminary run best time showed french runner Jean Bouin, and many hastened to give him the victory in advance. However, Finnish stayer Hannes Kolehmainen competed with him. . Right from the start, both athletes, at prohibitive speeds for the rest of the runners, went into the lead. Side by side, they covered the distance, overtaking their rivals for a whole circle. At the finish line, Buen made a breakthrough, however, Kolehmainen did not fall behind and even pulled ahead. But the Frenchman did not give up and bypassed the Finn. The leader changed 17 times at the finish lap, the spectators jumped up from their seats, tensely watching this fascinating spectacle. And when there were 20 meters left to the finish line, Kolehmainen overtook his rival with superhuman effort and crossed the finish line a moment earlier.

Presenting the silver medal to Buen, the President of the International Olympic Committee, Baron Pierre de Coubertin, said: "Your defeat is worthy of victory!" "Victory? I will have her! - said the stubborn Frenchman and added, - Even if I fail to win, another Frenchman will definitely take revenge for me! Kolehmainen also won the 10,000m.

In the other numbers of the athletics program, contrary to forecasts, there was no total superiority of the Americans. American athletes managed to get gold in the 100m (Ralph Craig), in the shot put (Patrick McDonald). Ralph Rose was the winner in the right and left shot put, Fred Kelly was the leader in the 110m hurdles. Among the winners in the athletics tournament were the Swedes X. Wixlander (decathlon), E. Lemming (javelin throw), G. Lindblum (triple jump). The representative of the Union of South Africa K. MacArthur won the marathon race, the Greek K . Tsiklitiras - in long jump from a place, Finn A. Taipale - in discus throwing, Canadian D. Goulding - in walking for 10 km, Englishman A. Jackson became the champion in the 1500 m race, the Norwegian F. Bie - in the pentathlon. The greatest success in athletics, undoubtedly, fell to the share of the outstanding runner Finn X. Kolehmainen, who won 3 gold medals in the 5000 and 10000 m and 12 km cross.

The wrestling competitions were also quite interesting. 180 athletes from 17 countries competed for victory in them. The most intense was the record-breaking bout between Russian wrestler Martin Klein and Finn Asikainen. This semi-final bout lasted 10 hours! As a result, Klein reached the final just exhausted. However, the organizers, despite the request of the representative of the Russian team, General Voeikov, to give our wrestler time to rest, refused to do so. Similar stories happened to wrestlers from other teams.

The swimming tournament was distinguished by very high sports results. Many of the world records that existed at that time were broken here. The revelation was the performance of the "Hawaiian boy" Duke Paoa Kahanamoku , who brilliantly won the 100-meter freestyle, setting a new world record - 1.02, 4. A year before the Olympics, his name was unknown to anyone, one of the officers of the US Navy noticed the young swimmer and brought him to the mainland. Kahanamoku was distinguished by a completely new unusual crawl technique, which later became the subject of general study.

At the shooting tournament, high results were expected from Russian athletes, who were selected among the best army snipers. However, they did not live up to expectations. They were "helped" in this by the Swedish organizers, who clearly favored their athletes. Case in point: during one of the competitions, it suddenly began to rain heavily, but all the athletes continued to compete. An awning was quickly built for the Swedish athletes, under which participants from other teams were not allowed. As a result, the home shooting team managed to win 7 gold, 6 silver and 4 bronze medals. The Russian shooters got 2 medals: the dueling pistol shooting team (N. Melnitsky, A. Kashe, P. Voilochnikov, G. Panteleymonov) won the silver one, and Garry Blau received the bronze in shooting at tossed pigeons.

For the first time, equestrian competitions were included in the program of the Olympic Games. Equestrians from 9 countries came to these competitions: Great Britain, Belgium, Germany, Denmark, Norway, Russia, USA, France, Chile. Athletes from Sweden, who achieved outstanding success, also took part in them. Swedish equestrians at the 1912 Olympics won all 3 medals in dressage, the Nations Cup in obstacle course, first team place and the gold medal in eventing. Of the other participants in equestrian competitions at the Olympics, the French athletes had the best results. They took second place in the team competition in overcoming obstacles, won a gold medal in show jumping and a bronze medal in dressage. 2 silver medals for the second places in triathlon and jumping were awarded to German riders and, finally, 1 bronze medal was awarded to a Belgian blomert, finished third in the competition. Russian riders took part only in dressage and overcoming obstacles, but they performed unsuccessfully. Starting from the V Olympiad, equestrian competitions have firmly entered the program of the Olympic Games and are an integral part of them in our time.

Unfortunately, these Games were not without scandals. There were so many protests against refereeing and showing favor to the host athletes that the International Olympic Committee commissioned one of its members, Baron von Weningen, to investigate all cases of dissatisfaction. The Baron did his job with honor, and in 1913 a 56-page document was published that dealt with all the controversial aspects of the Games of the V Olympiad.

The biggest resonance was the scandal associated with the manifestation of racism. The truth about the case of black American sprinter Howard Drew is still unknown. He won the 100m heats with ease and the final victory was in his pocket. However, on the day of the finals, the judges called Drew to the start three times, but he never showed up. Rumors spread that the American coach specifically locked the athlete in the locker room and did not let him go to the start. The coach himself made excuses that Drew was injured.

Another case is connected with the American all-around Indian Jim Thorp, who won the track and field athletics pentathlon and decathlon competitions with a large advantage (no athlete could exceed his result in decathlon - 8412, 955 points for 15 years). King Gustav V himself recognized him as the best athlete of the Olympic Games. However, as a result of a campaign raised by racists against a colored athlete, the US National Olympic Committee accused Thorpe of violating the status of an amateur athlete even before the Games (Thorpe played for a professional baseball club) and was not eligible to play at the Olympic Games. In May 1913, the International Olympic Committee accepted the proposal of the US NOC to disqualify Thorpe and annulled the results of his performance. After the death of the athlete, the disqualification was lifted, and the medals were returned to the heirs.

For the first time, an art competition was held as part of the Olympic Games. The authors presented their works in the field of poetry, painting, architecture, etc., dedicated to the international Olympic movement. Gold medals were awarded to the Plan for the Construction of a Modern Stadium by Swiss architects Henri Monod and Alphonse Laverriere, the Olympic Triumphal March by the Italian composer Riccardo Barthelemy, the canvas of the Italian painter Giovanni Pellegrini "Winter Sports", the sculpture "Wanderer from America" by Walter Winans from the USA. In the literature section, the gold medal was given to "Ode to Sport" - it was sent by two authors, Georges Horode from France and Martin Eshbach from Germany. Baron Pierre de Coubertin, President of the International Olympic Committee, was hiding under these pseudonyms.

In Stockholm, for the first time, the traditional opening and closing ceremonies began to be held.

During the V Olympic Games, the International Amateur Athletics Federation (IAAF) was founded.

Sports featured:
Bobsled
Skiing
Skating
Nordic combined
Ski race
ski jumping
Skeleton
Figure skating
Hockey
Demo types:
Winter pentathlon
Military patrol competition

Second World War did not allow Olympic Games in 1940 and 1944. Fifth Winter Olympics it was decided to take place in Switzerland, a country that had not been affected by the war.

The championship at the V Winter Olympic Games was contested by 713 athletes, including 77 women from 28 countries. Sets of awards were played in 22 numbers of the program of 5 sports. In all three disciplines of cross-country skiing - 18 km, 50 km and the 4 x 10 km relay, the winners were the athletes of Sweden.

The hero of the ski competition was the Frenchman Henri Oreille, who won the gold medal in downhill, having won 112 participants, was the third in the slalom and the first in the biathlon.

In ski jumping, all three medals were won by the Norwegians. The silver medal was given to an outstanding athlete, champion of the 1932 and 1936 Olympic Games, Birger Ruud. By this time, this courageous athlete had experienced severe injuries that threatened to end his sports career - the result of Nazi persecution and arrest in Germany for anti-fascist views and actions.

Speed skating competitions confirmed the leading positions of Norwegian athletes. They managed to win at three distances - 500 m, 1500 m and 5000 m. The Swede Oke Seyfart won the ten-kilometer distance.

Figure skating turned out to be a remarkable performance thanks to Dick Button from the USA, who showed a fundamentally new acrobatic style of skating. The free program of this skater was full of difficult jumps. In women's skating, an overseas athlete, world champion Canadian Barbara Ann Scott, also excelled. Only in pair skating did the Europeans manage to become winners - athletes from Belgium Michelin Lannou and Pierre Bagnie.

The hockey tournament brought another sensation: in the final, with the same number of points, athletes from Canada and Czechoslovakia met. A difficult match did not bring success to any of the teams. A rare 0-0 score for hockey was recorded. The difference between goals scored and goals conceded was the best for Canadians and they were declared Olympic champions. Interestingly, the statistics of the meetings of these teams at the Olympic Games was in favor of the Canadians 52:0.

The team victory was won by the athletes of Sweden, having won 70 points and 10 medals - 4 gold, 3 silver, 3 bronze. The Swiss Olympians were second with 68 points and 9 medals - 3 gold, 4 silver, 2 bronze. In third place were American athletes with 64.2 points and 9 medals - 3 gold, 4 silver, 2 bronze.

28 countries. 2407 athletes (48 women). 14 sports. Leaders in the unofficial team standings: 1. Sweden (24-24-17); 2. USA (23-19-19); 3. UK (10-15-16)

Sweden has been a candidate to host the Games since the establishment of the International Olympic Committee, that is, since 1894. And when Stockholm was chosen as the capital of the 1912 Games at the 1904 IOC session in Berlin, the Swedes began to actively prepare. The organizers began by offering a clear program for the Olympic Games. This was undoubtedly a big step forward.

According to this plan, the organizers started the construction of the stadium, which caused them a lot of trouble. During construction, the builders slightly changed the line of turns of the treadmill, as a result of which the length of the track was reduced to 380 meters 33 centimeters, although the circle should have been exactly 400 meters. I had to draw eleven starting marks, which were difficult to figure out later. Apart from this oversight, the stadium turned out to be very good: all red brick, decorated with two large towers, with stands in the form of a horseshoe. Under the stands there were rooms for participants, showers, locker rooms, office space. Exhibitions of prizes, sports equipment and literature were also organized here. The stadium was called "Royal".

The grand opening of the Games of the V Olympiad took place at the Royal Stadium on July 6, 1912. It was a warm sunny day. The stands of the stadium, accommodating 32,000 spectators, were packed to capacity. At 11 o'clock a bell sounded, fixed on one of the towers of the stadium. In the silence that followed, fanfares solemnly announced the arrival of King Gustav V of Sweden.

Members of the IOC, led by Pierre de Coubertin, meet him, and everyone goes to the box for guests of honor. The march parade begins. Athletes from 28 countries take to the field of the stadium.

For the first time, Egypt, Luxembourg, Portugal, Serbia and Japan sent their representatives to the Olympic Games.

The program of the V Olympiad was somewhat reduced compared to the 1908 Games, but was wider in terms of the total number of competitions held. For the first time in Olympic program modern pentathlon appeared, and swimming competitions among women were held for the first time.

There were no boxing, freestyle wrestling, weightlifting, grass hockey, figure skating, archery competitions at the V Olympiad. The Icelandic wrestling competition "Glima" and the baseball match between the teams of the USA and Sweden were held as demonstration performances.

The most representative sport in Stockholm was athletics. It was at the V Olympiad that the competitions, which are now considered one of the classics, were first included in the program - running at 5000 and 10000 meters and relay races 4 x 100 and 4 x 400 meters.

The program of athletics competitions included sports that were unusual for us. For example, long jump and high jump, the championship was played both from a running start and from a place. In addition to the usual discus, javelin and shot put, there were competitions in javelin and discus throwing with the right and left hand. Shot putters competed in the right and left hand puts. Moreover, the results of both hands were added up and the champion was declared by the maximum amount.

In the final at 5000 meters, the struggle unfolded between the Finnish athlete Hannes Kolehmainen and Jean Bouin from France. In the preliminary race, Jean Bouin set a world record. This news spread like lightning through the Royal Stadium. Jean Buen himself showed complete confidence in victory. Perhaps there was only one person in Stockholm in those days who did not share the general confidence in the outcome of the final race of 5000 meters, but had his own opinion on this issue. His name was Hannes Kolehmainen. Medium height, ruddy, not talkative Finn carefully prepared for the final. He saw how Buen ran, he knew what a serious opponent he would have to compete with, but he was determined to fight until the last second.

At the fourth kilometer, the leaders were already half a circle away from the main group, which stretched along the stadium's running track. But who will be the first? They run toe to toe, without slowing down, and it is felt that each of them has a reserve of strength that will be used at a decisive moment.

On the last lap, 17 times, one or the other comes forward, not wanting to give up, not wanting to admit defeat. The rest of the athletes are dragging somewhere, more than a circle behind the leaders. Yes, no one pays attention to them. All eyes are on two magnificent masters who are already entering the finish line. When twenty meters remain to the finish line, Kolehmainen, by some superhuman effort of will, begins to increase speed, catching up with the Frenchman rushing to the finish line. The gap between them has almost narrowed. The entire stadium stood up and exploded in a single scream. With the last, seemingly hopeless, tension, Kolehmainen manages to snatch victory literally at the last moment. The stadium roared. The world record set the day before by Buen was exceeded by as much as 30 seconds.

In the 10,000 meters, Kolehmainen set a world record and won another gold medal. And he received the third medal for winning the 8 km cross-country. In total, a wonderful Finnish runner at one Olympics won three gold medals and one silver medal in the 12-kilometer team cross.

The American Jim Thorpe was recognized as the hero of the V Olympiad. And it's not just the two gold medals he won. Most importantly, these medals were won in the most difficult types of the program - pentathlon and decathlon - with a significant advantage over their competitors. Presenting the American Indian with a laurel wreath, King Gustav V of Sweden said he considered him the greatest athlete of all time. In the pentathlon, Thorp excelled in the long jump, the 200m and 1500m and the discus throw. And only in the javelin throw he took third place. If athletics is called the "queen of sports", then the decathlon is undoubtedly the crown of the "queen". With his performance in Stockholm, Jim Thorpe proved that he was truly the greatest athlete of his time. Here are the results he showed at the Royal Stadium:

100 meters run - 11.2 sec
high jump -1.87 m
400 m run - 52.2 sec
discus throw - 36.98 m
javelin throw - 45.7 m
long jump - 6.79 m
shot put-12.89 m
110 m hurdles - 15.6 sec
pole vault - 3.25 m
1500 m run - 4 min 40.1 sec

With 8412 points, Thorpe was 690 points ahead of nearest rival Swede Hugo Wieslander. If you recalculate Thorpe's result according to the current table, it turns out that he is 1075 points more than the winner of the 1920 Olympics, and 102 points more than the winner of the 1924 Olympics! The Royal Stadium welcomed the hero of the V Olympiad standing up. Jim Thorpe was the most popular man in Stockholm in those days. When he returned home, all of America applauded him. Jim was happy.

How could the poor Indians, Jim's parents, back in Oklahoma, even dream about it when Jim was born in 1889?! It was named Wa-Tho-Huk, which means "Sparkling Path". It was only later that he was given the name Jim Thorpe, for ease of pronunciation. From the very early years Jim loved to run and jump like all the boys in the world. No boyish games took place without his participation. Most of all, he loved to go round wild ponies and run a race with them. It's time to learn. At school, the coaches did not give a pass to a developed, physically strong boy: some dragged him to football, others to basketball or swimming. So Jim did a little of everything: he played football, basketball, baseball, lacrosse well, swam well, took part in school athletics competitions. Thorpe's huge sports talent helped him continue his education - first he went to college, and then to the university. He studied in Pennsylvania at Carlile University. There he became seriously interested in athletics and a year later he was included in the US Olympic team, went to Stockholm and brought back two gold medals.

But then a note appeared in the press by a certain Charles Clancy, in which he reported that two years before the Olympics, Jim Thorpe played baseball as part of some semi-professional team and received money for it. Too hastily, three members of the U.S. Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) executive bureau, on behalf of the U.S. Olympic Committee, wrote to the Swedish Olympic Committee announcing Thorpe's professional disqualification and requesting a review of the ranking order in all Olympic competitions in which Thorpe competed.

Thorpe tried to resist, to protest, but to no avail. His gold medals were taken away from him and handed over to the IOC for presentation to the athletes who took second places. The members of the Olympic Committee were not embarrassed by the refusal of the Swedish decathlete H. Wieslander to accept the gold medal. I value my silver medal too much, Wislander said, to allow myself to accept someone else's gold medal. Thorpe won, not me. But despite big number protests, Thorp was disqualified for life and his name was struck off the lists of Olympic champions. Thorp tried to fight for some time, but in vain. Until 1928, he continued to play sports, playing in professional baseball and football clubs, and then he began to drink and finally gave up sports. Close friends gave Jim a small bar on one of the busy streets of Los Angeles. People came here to drink a glass of beer, a glass of whiskey and soda, to look at the hero of Stockholm, to listen to his stories. He willingly recalled his Olympic triumph, spoke with sadness and bitterness about the medals taken away. He even wrote a book about it, but there was no publisher for it.

In 1952, Jim became seriously ill and died the following March. His last words were: "Give me back my medals!"

In 1973, sixty years after the most unfair action - the disqualification of the greatest Native American athlete, justice prevailed: in the bulletin of the Amateur Athletic Union of the USA, a message appeared that Jim Thorpe had been reinstated as an amateur. But the recovery came too late. Jim Thorpe hoped for this all his life and did not live to see this joy for twenty years.

The American Avery Brundage (08/29/1887 - 05/07/1975), the future fifth president of the IOC (1952-1972) and the president of the US Olympic Committee (1928-1952), vice-president of the IAAF (1930-1962), also competed in athletics competitions, chairman of the US National Handball Committee (1925-1927), president of the Amateur Athletic Union (1928-1932, 1933-1935).

At these Games, Avery Brundage finished fifth in the track and field pentathlon, but failed in the decathlon, dropping out of the competition in the 1500 meters.

For the first time, modern pentathlon competitions were held in Stockholm, in which 32 athletes from 10 countries participated. The documents of the Organizing Committee preserved the names of the first Russian pentathletes: Eimelaens, Almqvist, Borislavsky, Hoenthal, Nepokupnoy, Vilkman. The first Olympic champion among the "knights of the five qualities", as the pentathletes were later called, was the senior lieutenant of the Swedish royal guard Gustaf Liliehek.

Among the shot putters, giants Patrick McDonald and Ralph Rose, both from the USA, stood out. In training, the more experienced Rose showed the best results, but at the competitions his nerves let him down, McDonald won, ahead of his teammate by 9 centimeters - 15 meters 34 centimeters. But Rose still managed to win the gold medal. He managed to do it in an unusual competition. For the only time in the history of the Olympic Games in Stockholm, competitions were held in the shot put, discus and javelin throws with the right and left hands: the sum of the two results was counted. Rose showed the best total in the shot put with both hands.

In the shooting competition, Oscar Swan's victory as part of the Swedish team - shooting at a running deer, attracted attention. That day he was 64 years 258 days old. In the entire history of the Games at this age, no one has managed to become an Olympic champion.

The Russian Olympic Committee, founded in 1912, expressed confidence in the successful performance of Russian athletes at the Stockholm Games. The Russian team was numerous - 169 people who performed in almost all numbers of the program. In the committee's address to sports organizations Russia was told: “Russian athletes did not participate in the first three Olympic Games. Only in 1908, representatives of Russia were sent to the IV Olympiad in London for the first time by some societies. Of the five participants, one returned with the first prize, two with the second. This fact, as well as the fact that Russian amateurs - athletes, wrestlers, skaters, rowers, shooters, football players and others - often won victories over celebrities in Russia and abroad, allow us to be sure that with the right organization, Russia can show itself at the Olympic Games with better side." However, this did not happen. The Russian team was extremely poorly prepared and eventually managed to take only 15th place, winning only two silver and two bronze medals. Silver in a bitter struggle among 38 participants from 14 countries was won by Estonian wrestler Martin Klein (up to 75 kg), who played for the Russian team. Another Estonian athlete Mikhail Kuzik won a bronze medal in rowing at a distance of 2000 meters. The winner at this distance was the Englishman William Kinnear, whose success was awarded in philately.

As for wrestling, the Games in Stockholm were held with an overwhelming advantage of wrestlers from the Scandinavian countries. In 5 weight categories, Finnish athletes received 3 gold medals (Kaarlo Koskelo Jayapälä up to 60 kg, Emil Ernst Vere up to 67.5 kg and Jrje Saarela over 87.5 kg), 1 silver and 3 bronze medals. And this despite the fact that in the category up to 82.5 kg the first place was not awarded. Swedish wrestlers received gold (Klas Johansson up to 75 kg), 2 silver and 1 bronze. Bronze went to Dane Soren Marius Jensen and silver to German Georg Gerstäcker.

A sensation in swimming was the performance of the young Hawaiian Duke Kahanamoku, who overcame the distance in the freestyle style and already in the preliminary heat broke the world record at a distance of 100 m W. Daniels, and in the semifinals showed an even higher result - 1.02.4. Before his next Olympic start, Kahanamoku had to wait eight years. But even in 1920, he was again out of competition at his crown distance. Only at the 1924 Games did he have to be content with a silver medal: the era of Johnny Weissmuller began.

But the US swimmers did not have to win the 4x200 m freestyle relay. The combined team of Australia and New Zealand won with a world record. Yes, it could not be otherwise, because among the winners there was an athlete with the names Champion. Malcolm Champion brought New Zealand's first Olympic gold medal.

About refereeing. A lot of protests were caused by wrestling, tennis, equestrian sports, fencing, rowing... Protests were filed by individual participants, coaches, team representatives, and in fencing the protest was declared by a whole organization - the National Fencing Union of France. There were so many dissatisfaction that the International Olympic Committee instructed one of its active members, Baron von Weningen, to collect all the comments and suggestions, consolidate them into a single report and submit it to the IOC session for consideration. Von Weningen successfully completed this work, and in 1913 this document was published in many countries. As can be seen from this fact, the problem of refereeing is very old.

In the unofficial team standings, the triumph of the hosts and the 4th place of the Finnish athletes should be noted. Finnish athletes have received 9 gold, 8 silver and 9 bronze medals, far more than major sports powers such as France and Germany.

In conclusion, it should be noted that a feature of the Games of the V Olympiad was the inclusion of an art competition in the program by decision of the Paris session of the IOC in 1906. The competition included works of architecture, painting, sculpture, literature and music. In the section of literature, the gold medal was awarded to G. Hochrod and M. Eshbach for "Ode to Sports". As it turned out, it was the pseudonym of Pierre de Coubertin. It was the first and last gold medal of the great organizer of Olympic sports.