Participle– a part of speech, which is a special form of a verb that denotes signs of action. Answers questions such as “which?”, “which?”, “which?”, “which?”.
As a verbal form, participles have the following grammatical features:
- Type: perfect and imperfect (for example: evening (what?) dozing(what to do? - take a nap); the cat jumped(what to do? - jump);
- Time: present and past (grandfather (what?) dozing, cat (what?) escaped);
- Refundability: returnable and non-refundable.
Morphological and syntactic features of participles
There are scientists who believe that the participle is an independent part of speech, because it has characteristics that are not characteristic of the verb. In particular, participles have some features of adjectives, such as
- object attribute designation
- and agreement with the noun (that is, the same gender, number and case).
Participles are active and passive, some have full and short forms. The short form of the participle in a sentence plays the role of the nominal part of the compound predicates. For example: Textbook revealed on page ten.
Participles can be inflected by case, number and gender, like adjectives. Even though participles have verbal characteristics, in a sentence they are definitions. For example: A lost book, a lost briefcase, a lost panel.
Participles have an initial form, but only participles that are formed from imperfective verbs have it. Active and passive participles are formed using suffixes.
Types of participles and their examples.
Passive participles.
Passive participles- these are those participles that denote a characteristic created in one object under the influence of another. Passive participles are formed only from transitive verbs. For example: A picture (what?) drawn or drawn by a student.
Formed from verb stems in the present and past tenses using suffixes:
- -om- (-em-) – for verbs of the first conjugation
- -im- – for verbs of II conjugation
- -nn-, -enn-, -t- – from the stems of verbs in the past tense
Examples: read, carried, lit, divided, heard, sown, broken, baked. trimmed, beaten, split
Active participles.
Active participle is a participle that denotes a characteristic produced by the subject/object itself. For example: Boy painting a picture.
Active participles are formed from verbs in the present and past tenses using suffixes
Verbs have a special participle form. For example: working, working (from the verb to work); builder, built (from the verb to build). A participle is a form of a verb that has the characteristics of both a verb and an adjective.
Like an adjective, a participle denotes a characteristic of an object. But unlike an adjective, a participle denotes such a feature of an object that indicates the action or state of the object; working man, i.e. the person who works; sleeping baby, i.e. the child who is sleeping.
The participle has a number of characteristics of a verb: 1) the participle can be present and past tense: working- present tense, worked- past tense; 2) the participle can be perfect or imperfect: worked- imperfect species, worked- perfect view; 3) the participle can be reflexive; washable; 4) the participle requires the same case as other verb forms: reading (what?) a book; compare: reading a book, reading a book, reading a book (but reading a book).
On the other hand, the participle has a number of characteristics of an adjective: 1) the participle changes in gender and number, like an adjective: working, working, working, working (compare: mighty, mighty, mighty, mighty); 2) the participle is declined like an adjective: working, working, working and so on.
In a sentence, the main role of a participle is the same as that of an adjective: it usually serves as a secondary member of the sentence (attribute).
Active and passive participles.
Active participles can be formed from both transitive and intransitive verbs. Passive participles are formed only from transitive ones.
A real participle is a participle that shows the attribute of an object that itself produces or has produced an action: a student who draws painted, (or painted) a picture.
A passive participle is a participle that shows the attribute of an object that is experiencing action from another person or object: a picture drawn (or painted) by a student.
Perfect and imperfect participles.
Valid and passive participles retain the form of the verb from which they are formed: read-reader, read, readable(imperfect view); read - read, read(perfect view). At the same time, participles of both present and past tense are formed from imperfective verbs. And only past participles are formed from perfective verbs.
Formation of active participles of present and past tenses.
I. The active participles of the present tense are formed from the base of the present tense using the suffixes -уш- (-уж-) for verbs of the 1st conjugation, -аш- (-яж-) for verbs of the 2nd conjugation.
1) Carrying - carrying 2) Holding-at-holding
Work-yut-working Vid-yat - seeing Bor-yut-sya - struggling Build-yat-sya - under construction
II. Active past participles are formed from an indefinite stem using the suffix -вш- if the stem ends in a vowel, and the suffix -ш- if the stem ends in a consonant: read - read, see - seen, carry - carried.
The active present and past participles of reflexive verbs retain the particle -sya: struggling-struggling; fight - struggling.
The case and gender endings of participles are the same as those of adjectives.
Note. Participles on powerful (powerful, lying) penetrated into the literary language from the Old Church Slavonic language. In the Old Russian language these participles corresponded to participles in -chiy (mighty, recumbent), which later turned into ordinary adjectives, i.e. lost the meaning of the duration of action. Therefore, in Russian there are such pairs: standing - standing, flowing - flowing, pricking - prickly. The first word of each pair is of Old Church Slavonic origin, the second is of Russian origin.
Formation of passive participles of the present and past tenses.
Passive participles are formed from transitive verbs.
I. Present passive participles are formed from the present tense stem using the suffix -em- for many verbs of the 1st conjugation and the suffix -im- for verbs of the 2nd conjugation: kita-yut, read-e-th; they see, they see.
Note. From some verbs of the 1st conjugation, passive present participles are formed using the suffix -om: ved-ut, ved-om-y; attracted, attracted. These participles are bookish in nature.
II. Passive past participles are formed from the stem of the infinitive form of the verb:
a) using the suffix -nn-, if the base of the indefinite form of the verb ends in -а(-я), -е: read - read; sow - sown; seen-seen.
b) Using the suffix -enn-(-yonn-), if the stem of the indefinite form of the verb ends in a consonant or in (and the suffix -i- is omitted): carried away - carried away; baked - baked; paint - painted; illuminate - illuminated; convince - convinced; glorify-glorified.
At the same time, for verbs of the 2nd conjugation, alternations of sounds occur (s-sh, z-zh, t - h - shch, d-zh-zhd, v-vl, etc.).
c) From some verbs, passive past participles are formed using the suffix –t- we-th - washed; vi-th - twisted; mint - crumpled; touch - touched; grate- grated; lock - locked; mo-mo-t - ground; stabbed - stabbed.
Notes 1. Verbs of group c) include verbs of the 1st conjugation if the stem of the indefinite form ends in and, y, y, oh, and also I (a), alternating with n or m: vi-t - twisted, we-t - washed, touch-touched, prick - pricked, min-t (mn-u) - crumpled, squeeze (squeeze-y, squeeze-y ) - compressed.
2. For verbs whose indefinite stem ends in -er-, the final e of the stem is omitted: grate - grated.
Short form of passive participles.
Passive participles have two forms - full and short: read - read; open - open.
The full form of participles in a sentence is usually a modifier. The short form of passive participles is not inflected and serves as a predicate in the sentence.
Compare: 1. The fog-shrouded forest is noisy. -The forest is shrouded in fog. (The word shrouded is a definition, and the word shrouded is a predicate.) 2. The children approached the open door. -The door is open. (The word open is the definition, and the word open is the predicate.)
Passive participles of the short form are formed using the suffix -я- or less commonly -t-.
Unlike full participles, short participles have one n: read book - book read, painted floors - floors painted.
Declension of participles.
Full participles have the same case endings as adjectives.
The past participles are also declined: fought, fought, fought and so on.
Transition of participles into nouns and adjectives.
A participle can be used in the meaning of an ordinary noun or adjective. For example, in sentences: 1. The workers of the USSR joyfully greet the May Day holiday, 2. Students are preparing for spring tests - words from students and workers have the meaning of nouns.
A participle that turns into an adjective loses the meaning of time and denotes a permanent property of an object. Passive past participles especially often turn into adjectives. For example: baked bread, loaded barge. Such participles do not have explanatory words. Passive participles without prefixes, which have turned into adjectives, are written with one n. For example, wounded animal (compare: animal wounded by a bullet); baked bread (compare; well-baked bread).
Passive participles with prefixes are always written after two n (-NN-): frozen, strengthened, red-hot, chosen, educated. Participles with the suffix -ovanny-y, even if they have turned into adjectives, are also written with two organized team, qualified worker.
Spelling particles Not with participles.
Particle Not with participles in full form it is written separately if the participle has an explanatory word with it.
Particle Not with participles it is written together if the participle does not have explanatory words with it.
There was a winding road leading to the garden. uncleared track.
On unmown the meadow was full of flowers..
Unfinished a glass of milk stood on the table. There was a winding road leading to the garden, cleared by no one track.
In the meadow, still not mowed down by collective farmers, the flowers were colorful.
Not finished drinking as a child a glass of milk stood on the table.
With communion in short form negation Not written separately: Job Not finished. Materials needed more Not collected.
Notes 1. With explanatory words denoting the degree (extremely, completely, completely, very, very, extremely etc.), not written together with the participle, for example: a completely unresolved issue, an extremely rash act.
2. If it is not part of intensifying negations - far from, not at all, not at all and others standing before the participle, then the negation is not written separately, for example: It’s far from a thoughtful decision, it’s not a resolved issue at all.
Communion is special part speech, which is a verbal form, denotes a sign by action. It should be noted that, being a verbal form, pr-ie has some morphological characteristics of a verb: the aspect and tense of each verbal form, transitivity and reflexivity can be distinguished in some verbal forms.
Part of speech features
The participle answers the question:
- Which?
- What do you do?
- What did he do?
- What did he do?
Here are some examples: melting snow (what did he do?), melted snow (what did he do), melted snow (what did he do?), a sown field (what?). It should be noted that the question “which?” can be asked for all of the above.
Since this part of speech answers the question “which?” And denotes a sign by action, it has several morphological features of an adjective: number, gender, case.
This part of speech has its own special morphemic features - suffixes:
- ushch (yushch) - ashch (box)
- vsh (sh)
- eat-im (ohm)
- enn (yonn)
These suffixes can be used to distinguish it from other parts of speech.
In a sentence it plays the role of an agreed definition or predicate.
For example:
- There's a melting snowflake in my palm. In this sentence, “melting” is an agreed adjective and is emphasized by a wavy line.
- Snowflake melting. In this sentence, “melting” is part of a compound nominal predicate with an omitted linking verb (present tense modality).
About half of all participles have a short form. The short form is formed from the full form by truncation of the morphemic suffix. It is important not to confuse the form of a short adjective with the form of a short participle.
In Russian, this part of speech is of two types: active and passive.
Active participle
The active participle denotes the object or person who himself performs the action.
For example: A running person (the person performs the action independently), melting snow (the snow performs the action independently).
- Present tense suffixes: ush-yush, ush-yush.
- Past tense suffixes: wsh (w).
These suffixes will help determine the tense and type of participle. All active present participles are formed from the stem of verbs of the same form.
It should be noted that the suffixes ush (yush) form this part of speech from the verb of the first conjugation, and the suffixes asch-yashch are from the verb of the second conjugation. For example: “sowing” is formed from the verb “to sow” of the first conjugation of the present tense using the suffix "yushch".
Passive participle
The passive form denotes a sign based on the action of an object that does not itself perform this action (experiences this action on the part of another object or person).
For example: a reed shaken by the wind (a reed that shakes the wind, the reed itself did not perform this action), a sown field (a field that someone sowed, the field did not perform the action itself).
- Present passive suffixes: um-em-im
- Passive past tense suffixes: nn, t.
Passive present participle is formed similarly to the real one, only other suffixes are used. When forming the past participle using suffixes nn, t the basis of the infinitive from which this part of speech was formed is preserved.
Exception! When forming a passive participle from a verb ending in “it,” the base of the infinitive will be cut off and a suffix will be added to it enn.
The passive participle can be formed from a single intransitive verb. For example: The words managed and driven are formed from the verbs manage and lead, which are intransitive.
The past passive form is formed from complete perfective and imperfective verbs. However, there are very few participles formed from imperfective verbs in the Russian language.
It is impossible to form such forms from verbs: search, take, love, write, sew, revenge, beat. The verb "to give" has the singular form "given".
It should be noted that there are several verbs in -sti- and -st-, the forms of which are formed from the stem of the future tense.
- Example: Bring - brought, spin - spun
A reflexive postfix can be added to the passive tenses of the present and past tenses "Xia"
- Example: Selling (books, buns), arrogant (children, athletes).
Participial
Before you find out the role of these parts of speech in a turnover, you need to understand what a turnover is. So, a participle phrase is the creation of a phrase with dependent words. Both in complex and simple sentences the participial phrase can be found:
- Before the defined word;
- After the defined word.
Please note that the participial phrase is always a single member of the sentence, namely by an agreed upon common definition.
For example:
Painting, , hangs in the hall of our museum. In this sentence the participial phrase “ written famous artist " comes before the word being defined, "picture," and is the agreed upon common definition.
We hope that our article helped you improve your knowledge of the Russian language and understand what the full passive participle is.
Participle- a special form of a verb that denotes an attribute of an object by action and answers the questions what? which? which? which?
Note.
Some scientists consider participles to be an independent part of speech, since they have a number of features that are not characteristic of the verb.
Like verb forms, participles have some of their grammatical features. They are perfect type and imperfect; present time and past; returnable And irrevocable.
The participle has no future tense form.
There are participles active and passive.
Denoting the attribute of an object, participles, like adjectives, grammatically depend on nouns that agree with them, i.e. become the same case, number and gender as the nouns they refer to.
Participles change by case, by number, by gender.
The case, number, and gender of participles are determined by the case, number, and gender of the noun to which the participle refers. Some participles, like adjectives, have a full and a short form.
Initial participle form- nominative singular male. All verbal features of the participle correspond to the initial form of the verb - indefinite form.
Like an adjective, a participle in its full form in a sentence is a modifier.
Participles in short form are used only as a nominal part of a compound predicate.
Active and passive participles.
Active participles denote a sign of the object that itself produces the action.
Passive participles denote a sign of an object that is experiencing action from another object.
Formation of participles.
When forming participles, the following verbal features are taken into account:
- Transitivity or intransitivity of a verb(both active and passive participles are formed from transitive verbs; only active participles are formed from intransitive verbs).
- Verb type(perfect verbs do not form present participles. Imperfect verbs do not form real present and past participles; most imperfective verbs do not form passive past participles, although these verbs have corresponding forms of present passive participles).
- Verb conjugations(both active and passive present participles have different suffixes depending on the conjugation of the verb).
- Reflexivity or non-reflexivity of the verb(passive participles are not formed from reflexive verbs). Active participles formed from reflexive verbs retain the suffix -sya at all times, regardless of what sound (vowel or consonant) is located before this suffix; The suffix -sya appears at the end of the participle.
From a number of verbs are formed Not all types of participles.
Note.
Most transitive imperfective verbs do not have a passive past participle form.
Morphological analysis of the participle.
I. Part of speech (special form of a verb); from which verb is the general meaning derived?
II. Morphological characteristics:
1.
The initial form is the masculine nominative singular.
2.
Constant signs:
a) active or passive;
b) time;
c) view.
3.
Variable signs:
a) full and short form (for passive participles);
b) case (for participles in full form);
c) number;
d) birth
III. Syntactic role.
| Parts of speech |
The participle is a special independent part of speech in the Russian language, which combines the properties of a verb and an adjective. This is manifested in the fact that the participle is formed from a verb, but answers questions characteristic of an adjective: which one?, what one does?, what one did?, what one did?. Schoolchildren and linguistic students should be able to correctly determine the type of participle. It's permanent morphological feature participles, it significantly influences the interpretation of the meaning of the word. To determine the type of participle and avoid mistakes, it is important to use advice and follow the algorithm.
Determine the type of participle. Recommendations
- First, determine from which verb the participle was formed. This part of speech combines the characteristics of an adjective and a verb. The view can be passive and active. Either an object performs some action, or some action is performed on the object:
- the active participle denotes the action of an object, for example: reader - someone is reading, a person is reading a book;
- the passive participle describes an action performed with an object, for example: read - something is being read, a book is being read by a person.
- the active participle denotes the action of an object, for example: reader - someone is reading, a person is reading a book;
- You can determine the type of participle by asking the appropriate questions:
- what did he do? what is he doing?– questions of the actual participle;
- what's being done?- question of the passive participle.
- what did he do? what is he doing?– questions of the actual participle;
- Put the participle in full or short form. Note whether the participle you are considering can have both forms. Remember an important sign of the type of this part of speech:
- the real participle has only a full form in Russian; it cannot be put into a short form without violating language norms;
- the passive participle can have both forms: full and short; for example: readable - readable.
Active participles are put into a short form only in some dialects, choosing separate words for this. You can immediately distinguish a violation of the norm of the Russian language: reading - reading.
- the real participle has only a full form in Russian; it cannot be put into a short form without violating language norms;
- Please note: short passive participles change in Russian according to numbers and genders. For example: read - readable - readable - readable.
- Parse the participle according to its composition. It is advisable to carry out a complete analysis of the word according to its composition in order to accurately find the suffix. It is this part of the participle that is its formal specific feature. Each type of this part of speech has specific suffixes:
- active participles: suffixes –ash-, -ush-, -yash-, -sh-, -vsh-;
- passive participles: suffixes –em-, -nn-, -enn-.
- active participles: suffixes –ash-, -ush-, -yash-, -sh-, -vsh-;
- Draw your own summary table of characteristics of the type of participle. Bring it all in useful information about different methods for determining the type of this part of speech: by questions, suffixes, the presence of short and long forms. Provide your table with your own examples. Then it will be much easier for you to correctly determine the species of the participle, and you will quickly remember all the information by using different types memory.
- Please note that some participles have long since moved to another part of speech. Outwardly, they resemble participles, but in fact they are adjectives, since they denote actions and states that have become permanent features of objects. For example, canned peas. Such words should be treated as adjectives.
How to determine the type of participle correctly? Follow the algorithm and remember the recommendations.
- Write down on a separate piece of paper the participles whose type you need to determine.
- Remember your table and start looking at the words in accordance with it. To begin, ask the communion question.
- Check whether this participle has a short, full form.
- Parse the word according to its composition. Select the suffix and find out what type it corresponds to. Determine the type of participle.
- Test yourself: write down the verb from which the participle is formed. Make up a phrase with it. Think about it: are we talking about an action performed by an object or an action that someone performs on an object? Draw your final conclusions and write down the type of participle.
