Tartar Emperors of China
And who were these wild northern nomads, from whom the Chinese fenced themselves off with a high wall? Nicolaas talks about this in some detail in his book “Northern and Eastern”.
Here is a fragment of a map from this book:
Detail of a map by Nicolaas Witsen, 1705
The state closest to the north side of the Wall, underlined by a red line, is called Roy. de Niuche – kingdom of Niuche (also known as Nyuki or Nuki. Now this is the territory of China - my comment). N. Witsen calls Niuhe the easternmost region Tartaria.
The yellow line outlines the Chinese Wall
Other inscriptions on the map:
Mugalie Blonde ou Grande – Mugalie Light or Large.
La Chine au dela de les Murs – Chine beyond the Walls
Villes au dela des Murs de Chine – cities beyond the Walls of Chine
Katai ou partie de la Chine - Katai or part of China
Singal ou Royaume de Zoengogo – Singal or the kingdom of Zungogo (Wiki says that the Sinhalese are the population of Sri Lanka. And there is also Sinjar (Kurdish: Şingal) - a city in the north-west of Iraq. But this is all far from this place.)
Koejarj (between Dauria and Niuhe) - Kuyary (with Nowadays they are called Nanais. It’s interesting that almost all peoples have changed their names since the 17th century.)
Mogols Noirs – Black Moguls
KaraKitay (Black China) - according to Wikipedia there was a KaraKitay Khanate, which was conquered by the Naimans led by Kuchluk in 1211. In 1218 it was conquered by Genghis Khan and became part of the Mongol Empire.
That's what Witsen writes about these territories:
“The Mugal regions and states, no matter how despicable the place of the world, in comparison with us, they were located, from ancient times, by the name of the peoples of the Scythians, or Tartars, were known and famous, especially thanks to the power of their emperors, some of whom were not inferior in happy victories to Alexander the Great, Julius Caesar, Augustus and other brave heroes. Among these heroes, the great emperor stands out Genghis khan who owned the state, which, thanks to his own conquests was as great as never anything else under the sun, although very little is known about him and his power in Europe, which must be attributed to the envy and hatred of the Arabs and the Dark Ages and ignorance, then widespread in Europe, for all the sciences and arts of Asia at that time were mainly in the hands of the Arabs, and it was they who perpetuated history, exploits and sciences with their pen. Because then all the sciences and arts, especially mathematics and astronomy, flourished among them as widely as ignorance has spread in our time. Seeing the victories of Emperor Genghis Khan, who also conquered some of the Arabs, they did not describe them in detail, so as not to show their shame to the world. [Its] obscurity is obviously due to the fact that many Arabic descriptions were lost due to destruction and war.”
“Mugalia is divided into Big, or Yellow, and Black, or Small. Also Sina, according to Muller, is called Yellow Mogul, after she, this Tartaria, as he says, was occupied by the Moguls.”
Those. Muller calls Cena part of Tartaria? Further in his book, N. Witsen often mentions the Tartars as the emperors of Sina:
“In 1657, when the Dutch ambassadors de Keyser and de Goyer were at court Xing Emperor, or Tartar Khan, 3,000 Tartar families arrived there from the northern regions, from Korea and Yeso. These were the people of the Tartar Khan, now Emperor Sina. They decided to move to Sina, a country with fertile soil and a mild climate, to escape the hunger and cold of the northern regions. They were later resettled in Canton and other places. These people lived far in the north, on the seashore, approximately near the Amur River, near the ancient, so-called Anian.”
“Others say that Xunhi is the father of the present Emperor Kamhi, under which Sina was annexed to his state, – was the fifth in his dynasty. His rise seemed so miraculous to the other princes of his people that they, comparing it to lightning, considered it the work of God and Heaven.
Tartarus, who conquered Sina, Joris Andriesen, who was their slave, called them niuhe and said that they lived in the northeast of Sina.”
“In the country of Niuhe, or Nyuki, by order Emperor of Tartar-Sinsk, they began to build 120 fortresses. Around them there are now towns and villages with houses built of clay, like the Daurian peoples.”
“We do not know for sure whether the fortresses and towns built by the Western Tartars are still preserved during the time of the Iwen tribes. Inside the fortresses there are undoubtedly small houses surrounded by earthen ramparts. They are built for old people who are not able to roam with livestock, and for those who are engaged in agriculture (See letters from Fr. Ferbista from the cities of this country).»
More details about the Iwen dynasty:
“These peoples, the Nuks, or Dshurs, are the ancient enemies of the Sints. Already 1,800 years ago the Sins called them kin. It also means “gold,” since they say that there is a lot of gold in the mountains of their country. About 400 years ago they came from beyond the Great Wall into Sina and occupied six large areas. They would have taken all of Sina, but Kalmak Tartars who lived around Samarkand and Bukhara, descendants of Genghis Khan - Mughals and other peoples, - having heard that the Nuks had occupied Sina, out of envy they entered in large numbers through the western and southern regions into Sina and drove the Nuks out of there, taking away half of their lands. Together with the Kalmaks and other Tartars, a certain Marco Polo, originally from Venice, also came to Sina. Then the Kalmaks occupied all of Sina and founded a new imperial dynasty called Iven. The emperors of this dynasty dominated Xing for approximately 100 years. Then the Sins drove them out again and founded the Taiming dynasty, which dominated the country about 40 years ago, because the Nuki Dshurians, or Juchers, again came to Sin, occupied it and founded a new dynasty of the imperial Tartar family of Taising.”
“Let us now return to the Western Tartars of the Khia dynasty. After they expelled the Eastern Tartars from the province of Honam and subjugated them, at least 55 years passed before they conquered the entire Sin Empire. Many of the eastern peoples, having suffered defeat, joined the Sinians and resisted the Western Tartars. Therefore, in the chronicles you can read that during this time six kings reigned there. The last was Tix, the 18th of that dynasty. As soon as the Tartars arrived in the province of Fokin, this youth king (after only a five-year reign) boarded a ship in the city of Hoxiu to escape to the south. But in a storm the ship was lost, and he gave his life, scepter and crown to the sea. Thus ended the 20th dynasty, which ruled in Sin for 320 years. The 21st dynasty reigned - Iven - originating from Western Tartary. This was in 1280. The first king of this dynasty was Xio. He restored the law issued under Khia when the military council met in Beijing. He sent advance detachments of large military forces to the south, to the kingdom of Lauven, to part of Barmania, to Khiam, Cambodia, Hampa, Kinam, and finally to the state of Tonkin, which was closest. Tonkin was conquered by force of arms. Here Xio built a city and a powerful fortress to quickly influence the unconquered. The Tartars could have curbed the Chinese, but since they did not do this, then 88 years later, under the tenth viceroy Xankum, a man named Hongwui, originally from Fimyan, the Kianxi region, appeared, who gathered troops and occupied many cities, including main city Nanjing. From here the warriors hurried to Beijing to get their booty. The Tartar viceroy was unable to gather his forces so quickly and was forced to flee with his wife and children to the province of Xantum, where he later died. This was the end of the Western Tartars in Sina."
“Of all the Tartars, these were always the most implacable enemies of the Sins, and during the Xing imperial Sung dynasty they inflicted disasters on Sin with their invasions. Therefore, the Xing emperors were forced to move from the north to the southern Xing lands after these Tartars occupied the regions of Liaotung, Beijing, Xanxi, Xenxi and Xantung. Yes, they probably would have conquered the entire Sina Empire if the neighboring Tartars from Samahan, or Samarkand (after having subjugated most of Asia), out of envy of their successes, had not crossed the southern and western regions to Sina and started against them a fierce war. Finally, they were pushed out of Cena completely. They also invaded Eastern Tartaria and occupied most of it. Marco Polo the Venetian speaks about this war. Finally, the Western Tartars, after many battles, as a reward for victories, they received the entire Sin Empire and founded the imperial dynasty of Iwen. This was in 1269.
The Eastern Tartars, called the Kin, however, recaptured the Sin Empire a few years ago and still hold it today.”
It turns out that Marco Polo was visiting the Kalmak Tartars when they ruled in China. And he described not the war of the Sints with the Tartars, but the war of the Western Tartars with the Eastern. Which was artificially kindled by the Sins, as Witsen writes. Or perhaps the Jesuits who were present there at that time. A war between fraternal peoples who had always lived in peace and harmony among themselves.
Title page of the book about the Travels of the Venetian Marco Polo
A page from this book
A few more excerpts from Witsen's book with messages sent to him from various people talking about the Tartar emperors ruling China:
“They say that once upon a time on the west coast of Japan Tartar navy ran aground. (So, the wild nomads still had a navy? - my note) His team intended to cross to Japan for the purpose of attack. This is where this hatred supposedly arose and persisted. This obviously happened during Tartar khan, or emperor, Kublai, who occupied Mangi around 1250(part of Sina. Mangi means “barbarian” in Tartar; this is how the Tartars called Sina or that part of it that they once occupied. In memory of this salvation, by the grace of God, bad weather and wind, even now, as they say, They hold a holiday in Japan on the fifth day of the fifth month.”
"Kamhi, modern Tartar Emperor Sina, originally from Niuhe; loves mathematics and especially astronomy. He therefore studied with the Jesuit Ferdinand Ferbist, a Dutchman who held honorary positions and titles there. He [Kamhi] knows well the works of the famous ancient mathematician Euclid and delved into the science of mathematics. He makes many celestial and other measurements with his own hands. The Emperor himself ordered that Euclid be translated into the Tartar language (although he also knows Chinese well) in order to introduce this science to the center of Tartaria. The said Ferbist had supreme power over all mathematicians and astronomers. He and his parents were elevated to the nobility, but he recently died in Beijing.
He personally spoke with the emperor, who is generally inaccessible, and ate at court from golden dishes served from the imperial table.
The Emperor himself knows how to calculate eclipses and understands straight and curved measurements. There are no secrets in the ingenious science of mathematics that he does not know, there are no stars that he cannot immediately show. He spent over 19 thousand rikestalers on the purchase of physical instruments, especially related to astronomy. He ordered the construction of an astronomical tower on the city walls of Beijing. I have her image with all the equipment. Several noble people are on duty on these towers every day, and they constantly direct their gaze to the sky. Every morning they make a report on what they saw in the sky. With the help of this science, the Tartars, like the Sins, make their predictions and manage their affairs.
This sovereign willingly becomes acquainted with all the relevant knowledge and, although he is still a pagan, still longs to learn about the immortality of the soul, the existence of God, the suffering of the Savior and other Christian dogmas and truths. But polygamy and love for women greatly prevent him from accepting the Christian faith. In addition, he listened too much to his grandmother, who was a Western Tartar woman and was committed to the idolatry of lamas.”
“Around 1600, the Niuhe Tartars, that is, the Eastern Tartars of seven warring hordes, which were already a formidable force at that time, united under the leadership of the first prince of the Eastern Tartars, who, as they recall, was called Tingming, which means the will, or decision of heaven. He was a very harsh and cruel monarch; he demanded that he be called the Xing Emperor. His successor was his son Tinkum, after him Kum, or Kumkhim, and then followed Zum-te. Under him, the Sinsk state was annexed to Tartary. After this event, in 1662, his son Kamhi ascended the throne at the age of eight. He still reigns over the eastern Tartars and all of Sina.”
“In 1600, the Eastern Tartars (seven Tartar hordes) invaded Sina and settled on the border. Sin officials pursued them and killed their prince. In revenge They captured all of Sina and still rule it with glory.
...From then to this day, the Tartars who own Sina are called Mouhe. The mentioned prince, dying, left all his possessions, called Yamksekhinvam, to his young son. When he took possession of Sina, these possessions began to be called Kamhi, or Kunhi. Sina was conquered under his uncle-guardian."
“When the Tartars prepared to go to war against Sina, they were still at war with some princes from Western Tartary, but the quarrel between them was settled. In less than four years, the Tartars devastated and subjugated such a powerful state as Sina.”
“The Sin refugees, after the capture of their country by the Tartars, armed a fleet of 2,000 ships against them in order to free their fatherland from the Tartar yoke. There were more than 200,000 people on the ships. It was truly one of the most powerful fleets known to history."
“Those who saw the Tartar emperor who defeated Sina say that he is a very polite, lively, gentle man. He is trying to increase the territory of his country. He was proclaimed emperor in Beijing around 1643."
The fact that China was ruled by the Tartars is not only mentioned by Witsen and Marco Polo, there are also illustrations by Pieter Boldewijn included in the collection “Galerie Agréable du Monde” (Approved Gallery of the World), published by the Dutch publisher and bookseller Pieter van der Aa in 1729 and consisting of three thousand engravings.
Here are some illustrations from the second volume of this edition, called “China and Great Tartarie” (Tome second de Chine & Grande Tartarie, Pieter Boudewyn, 1729):
Eastern Tartars in their clothes and ammunition
Western Tartars
women's clothing oriental tartar
“Their iron helmets are similar to ours, but do not cover the face. Chest armor does not consist of one sheet, but of several parts connected with iron clips. All this produces strumming and noise when the Tartar cavalry moves.
But it is surprising that, despite the fact that they ride on horseback almost all the time and their entire fighting force consists of cavalry, their horses are not shod, and there is not even a person who knows how to do this.” (probably it’s much more difficult to shoe a horse than to forge armor and a sword? – my note)
“Their alphabet is completely different from that of the Sints; their letters, although different in appearance, still represent a sound, like ours, that is, a, b, c, although they say that they have 60 and more letters, not 24. This is because they name vowels together with consonants as individual letters of the alphabet: la, le, li, lo, lu; pa, pe, pi, po, pu.”
“Their dresses and caftans reach to their ankles. The sleeves are narrow, not wide, like those of the Sinets, and differ little from the kaftans of Poles or Hungarians. The sleeves end at the hands, in the shape of a horseshoe. They wear a belt with handkerchiefs hanging from both sides to wipe their hands and face. Another knife and two purses hang behind the belt: for tobacco and other small items. On the left side hangs a saber or ax from the belt, with the handle back, so that you can reach it with one hand.
They rarely wear shoes - boots without spurs, made of horsehide or silk fabric. Boots are usually beautiful and good quality. The soles are often three fingers thick. For riding they do not use stirrups, but only a bridle, lower and wider than ours. Otherwise, the eastern Tartars are similar in customs to the Tartars of Tartary Minor, but not as barbaric. They are sincerely supportive of strangers and despise the slavish modesty of the Sins.”
« In character, these Tartars are more similar to Europeans than to Sints. They do not crave to shed human blood for fun, but are impetuous and ardent if they encounter resistance to their passions and entertainment. They are kind-hearted towards those who do not resist them. However, they are bloodthirsty in battle, and then you cannot rely on their word.
They are more frank than the Sintsy, and are not so vindictive and distrustful. They have many good human traits; they do not deceive, they are very conscientious and conduct business honestly.»
“These Tartars do not keep as many wives as the Sins. The eunuchs do not guard the emperor’s wives as strictly as they were previously guarded in Sin, since the emperor despises eunuchs and does not want to see them around him. Women walk freely both on the city streets and in the steppe. They ride horses, are not afraid of battle, sometimes they fight alongside men - more and more boldly than they write about. The trial is conducted orally, little is written. They do not put the accused in shackles or chains, considering it a slow death. The criminal is immediately interrogated. If the crime is clear, the criminal is immediately punished, but if not, then he is released. They have a punishment of piercing both ears with the point of an arrow. If the crime deserves the death penalty, the perpetrator is beheaded without causing him any other suffering. The convict is stripped naked. Theft is sometimes also punishable by death. The Tartar judge hears the case without delay or fuss. If a judge takes a bribe to break the law and the matter is discovered, he is punished very severely. They love astronomy very much, but apart from this art they have little interest in science. Although they don't know music, they still love it. They have few laws, but legal proceedings are carried out well. There is something important and courageous in their speech.
Before the Tartars came to Sin, the Sin people almost did not know how to handle weapons. They grew their nails long. All fights were resolved by fist fights. But now they hang checkers on their sides even for eight-year-old children.
The Tartars are armed with spears and swords. The checkers are attached to the left, with the tip forward, and the handle back, towards the back. When fighting with a combat sword, they hold it with both hands. When shooting from a bow, they can shoot two or three arrows at the same time. Their bows are not large, but strong; The arrows are not all the same length.
They were not familiar with firearms before the Sina invasion. The horses with which they conquered Sina are well built, brave and fast. They are ridden in such a way that it seems that the riders were born on a horse. Many of them tie the bridle to the belt and control the horse using their legs.
Troops assemble under a banner, or standard. They are not accustomed to marching or walking on foot; they walk in crowds, not paying attention to order or alignment. The cavalry is ahead. They also attack in disorder, at the sound of trumpets. They don't have trumpeters and drummers, but the banner is carried in front. There is a feeling of deep reverence for him. It resembles a Catholic church banner. They follow him into battle, but they do not know retreat, they fight to the end. If a standard bearer falls, which happens often, since he is in the center of the battle, another one immediately picks up the standard, considering it a high honor. The cavalry begins an attack on the city, without first shelling with heavy weapons. They do all the shelling only after the first assault. They drag an assault ladder, made of notched wood, behind their horses. The standard bearer climbs up the wall screaming. They seem to live for the sake of war, loving battle, they prefer to live in camps rather than live in cities. They consider scars from wounds received in battle a great honor. At night the camp is very quiet, they rest in tents made of raw leather. They don't post guards; The sentinels silently walk around the camp.
These Tartars are well built: broad shoulders, strong; They are indiscriminate in their food, well dressed, always active and know their job. Some of them are darker than the Sins, and their beards are thicker. The hair is black, although there is also red hair. They are heavily built, their hands are calloused. In peacetime they are soft and polite, in war they are strict and stern. They don't know how to pretend. When greeting, they extend their right hand, lean forward a little and slowly bring their hand to their mouth. When they give thanks, they place their right hand on the saber and bow their heads. Sometimes they kiss the hands of others and hug with friends. It is not customary for them to bare their heads.
They eat and drink a lot. Lamb is their usual food, as is the meat of deer and wild pigs, as well as fish. Food is hardly fried or boiled. It doesn't matter whether the food is tasty or not. They also eat boiled rice, and in some places bread. They drink water cold, not hot, like the Sinets. They also drink to health and in memory of friends, as they do in Europe, but it is not customary for them to force this. They prepare and serve food in copper, tin and silver vessels, but rarely use porcelain dishes. They eat with spoons, not knowing how to use chopsticks and forks according to the Xin custom.”
« Tartars are generally more generous than Sints, which is why ordinary Sins usually love tartare. The Tartars from Niuhe, usually in the Liaotung region, introduced trade in various furs: sable, fox, marten, etc., as well as horsehair, which is used as decoration in Xing. This trade began after they, having first entered Sina, were again expelled from there.
Tartar women decorate their heads with peacock and other beautiful feathers, flowers, and make curls. Tartars, like Christians, eat already cut meat with knives, forks, and also with their hands, and the Sins eat with chopsticks.”
Illustrations from the already mentioned album:
Emperor Tartarus and pomp
Signatures that I could translate: 2 Western Tartars and Koreans, 3 bodyguards, 5 audience manager, 6 noble guards, 7 throne, 8 great royal tea party, 9 emperor
In this illustration it is perhaps difficult to see that there is some kind of huge bird or other animal with wings depicted above the emperor. This bird is also found in other illustrations. For example, you can clearly see it here:
La déesse Matzou ou Nioma (goddess Matzou or Nioma)
I did not find any explanation for this illustration, except that the goddess Matsoi or Nioma is depicted here (I could not find any mention of such a Chinese goddess in modern sources). It is unknown whether this depicts an existing building, with real people, or is it just a fantasy, an allegory? Because the goddess herself, and the people standing near her with fans, and the birds hanging from above, do not look like statues. But their size compared to the size of the people in the hall is enormous. It also appears that the platform on which the goddess stands is suspended in the air, suspended by a large spring coming from somewhere above. These birds themselves are very reminiscent of the animal depicted on the flag of Tartaria; in any case, the shape of the head and the tip of the tail are very similar:
Did such dragon birds exist, and were they used for flight? This illustration shows a man flying on a bird. But the bird here is much smaller in size and more like an ordinary bird, except perhaps very large:
Chinois faiseurs de vent, occuper a leur art diabolique (Chinese air masters who master the diabolical art)
China also had a similar flag, or was it a Tartar flag from the times when the Tartars ruled China? ( By the way, the current flag of China is also similar to the Soviet one).
Illustration from the album of the 18th century British artist William Alexander, “The Costume of China, or Picturesque Representations of The Dress and Manners of the Chinese”:
Archer Corps Officer
This illustration says “Military, clothing, customs of the Indians,” but Indians apparently mean all the peoples of that region:
La galerie agréable du monde, par Van der Aa, Pieter Boudewyn, Tome second de Chine & Grande Tartarie, 1729; Pl. 71. Cours, habillement, salutations, etc, des Indiens
Signatures on illustrations:
1. Army Beijing, capital Cities China, 2 Chinese, 3 Japanese, 4 Tartarian cavalrymen, 5 Chinese soldiers, 6 siammois, 7Makasá R (capital Indonesian provinces South Sulawesi), 8 Java, Malaysia, 9 Lammas Tonquinois (black llamas?), 10 tangerines (Chinese officials), 11 exchange greetings, 12 towers entertainment, 13 women's chambers
Interesting toppings on the entertainment towers. Such towers often appear in illustrations. Here is one of them in close-up:
Représentation de la Tour de porcelaine
It is written at the top: "Representation of a porcelain tower, China." Here the pommel is drawn a little differently. The antenna is very reminiscent of (mobile communications?), and the flagpoles near the pagoda are probably made of metal?
Intérieur d'une pagode, en Chine (Interior of a pagoda, China)
Here are many more pillars with different tops.
Une rue de Nankin – Teytong (Street Nanjing)
Continuing the unusualness, there is a picture showing destroyed rocks of unusual shape, resembling giant pillars.
Pl. 48. Montagne de Sang-Won-Hab - Montagne que les Tartares nomment les 5 têtes de cheval - Agréable montagne dans la contrée de Suytjeen - Autres montagne dans la contrée de Suytjeen;
1 Sang-Won-Hab Mountain, 2 mountains that the Tartars call 5 Horse Heads, 3 Pleasant Mountain in the Suytjeen region, 4 Other mountains in the Suytjeen region;
Rock sculpture in the town of Pekkinsa
Artificially made rock? Judging by the drawn figures of people, it is approximately 50 meters high. And there are several more of the same nearby. And the stairs leading up - for viewing the surrounding area?
Arc de Triomphe, which is located in Canton, a city in China
In honor of whose victory over whom, this is not said. And remembering triumphal arches, let's move to Paris. I accidentally came across this picture on the Internet, which says: “Wooden galleries (ancient Tartar camp), royal palace (1825)”
Wikipedia writes that when Joseph of Orleans received ownership of the royal palace, he had a large debt. And to get out of the difficult situation, he decided to build a network of shops, restaurants and establishments for gambling, for which he also rented a large plot of land adjacent to the palace and built it all there. Including wooden galleries, calling them for some reason “Wooden Camp Tartarus
In the process of “baptism” over 12 years of forced Christianization, with rare exceptions, almost the entire adult population of Kievan Rus and part of the population of Moscow Tartaria were destroyed. Because such a “teaching” could be imposed only on unreasonable children who, due to their youth, could not yet understand that such a religion turned them into slaves in both the physical and spiritual sense of the word.
Everyone who refused to accept the new “faith of Christianity” was killed. This is confirmed by the facts that have reached us. If before the “baptism” there were 300 cities and 12 million inhabitants on the territory of Kievan Rus of Moscow Tartaria, then after the “baptism” only 30 cities and 3 million people remained! 270 cities were destroyed! 9 million people were killed! (Diy Vladimir “Orthodox Rus' before the adoption of Christianity and after”).
Despite the fact that almost the entire adult population of Kievan Rus, as part of Great Tartary, was destroyed by the “holy” baptists of the Vatican in their good Crusade, the Vedic tradition did not disappear. On the lands of Kievan Rus, the so-called dual faith was established. Most of the population formally recognized the imposed religion of the slaves, and they themselves continued to live according to the Vedic tradition, although without flaunting it."
“But the Vedic Slavic-Aryan Empire (Great Tartary) could not calmly look at the machinations of its enemies, who destroyed three-quarters of the population of the Principality of Kiev. Only its response could not be instantaneous, due to the fact that the army of Great Tartary was busy with conflicts with China on its Far Eastern borders, so the conflicts in Asia were hidden between Great Tartary and the Vatican Crusaders, who went on crusades against Muslims for the Baptism of the people of the southern provinces of Tartary following the Baptism of Kievan Rus in 988 of the northern provinces of Great Tartary at its very heart, Asgard of Iria.
All these actions of the Vedic empire of the Vatican were carried out and entered modern history in a distorted form, under the name of the Mongol-Tatar invasion of the hordes of Batu Khan on Kievan Rus, where the army of Tartary returned to its capital - to Asgard of Iria on the Neva River.
Only by the summer of 1223 did the troops of the Vedic Tartar Empire appear on the Kalka River. And the united army of the Polovtsy and Russian princes of Christian Rus' was completely defeated (the crusaders of the Teutonic and Livonian Orders, who came to baptize Novgorod in 1240 - the Battle of the Neva and in 1242 - the Battle of the Ice), were completely defeated. This is what they taught us in history lessons, and no one could really explain why the Russian princes fought the “enemies” so sluggishly, and many of them even went over to the side of the “Mongols,” who were destined to be in 1930?
In fact, in 1223, Great Tartary fought not with Christian Russia - the Principality of Kiev, which had not yet recovered from its Baptism in 988, but with the Vatican Crusaders, who came to Baptize Novgorod, but these battles were pushed into the future, like the Battle of the Neva in 1240 (July 15, 1222) and the Battle of the Ice in 1242 (April 1223).
It was on these victories of Great Tartary that the final date of the founding of Christian Rus' was based - 1223, which is why there was such a spread from the First Epiphany in 988 to the Second in 1223 - IX-XIII centuries.
But this is not important, but the fact that due to the Baptism of Kiev and Novgorod, the Vatican was approaching Asgard of Iria, which stood in the north at Belovodye - at the edge of the lakes in the north, all the way to the Kola Peninsula, which is washed by the White Sea and the Arctic Ocean, and it can also be called white .
Currently, throughout Western Siberia, a huge number of silent monuments to the existence of Great Tartary have been preserved: old fortresses, ditches, protective walls and other structures. Almost all of them were completely destroyed - torn down, filled up, dismantled down to the last stone, because... all these buildings are evidence of the struggle of Great Tartary against the invaders. However, traces of their existence are clearly visible from the air. Also, some other identification marks in the form of information plates remind everyone of the once great history of these lands. All these buildings require enormous labor costs, which tells us that high level development and organization of Great Tartaria. A weak, small and unorganized state will not be able to cope with such construction projects, not to mention scattered nomadic tribes. Thus, the conclusion about the power of Great Tartaria suggests itself - it was the most powerful state on the planet at that moment in time.
Pokrovskaya fortress
History of Muscovy - a state from the Underworld
I understand that the topic is not simple, complex and I could be wrong, but...
After studying numerous sources of the history of Ukraine-Rus, I was finally convinced of the absence of any connection between Rus' and Muscovy, which became the ancestor of Russia.
But regarding Muscovy itself, its origin, there is only one version.
Muscovy was created, given birth, organized by the Horde, and the people who founded it can only be the Tatars, or as modern “historians” like to say, the Mongol-Tatars.
But while researching the question of who the Tatars are, I seemed a little stunned, Tatars, such an established, familiar name of the people turned out to be not their self-name, that is, not an autoethnonym.
Tatars, but in fact Tartars, is an exonym, that is, a name given to the people from the outside, by another culture.
We know a lot of such names, for example:
Residents of Germany call themselves “Deutsch”, which in Russian means “people”, this is an auto-ethnonym, although the most popular self-name in Germany is “Alemans”, we call them Germans - and this is an exonym.
Why is it important to understand that the Tatars, or specifically the Tartars, are an “exonym”?
To answer the questions:
* Can Muscovy claim to owe its origins to Rus'?
* Is there a titular nation in Muscovy?
* Why is Russia so disavowed of its Tartar past?
* Why was any mention of Tartaria completely erased from the history of Russia?
Russian science fiction writers and historical writers have been rewriting history for centuries, and deliberately distorted the meaning of not only history itself, but also distorted the meaning of many words, which, as it turned out, could shed light on the true origin.
This is part of the technology, its basis, so to speak.
The main goal that the fabulists pursued when they rewrote the history of many nations was one, to destroy the connection between Russia and Tartary and to create the impression of the antiquity of the “Russian” nation, the “Russian” people, for which purpose the Moscow-Russian history was based on its false history - Chingizids , and the history of Ukraine-Rus.
Now, in the era of fairly developed communications and unhindered access to almost any information, all this of course sounds funny and depressing, but 500 years ago, the most important proof of correctness, truth, truth was the antiquity of origin: clan, history, people...
That is why the fabulists worked day and night in the Moscow monasteries, composing more and more new truths about the antiquity of the “Russian” people, periodically burning true, original sources, just as they incidentally burned the library of Yaroslav the Wise, containing a huge number of literary works of different peoples. , and that, as they say, is what we know.
Who are the Moscow “Russians”?
« If you scratch a Russian well, you will find a Tatar »
These words, attributed both to Napoleon and even to Pushkin, belong to another author.
« After all, a little more than a hundred years ago they were real Tatars. And under the outer veneer of European elegance, most of these upstart civilizations retained the bearskin - they just put the fur on it inside. But just scratch them a little - and you will see how the wool comes out and bristles ».
He was not the only one who understood that there were no “Russians” in Muscovy, and never were, the titular nation was the Tatars, but here:
* Who are the Tatars?
*Where did they come from?
* How did the Tatars end up in Moscow?
Who are the Tatars?
If you look at old maps, look through old books, nowhere will you find the words: “Tatar”, “Tataria”, “Tatar”, everywhere there will only be: Tartary, Tartarus, Tartars, Great Tartary, Tartarars.
Where does this extra letter “R” come from? Who constantly, as luck would have it, takes it and inserts it into a painfully familiar word?
But it doesn’t come from anywhere!
She has always been there, is, will be and will remain there forever!
The Tatar people take their name from the ancient Greek word Tartarus “Τάρταρος”, which comes from ancient Greek mythology, and it means the deepest abyss located under the kingdom of Hades!
Tartarus is a place in the underworld - under Hell!
Do you think I'm joking?
The Byzantines gave many common nouns, because it was thanks to them that the names Slav and Slave became synonymous in the world!
It was they who made us happy with friendship with the Genghisids!
Thanks to them, we got Christianity.
A Little History
You probably just don’t understand the sense of humor of the rulers of Constantinople and the entire Byzantine Empire.
It was their perverted brain that came up with such a stunning name for the people called to bear the name of the Lord to barbaric, heretical Europe, mired in sin!
Thanks to them, Hell opened up and spewed out the army of the underworld into our world!
It was thanks to Byzantium that the Genghisids received an invitation to enter our world.
It was Byzantium that called on the Horde.
It was thanks to the wishes of Byzantium that the Genghisids wiped out Rus' from the face of the earth and moved to Europe, carrying the fire of Orthodoxy...
It is clear that the rulers of Constantinople did not understand what kind of Satan they had called into our world, but the events of 1204, when the Catholic Latins managed to capture Constantinople, left a deep wound in their hearts.
The rulers of Byzantium after the fall of Constantinople managed to escape and take refuge in Nicaea.
But the Byzantines were not going to admit defeat, and therefore, in order to restore their power on the throne of Constantinople, they decided to resort to a diabolical plan and turn for help to the underworld itself, to Tartarus, to a people who know neither mercy nor pity - to the Mongols !
By the way, Greek origin is also attributed to the word “Mongolia”, even Karamzin writes that this name comes from the Greek word “Megalion” - which in Russian means: Great, it is interesting that “Mogol” also means “Great” in Turkic, but not essence.
Hatred and the desire for revenge clouded the minds of the mad emperors; they may not have even dreamed of regaining the throne as much as they were burning with a thirst for revenge.
Having sent messengers to Tartarus, to the underworld, to Genghis Khan, representatives of Byzantium told him about the countless riches of the West.
Treasures that simply need to be taken away, about the peoples of the West who make excellent slaves, about huge cities that can be levied as tribute.
And the tender heart of the conqueror trembled, he agreed, agreeing with the Byzantines to divide the loot as follows: the Mongols undertook to return Constantinople to the Byzantines, and to donate the souls of the enslaved peoples, by converting them to Christianity, in payment, so to speak, for the tip; the Mongols kept the slaves for themselves and all what they like: gold, jewelry, etc....
Since the agreement suited everyone, the Mongols, without hesitation, invaded Rus'.
Invasion
On the border of Rus', the hellish army of the Mongols, led by Jebe and Subedei, met with the united Russian-Polotsk squad on the Kalka River in 1223, where the Russian army was completely defeated, and fled.
What’s interesting, pay attention to the composition of the Russian squads:
Alexander Glebovich - Prince Dubrovitsky
Andrei Ivanovich - Prince of Turov, son-in-law of the Kyiv prince
Vasily Mstislavich - Prince Kozelsky, son of the Chernigov prince
Izyaslav Vladimirovich - Prince of Putivl
Izyaslav Ingvarevich - Prince Dorogobuzhsky;
Mstislav Romanovich the Old - Prince of Kyiv
Mstislav Svyatoslavich - Prince of Chernigov
Svyatoslav Ingvarevich - Prince Shumsky
Svyatoslav Yaroslavich - Prince Kanevsky
Svyatoslav Yaroslavich - Prince Yanovitsky
Yuri Yaropolkovich - Prince of Nesvizh
Yaroslav Yurievich - Prince Negovorsky
Vladimir Rurikovich - Prince Ovruchsky
Vsevolod Mstislavich - son of the Kyiv prince;
Daniil Romanovich - Prince of Volyn
Mikhail Vsevolodovich - nephew of the Chernigov prince
Mstislav Mstislavich Udatny - Prince Galitsky
Mstislav Svyatoslavich - Prince Rylsky
Mstislav Yaroslavich Mute - Prince of Lutsk
Oleg Svyatoslavich - Prince of Kursk
Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich - Prince Trubchevsky
Where do you see the Moscow, Vladimir, Novgorod or Suzdal princes? There is none of them! And it couldn’t be!
Because they... had nothing to do with Kievan Rus!
The army, erupted from the depths of Tartarus, moved on, but having learned about the impending warm meeting near the city of Svyatopolch, it turned around and went to the Volga where they were defeated by the Volga Bulgarians.
I can't help but note:
An interesting tautology emerges from the “lost in translation” series: you know that the two brothers Cyril and Methodius, to put it mildly, slightly blunted and reassigned the letter “B” in their alphabet instead of the generally accepted pronunciation “be” - the sound “ve”, thanks to which only “Russians” “Now they say: Babylon, although the city is called Babylon all over the world!
The same thing happened with Byzantium, and with Vasily and with the Volga!
It is necessary to pronounce Byzantia, Basilius, and Bolga correctly!
Hence the Bolzhskie Bulgarians - what do you think?
But let's return to our tartars:
The first invasion, in fact, was only reconnaissance, and the Mongols, having sorted out their mistakes, launched a second invasion, which was much more effective, let’s say: simply no one could stop them!
The Mongols passed through Rus' like a knife through butter, and entered Europe with two armies, while the main blow was through Hungary, to Constantinople, and the second blow, through Poland, was supposed to pierce the heart of the Holy Roman Empire.
As the historian of that time, Ivo of Narbonne, writes:
« They imagine that they are leaving their homeland in order to bring to themselves the king-magi, whose relics Cologne is famous for; then to put a limit to the greed and pride of the Romans, who oppressed them in ancient times; then, to conquer only the barbarian and Hyperborean peoples; sometimes out of fear of the Teutons, in order to humble them; then to learn military science from the Gauls; then to seize fertile lands that can feed their multitudes; then because of the pilgrimage to St. James, the final destination of which is Galicia».
A completely sober statement, the army of Tartarus was preparing to turn off the lights of all of Europe, donating its souls to Constantinople, and leaving for itself the simple belongings looted during the campaign.
But bad luck, the campaign was unexpectedly interrupted for everyone.
The true reasons why Batu did not reach Constantinople and curtailed his military campaign, retreating from Europe, are still unknown.
It is quite possible that the reason was the death of Ogedei, the king of the entire Horde, perhaps representatives of the Holy Roman Empire simply paid off the Horde, maybe there were other reasons, but that’s not the point.
The Europeans did not stop the Mongols; the Mongols won all the battles, and only a happy accident saved Europe from their yoke.
Nevertheless, the Mongols managed to keep Rus' for themselves, and you know thanks to whom?
Orthodoxy did not allow enslaved Rus' to escape from the tenacious clutches of the Golden Horde.
Consequences of the Western Campaign of Tartarus
Despite the fact that the Byzantines failed to recapture Constantinople directly with the hands of the Mongols, already in 1261 they did it themselves.
Emperor Michael VIII after restoration in 1261 Byzantine Empire He tried in every possible way to thank the soldiers he called from Tartarus, and even opened an Orthodox cathedra in Sarai-Batu, the capital of the Golden Horde.
He could not afford to quarrel with the Mongols, and in order to completely become related to them, he launched a whole series of dynastic marriages.
Having concluded an agreement with the Golden Horde in 1263, two years later he married his illegitimate daughter Maria Palaeologus to the ruler of the Hulaguid state, Ilkhan Abaq.
This did not greatly affect relations with the Horde, which by that time had largely converted to Islam, and actually escaped from the tenacious hands of the Palaiologos. Until the end, only Orthodox Tartar Moscow remained faithful to Byzantium.
However, Michael VIII understood that dynastic marriages would do their job and in 1273 he gave his daughter Euphrosyne Paleologus as a wife to the Golden Horde beklyarbek Nogai, for which he received support from the Mongols and was able to repel two Bulgarian campaigns against Byzantium in 1273 and 1279.
Moreover, starting from 1282, a Mongol detachment of 4,000 soldiers was constantly in Constantinople, so to speak - the emperor’s guard!
After ascending the throne in 1282, Emperor Andronikos II continued the policy of friendship with the Tartars, as did the king of the Horde, Oljeitu, who concluded a deal with Byzantium in 1305 alliance treaty, sent a Mongol army of 30,000 soldiers to Asia Minor, and returned Bithynia, previously captured by the Turks, to Byzantium.
In total, Andronik II, for the sake of peace with the Golden Horde, married his two daughters to the khans Tokhta and Uzbek.
Gifted by the Byzantines to the Mongols Greek name took root and, as European cartography shows, right up to Peter the Great, and even after him, the territory occupied today by Russia was called Tartary.
As maps of the Middle Ages show, Tartaria or the Great Horde occupied lands stretching from the Urals to the Pacific Ocean and from the Icy Ocean to Central India.
At the same time, it is surprising how accurately the mysterious Tartaria follows the contours of the Russian Empire, and then the Soviet Union.
On various European maps, Tartary is depicted as a country - with borders and cities, but there is not a single mention of it, neither in Russian nor in Soviet textbooks.
Maybe Russian historiographers forgot about it, or didn’t notice?
So why is Tartary as a state not mentioned in Russian history textbooks?
There is no mention of the Tatar Empire, or the Great Tatary, so to speak: “without an extra R,” not a word anywhere!
Maybe there was no Tartary - a country that was known throughout Europe?
Maybe the whole world is wrong, and only Russia knows the truth about Tartary?
How to determine whether Tartary was a state?
Did it exist at all - or was it a joke by European cartographers?
But no, Tartary was mentioned in their works by many European artists: writers and composers.
Here's a short list with some of those mentions:
* Giacomo Puccini (1858-1924), Italian opera composer - in the opera “Princess Turandot”. The father of the main character, Calaf, is Timur, the deposed King of Tartars.
* William Shakespeare (1564-1616), play "Macbeth". Witches add Tartarine's lips to their potion.
* Mary Shelley, Frankenstein. Doctor Frankenstein pursues the monster “among the wild expanses of Tartary and Russia...”
* Charles Dickens "Great Expectations." Estella Havisham is compared to Tartarus because she is “firm and haughty and capricious to the last degree...”
* Robert Browning “The Pied Piper of Hamelin”. The piper mentions Tartary as a place where work was successfully completed: “Last June in Tartary, I saved Khan from a swarm of mosquitoes.”
* Geoffrey Chaucer (1343-1400) “The Canterbury Tales.” "The Esquire's History" tells about the royal court of Tartary.
Maps of Tartary
Tartaria was on maps until the mid-18th century.
If you look at the maps of 1754 " L-e Carte de l'Asie"or another map from 1670, then they clearly show that there is no Russian Empire, and its entire territory, right up to the Pacific Ocean, including Mongolia and the Far East, is occupied by " Grande Tartaria", that is "".
For obvious reasons, Russia is not on the maps, but its ancestor is Muscovy.
Look, west of the Volga we see " European Muscovy» - « Moscow European».
But the rest of the Empire east of the Volga is designated as: “ Grande Tartaria", or Great, " Mongolian
Separately, note that inside “ Grande Tartarie"The vast area is indicated - " Tartarie Moscovite».
In addition to Moscow Tartary, we see: Independent Tartary - “ Tartarie Independent", Chinese Tartaria - " Tartarie Chinoise", Tartaria near Tibet, Little Tartary - occupying the Crimea and south-eastern Ukraine.
What’s interesting: Little Tartary is located on the territory that the Muscovites themselves then renamed Little Russia - a coincidence?
On the German map of Russia and Great Tartary, the French inscription at the top of the map reads:
Could it be that there is a country on maps, but not in reality?
Unlikely.
But if the state existed, then it should have symbols and attributes, but did Tartary have them?
Symbols of Tartary
The Romans gave us a huge number of rules, codes, definitions and laws, they also gave us the definition of the state, its distinctive features.
So, according to the criteria accepted today throughout the world, a state must have its own language, coat of arms, flag and anthem.
Well, if there are no problems with the Turkic language of Tartaria, it is practically the same for the entire family of Turkic peoples, but the language is not the most important feature, and although it may be an important element, it is not decisive.
As for the anthem, it simply does not exist, or it is not possible to find information about its existence.
But there is the Russian anthem, which is completely copied from the British anthem.
Russia didn't bother with inventing the bicycle and simply adopted the British anthem in 1816. It was from this moment that it began to be considered the official anthem of Russia, existing as such until the coup of 1917.
It turns out that neither Tartary nor Russia, which absorbed it, had its own anthem, let’s move on.
With the coat of arms of Tartaria, everything is simpler; in the book “World Geography”, published in Paris in 1676, before the article about Tartary there is an image of an Owl on a shield, which is known to many, and which is positioned precisely as the coat of arms of Tartaria.
We find confirmation of this statement in the often cited illustration to the book of Marco Polo, who described his journey through Asia, and his stay with the “Mongol” king Kublai in particular.
Marco Polo found the Empire of Tartarus well organized and hospitable.
The second coat of arms of Tartaria - or more precisely, the Imperial coat of arms of Tartaria was the image of the Griffin, although many call it the Dragon, but this is not true, the coat of arms of the Empire of Tartarus is precisely the Griffin.
Flag of Tartary
If we look into the collection of maritime flags of the world, drawn at the beginning of the 18th century, apparently in France, we will see not one flag of Tartary, but two.
But what’s interesting is that, along with the Tartar flags, there are flags of both Russia and the Mughals.
Despite the fact that the images of the Tartar flags have practically been erased, it can be discerned that the first Tartar flag - the imperial flag of Tartary - depicts a Griffin, and the second flag - the flag of simply Tartary - is again decorated with an Owl.
The same data is confirmed by another, this time a Dutch table from the early 18th century, which contains maritime flags of the world.
It also displays two flags of Tartary, and here also on the imperial flag, which appears here as the flag of the Kaiser of Tartary, a Griffin is depicted, and on the other flag there is an Owl again!
The same Owl that is in “World Geography” and in the illustration for the book by Marco Polo.
There are also “Russian” flags in this table.
It is important that based on the data in the table, it turns out that parallel to the Empire of the Great Mongols, Muscovy-Russia, there was also the state of Tartaria, with a coat of arms, a flag, and a clearly delineated territory on the map!
Moreover, the state was also called the Empire, as evidenced by a separate imperial standard.
From the “Exhibition of the maritime flags of all states of the universe,” published in Kyiv in 1709 with the personal participation of Peter I, we find that the colors used on the flags of Tartary were black and yellow colors flag of Byzantium.
We find confirmation of this fact in the “Book of Flags” by the Dutch cartographer Karl Allard, published in Amsterdam in 1705 and republished in Moscow in 1709:
« The flag of the king of Tartary is yellow, with a black dragon lying and looking outward with a basilisk tail. Another Tartar flag, yellow with a black owl, whose feathers are yellowish ».
Could Allard have come up with a flag for the fictional Tartaria?
Probably could. But what about Peter? Why didn't he dispute the existence of a fictional country? On the contrary, it confirmed it!
And not only that, pay attention to an interesting feature: the collection of flags also includes the standard of Russia, which depicts a Byzantine black double-headed eagle on a yellow background, oh well, the eagle is just a copy of the Byzantine flag!
At the bottom of the picture you will also find flags of Tartary.
There are several more tables with Tartar flags: an English one from 1783 and a couple more from the same 18th century.
There is also a table with the imperial flag of Tartary, published in 1865 in the USA!
Note that in the English table of 1783, the first three flags are indicated as the flags of the Tsar of Muscovy, and then comes the imperial flag of Russia “Russia Imperial”, then the merchant tricolor, followed by the admiral and other naval flags of Russia - Moscow separately, Russia separately!
But for some reason, in front of the flags of the Tsar of Muscovy in this table is the flag of the Viceroy of Muscovy, only the colors on it surprisingly resemble the colors of the flag of Armenia.
The exact same flag is present in the same book by K. Allard, but for some reason it is not identified and is considered an error.
There are similar incidents in vexillology, and they can be explained.
The appearance of the colors of the Armenian flag on the standard of the Vice King of Muscovy A.A. Usachev explains that one of Peter I’s agents in Europe, the Armenian Israel Ory, recruited officers, soldiers and craftsmen in Holland on behalf of Peter, and in order to confirm Ory’s powers, Peter gave him the title of “Vice-King of Muscovy.”
It’s interesting that the flag of the Viceroy of Muscovy is located in front of the Tsar’s flag, and it seems to be that it is more important.
The situation is similar with the flags of Russia, which follow the flags of the Tsar of Muscovy.
In any case, this order of the flags remains a mystery, since we do not know for certain why the Viceroy of Muscovy is more important than the Tsar?
But, as they say, the history of Russia does not interest us today, let’s return to Tartary.
Where did Tartary go?
The coat of arms of Tartary is definitely the Owl, the Imperial coat of arms is the Griffin.
The colors of the flag of Tartaria coincide with the colors of the flag of Constantinople, the Second Roman Empire.
The pictures with the list of flags show the naval flags of the powers, which gives the right to claim that Tartaria had a fleet!
It is interesting that on the table of 1865 the flag of Tartaria is no longer called imperial, and there is no other flag with an owl next to it.
Has the Empire fallen?
Or maybe she migrated?
It is also interesting that the Tartar Griffin is not similar to the Chinese dragon, and the Zilanthu Snake on the coat of arms of Tartar Kazan, conquered in the mid-16th century by Ivan the Terrible.
The Griffin from the flag of Tartaria is very similar to the Griffin depicted on the flag of Wales, although the colors of the flag are clearly not the same.
Could Muscovy conquer Tartary and leave a mark on the coat of arms of Moscow?
Why not?
The Byzantine Saint George, borrowed by Basil III, defeats the Dragon, which may well be the Griffin.
Note that it was after the capture of Kazan that Ivan the Terrible, who used the Unicorn on his coat of arms, which was accordingly displayed on the chest of a double-headed eagle - the coat of arms of Muscovy, replaced it with a horseman with a spear, slaying a dragon!
In search of Tartary
How old was Tartary?
We know that on maps and in books of those distant times there were mentions of:
- Moscow Tartaria with its capital in Tobolsk
- Free or Independent Tartary with its capital in Samarkand
- Chinese Tartary, namely Chinese Tartary, and not China
- Great Empire of Tartary
True, here’s an incident: Peter I, who personally edited the Statement in 1709, confirms the fact of the existence of Tartary, recognizes the existence of Tartary led by the Caesar.
In the Russian-language version of the “Book of Flags” of the same 1709 it is written that there are only three “types” of Caesars:
- Old Roman Caesars
- Caesars of the Holy Roman Empire
- Tartar Caesar!
The Statement also describes the flags:
Imperial Russian flag - yellow with black double-headed eagle
Imperial Flag of the Holy Roman Empire - yellow with black double-headed eagle
The imperial flag of the Tartar Caesar is yellow with a black griffin!
Pay attention also to the coats of arms:
- Coat of arms of Byzantium - Double-headed Eagle
- Coat of arms of the Holy Roman Empire - Double-Headed Eagle
- The coat of arms of the Horde is the Double-headed Eagle (it can be seen on the coins of the Golden Horde during the reign of the khans of Uzbek, Janibek and Aziz-Sheikh)
- Coat of arms of Muscovy - Double-headed Eagle
- Coat of arms of Tartaria - Owl
It seems that only double-headed eagles rule both Europe and Asia, and the Tartar Owl has surprisingly found its way among them.
What Peter himself emphasizes - pointing to three types of emperors!
Since under the flags there is a signature that this is the flag of the Emperor, Tsar, Kaiser or Caesar of Tartary, it turns out that it was.
But we still don’t know a single name of the Emperor of Tartary!
There is not a single titular collection of the crowns of Tartary.
In the Russian version of the book “Books about Flags” by Alard, published in the same year as the Declaration, you can read that AUTOCRAT Tartaria is called Caesar - simply put, the Tsar.
Autocrat and Tsar are a direct indication of the connection with Constantinople, since these titles were bestowed on the Mongols by the Byzantine emperors.
The autocrat is God's chosen ruler, the king of kings, the scourge of God, the punishment of the Lord.
Only the Emperors of Byzantium bore the title of Autocrat. Only the Moscow Tsars gave themselves the title of Autocrat.
Moreover, the Muscovites became kings only after Ivan the Terrible, the same one who conquered Kazan, was crowned on the throne, and he was married just after the conquest of Kazan!
Tsar, Caesar or Caesar, in principle, it does not matter.
It is important that none of the Muscovites could be called kings before the conquest of Kazan!
Just as he could not, with all his desire, use the Double-Headed Eagle, since there was no basis.
Maybe it is the conquest of Tartaria by Moscow that explains its mysterious disappearance?
But where did the other Tartarians go then?
I don’t think it’s worth explaining that they were also absorbed, not all at once - but they were absorbed.
conclusions
Orthodox Tartary - Moscow, absorbed all the peoples that were part of the Golden Horde, and after rebranding, first into the Russian Empire, and then into the USSR, and again into Russia and to this day rules over the captured territories.
Notice how carefully Russia treats the territorial borders of Tartaria, how it protects them, not allowing them to narrow, and even rather does everything to conquer even more territories, enslave even more peoples, as the great grandfather bequeathed... Genghis Khan.
Also, according to the above material, it is clear that the words “Tataria” and “Tatar” never had anything to do with modern Tatars, and were introduced to hide another historical forgery, the theft of the entire Empire - Tartaria.
Who needed it?
Why hide the truth?
Guess for yourself...
But today it is clearly clear that those who built the Third Rome, those who organized the coup of 1917, and apparently those who rule today’s Russia are interested in you and I reading fairy tales about the Mongol-Tatar yoke, believing in the existence of a connection between Moscow and Kievan Rus, denied the Tartar origin of Moscow.
They believed and forgot: who called the Mongols to Rus' and why, who destroyed the Tartar Empire by absorbing it, they thought about the “Russian world” and about the “thousand-year” Russian Empire.
This is the story about how the Tartars called an invincible army called from Tartarus, from Hell, from the underworld, an army of darkness, an army that conquered Eastern Europe, an army that made Asia out of Eastern Europe.
An army from Hell, called for “righteous” retribution.
But judge for yourself what this retribution resulted in...
P.S. Somehow the phrases are now read with irony: “Russia is approaching the bottom,” “Russia has reached the bottom,” “Russia is at the bottom.”
How can she reach the bottom if Russia is Tartarus - an Abyss, WITHOUT A BOTTOM?
8. Everything from the beginning...
6 (70). The Gods of the Race will save the righteous people
and the Power of Heaven will carry them to the east,
to the lands of people with skin the color of Darkness...
So, in a relatively short period of time (during the lifetime of only a few generations), our enemies managed to almost completely remove from everyday life all information about our truly Great Motherland, about our truly heroic ancestors who fought against Evil for many hundreds of thousands of years. And instead, the Zionist gang taught many of us that the Russians were wild people, and only the civilization of the West helped them get out of the trees in which they supposedly lived and joyfully follow the enlightened world into a bright future.
In fact, everything is exactly the opposite! Our entire site is dedicated to debunking this big lie about Rus' and the Russians. And some fun facts about the “enlightened” and “civilized” West can be read in the article "Medieval Europe. Touches to the portrait"(part 1 and part 2). When enemies began to bite off small pieces from the western part of Great Tartaria and create separate states from them in Europe, everything there quickly began to decline. The Christian religion, which ousted the Vedic worldview from the conquered peoples with fire and sword, quickly turned people into stupid, wordless slaves. This process and its phenomenal results are very well described in the article “Christianity as a Weapon of Mass Destruction”. So, it is simply unlawful to talk about any enlightened and civilized West. There was no such thing! At first there was no “West” itself in our today’s understanding of this term, and when it appeared, it could not be, and was not, enlightened and civilized due to completely objective reasons!
* * *However, let's return to Tartaria. The fact that Europeans were very well aware of the existence of various Tartaries is also evidenced by numerous medieval geographical maps. One of the first such maps is the map of Russia, Muscovy and Tartaria, compiled by the English diplomat Anthony Jenkinson (Anthony Jenkinson), who was the first plenipotentiary ambassador of England to Muscovy from 1557 to 1571, and also a representative of the Moscow company (Muscovy Company)- an English trading company founded by London merchants in 1555. Jenkinson was the first Western European traveler to describe the coast of the Caspian Sea and Central Asia during his expedition to Bukhara in 1558-1560. The result of these observations was not only official reports, but also the most detailed map at that time of areas that were practically inaccessible to Europeans until that time.
Tartary is also in the solid world Mercator-Hondius Atlas of the early 17th century. Jodocus Hondius (Jodocus Hondius, 1563-1612)- a Flemish engraver, cartographer and publisher of atlases and maps in 1604 bought printed forms of Mercator’s world atlas, added about forty of his own maps to the atlas and published an expanded edition in 1606 under the authorship of Mercator, and listed himself as the publisher.
Abraham Ortelius (Abraham Ortelius, 1527-1598)- Flemish cartographer, compiled the world's first geographical atlas, consisting of 53 large format maps with detailed explanatory geographical texts, which was printed in Antwerp on May 20, 1570. The atlas was named Theatrum Orbis Terrarum(lat. Spectacle of the globe) and reflected the state of geographical knowledge at that point in time.
Tartary appears on both the Dutch map of Asia of 1595 and on the 1626 map of John Speed (John Speed, 1552-1629) English historian and cartographer who published the world's first British cartographic atlas of the world, "Review of the World's Most Famous Places" (A Prospect of the Most Famous Parts of the World). Please note that on many maps the Chinese wall is clearly visible, and China itself is located behind it, and before it was the territory of Chinese Tartaria (Chinese Tartary).
Let's look at a few more foreign cards. Dutch map of Great Tartary, Great Mogul Empire, Japan and China (Magnae Tartariae, Magni Mogolis Imperii, Iaponiae et Chinae, Nova Descriptio (Amsterdam, 1680)) Frederica de Vita (Frederik de Wit), Dutch map by Pieter Schenk (Pieter Schenk).
French map of Asia 1692 and map of Asia and Scythia (Scythia et Tartaria Asiatica) 1697.
Map of Tartary by Guillaume de Lisle (1688-1768), French astronomer and cartographer, member of the Paris Academy of Sciences (1702). He also published a world atlas (1700-1714). In 1725-47 he worked in Russia, was an academician and the first director of the academic astronomical observatory, and from 1747 - a foreign honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.
We have presented only a few of the many maps that clearly indicate the existence of a country whose name cannot be found in any modern textbook on the history of our country. How impossible it is to find any information about the people who inhabited it. Oh ta R Tarakhs, who are now called Tatars by all and sundry and are classified as Mongoloids. In this regard, it is very interesting to look at the images of these “Tatars”. We will have to turn again to European sources. The famous book is very indicative in this case "The Travels of Marco Polo"- that’s what they called her in England. In France it was called "The Book of the Great Khan", in other countries “The Book about the Diversity of the World” or simply “The Book”. The Italian merchant and traveler himself entitled his manuscript “Description of the World.” Written in Old French rather than Latin, it became popular throughout Europe.
In it, Marco Polo (1254-1324) describes in detail the history of his travels across Asia and his 17-year stay at the court of the “Mongol” Khan Kublai Khan. Leaving aside the question of the reliability of this book, we will direct our attention to the fact how Europeans portrayed the “Mongols” in the Middle Ages.
As we see, there is nothing Mongolian in the appearance of the “Mongolian” Great Khan Kublai Khan. On the contrary, he and his entourage look quite Russian, one might even say European.
Oddly enough, the tradition of depicting the Mongols and Tatars in such a strange European form has continued to be preserved. And in the XVII, and in the XVIII, and in 19th centuries Europeans stubbornly continued to portray the “Tatars” from Tartary with all the signs of the people of the White Race. Look, for example, at how the French cartographer and engineer Male depicted the “Tatars” and “Mongols” (Allain Manesson Mallet)(1630-1706), whose drawings were printed in Frankfurt in 1719. Or an engraving from 1700 depicting a Tartar princess and a Tartar prince.
From the first edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica it follows that at the end of the 18th century there were several countries on our planet that had the word Tartary. In Europe, numerous engravings of the 16th-18th and even the beginning of the 19th centuries have been preserved, depicting citizens of this country - Tartars. It is noteworthy that medieval European travelers called Tartars the peoples who lived on a vast territory that occupied most of the continent of Eurasia. With surprise we see images of oriental tartars, Chinese tartars, Tibetan tartars, Nogai tartars, Kazan tartars, small tartars, Chuvash tartars, Kalmyk tartars, Cherkasy tartars, tartars of Tomsk, Kuznetsk, Achinsk, etc.
Above are engravings from books Thomas Jeffrey (Thomas Jefferys) “Catalogue of national costumes of different peoples, ancient and modern”, London, 1757-1772. in 4 volumes (A Collection of the Dresses of Different Nations, Antient and Modern) and Jesuit travel collections Antoine Francois Prevost (Antoine-Francois Prevost d'Exiles 1697-1763) entitled "Histoire Generale Des Voyages", published in 1760.
Let's look at a few more engravings depicting the various Tartars who lived in the territory Great Tartaria from a book by a German, professor of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences Johan Gottlieb Georgi (Johann Gottlieb Georgi 1729-1802) "Russia, or a complete historical account of all the peoples living in this Empire" (Russia or a compleat historical account of all the nations which compose that Empire) London, 1780. It contains sketches of the national costumes of Tartar women from Tomsk, Kuznetsk and Achinsk.
“The reason for the appearance of so many Tartarians is the spin-off from the Slavic-Aryan Empire (Great Tartary) outlying provinces, as a consequence of the weakening of the Empire as a result of the invasion of the Dzungar hordes, which captured and completely destroyed the capital of this Empire - Asgard-Irian in 7038 AD or 1530 AD.”
Tartary in Dubville's "World Geography"
Recently we came across another encyclopedia that talks about our Motherland, Great Tartary - the largest country in the world. This time the encyclopedia turned out to be French, edited, as we would say today, by the royal geographer Duval Dubville (DuVal d'Abbwille). Its name is long and sounds like this: “World Geography containing descriptions, maps and coats of arms of the main countries of the world” (La Geographie Universelle contenant Les Descriptions, les Сartes, et le Blason des principaux Pais du Monde). Published in Paris in 1676, 312 pages with maps. In what follows we will simply call it "World Geography".
Below we present to you a description of the article about Tartary from “World Geography” in the form in which it is given in the Puzzles library, from where we copied it:
“This ancient book is the first volume of a geographical atlas with accompanying articles describing contemporary states around the world. The second volume was the geography of Europe. But this volume has apparently sunk into history. The book is made in a pocket format measuring 8x12 cm and about 3 cm thick. The cover is made of papier-mâché, covered with thin leather with gold embossing of a floral pattern along the spine and ends of the cover. The book contains 312 numbered, bound pages of text, 7 unnumbered bound title pages, 50 pasted unfolded sheets of maps, one pasted sheet - a list of maps, among which, by the way, European countries are also listed. On the first spread of the book there is a bookplate containing the coat of arms and the inscriptions: "ExBibliotheca" And "Marchionatus: Pinczoviensis". The dating of the book is written in Arabic numerals 1676 and Roman “M.D C.LXXVI”.
"World Geography" is a unique historical document in the field of cartography and is of great importance for all countries of the world in the field of history, geography, linguistics, and chronology. It is noteworthy that in this geography, of all countries (excluding European ones), only two are called empires. This Empire of Tartaria (Empire de Tartarie) on the territory of modern Siberia, and Mughal Empire (Empire Du Mogol) on the territory of modern India. In Europe, one empire is indicated - Turkish (Empire des Turcs). But, if in modern history You can easily find information about the Great Mogul Empire, but Tartary, as an empire, is not mentioned in textbooks on either world or domestic history, or in materials on the history of Siberia. 7 countries have coats of arms, including Empire of Tartaria. Interesting combinations of geographical names that have survived to this day and have sunk into time. For example, on the map of Tartaria, it borders in the south with CHINE(modern China), and nearby on the territory of Tartary, behind the Great Wall of China, there is an area named CATHAI , a little higher is the lake Lak Kithay and locality Kithaisko. The first volume includes the contents of the second volume - the geography of Europe, which, in particular, indicates Muscovy (Mofcovie) as an independent state.
This book is also of interest to historical linguists. It is written in Old French, but, for example, the use of the letters V and U, which are often substituted for each other in geographical names, has not yet been established. For example, titles AVSTRALE And AUSTRALES on one insert sheet between 10-11 s. And the letter “s” in many places is replaced by the letter “f”, which, by the way, was the main reason for the difficulty of translating the text by specialists who do not know about such a replacement. For example, the name of Asia in some places was written as Afia. Or the word desert desert written as defert. The letter "B" from the Slavic alphabet is clearly corrected to "B" from the Latin, for example, on the map of Zimbabwe. And so on".
Below is the semantic translation of the article "Tartaria" from Dubville's "World Geography" (pp. 237-243). The translation from Middle French was made by Elena Lyubimova especially for “The Cave”.
We have placed this material here not because it contains some unique information. Not at all. It's just placed here as one more thing. irrefutable evidence that Great Tartary - the Motherland of the Rus - existed in reality. You also need to keep in mind that this encyclopedia was published in the 17th century, when the distortion of world history by the enemies of Humanity was almost universally completed. Therefore, one should not be surprised at some inconsistencies in it, such as the fact that “the Chinese wall was built by the Chinese.” The Chinese are not able to build such a wall today, and even more so then...
Tartary
Occupies the most extensive territory in the north of the continent. In the east it extends to the country Yesso(1), the area of which is equal to the area of Europe, since in length it occupies more than half of the northern hemisphere, and in width it is much larger than East Asia. The name itself Tartary, which replaced Scythia, comes from the Tatar River, which the Chinese call Tata because they do not use the letter R.
The Tartars are the best archers in the world, but are barbarically cruel. They fight often and almost always defeat those they attack, leaving the latter confused. The Tartars were forced to surrender: Cyrus, when he crossed the Araks; Darius Hystaspes, when he went to war against the Scythians of Europe; Alexander the Great when he crossed the Oxus (Oxus)[modern Amu Darya. – E.L.]. And in our times, the Great Kingdom of China could not escape their domination. Cavalry is the main striking force of their numerous armies, contrary to what is practiced in Europe. She is the one who attacks first. The most peaceful of them live in felt tents and keep livestock, doing nothing else.
At all times their country has been the source of many conquerors and founders of colonies in many countries: and even the great wall which the Chinese have built against them is not able to stop them. They are ruled by princes they call hanami. They are divided into several Hordes - these are something like our districts, camps, tribes or clan councils, but this is what little we know about them like what their common name is Tartars. The object of their great worship is owl, after Genghis, one of their sovereigns, was saved with the help of this bird. They don't want anyone to know where they are buried, so each of them chooses a tree and someone who will hang them on it after their death.
They are mainly idolaters, but also among them big number Mohammedan; we learned that those who conquered China almost do not profess any special religion, although they adhere to several moral virtues. As a rule, Asian Tartaria is usually divided into five large parts: Desert Tartaria (Tartaree Desert), Çağatay (Giagathi), Turkestan (Turquestan), Northern Tartaria (Tartarie Septentrionale) And Kim Tartaria (Tartare du Kim).
Desert Tartary has this name because most of its land is left uncultivated. She recognizes for the most part the Grand Duke of Moscow, who receives beautiful and rich furs from there, and subjugated many people there, because this is a country of shepherds, not soldiers. Its cities of Kazan and Astrakhan are located on the Volga, which flows into the Caspian Sea with 70 mouths, in contrast to the Ob, which flows in the same country, and which flows into the Ocean with only six. Astrakhan conducts an extensive trade in salt, which the residents extract from the mountain. Kalmyks are idolaters and are similar to the ancient Scythians due to raids, cruelty and other traits.
Chagatai peoples (Giagathai) And Mavaralnahi (Mawaralnahr) have their own khans. Samarkand is the city in which the great Tamerlane established a famous university. They also have a trading city called Bokor (Bockor), which is considered the birthplace of the famous Avicenna, philosopher and physician, and Orkan (Orchange) almost on the Caspian Sea. Alexandria of Sogd became famous because of the death there of the famous philosopher Callisthenes. (Callisthene).
Mughal tribe (de Mogol) known from the origin of their prince of the same name, who rules over the greater part of India. The inhabitants there hunt wild horses with falcons; in several parts they are so disposed and so inclined towards music that we have observed their little ones singing instead of playing. Those of the Chagatais and Uzbeks (d"Yousbeg) who are not called Tartars are Mohammedans.
Turkestan is the country from which the Turks came. Tibet supplies musk, cinnamon and coral, which act as money for local residents.
Kim(n) Tartaria is one of the names used to call Katay (Cathai), which is the largest state of Tartaria, for it is heavily populated, full of rich and beautiful cities. Its capital is called Flounder (Сambalu)(2) or more often Manchu (Muoncheu): some authors talked about wonderful cities, the most famous of which are called Hangzhou (Quinzai), Xantum (?), Suntien (?) And Beijing (Pequim): They report on other things that are in the Royal Palace - twenty-four columns of pure gold and another - the largest of the same metal with a pine cone, made of cut precious stones, with which you can buy four large cities. We took a trip to Katay (Cathai) different roads, in the hope of finding there gold, musk, rhubarb (3), and other rich goods: some went by land, others by the northern sea, and some again ascended the Ganges (4).
The Tartars of this country entered China in our time, and the king Niuche(5), which is called Xunchi, is the one who conquered him at the age of twelve, following the good and faithful advice of his two uncles. Fortunately, the young conqueror was distinguished by great moderation and treated the newly conquered peoples with all the gentleness that one can imagine.
Old or true Tataria, which the Arabs called by different names, is located in the north and is little known. They say that Shalmaneser (Salmanasar), the king of Assyria, brought tribes from the Holy Land, which are Hordes, which to this day have retained their names and customs: both him and the imams known in ancient times, and the name of one of the largest mountains in the world.
Translator's Notes
1.
The country of Esso was designated differently on French medieval maps: Terre de Jesso or Je Co. or Yesso or Terre de la Compagnie. This name was also associated with different places - sometimes with about. Hokkaido, which was depicted as part of the mainland, but mainly called the western part of North America. (See 1691 map by French cartographer Nicholas Sanson (Nicolas Sanson) 1600-1667).
2. During the Mongol Yuan Dynasty, founded by Kublai Khan, the city of Beijing was called Khanbalyk(Khan-Balyk, Kambaluk, Kabalut), which means “Great residence of the Khan”, it can be found in the notes of Marco Polo in writing Cambuluc.
3. Rhubarb – medicinal plant, widespread in Siberia. In the Middle Ages it was an export item and constituted a state monopoly. The habitats of the plant were carefully hidden. It was unknown in Europe and began to be widely cultivated only in the 18th century.
4.
On medieval maps, the Liaodong Gulf was called the Ganges. (See Italian map of China from 1682 Giacomo Cantelli (Giacomo Cantelli(1643-1695) and Giovanni Giacomo di Rossi (Giovanni Giacomo de Rossi)).
5. The northeastern fragment of an Italian map of China from 1682 shows the kingdom Niuche(or Nuzhen), which is described in the description as having conquered and ruled China, which occupied the north of Liaodong and Korea, in the northeast lies the lands Yupy Tartars(or Fishskin Tartars), And Tartari del Kin or dell"Oro(Kin Tartars or Golden Tartars).
In the text of the article about Tartary there is a name called great. We found several engravings of him. It is interesting that Europeans pronounced his name differently: Temur, Taimur, Timur Lenk, Timur i Leng, Tamerlane, Tamburlaine or Taimur e Lang.
As is known from the course of orthodox history, Tamerlane (1336-1406) - “a Central Asian conqueror who played a significant role in the history of Central, South and Western Asia, as well as the Caucasus, Volga region and Rus'. Outstanding commander, emir (since 1370). Founder of the Timurid empire and dynasty, with its capital in Samarkand".
Like Genghis Khan, today he is usually depicted as a Mongoloid. As can be seen from photographs of original medieval European engravings, Tamerlane was not at all the same as orthodox historians portray him. Engravings prove the absolute fallacy of this approach...
Tartaria in the "New Encyclopedia of Arts and Sciences"
Information about a huge country Tartaria also contained in Volume 4 of the second edition "New Encyclopedia of Arts and Sciences" (A new and complete Dictionary of Arts and Sciences), published in London in 1764. On page 3166 there is a description of Tartaria, which was later included in its entirety in the first edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica, published in Edinburgh in 1771.
“TARTARY, a vast country in the northern parts of Asia, bounded by Siberia on the north and west: this is called Great Tartary. The Tartars who lie south of Muscovy and Siberia, are those of Astracan, Circassia, and Dagistan, located north-west of the Caspian-sea; the Calmuc Tartars, who lie between Siberia and the Caspian-sea; the Usbec Tartars and Moguls, who lie north of Persia and India; and lastly, those of Tibet, who lie north-west of China".
“Tartaria, a huge country in the northern part of Asia, bordering Siberia in the north and west, which is called Great Tartaria. Tartars living south of Muscovy and Siberia are called Astrakhan, Cherkasy and Dagestan, living in the northwest of the Caspian Sea are called Kalmyk Tartars and who occupy the territory between Siberia and the Caspian Sea; Uzbek Tartars and Mongols, who live north of Persia and India, and, finally, Tibetans, living northwest of China.”
Tartaria in the “World History” of Dionysius Petavius
Tartaria was also described by the founder of modern chronology, and in fact the falsification of world history, Dionysius Petavius(1583-1652) - French cardinal, Jesuit, Catholic theologian and historian. In his geographical description of the world "World History" (The History of the World: Or, an Account of Time, Together With a Geographical Description of Europe, Asia, Africa, and America), published in 1659, the following is said about Tartary (translation from Middle English by Elena Lyubimova specifically for “The Cave”):
TARTARIA(in ancient times known as Scythia, after their first ruler Scythian, who was first called Magogus(from Magog, son of Yaphet), whose descendants settled this country) is called Tartary by its inhabitants, the Mongols, after the name of the Tartarus River, which washes most of it. This is a vast Empire (incomparable in size to any country except the overseas dominions of the King of Spain, which it also surpasses and between which communications are established, while the latter is very scattered), extending for 5400 miles from east to west, and to 3600 miles from north to south; therefore its Great Khan or Emperor owns many kingdoms and provinces containing a great many good cities.
In the east it borders with China, the Xing Sea or the Eastern Ocean and the Anian Strait. In the west - mountains Imaus(Himalayan Range), although there are Tartar hordes who recognize the power of the Khan on the other side of them; in the south - the Ganges and Oxus rivers (Oxus), which we now call Abia(modern Amu Darya), Hindustan and the upper part of China, or, as some claim, with the mountain…. , the Caspian Sea and the Chinese Wall. In the north - with the Scythian or Icy Ocean, on the coast of which it is so cold that no one lives there. In addition, there is also a rich and great kingdom Katay (Cathai), in the center of which is the city of Kambalu ( Cambalu or Cunbula), stretching over 24 Italian miles along the Polisangi River (Polisangi). There are also kingdoms Tangut (Tangut), Tenduk (Tenduk), Kamul (Camul), Tainfour (Tainfur) And Tibet (Thebet), as well as the city and province of Kaindo (Caindo). However, according to general opinion, today Tartary is divided into five provinces.
1. Little Tartaria (Tartaria Precopensis) is located on the Asian bank of the Tanais River (modern Don) and occupies the territory of the entire Tauride Chersonese. It has two main cities, which are called Crimea. The one in which the ruler sits is called the Tartar Crimea and Prekop, after which the country is called. These Tartars must help the Turks by sending 60,000 men without payment at the first request (if they lack people), for which the Tartars will inherit their Empire.
2. Asian Tartaria or Moskovitskaya or Pustynnaya is located on the banks of the Volga River. The people there live mainly in tents and form an army called the Horde. They do not stay in one place longer than the food for their livestock in the pasture runs out, and in their movements they are guided by the North Star. Currently they are under the control of one prince, who is a tributary of Muscovy. Here are their cities: Astrakhan (under the walls of which Selim II, a Turk, was defeated by Vasily of Moscow) and Noghan (Noghan). The northernmost hordes of this country, the Nogais, are the most warlike people.
3. Ancient Tartaria- the cradle of this people, from where they spread wildly throughout Asia and Europe. It runs into the Cold Ocean. The common people live in tents or under their carts. However, they have four cities. One of which is called Horace (Choras), famous for the khan’s tombs. This province is home to the Lop Desert. (Lop), where King Tabor came to persuade them to Judaism. Charles V burned it in Mantua in 1540.
4. Chagatai (Zagathai) divided into Bactria, bordered in the north and east by Sogdiana near the Oxus River, and in the south by Aria (Aria), where in ancient times there were beautiful cities - some were destroyed, and some were built by Alexander. Three of them are: Khorasan ( Chorazzan or Charassan), after whom the country is named. Bactra (Bactra), named after the river that is now called Bochara, where the ancient Pythians were born; and also Zoroaster, who in the time of Ninus [king of Babylon] was the first king of that land, and who is credited with the invention of astronomy. Shorod Istigias (Istigias), which, as some assert, is the capital of this province, one of the most pleasant cities in the East.
Margiana (Margiana) located between Bactria in the east and Hyrcania (Hircania) in the west (although some say it lies north of Hyrcania). It is called Tremigani and Feselbas because people wear huge turbans. Its capital is Antioch (named after the king of Syria, Antiochus Soter, who surrounded it with a strong stone wall). Today it is called India or Indion, and was once called Margiana of Alexandria (Alexandria Margiana). Sogdiana is located to the west of Bactria. Its two cities are Oxiana on the Oxus River and Sogdiana of Alexandria, which Alexander built when he went to India. It also contains Cyropol, a strong city built by Cyrus. Alexander was wounded under its walls. A stone hit him right in the neck, he fell to the ground, and his entire army assumed he was dead.
Turkestan, where the Turks lived before they went to Armenia in 844, the barren land forced them to do so. They have two cities - Galla and Oserra, about the glory of which I know nothing.
And finally, to the north of these four lies the province Zagatae?, which was named after the Tartar nobleman Sachetaie?. Ogg, Tamerlane's father, was the heir Sachetaie. Tamerlane, who was called the Wrath of God and the Fear of the Earth, married Gino (Gino), daughter and heiress, and thereby received the Tartar Empire, which he divided among his sons. And after his death, they lost everything that he had won. Its capital is Samarkand- Tamerlane’s place of residence, which he enriched with booty brought from his many campaigns. And he also has Bukhara, where the governor of the province is located.
Katay (Cathai)(which has long been called Scythia, which does not include the Himalayas, and Chagatai - Scythia within the Himalayas) took its name from Cathey, which Strabo located here. It borders China to the south, the Scythian Sea to the north, and lies east of the Tartarian Provinces. They think that the Sers lived here before (Seres), who possessed the art of weaving silk yarn from the beautiful wool that grows on the leaves of trees, which is why silk is called in Latin serika. The peoples of Katai and Chagatai are the most noble and cultured among the Tartars, and lovers of all kinds of arts. This province has many beautiful cities: among which the capital Kambalu (Cambalu), the area of which is 28 miles, besides the suburbs, as some say, and others say 24 Italian miles, in it resides Great Khan. But in Xainiu he also has a palace - incredible in length and grandeur.
The first of the Great Khans or Emperors of Tartaria was Genghis in 1162, who, conquering Mucham, the last King of Tenduk and Cathay, changed the name of Scythia to Tartary: the fifth after him was Tamerlane or Tamir Khan. During his reign, this monarchy was at its very peak of power. The ninth was Tamor, after which we do not know who was the ruler there, and what outstanding events took place there, because they said that neither the Tartars, nor the Muscovites, nor the king of China allowed anyone except traders and ambassadors to visit them, and did not allow their subjects to travel outside their countries.
But it is known that tyranny reigns there: life and death occur according to the word of the Emperor, whom ordinary people call the Shadow of the Spirit and the Son of the immortal God. The largest among the various rivers are the Oxus, which originates from the Taurus Mountains. The Persians never crossed it to expand their possessions, because they were always defeated, the same thing happened with the Tartars if they dared to do the same.
Scythians They were a valiant, populous and ancient people, never submitting to anyone, but they rarely attacked themselves in order to conquer anyone. There was once a long debate about who is older: Egyptians or Scythians, which ended up being Scythians were recognized as the most ancient people. And because of their numbers they were called mother of all migrations of peoples. The philosopher Anacharsis was born in this country, which extends to the north of the Danube. This area is called Sarmatia or Scythians of Europe.
Regarding the richness of their territory, they say that since they have many rivers, they have a lot of grass, but not enough fuel, so they burned bones instead of wood. This country abounds in rice, wheat, etc. Because they are cold, they have large stock wool, silk, hemp, rhubarb, musk, fine fabrics, gold, animals and everything that is necessary for life, not only for survival, but for a comfortable life. There the thunder and lightning are very strange and terrible. Sometimes it is very hot there, and sometimes it is suddenly very cold, there is a lot of snow falling and the winds are the strongest. In the kingdom of Tangut, a lot of Rhubarb is grown, which is supplied to the whole world.
Many gold mines and lapis lazuli were found in Tenduk. But Tangut is better developed and abounds in vines. Tibet is full of wild animals and an abundance of coral; there is also a lot of musk, cinnamon and other spices. The articles of trade of this country are rice, silk, wool, hemp, rhubarb, musk and excellent fabrics made of camel's hair. In addition to trading within the country - between their cities, they also annually send 10,000 carts loaded with silk and other goods from China to Kambala. To this we can add their numerous invasions into Europe and Asia, their huge profits, which have been coming from Muscovy and other parts, especially from China, for a long time. We can't say for sure, but Tartarus is very rich. All those who live to the North are in great need, while their neighbors (who obey one prince) have a lot of things.
Regarding the Tartar religion: some are Mohammedans, who proclaim daily that there is one God. There are more idolaters in Cathay than Mohammedans, who worship two gods: the god of Heaven, whom they ask for health and admonition, and the god of Earth, who has a wife and children who take care of their herds, crops, etc. Therefore, they ask these things from him in this way: after rubbing the mouth of his idol with the fattest meat when they eat, as well as his wife and children (small images of whom they have in their houses), the broth is poured out into the street for the spirits. They keep the god of Heaven in a high place and the God of Earth in a low place. They believe that human souls are immortal, but pass from one body to another, according to Pythagoras. They also worship the Sun, Moon and the four elements. They call Pope and all Christians infidels, dogs And idolaters.
They never fast or celebrate one day more than another. Some of them are similar to Christians or Jews, although there are few of them: these are the Nestorians - those who are from the Papist and Greek Church, saying that Christ has two hypostases; that the Virgin Mary is not the Mother of God; that their priests could marry as often as they pleased. They also say that it is one thing to be the Word of God, and another thing to be Christ. They also do not recognize the two councils of Ephesus.
Their Patriarch, the one who resides in Musale (Musal) in Mesopotamia, is not elected, but the son succeeds his father - the first elected archbishop. Among them there is one strong and unnatural practice: they feed their old people fat, burn their corpses, and carefully collect and store the ashes, adding it to the meat when they eat. Prester John, king of Cathay or Tenduk, was defeated by the Great Tartar Cengiz in 1162, 40 years after he adopted the Nestorian faith, nevertheless he remained the ruler of a small country. These Nestorian Christians spread their influence to the city of Kampion, some of them remained in Tangut, Sukir, Kambalu and other cities.
* * *Tartary Many European artists, writers and composers, also mentioned it in their works. Here's a short list with some of those mentions...
Giacomo Puccini(1858-1924) – Italian opera composer, opera “Princess Turandot”. The father of the main character, Calaf, is Timur, the deposed King of Tartars.
William Shakespeare(1564-1616), play "Macbeth". Witches add Tartarine's lips to their potion.
Mary Shelley, "Frankenstein". Doctor Frankenstein pursues the monster “among the wild expanses of Tartary and Russia...”
Charles Dickens"Big hopes". Estella Havisham is compared to Tartarus because she is “firm and haughty and capricious to the last degree...”
Robert Browning"The Pied Piper of Hamelin." The piper mentions Tartary as a place where work was successfully completed: “Last June in Tartary, I saved Khan from a swarm of mosquitoes.”
Geoffrey Chaucer(1343-1400) The Canterbury Tales. "The Esquire's History" tells about the royal court of Tartary.
Tartaria in Nicholas Sanson's 1653 Atlas of Asia
Information about Great Tartaria can also be found in Nicholas Sanson (Nicholas Sanson)(1600-1667) - French historian and court cartographer of Louis XIII. In 1653, his atlas of Asia was published in Paris - “L"Asie, En Plusieurs Cartes Nouvelles, Et Exactes, &c.: En Divers Traitez De Geographie, Et D"Histoire; La ou sont descrits succinctement, & avec une belle Methode, & facile, Ses Empires, Ses Monarchies, Ses Estats &c.
The atlas contains maps and descriptions of the countries of the Asian continent in as much detail as the availability of information about the realities of a particular country allowed, and its absence made it possible for various kinds of assumptions, which often had nothing to do with the current state of affairs, as is observed in the description of Tartaria (take at least one of the ridiculous versions about the origin of the Tartars from the ten lost tribes of Israel.) Thus, the author, like many European medieval historians before and after him, unwittingly, and, most likely, intentionally made his contribution to the falsification of both world history and the history of our Motherland.
For this, seemingly insignificant and harmless things were used. The author “lost” only one letter in the name of the country, and Tartary from lands of the gods Tarkh and Tara turned into some previously unknown Tataria. Added one letter to the name of the people, and mughals turned into Mongols. Other historians went further, and the Mughals (from the Greek. μεγáλoι (megáloi) – great) turned into Monguls, Mongals, Mungali, Mughals, Monkus, etc. This kind of “replacement,” as you yourself understand, provides a wide field of activity for various kinds of falsifications, which have very far-reaching consequences.
Let's take relatively recent times as an example. IN February 1936 The resolution of the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the Kazak SSR “On the Russian pronunciation and written designation of the word “Cossack”” ordered the replacement of the last letter “ TO" on " X", and from now on write "Kazakh", not “Cossack”, “Kazakhstan”, not “Kazakhstan”, and that the newly formed Kazakhstan included the lands of the Siberian, Orenburg and Ural Cossacks.
How is this change one letter influenced the lives of the latter, there is no need to tell for a long time. As a result of anti-human national policy Kazakh authorities, begun after the victory of democracy in the 90s, representatives of the “non-titular” Russian nation are squeezed out of all spheres of life and forced to leave the lands of their ancestors. Kazakhstan has already 3.5 million people left, which is 25% of the total population of the republic. They left the republic in 2000 another 600 thousand Human. The socio-economic situation of Russians has sharply deteriorated, unemployment is growing, Russian schools and cultural institutions are closing, and the history of Russia is being falsified in Kazakh schools. This is what it costs to replace everything one letter In the title.
And now, we present to you the actual translation from Middle French of an article about Tartary from "Atlas of Asia" 1653 by Nicholas Sanson. The word “Middle French” means that this language is no longer ancient, but not yet modern. Those. this is a language that was still in the 17th century stage formation grammar, syntax and phonetics, especially in the written version of the language. The translation from Middle French was made by Elena Lyubimova especially for “The Cave”.
Tartary or Tartary occupies the north of all Asia. It extends from west to east, starting from the Volga and Ob, which separate Europe, to the land of Iesso, which separates America; and northern Media, Caspian Sea, Gihon River (Gehon)[modern Amu Darya], Caucasus Mountains, d"Ussonte, which separate the southernmost territories of Asia, to the Northern, Arctic or Scythian. In length it occupies half of the Northern Hemisphere - from 90 to 180 degrees of longitude, in width - half of all of Asia from 35 or 40 to 70 or 72 degrees of latitude. Its extent is fifteen hundred leagues from east to west and seven or eight hundred from south to north.
Almost all of it is located in the temperate climate zone, however, its southernmost sections are located beyond this temperate zone, and in the remaining northern areas the climate is cold and harsh. The southernmost territories of the country are always limited to three high mountains southern coast, which trap heat in the south and cold in the north, so some might say that temperatures in Tartaria are generally much lower than in a temperate climate.
It neighbors the Muscovites in the west; by the Persians, Indians or Mughals, the Chinese in the south; the rest of the territory is washed by the sea, and we know little about her. Some believe that it is located in the east Strait of Anian (d"esroit d"Anian)[Bering Strait], which separates America, others - like the Jesso Strait (d "estroit de Iesso), which separates the land or island of Iesso, which is located between Asia and America, as they would say behind Japan. Some also call the Northern Ocean one thing, others another.
Name Tartary comes, most likely, from the name of a river or locality, or the Tartar Horde, from where those peoples who became known in all parts of Asia emerged. Others say that they are called so from the Tatars or Totars, which means on Assyrian"remaining" or "leaving": because they regard them as the remnant of the Jews, half of whose ten tribes were displaced by Shalmaneser, and add that the other half of these ten tribes went to Scythia, about which nowhere noted by the ancients. Although the Persians still call this country Tatars, and the people Tatars, and the Chinese - Taguis.
Tartary is divided into five main parts, which are Desert Tartary (Tartaree Desert), Uzbekistan or Çağatay (Vzbeck ou Zagathay), Turkestan (Turqestan), Katay (Cathay) And True Taratary (vraye Tartarie). The first and last are the most northern, barbaric and nothing is known about them. The other three, more southerly, are the most civilized and famous for their many beautiful cities and extensive trade.
The ancients called Desert Tartaria Scythia intra Imaum(1); Uzbekistan and Chagatai are Bactriana and Sogdiana, respectively. Turkestan in ancient times was called Scythia extra Imaum. Katai was called Serika (Serica Regio). As for True Tartaria, the ancients knew nothing about it, or it represented the northernmost territories of both one and the other Scythia. Desert Tartary is bounded on the west by the Volga and Ob rivers, which separate it from Muscovy; in the east - by the mountains that separate True Tartaria and Turkestan; in the north – by the Northern Ocean; in the south - by the Caspian Sea, from Tabarestan [modern. Iranian province of Mazandaran] by the Shesel River (Chesel)[modern Syr-Darya]. It is separated from Uzbekistan by several mountains that connect to the mountains Imaum.
The whole country is inhabited by peoples or tribes, which are troops or detachments called Hordes. They almost never stay in closed places, and they have no need to do so, because they do not have any immovable housing that would keep them in place. They are constantly wandering; they load tents and families and everything they have onto carts, and do not stop until they find the most beautiful and most suitable pasture for their animals. There is something to which they devote themselves even more than hunting. This is war. They do not cultivate the land, despite the fact that it is beautiful and fertile. That is why it is called Desert Tartary. Among her hordes, the most famous are the Nogais, who pay tribute to the Grand Duke of Moscow, who also owns part of Desert Tartary.
Uzbekistan or Çağatay extends from the Caspian Sea to Turkestan and from Persia and India to Desert Tartaria. The Shesel rivers flow through it (Сhesel) or the old-fashioned way Jaxartes, Gigon or the old way Albiamu or Oxus[modern Amu Darya]. Its peoples are the most civilized and most dexterous of all the Western Tartars. They conduct large trade with the Persians, with whom they sometimes were at enmity, sometimes lived in complete harmony, with the Indians and with Cathay. They produce silk, which they measure in large wicker baskets and sell to Muscovy. Their most beautiful cities are Samarkand, Bukhara and Badaschian and further Balck. According to some, Khorasan, which was owned by Uzbek khans at different times, enjoys the greatest respect. Badaschian located on the border with Khorasan. Bukhara ( Bochara or Bachara), in which Avicenna, the most famous philosopher and doctor in the entire East, lived. Samarkand is the birthplace of the great Tamerlane, who turned it into the most beautiful and richest city in Asia, building the famous Academy, which further strengthened the good name of the Mohammedans.
Turkestan located in the east of Uzbekistan (or Chagatai), in the west of Cathay, north of India and south of True Tartary. It is divided into several kingdoms, the most famous of which are Cascar, Cotan, Cialis, Ciarchian And Thibet. Some capitals have the same names, and sometimes for the rulers of these kingdoms they use Hiarchan instead of Сascar, And Turon or Turphon instead of Cialis. Kingdom Cascar is the richest, most abundant and most developed of all. Kingdom Ciarciam- the smallest and sandiest, which is compensated by the presence of a lot of jasper and lavender there. IN Cascar There is a lot of excellent rhubarb growing. Cotan And Cialis produce a variety of fruits, wine, flax, hemp, cotton, etc. Tibet is closest to the Mughals of India and is located among the Imave Mountains, the Caucasus and Vssonte. It is rich in wild animals, musk, cinnamon and uses coral instead of money. The connections we established with this state in 1624 and 1626 will make it greater and richer, just like Cathay. But those three states [to which we went] in 1651 are cold and always covered with snow - it is believed that the king of all barbarians [is] there - and the less powerful of [the city] Serenegar, which is not Rahia? between the states of the Great Mogul, so we are not sure of the [fruitfulness] of most of these connections.
Katay there is the easternmost part of Tartary. It is considered the richest and most powerful state. In the west it borders with Turkestan, with China in the south, in the north with True Tartaria and in the east it is washed by the Strait of Jesse (d'estroit de Iesso). Some believe that the whole of Cathay is [ruled] by one monarch or emperor, whom they call Khan or Ulukhan, which means Great Khan, who is the greatest and richest ruler of the world. Others believe that there [rule] various kings who are magnificent subjects of the Great Khan. This powerful, beautifully cultivated and built-up country is abundant in everything one could desire. Its capital is [city] Cambalu, ten (and others say twenty) leagues long, which has twelve extensive suburbs, and to the south is a huge royal palace, at a distance of another ten or twelve leagues. All the Tartars, Chinese, Indians and Persians conduct extensive trade in this city.
From all the kingdoms of Cathay Tangut- the most outstanding. Its capital is [city] Campion, where caravans of traders are stopped, preventing them from going further into the kingdom because of rhubarb. Kingdom of Tenduk (Tenduk) with the capital of the same name, supplies gold and silver sheets, silk and falcons. It is believed that Prester John is in this country - a special king - Christian, or rather Nestorian - a subject of the Great Khan. Kingdom Thaifur famous for the large number of its people, excellent wines, magnificent weapons, cannons, etc.
Other great travelers tell wonders about the greatness, power and splendor of the Great Khan, about the extent of his states, about his kings who are his subjects, about the multitude of ambassadors who are always waiting for him, about the reverence and reverence that is shown to him, about the strength and innumerability of his people with whom he can fill his troops. Distant Europe had to believe us until he showed his strength in 1618 (2), when he occupied the passes and passes of that famous mountain and wall that separates Tartary from China, sacrificing countless people from his great kingdom, capturing and having plundered its most beautiful cities and almost all its provinces; pushing the king of China as far as Canton and [leaving him in] possession of no more than one or two provinces, but by the treaty of 1650 the king of China was restored to the greater part of his country.
True or ancient Tartaria is the northernmost part of Tartaria - the coldest, most uncultivated and most barbaric of all; nevertheless, it is the place from which the Tartars came out about 1200 from our salvation, and to which they returned. They are known to dominate six neighboring hordes, bear arms, and dominate the largest and most beautiful parts of Asia. They are supposed to be the remnants of that half of the ten tribes that were transported. They also say that the tribes of Dan, Naphtali and Zebulun were found there. However, for a completely unknown country can be easily made up such names as anyone pleases. Their kingdoms, provinces or hordes of Mongols, Buryats (Bargu), Taratar and Naiman are the most famous. Some authors put Gog and Magog there, and others - between the Mughal state (3) and China, Maug? at the top of the lake Chiamay.
The main riches of True Tartaria are livestock and furs, including the fur of polar bears, black foxes, martens and sables. They live on milk and meat, which they have in abundance; without caring about fruits or grains. You can still feel them in your speech ancient Scythian. Some of them have kings, others live in hordes or communities; almost all are shepherds and subjects of the Great Cathay Khan (Grand Chan du Cathay).
Translator's note
1.
The first geographer to have a fairly clear idea of the great dividing mountain range of Central Asia, running in a north-south direction, was Ptolemy. He calls these mountains Imaus and divides Scythia into two parts: “in front of the Imaus mountains” and “behind the Imaus mountains” ( Scythia Intra Imaum Montem And Scythia Extra Imaum Montem). It is believed that this is what the modern Himalayas were called in ancient times. See Christopher Cellarius's map of Scythia and Serica (Christopherus cellarius), published in 1703 in Germany. Also on it we can see the ancient name of the Volga River - RA (Rha) left and Hyperborean or Scythian Ocean up.
2. Most likely, we are talking about the invasion of the Jurchen Khan Nurhaci (1575-1626) into the territory of the Ming Empire - in Liaodong. The Chinese army sent the following year was defeated, and about 50 thousand soldiers died. By 1620, almost all of Liaodong was in the hands of Nurhaci.
3. The Mughal state has nothing in common with modern Mongolia. It was located in Northern India (the territory of modern Pakistan).
* * *The information we have collected and presented on these pages does not constitute scientific research in the modern sense of the word. Today's science, especially historical science, lies with all its might, and we tried to find for our readers truthful information about the past of our great Motherland. And they found her. From this information it is clear without any doubt that our past is not at all what our enemies and their helpful assistants keep repeating.
Back in the 18th century, everyone knew well that Slavic-Aryan Empire, which in the West was called Great Tartary, existed for many millennia and was the most developed country on the planet. Otherwise, it simply could not have survived in the form of such a huge Empire for a long time! And corrupt historians tirelessly tell us from school that we - the Slavs - supposedly just before our baptism (1000 years ago) allegedly jumped from the trees and climbed out of our pits. But empty talk, albeit very persistent, is one thing. And another thing is facts that can no longer be ignored.
And if you read the Chronology subsection about, you can get another indisputable confirmation that the distortion of information about the past of our civilization was deliberate and pre-planned! And we can draw the obvious conclusion that the enemies of Humanity are carefully hushing up and destroying everything connected with the real past of the great civilization of the White Race - the civilization of our ancestors, Slavyano-Ariev.
Remezov Chronicle
As we have already seen, even within the framework of this short review, reliable evidence existence of a huge Slavic-Aryan Empire, the last name of which is known as Great Tartaria, and which at different times was also called Scythia And Great Asia, are absolutely definitely present. In ancient times, it occupied almost the entire continent of Eurasia and even northern Africa and America, but then, like shagreen leather, it shrank. Or rather, it was squeezed, gradually biting off the most remote, in Europe - the western provinces, and this process continues to this day.
Hundreds of Western European maps and atlases of the 16th-17th centuries by different authors and publishers, which can easily be found on the Internet, showed that Great Tartaria occupied most of Asia - from the Urals to Kamchatka, Central Asia and the northern part of modern China to the Chinese Wall. Around the end of the 17th and beginning of the 18th centuries, different Tartaries appeared on maps - Great, Moscow(to the Urals), Chinese(which at one time included the island of Hokkaido), Independent (middle Asia) And Small(Zaporozhye Sich). Tartary was also displayed on globes of that time, in particular, there are some in Moscow in the State Historical Museum (GIM). There are several medieval globes there. These are, first of all, a giant copper globe made in 1672 by the heirs of the Amsterdam cartographer Willem Blaeu for the Swedish king Charles XI, and N. Hill's globe of the earthly and celestial spheres of 1754 made of papier-mâché. Tartaria is also depicted on a globe from 1765, which is in the collection of the Historical Society in Minnesota.
Around the end of the 18th century, after the Great Tartary was defeated in World War, known to us from the school history course, as "The Rebellion of Pugachev" 1773-1775, this name on maps began to gradually be replaced by the Russian Empire, but the Independent and Chinese Tartaries were still displayed until the beginning of the 19th century. After this time, the word Tartaria disappears from maps altogether and is replaced by other names. For example, Chinese Tartary began to be called Manchuria. All of the above applies to foreign cards. In Russian, only a tiny amount of maps with Tartary have been preserved, at least in the public domain. For example, there is a map of 1707 by V. Kiprianov “Image of the Earth’s Globe” and a map of Asia of 1745. This state of affairs suggests that information about the Great Rus Empire carefully destroyed.
However, something still remained and finally reached the masses. One of the most significant works are the books and maps of the outstanding Russian cartographer and chronicler of Siberia Semyon Remezova.
He was born in 1642 in the family of the Streltsy centurion Ulyan Remezov. In 1668 he began his service as a Cossack in the Ishimsky prison. In 1682, for his diligence in service, Remezov received the title of “son of a boyar” and was transferred to Tobolsk. Here it is necessary to clarify that “son of a boyar” did not then mean the son of a boyar, it is just a title indicating that a person belongs to the serving nobility. Semyon Remezov inherited the title from his grandfather Moses, who served in Moscow at the court of Patriarch Filaret, but somehow angered him and was exiled to Tobolsk.
Moses Remezov served as Tobolsk governor for 20 years, spending them on long campaigns to collect yasak and pacify the rebellious. His son Ulyan, grandson Semyon and great-grandson Leonty repeated his fate - they became “boyar children” and also led the lives of service people: they collected bread from peasants and foreigners, escorted government cargo to Moscow, conducted a census of lands and population, looked for the shortest routes. , searched for minerals, and also participated in battles with nomads.
In addition, having received a good education, having a penchant for drawing and having inherited the basics of drawing from his father, Semyon Remezov repeatedly drew up maps of the surrounding areas of the Tobolsk province, and also designed and supervised the construction and reconstruction of Tobolsk: a number of stone buildings were built, including the Gostiny Dvor, treasury - "renter" and the chamber of command. But, perhaps, the most striking legacy left to the descendants living on the Siberian land was the architectural ensemble Tobolsk Kremlin.
In 1696, Remezov was entrusted with drawing up a drawing of the entire Siberian land. This activity marked the beginning of unique research that has come down to us in the form of geographical atlases “Chorographic Drawing Book” (1697-1711), “Drawing Book of Siberia” (1699-1701) and “Service Drawing Book of Siberia” (1702), as well as chronicles books “Siberian Brief Kungur Chronicle” and “Siberian History” and ethnographic works “Description of the Siberian peoples and the facets of their lands.”
The geographical Atlases that Remezov compiled are simply amazing in their coverage of territories that were subject to careful study. But this happened at a time when people only had a horse among the “high-speed” means of transportation. In addition, Remezov’s materials amaze with the variety of information about the culture, economy, morals and customs of the peoples of Siberia. And they are decorated with great artistic taste and contain luxurious illustrations.
“The Drawing Book of Siberia” by Semyon Remezov and his three sons can easily be called the first Russian geographical atlas. It consists of a preface and 23 large-format maps, covering the entire territory of Siberia and distinguished by the abundance and detail of information. The book presents handwritten drawings of the lands: Tobolsk City and towns with streets, Tobolsk city, Tara city, Tyumen city, Turin fort, Vekhotursky city, Pelymsky city, and other cities and surrounding areas.
“The Drawing Book of Siberia” was made without a degree network of parallels and meridians, and on some maps the west is at the top and the east, respectively, at the bottom, and sometimes the south is placed in the upper left corner, and the north in the lower right, but generally the maps are not oriented to the north, as we are used to, and South. So the Chinese wall is unusually located in the upper right corner. Note that from there to the Amur (modern territory of China) back in the 17th century all the names were Russian. Also note that a little higher from the name Great Tartaria is located "Land of the Cossack Horde". Considering the orientation from south to north, these may well be the lands of Kazakhstan, which was relatively recently renamed Kazakhstan.
In the absence of a meridian grid, Remezov tied his cartographic images to a network of river and land routes. He obtained information on his “business trips”, asking other service people, local residents and travelers. According to his own testimony, from such inquiries he learned “the measure of the land and the distance of travel of cities, their villages and volosts, I learned about rivers, rivulets and lakes and about the Pomeranian shores, lips and islands and sea fisheries and about all sorts of tracts”.
On maps, he marked in detail all the rivers and streams of Siberia from the peaks to the mouths, along with their tributaries, as well as oxbow lakes, reaches, islands, fords, shoals, portages, portages, mills, bridges, piers, wells, swamps, lakes. Land summer and winter roads he drew with a dotted line, and marked the portages for days: “I dragged the hogs on reindeer for four days, and up the “Chyudtskoe letter”, copied from the Irbit written stone. It's been two weeks". Remezov also used the original system symbols, among which: a city, a Russian village, yurts, an ulus, a mosque, a winter hut, a cemetery, a prayer site, mounds, a guard, pillars (rocky weathering figures). In general, the amount of information that three generations of Remezovs collected is incredibly huge.
Unfortunately, it took 300 years for the life’s work of these Russian people to be seen by their descendants. The last entry in it was made in 1730, after which it disappeared from view. It is known that the next time she was seen was in 1764 in the personal library of Catherine II. Then it moved to the Hermitage, and in the middle of the 19th century it was transferred to the St. Petersburg Public Library. And since then only very narrow specialists knew about it. His other work "Chorographic drawing book"
LEARNED THE TRUTH MYSELF
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According to the multi-volume fundamental encyclopedic publication "Britannica", published since 1768, on the territory of modern Russia in the 18th century there were two states: a small one - Muscovy with its capital in the city of Moscow, and then in St. Petersburg (the area of this state was 1,103,485 sq. miles) and a large one - Grand Tartaria with its capital in Tobolsk (the area of this state was 3,050,000 sq. miles).
The authenticity of this information is confirmed by geographical maps of that time, containing the corresponding geographical names.
It is noteworthy that according to the maps of I684, Ukraine was then Vkraina and was part of Poland, and Moldavia, together with the Crimean peninsula and the lands north of it, were a single territory called Little Tartary.
But the most curious thing is not this, but the fact that the vaunted European Union, which then included Muscovy, having enlisted its support, in the 18th century started a redistribution of property, for which the united troops of the then NATO attacked the Siberian-Far Eastern lands of Grand Tartaria and in the course of long bloody battles conquered it. After this historical event, the recent history peace. The last king of Great Tartaria was someone whom we now know as Emelyan Pugachev. After the redistribution of state property of Great Tartary and a thorough census of world history, this great war for the conquest of the largest state on the planet began to be called in all new books nothing more than "suppression of the uprising of Emelyan Pugachev".
In this regard, it is useful to understand several facts:
1. Despite the presence of ancient maps indicating the boundaries of Great Tartary, for 250 years now official historians around the world have been bashfully silent that such a state even existed!!! However, ancient books and maps prove that it was!
2. The Tsar of Great Tartary, Emelyan Pugachev, is presented to us as the leader of the rebellious peasants and Cossacks, who was defeated not by the united troops of the coalition, which at that time included the European Union and the United States (which was a British colony until 1776), but exclusively by the regular troops of Romanov’s Muscovy led by commander Alexander Suvorov. At the same time, all information about the “rebel” Pugachev was carefully distorted, and his trial took place not just anywhere, but in Moscow in the Throne Hall of the Kremlin Palace!!! If Emelyan Pugachev really was a simple Cossack, an impostor, the leader of some gang, then would he really be tried as a tsar in the famous Throne Hall of the Kremlin? - modern Russian historians ask.
3. According to the chronicle of the times of Emelyan Pugachev, the New Testament of Jesus Christ was in use in Great Tartaria. The Jews were considered at that time nothing more than trash - very bad people. After the fall of Great Tartary and the conquest of the peoples inhabiting it, not only the history of this state was rewritten, but, at the same time, a rewritten religion was imposed on the conquered peoples - the books of the Jewish Old Testament were added to the New Testament of Jesus Christ, and they were placed at the forefront .
Reference: In 1650-1660, in Muscovy under Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich (father of Peter the Great), the so-called “schism of the church” occurred. The reason for the split of the believing people into two parts (Old Believers and Nikonians) was the smuggling of Jewish religious books at the level of the state faith. In 1663 the so-called Moscow Bible. In it, the Old Testament (Jewish Bible) was added to the New Testament, while the New Testament was perceived as a “continuation” of the Old Testament. “The Old Believers accused the religious reformer Nikon of allowing the Jews to translate the holy books, and the Nikonians accused the Old Believers of allowing the Jews to conduct worship... Both sides considered the council of 1666-1667 "Jewish congregation", and in the official resolution the council accused its opponents of being victims of “false Jewish words”... Rumors circulated everywhere that state power had been given to “cursed Jewish rulers”, and the Tsar entered into a pernicious “Western” marriage, intoxicated by the love potions of doctors -Jews." Although the Moscow Bible appeared, it was not accepted by society. The people doubted the correctness of the new books and perceived their introduction as an attempt to enslave the country. The churches continued to use the Slavic versions of the New Testament, the Apostle and the Psalter.
Regarding rumors from more than two centuries ago, they say, "state power has been given "cursed Jewish rulers"" , I note: these rumors were not without foundation.
What was the genetic background of the Moscow kings?
Reference: Catherine I (Marta Samuilovna Skavronskaya (Kruse) - Russian empress from 1721 as the wife of the reigning emperor, from 1725 as the reigning empress, second wife of Peter I the Great, mother of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna. In her honor, Peter I established the Order of St. Catherine ( in 1713) and the city of Yekaterinburg in the Urals was named (in 1723).
Ask yourself: What kind of tribe were the first All-Russian autocrats?
Are they Germans?
Slavs?
Jews?
One thing is absolutely certain: they were not Russian!
Compare.
This is a lifetime portrait of E.I. Pugacheva. At the beginning of the 20th century, it was exhibited in the White Chamber of the Rostov Kremlin. Oil. Rephotographed by S.M. Prokudin-Gorsky. 1911 .
KNOWLEDGE AS A THREAT!
Continuing this topic, two short stories:
Story 1.
Why the outstanding Russian scientist Mikhailo Lomonosov was once sentencedto the death penalty?
Everyone probably knows that M. Lomonosov was the first Russian academician. There are legends about his persecution. But someone may be hearing for the first time that they demanded that he be sentenced to death, and even the Church in the person of the “Holy Synod.”
Why was Mikhail Lomonosov sentenced to death? And who was interested in the theft of Mikhail Lomonosov’s scientific library and in the concealment, and, most likely, in the destruction of his numerous manuscripts on the history of Rus', on which he worked throughout his life?
To understand what a fierce struggle for the history of Russia was waged in the 18th century in academic circles, just look at the book by M.T. Belyavsky “M.V. Lomonosov and the founding of Moscow University" , which was published by Moscow University in 1955 for the 200th anniversary of its founding. It turns out that the struggle for Russian history was an essential part of the struggle of Russian society of the 18th century for the right to have domestic science. At that time, this right was in great question.
M.V. Lomonosov fell into disgrace due to his disagreements with German scientists, which formed the backbone of the Academy of Sciences in the 18th century. Under Empress Anna Ioannovna, a stream of foreigners poured into Russia.
Since 1725, when it was created Russian Academy and until 1841, the foundation of Russian history was remade by the following “benefactors” of the Russian people who arrived from Europe and spoke little Russian, but quickly became experts in Russian history, who filled the historical department of the Russian Academy:
Kohl Peter (1725), Fischer Johann Eberhard (1732), Kramer Adolf Bernhard (1732), Lotter Johann Georg (1733), Leroy Pierre-Louis (1735), Merling Georg (1736), Brem Johann Friedrich (1737), Tauber Johann Gaspard (1738), Crusius Christian Gottfried (1740), Moderach Karl Friedrich (1749), Stritter Johann Gottgilf (1779), Hackmann Johann Friedrich (1782), Busse Johann Heinrich (1795), Vauvillier Jean-François (1798), Klaproth Heinrich Julius (1804), Hermann Karl Gottlob Melchior (1805), Krug Johann Philipp (1805), Lerberg August Christian (1807), Köhler Heinrich Karl Ernst (1817), Fran Christian Martin (1818), Graefe Christian Friedrich (1820), Schmidt Issac Jacob (1829), Schöngren Johann Andreas (1829), Charmois France-Bernard (1832), Fleischer Heinrich Leberecht (1835), Lenz Robert Christianovich (1835), Brosset Marie-Felicité (1837), Dorn Johann Albrecht Bernhard (1839) . The year of entry of the named foreigner into the Russian Academy is indicated in brackets.
Lomonosov led an irreconcilable struggle against the distortions of Russian history, and he found himself in the very thick of this struggle. In 1749 - 1750, he opposed the historical views of Miller and Bayer, as well as the “Norman theory” of the formation of Russia imposed by the Germans. He criticized Miller's dissertation “On the origin of the name and people of Russia”, as well as Bayer's works on Russian history. Lomonosov often quarreled with foreign colleagues who worked at the Academy of Sciences. Here and there he is quoted as saying: “What vile dirty tricks wouldn’t such brute let loose in Russian antiquities!” It is alleged that the phrase is addressed to Schlözer, who was especially zealous in “creating” the “history of Russia.”
M. Lomonosov was supported by many Russian scientists. Member of the Academy of Sciences, outstanding Russian mechanical engineer A.K. Martov filed a complaint with the Senate about the dominance of foreigners in Russian academic science. Russian students, translators and clerical workers, as well as astronomer Delisle, joined Martov’s complaint. It was signed by I. Gorlitsky, D. Grekov, M. Kovrin, V. Nosov, A. Polyakov, P. Shishkarev.
« The meaning and purpose of their complaint is completely clear- destruction of the domination of the reactionary clique and turning the Academy of Sciences into a RUSSIAN Academy not only in name. However, the court clique came to the aid of the reactionary scientific clique. The head of the commission created by the Senate to investigate the charges was Prince Yusupov. “The commission saw in the speech of A.K. Martov, I.V. Gorlitsky, D. Grekov, P. Shishkarev, V. Nosov, A. Polyakov, M. Kovrin, Lebedev and others a “revolt of the mob” that rose up against the authorities.” What is noteworthy is the courage and tenacity with which they defended their accusations. The Russian scientists who filed the complaint wrote to the Senate: “We have proven the charges on the first 8 points and will prove the remaining 30 if we get access to the cases.” “But they could not prove anything, since they were arrested for “obstinacy” and “insulting the commission.” A number of them (I.V. Gorlitsky, A. Polyakov and others) WERE SHACKED AND “CHAINED.” They remained in this situation for about two years, but they could not be forced to give up their testimony. The decision of the commission was truly monstrous: to reward Schumacher and Taubert, to EXECUTE GORLITSKY, CRUELLY PUNISHES GREKOV, POLYAKOV, NOSOV WITH FLAPES AND EXILE TO SIBERIA, POPOV, SHISKAREV AND OTHERS TO LEAVE UNDER ARREST UNTIL THE CASE IS DECISIONED BY THE FUTURE PRESIDENT OF THE ACADEMY.”
Formally, Lomonosov was not among those who filed a complaint against Schumacher, but his entire behavior during the investigation shows that Miller was hardly mistaken when he asserted: "Mr. Adjunct Lomonosov was one of those who filed a complaint against Mr. Councilor Schumacher and thereby caused the appointment of an investigative commission". Lamansky was probably not far from the truth, claiming that Martov’s statement was written mostly by Lomonosov. During the work of the commission, Lomonosov actively supported Martov... This is what caused his violent clashes with Schumacher’s most zealous minions - Winzheim, Truskot, Miller.
The Synod of the Orthodox Christian Church also accused the great Russian scientist of distributing anti-clerical works in his manuscript under Art. 18 and 149 of the Military Article of Peter I, which provided for the death penalty.
Representatives of the clergy demanded the burning of Lomonosov.
Such severity, apparently, was caused by the too great success of Lomonosov’s freethinking, anti-church writings, which indicated a noticeable weakening of the authority of the church among the people. Archimandrite D. Sechenov, the confessor of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna, was seriously alarmed by the decline of faith and the weakening interest in the church and religion in Russian society. It is characteristic that it was Archimandrite D. Sechenov, in his libel against Lomonosov, who demanded the burning of the scientist .
The commission stated that Lomonosov "for repeated discourteous, dishonest and nasty actions towards both the academy, the commission, AND THE GERMAN LAND" subject to the DEATH PENALTY, or, in extreme cases, PUNISHMENT BY lashes AND DEPRIVATION OF RIGHTS AND STATE. By decree of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna, Mikhail Lomonosov was found guilty, but was released from punishment. His salary was only halved, and he had to ask the professors for forgiveness “for the insolence he committed.”
Gerard Friedrich Miller personally composed a mocking “repentance”, which Lomonosov was obliged to publicly pronounce and sign. Mikhail Vasilyevich, in order to be able to continue scientific research, was forced to abandon his views. But the German professors did not rest on this. They continued to seek the removal of Lomonosov and his supporters from the Academy.
Around 1751, Lomonosov began work on Ancient Russian History. He sought to refute the theses of Bayer and Miller about the “great darkness of ignorance” that allegedly reigned in Ancient Rus'. Of particular interest in this work of his is the first part, “On Russia before Rurik,” which sets out the doctrine of the ethnogenesis of the peoples of Eastern Europe and, above all, the Slavs-Russians. Lomonosov pointed out the constant movement of the Slavs from east to west.
German history professors decided to achieve the removal of Lomonosov and his supporters from the Academy. This “scientific activity” took place not only in Russia.
Lomonosov was a world-famous scientist. He was well known abroad. Therefore, every effort was made to discredit Lomonosov before the world scientific community. All means were used. They tried in every possible way to downplay the significance of Lomonosov's works not only in history, but also in the field of natural sciences, where his authority was very high. In particular, Lomonosov was a member of several foreign Academies - the Swedish Academy since 1756, the Bologna Academy since 1764.
“In Germany, Miller inspired protests against Lomonosov’s discoveries and demanded his removal from the Academy.”. This could not be done at that time. However, Lomonosov's opponents managed to achieve the appointment of Schletser as ACADEMIC IN RUSSIAN HISTORY. “Schletser... called Lomonosov "a rude ignorant who knew nothing except his chronicles". So, as we see, Lomonosov was accused of KNOWLEDGE OF RUSSIAN CHRONICLES.
“Contrary to Lomonosov’s protests, Catherine II appointed Schletser an academician. AT THE SAME TIME, HE NOT ONLY RECEIVED FOR UNCONTROLLED USE ALL DOCUMENTS LOCATED IN THE ACADEMY, BUT ALSO THE RIGHT TO DEMAND EVERYTHING THAT HE CONSIDERED NECESSARY FROM THE IMPERIAL LIBRARY AND OTHER INSTITUTIONS. Schletser received the right to present his works directly to Catherine... In the draft note compiled by Lomonosov “for memory” and accidentally avoiding confiscation, the feelings of anger and bitterness caused by this decision are clearly expressed: “There is nothing to cherish. Everything is open to the extravagant Schletser. There is nothing in the Russian library more secrets"".
Miller and his associates had complete power not only in the university itself in St. Petersburg, but also in the gymnasium that trained future students. The gymnasium was run by Miller, Bayer and Fischer, p.77. In the gymnasium "THE TEACHERS DID NOT KNOW RUSSIAN... THE STUDENTS DID NOT KNOW GERMAN. ALL TEACHING WAS EXCLUSIVELY IN LATIN... For thirty years (1726-1755) the gymnasium did not prepare a single person for entering the university" . From this the following conclusion was drawn. It was stated that “the only way out is to write students out of Germany, since it’s supposed to be impossible to prepare them from Russians anyway”.
This struggle continued throughout Lomonosov's life. “Thanks to the efforts of Lomonosov, several Russian academicians and adjuncts appeared in the academy.” However "in 1763, following the denunciation of Taubert, Miller, Shtelin, Epinousse and others, another Empress of Russia, Catherine II, "EVEN REMOVED LOMONOSOV FROM THE ACADEMY COMPLETELY". But soon the decree on his resignation was canceled. The reason was Lomonosov's popularity in Russia and recognition of his merits by foreign academies. However, Lomonosov was removed from the leadership of the geographical department, and Miller was appointed there instead. An attempt has been made "PUT LOMONOSOV'S MATERIALS ON LANGUAGE AND HISTORY AT SCHLEZER'S DISPOSAL".
The last fact is very significant. If even during Lomonosov’s lifetime attempts were made to get to his archive on Russian history, then what can we say about the fate of this unique archive after Lomonosov’s death. As expected, LOMONOSOV'S ARCHIVE WAS IMMEDIATELY CONFISCATED IMMEDIATELY AFTER HIS DEATH AND DISAPPEARED WITHOUT A TRACE. We quote: "THE LOMONOSOV ARCHIVE, CONFISCATED BY CATHERINE II, WAS FOREVER LOST. THE DAY AFTER HIS DEATH, THE LIBRARY AND ALL LOMONOSOV'S PAPERS WERE, BY ORDER OF KATHERINE, SEALED BY GR. ORLOV, TRANSPORTED TO HIS PALACE AND DISAPPEARED B ESSENTIALLY" , p.20. A letter from Taubert to Miller has been preserved. In this letter “without hiding his joy, Taubert reports the death of Lomonosov and adds: “ON THE OTHER DAY AFTER HIS DEATH, Count Orlov ordered seals to be attached to his office. Without a doubt, there must be papers in it that they do not want to be released into the wrong hands.”.
The death of Mikhail Lomonosov was also sudden and mysterious, and rumors circulated about his deliberate poisoning. Obviously, what could not be done publicly, his numerous enemies completed secretly and secretly.
Thus, the “creators of Russian history” - Miller and Schletser - got to the Lomonosov archive. After which these archives naturally disappeared. But, AFTER A SEVEN YEAR DELAY, Lomonosov's work on Russian history was finally published - and it is absolutely clear that under the complete control of Miller and Schlozer. And that's only the first volume. Most likely, rewritten by Miller in the right key. And the remaining volumes simply “disappeared.” And so it turned out that the one we have at our disposal today "Lomonosov's work on history" is strangely and wonderfully consistent with Miller's view of history. It’s not even clear why Lomonosov argued so fiercely with Miller for so many years? Why did he accuse Miller of falsifying Russian history, when he himself, in his published “History”, so OBEDIENTLY AGREES with Miller on all points? He obsequiously agrees with him in every line.
The history of Russia, published by Miller based on Lomonosov's drafts, can be said to be written as a carbon copy, and is practically no different from Miller's version of Russian history. The same applies to another Russian historian - Tatishchev, again published by Miller only after Tatishchev's death! Karamzin, on the other hand, rewrote Miller almost word for word, although Karamzin’s texts were repeatedly edited and altered after his death. One of the last such alterations occurred after 1917, when all information was removed from his texts about the Varangian yoke. Obviously, therefore, the new political power, tried to smooth out the discontent of the people from the dominance of foreigners in the Bolshevik government.
Consequently, what was PRINTED UNDER THE NAME OF LOMONOSOV IS NOT AT ALL WHAT LOMONOSOV ACTUALLY WROTE.
It must be assumed that Miller rewrote the first part of Lomonosov’s work with great pleasure after his death. So to speak, “carefully prepared for printing.” The rest was destroyed. There was almost certainly a lot of interesting and important information about the ancient past of our people. Something that neither Miller, nor Schletser, nor other “Russian historians” could ever publish.
The Norman theory is still adhered to by Western scientists. And if we remember that for criticizing Miller, Lomonosov was sentenced to death by hanging (although the church proposed to burn him) and served a year in prison awaiting the verdict until the royal pardon came, then it is clear that the leadership was interested in falsifying Russian history Russian state. Russian history wrote by foreigners who were specially discharged from Europe by Emperor Peter I for this purpose. And already in the time of Elizabeth, Miller became the most important “chronicler,” who also became famous for the fact that, under the guise of an imperial charter, he traveled to Russian monasteries and destroyed all surviving ancient historical documents.
The German historian Miller, the author of the “masterpiece” of Russian history, tells us that Ivan IV was from the Rurik family. Having performed such a simple operation, it was no longer difficult for Miller to integrate the broken Rurik family with their non-existent history into the history of Russia. It would be more accurate to cross out the history of the Russian kingdom and replace it with the history of the Kyiv principality, in order to then make a statement that Kyiv - the mother of Russian cities.
The Ruriks were never kings in Russia, because such a royal family never existed. There was a rootless conqueror Rurik, who tried to sit on the Russian throne, but was killed by Svyatopolk Yaropolkovich. The falsification of Russian history catches the eye immediately when reading the “Russian” “chronicles”. It is striking to see the abundance of names of princes who ruled in different places in Russia, which we consider to be the centers of Russia. If, for example, some prince of Chernigov or Novgorod found himself on the Russian throne, then there should have been some kind of continuity in the dynasty. But this is not the case, i.e. we are dealing either with a hoax, or with a conqueror who has reigned on the Russian throne.
Our mutilated and perverted history of Russia, even through the thickness of Miller’s repeated hoaxes, screams about the dominance of foreigners. The history of Russia, like the history of all Mankind, was invented by the above-mentioned “historian specialists”. They were not only specialists in falsifying histories, they were also specialists in fabricating and falsifying chronicles.
As one of our community members, Lyudmila Shikanova, correctly noted in her commentary: More and more facts are emerging that the history of Russia was deliberately distorted. There is a lot of evidence of the high culture and literacy of our ancestors in ancient times. Birch bark letters were found written in the Glagolitic alphabet (our native alphabet, and not in the Cyrillic alphabet imposed on us) and the letters were written by ordinary peasants. But for some reason it is hidden. We know the detailed history of our country only from the reign of the Ruriks, and we know almost nothing about what happened before that. Why is this being done and who benefits from it, that is the question. And now in our schools and higher education educational institutions pupils and students study the history of Russia using textbooks, largely written with the money of the overseas philanthropist George Soros. And as we know, “he who pays for the banquet calls the tune!”
"Insolence"! That's how it was. To the stake for collecting bits and pieces of the history of our land, against the German will. I remember how Moscow academicians, fed on grants, twitched when the remains of Tsar Ivan Leopoldovna’s son were found in Kholmogory without permission from above. And whatever arguments they (in 2010) came up with that are cleaner than the current accusations against Razvozzhaev “of illegally crossing the border”, it turns out that a scientific discovery can be recognized as such by the state (and the church) if it was made exclusively with the money of the state and under its strict control. And you’re talking about some Germans of the 18th century... Where should we put these?
