3.75. When planting in rows, the distances between trees and shrubs should be no less than those indicated in the table. 8.
Table 8
|
Characteristics of plantings |
Minimum distances between trees and shrubs in axes, m |
|
Trees of light-loving species |
|
|
Trees of shade-tolerant species |
|
|
Shrubs up to 1 m high |
|
|
The same, up to 2 m |
|
|
The same, more than 2 m |
3.76. The distance between the border of tree plantations and cooling ponds and splash pools, counting from the coastal edge, must be at least 40 m.
3.77. The main element of landscaping at industrial sites should be a lawn.
3.78. On the territory of the enterprise, landscaped areas should be provided for rest and gymnastic exercises for workers.
The sites should be located on the windward side in relation to buildings with industries that emit harmful emissions into the atmosphere.
The dimensions of the sites should be taken at the rate of no more than 1 sq.m per worker in the largest shift.
3.79. For enterprises with production facilities that emit aerosols, decorative ponds, fountains, and rain installations that increase the concentration of harmful substances on enterprise sites should not be provided.
3.80. Along highways and industrial roads, sidewalks should be provided in all cases, regardless of the intensity of pedestrian traffic, and along driveways and entrances - with a traffic intensity of at least 100 people. per shift.
3.81. Sidewalks on the site of an enterprise or the territory of an industrial hub must be located no closer than 3.75 m from the nearest normal gauge railway track. Reducing this distance (but not less than the dimensions of the approaching buildings) is allowed when installing railings enclosing the sidewalk.
The distance from the axis of the railway track along which hot goods are transported to the sidewalks must be at least 5 m.
Sidewalks along buildings should be placed:
a) with organized drainage of water from the roofs of buildings - close to the building line with an increase in the width of the sidewalk by 0.5 m in this case (against that provided for by the standards of clause 3.82);
b) in case of unorganized drainage of water from roofs - at least 1.5 m from the building line.
3.82*. The width of the sidewalk should be taken as a multiple of the traffic lane with a width of 0.75 m. The number of traffic lanes on the sidewalk should be set depending on the number of workers employed in the largest shift in the building (or group of buildings) to which the sidewalk leads, based on 750 people. per shift per one lane. The minimum width of the sidewalk must be at least 1.5 m.
When the intensity of pedestrian traffic is less than 100 person-hours in both directions, sidewalks with a width of 1 m are allowed, and when moving along them for disabled people using wheelchairs, sidewalks with a width of 1.2 m are allowed.
The slopes of sidewalks intended for the possible passage of disabled people using wheelchairs should not exceed: longitudinal - 5%, transverse - 1% At the intersection of such sidewalks with the roadway of the enterprise's roads, the height of the side stones should not exceed 4 cm.
3.83. When placing sidewalks next to or on a common roadbed with a highway, they must be separated from the road by a dividing strip at least 0.8 m wide. The location of sidewalks close to the carriageway of a highway is allowed only in conditions of reconstruction of the enterprise. When the sidewalk adjoins the roadway, the sidewalk must be at the level of the top of the side stone, but not less than 15 cm above the roadway.
Note. For the Northern construction-climatic zone, sidewalks and
bicycle paths along highways should be designed to
a common roadbed with it, separating them from the roadway with a lawn of at least
1 m, without installing side stones, but with a through fence
between the lawn and the sidewalk.
3.84. When reconstructing enterprises located in crowded areas, it is allowed, with appropriate justification, to increase the width of highways due to planting strips separating them from sidewalks, and in their absence, due to sidewalks with the relocation of the latter.
3.85*. On the sites of enterprises and the territories of industrial hubs, the intersection of pedestrian traffic with railway tracks in places where there is a mass passage of workers is, as a rule, not allowed. When justifying the need for the construction of these intersections, crossings at one level should be equipped with traffic lights and audible alarms, and also ensure visibility no less than that provided for in the chapter of SNiP on highway design.
Intersections at different levels (mainly in tunnels) should be provided in the following cases: intersections of station tracks, including exhaust tracks; transportation along the routes of liquid metals and slag; the production of shunting work on intersecting routes and the impossibility of stopping it during the mass passage of people; standing on the wagon tracks, heavy traffic (more than 50 deliveries per day in both directions).
When disabled people using wheelchairs move around the enterprise, pedestrian tunnels must be equipped with ramps.
Intersections of highways with pedestrian paths should be designed in accordance with the chapter of SNiP on the planning and development of cities, towns and rural settlements.
3.86. The fencing of enterprise sites should be provided in accordance with the “Guidelines for the design of fencing of sites and areas of enterprises, buildings and structures.”
4. LOCATION OF ENGINEERING NETWORKS
4.1. For enterprises and industrial units it is necessary to design unified system utility networks located in technical strips, ensuring the occupation of the smallest areas of the territory and connection with buildings and structures.
4.2*. At the sites of industrial enterprises, predominantly ground and above-ground methods for placing utility networks should be provided.
In the pre-factory areas of enterprises and public centers of industrial units, underground placement of utility networks should be provided.
4.3. For networks for various purposes, it is necessary, as a rule, to provide for joint placement in common trenches, tunnels, channels, on low supports, sleepers or on overpasses in compliance with the relevant sanitary and fire safety standards and safety rules for the operation of networks.
Joint underground placement of recycling water supply pipelines, heating networks and gas pipelines with process pipelines, regardless of the parameters of the coolant and the parameters of the environment in the process pipelines.
4.4. When designing utility networks at the sites of enterprises located in special natural and climatic conditions, one should also comply with the requirements stipulated by the chapters of SNiP for the design of water supply, sewerage, gas supply and heating networks.
4.5. Placing external networks with flammable and combustible liquids and gases under buildings and structures is not permitted.
4.6. The choice of method for placing power cable lines should be provided in accordance with the requirements of the “Rules for the Construction of Electrical Installations” (RUE), approved by the USSR Ministry of Energy.
4.7. When placing heating networks, the intersection of production and auxiliary buildings of industrial enterprises is allowed.
UNDERGROUND NETWORKS
4.8. Underground networks, as a rule, should be laid outside the carriageway of roads.
On the territory of reconstructed enterprises, it is allowed to place underground networks under highways.
Notes: 1. Ventilation shafts, entrances and other duct devices and
tunnels should be located outside the roadway and in places free from
developments.
2. For channelless installation, it is allowed to place networks within
4.9. In the Northern construction-climatic zone, utility networks, as a rule, should be laid together in tunnels and channels, preventing changes in the temperature regime of the soil foundations of nearby buildings and structures.
Note. Water supply, sewer and drainage networks should be located
in the zone of temperature influence of heating networks.
4.10. In channels and tunnels, it is allowed to place gas pipelines of flammable gases (natural, associated petroleum, artificial mixed and liquefied hydrocarbons) with a gas pressure of up to 0.6 MPa (6 kgf/sq.cm) together with other pipelines and communication cables, provided that ventilation and lighting are installed in channels and tunnels in accordance with sanitary standards.
It is not allowed to place together in the channel and tunnel: gas pipelines of flammable gases with power cables and lighting, with the exception of cables for lighting the channel or tunnel itself; pipelines of heating networks with liquefied gas pipelines, oxygen pipelines, nitrogen pipelines, cold pipelines, pipelines with flammable, volatile chemically caustic and toxic substances and with household sewage effluents; pipelines of flammable and combustible liquids with power and communication cables, with fire-fighting water supply networks and gravity sewerage; oxygen pipelines with gas pipelines of flammable gases, flammable and combustible liquids with pipelines of toxic liquids and with power cables.
Notes: 1. Co-location in common channels and
tunnels of pipelines of flammable and combustible liquids with pressure
water supply systems (except fire-fighting) and pressure sewerage systems.
2. Channels and tunnels designed to accommodate pipelines with fire,
explosive and toxic materials (liquids), must have outlets to
less than every 60 m and at its ends.
4.11*. Underground utilities should be placed parallel in a common trench; at the same time, the distances between utility networks, as well as from these networks to the foundations of buildings and structures, should be taken as minimally acceptable based on the size and placement of cameras, wells and other devices on these networks, the conditions of installation and repair of networks.
The horizontal distances (in clear distance) from the nearest underground utility networks, with the exception of gas pipelines for flammable gases, to buildings and structures should be taken no more than those indicated in the table. 9. The distances from flammable gas pipelines to buildings and structures indicated in this table are minimal.
The horizontal (clear) distances between adjacent underground utility networks when they are placed in parallel should be taken no more than those indicated in the table. 10.
4.12. When laying a cable line parallel to a high-voltage line (OHL) with a voltage of 110 kV and above, the horizontal distance (in the clear) from the cable to the outermost wire must be at least 10 m.
In the conditions of reconstruction of enterprises, the distance from cable lines to the underground parts and grounding conductors of individual overhead line supports with voltages above 1000 V is allowed to be at least 2 m, while the horizontal distance (in the clear) to the outermost wire of the overhead line is not standardized.
4.13*. When crossing utility networks, the vertical (clear) distances must be no less than:
a) between pipelines or electrical cables, communication cables and railway and tram tracks, counting from the base of the rail, or highways, counting from the top of the coating to the top of the pipe (or its case) or electrical cable - based on the strength of the network, but not less than 0 .6 m;
b) between pipelines and electrical cables placed in channels or tunnels and railways, the vertical distance, counting from the top of the channel or tunnel ceiling to the base of the rails railways, - 1 m, to the bottom of the ditch or other drainage structures or the base of the embankment of the railway roadbed - 0.5 m;
c) between pipelines and power cables with voltage up to 35 kV and communication cables - 0.5 m;
d) between power cables with voltage 110 - 220 kV and pipelines - 1 m;
e) in the conditions of reconstruction of enterprises, subject to compliance with the requirements of the PUE, the distance between cables of all voltages and pipelines may be reduced to 0.25 m;
f) between pipelines for various purposes (with the exception of sewer pipelines crossing water pipelines and pipelines for toxic and foul-smelling liquids) - 0.2 m;
g) pipelines transporting drinking water should be placed 0.4 m higher than sewer or pipelines transporting toxic and foul-smelling liquids;
h) it is allowed to place steel, encased pipelines transporting drinking water below sewer pipes, while the distance from the walls sewer pipes to the edge of the casing there should be at least 5 m in each direction in clayey soils and 10 m in coarse-grained and sandy soils, and sewer pipelines should be made of cast iron pipes;
i) utility and drinking water supply inlets with a pipe diameter of up to 150 mm may be provided below sewer lines without installing a casing, if the distance between the walls of intersecting pipes is 0.5 m;
j) when laying ductless pipelines of water heating networks of an open heating supply system or hot water supply networks, the distance from these pipelines to the sewer pipelines located below and above should be taken as 0.4 m.
4.14. When placing utility networks vertically on the sites of industrial enterprises and the territories of industrial hubs, the norms of the chapters of SNiP on the design of water supply, sewerage, gas supply, heating networks, structures of industrial enterprises, and PUE must be observed.
4.15. When crossing canals or tunnels for various purposes, gas pipelines should be placed above or below these structures in cases extending 2 m on both sides from the outer walls of the canals or tunnels. It is allowed to lay underground gas pipelines in a casing with a pressure of up to 0.6 MPa (6 kgf/sq.cm) through tunnels for various purposes.
Table 9
|
Horizontal distance (clear), m, from underground networks to |
|||||||||||||
|
building foundations |
foundations fencing supports, |
railway track axes |
tram axles |
roads |
foundations of overhead power transmission line supports |
||||||||
|
Network engineering |
and structures |
galleries, overpasses pipelines, contact network and communications |
gauge 1520 mm, but not less than the depth of the trench to the bottom of the embankment and excavation |
side stones, edges of the roadway, reinforced no roadside strip |
the outer edge of the ditch or the bottom of the embankment |
up to 1 kV and outdoor lighting |
St. 1 to 35 kV |
||||||
|
1. Water supply and pressure sewerage |
|||||||||||||
|
2. Gravity sewerage and drains |
|||||||||||||
|
3. Drains |
|||||||||||||
|
4. Gas pipelines for flammable gases A) low pressure up to 0.005 MPa (0.05 kgf/sq.cm) |
|||||||||||||
|
b) average pressure St. 0.005 (0.05) to 0.3 MPa (3 kgf/sq.cm) |
|||||||||||||
|
c) high pressure from 0.3 (3) to 0.6 MPa (6 kgf/sq.cm) |
|||||||||||||
|
d) high pressure over 0.6 (6) to 1.2 MPa (12 kgf/sq.cm) |
|||||||||||||
|
5. Heating networks (from outer wall channel, tunnel or shell of a channelless installation) |
2 (see note 4) |
||||||||||||
|
6. Power cables of all voltages and communication cables |
|||||||||||||
|
7. Channels, tunnels |
|||||||||||||
|
*Applies only to distances from power cables. The distance from communication cables must be taken according to special standards approved by the USSR Ministry of Communications. |
|||||||||||||
|
Notes*: Notes 1 and 2 are excluded. 3. In the Northern construction-climatic zone, the distance from the networks according to pos. 1, 2, 3 and 5 during construction with preservation of the permafrost state of the foundation soils should be taken according to thermal engineering calculations; during construction, when the foundation soils are used in a thawed state, - according to Table. 9. 4. The distance from heating networks for ductless installation to buildings and structures should be taken as for water supply. 5. It is allowed to provide for the laying of underground utility networks, with the exception of networks fire water supply and gas pipelines of flammable and toxic gases, within the foundations of supports and overpasses of pipelines, galleries, contact networks, provided that measures are taken to exclude the possibility of damage to networks in the event of settlement of foundations, as well as damage to foundations in the event of an accident on these networks. |
|||||||||||||
Table 10
|
Horizontal distance (clear), m, between |
||||||||||||||
|
gas pipelines for flammable gases |
heating networks |
|||||||||||||
|
Network engineering |
sewerage |
drainage or gutters |
low pressure up to 0.005 MPa (0.05 kgf/sq.cm) |
average pressure St. 0.005 (0.05) to (3 kgf/sq.cm) |
high pressure St. 0.3 (3) to 0.6 MPa (6 kgf/sq.cm) |
high pressure St 0.6 (6) to 1.2 MPa 12kgf/sq.cm) |
power cables of all voltages |
communication cables |
outer wall of a channel, tunnel |
the shell is without- gasket |
lami, tunnels |
|||
|
1. Water supply |
(see note 2) |
|||||||||||||
|
2. Sewerage |
(see note 2) |
|||||||||||||
|
3. Drainage and wastewater |
||||||||||||||
|
4. Gas pipelines for flammable gases: a) low pressure up to 0.005 MPa (0.05 kgf/sq.cm) |
(see note 3) |
|||||||||||||
|
b) average pressure from 0.005 (0.05) to 0.3 MPa (3 kgf/sq.cm) |
(see note 3) |
|||||||||||||
|
c) high blood pressure St. 0.3 (3) to 0.6 MPa (6 kgf/sq.cm) |
(see note 3) |
|||||||||||||
|
d) high pressure over 0.6 (6.0) to 1.2 MPa (12 kgf/sq.cm) |
(see note 3) |
|||||||||||||
|
5. Power cables of all voltages |
||||||||||||||
|
6. Communication cables |
||||||||||||||
|
7. Heating networks: a) the outer wall of the channel, tunnel |
||||||||||||||
|
b) shell of channelless gasket |
||||||||||||||
|
8. Channels, tunnels |
||||||||||||||
|
* In accordance with the requirements of the PUE. Notes: *Note 1 has been deleted. 2. The distances from the sewerage system to the domestic drinking water supply must be taken as follows: to the water supply system made of reinforced concrete and asbestos-cement pipes laid in clay soils - 5 m, in coarse-grained and sandy soils - 10 m; to a water supply system made of cast iron pipes with a diameter of up to 200 mm - 1.5 m, with a diameter of more than 200 mm - 3 m; to the water supply system made of plastic pipes - 1.5 m. The distance between the sewerage networks and the industrial water supply system, regardless of the material and diameter of the pipes, as well as the nomenclature and characteristics of the soil, must be at least 1.5 m. 3. When two or more gas pipelines of flammable gases are placed together in one trench, the clear distances between them should be for pipes with a diameter of: up to 300 mm - 0.4 m, more than 300 mm - 0.5 m. 4. The table shows the distances to steel gas pipelines. The placement of underground gas pipelines made of non-metallic pipes should be provided in accordance with the chapter of SNiP on the design of internal and external gas supply devices. Notes 5 - 9 have been deleted. |
||||||||||||||
4.16. Intersections of pipelines with railway and tram tracks, as well as with roads, should be provided, as a rule, at an angle of 90 degrees. In some cases, with appropriate justification, it is possible to reduce the intersection angle to 45°.
The distance from gas pipelines and heating networks to the beginning of the points, the tail of the crosspieces and the points of connection to the rails, suction cables should be taken at least 3 m for tram tracks and 10 m for railways.
4.17. The intersection of cable lines laid directly in the ground with the tracks of electrified rail transport should be provided at an angle of 75 - 90° to the axis of the track. The intersection must be at a distance of at least 10 m for railways and at least 3 m for tram tracks from the beginning of the points, the tail of the crosspieces and the points where the suction cables are connected to the rails.
In the case of a transition of a cable line into an overhead line, the cable must exit to the surface at a distance of at least 3.5 m from the base of the embankment or from the edge of the railway or highway bed.
GROUND NETWORKS
4.18. When placing networks on land, it is necessary to provide for their protection from mechanical damage and adverse atmospheric influences.
Ground nets should be placed on sleepers laid in open trays, at elevations below the planning elevations of the sites (territories). Other types of above-ground placement of networks are allowed (in channels and tunnels laid on the surface of the territory or on a continuous bedding, in channels and tunnels of a semi-buried type, in open trenches, etc.)
4.19. Pipelines for flammable gases, toxic products, pipelines through which acids and alkalis are transported, as well as domestic sewerage pipelines are not allowed to be placed in open trenches and trays.
4.20. Ground networks are not allowed to be placed within the strip reserved for laying underground networks in trenches and channels that require periodic access to them during operation.
OVERGROUND NETWORKS
4.21. Aboveground utility networks should be placed on supports, overpasses, in galleries or on the walls of buildings and structures.
4.22. The intersection of cable overpasses and galleries with overhead power lines, intra-factory railways and roads, cable cars, overhead communication and radio lines and pipelines should be carried out at an angle of at least 30°.
4.23*. The placement of overhead networks is not allowed:
a) transit on-site pipelines with flammable and combustible liquids and gases along overpasses, free-standing columns and supports made of combustible materials, as well as along the walls and roofs of buildings with the exception of buildings of I, II, IIIa degrees of fire resistance with production categories B, D and D;
b) pipelines with flammable liquid and gaseous products in galleries, if mixing of products can cause an explosion or fire;
c) pipelines with flammable and combustible liquids and gases, along combustible coatings and walls;
on coatings and walls of buildings in which explosive materials are located;
d) gas pipelines for flammable gases;
on the territory of warehouses for flammable and combustible liquids and materials.
Note. The on-site pipeline is transit in relation to
those buildings whose technological installations do not produce or consume
liquids and gases transported through these pipelines.
4.24. Aboveground pipelines for flammable and combustible liquids, laid on separate supports, overpasses, etc., should be placed at a distance of at least 3 m from the walls of buildings with openings; from walls without openings, this distance can be reduced to 0.5 m.
4.25. Pressure pipelines with liquids and gases, as well as power and communication cables should be placed on low supports, located:
a) in technical zones of enterprise sites specially designated for these purposes;
b) on the territory of warehouses for liquid products and liquefied gases.
4.26. The height from the ground level to the bottom of pipes (or the surface of their insulation) laid on low supports in a free area outside the passage of vehicles and the passage of people should be no less than:
with a pipe group width of at least 1.5 m - 0.35 m;
with a pipe group width of 1.5 m or more - 0.5 m.
The placement of pipelines with a diameter of 300 mm or less on low supports should be provided in two rows or more vertically, reducing the width of the network route as much as possible.
4.27*. The height from ground level to the bottom of pipes or insulation surfaces laid on high supports should be taken as follows:
a) in the impassable part of the site (territory), in places where people pass - 2.2 m;
b) at intersections with roads (from the top of the roadway) - 5 m;
c) at intersections with internal railway access roads and general network tracks - in accordance with GOST 9238-83;
d) excluded;
e) at intersections with tram tracks - 7.1 m from the rail head;
f) at the intersection with the trolleybus contact network (from the top of the road surface) - 7.3 m;
g) at the intersection of pipelines with flammable and combustible liquids and gases with internal railway access roads for transporting molten cast iron or hot slag (to the rail head) - 10 m; when installing thermal protection of pipelines - 6 m.
7.20*. Utility networks should be placed primarily within the transverse profiles of streets and roads; under sidewalks or dividing strips - utility networks in sewers, canals or tunnels; in dividing strips - heating network, water supply, gas pipeline, utility and rainwater drainage.
On the strip between the red line and the building line, low-pressure gas and cable networks (power, communications, alarms and dispatching) should be placed.
When the width of the roadway is more than 22 m, it is necessary to provide for the placement of water supply networks on both sides of the streets.
7.21. When reconstructing carriageways of streets and roads with the installation of permanent road surfaces, under which underground utility networks are located, it is necessary to provide for the removal of these networks to dividing strips and under sidewalks. With appropriate justification, it is permissible to preserve existing networks under the roadways of streets, as well as to lay new networks in canals and tunnels. On existing streets that do not have dividing strips, it is allowed to place new utility networks under the roadway, provided they are located in tunnels or canals; if technically necessary, it is permissible to lay a gas pipeline under the roadways of streets.
7.22*. The laying of underground utility networks should, as a rule, be provided for: combined in common trenches; in tunnels - if it is necessary to simultaneously place heating networks with a diameter of 500 to 900 mm, water supply up to 500 mm, more than ten communication cables and ten power cables with voltage up to 10 kV, during the reconstruction of main streets and areas of historical buildings, when there is insufficient space in the cross-section of the streets for placing networks in trenches, at intersections with main streets and railway tracks. It is also allowed to lay air ducts, pressure sewers and other utility networks in tunnels. Joint laying of gas and pipelines transporting flammable and combustible liquids, with cable lines not allowed.
In areas where permafrost soils are widespread, when constructing utility networks that preserve soils in a frozen state, it is necessary to provide for the placement of heat pipelines in channels or tunnels, regardless of their diameter.
Notes*:
1. On building sites in difficult soil conditions (forest subsidence), it is necessary to provide for the laying of water-carrying utility networks, as a rule, in through tunnels. The type of soil subsidence should be taken in accordance with SNiP 2.01.01-82; SNiP 2.04-02-84; SNiP 2.04.03-85 and SNiP 2.04.07-86.
2. In residential areas in difficult planning conditions, it is allowed to lay ground-based heating networks with permission from the local administration.
7.23*. Horizontal distances (in clear distance) from the nearest underground utility networks to buildings and structures should be taken according to Table 14.*
Horizontal distances (clear) between adjacent engineering structures underground networks when they are placed in parallel, they should be taken according to Table 15, and at the inputs of utility networks in buildings of rural settlements - at least 0.5 m. If the difference in the depth of adjacent pipelines is more than 0.4 m, the distances indicated in Table 15 should be increased taking into account the steepness of the slopes of the trenches, but not less than the depth of the trench to the base of the embankment and the edge of the excavation.
When utility networks intersect each other, vertical (clear) distances should be taken in accordance with the requirements of SNiP II-89-80.
The distances indicated in Tables 14 and 15 may be reduced when appropriate technical measures are taken to ensure safety and reliability requirements.
Table 14*
Table 15
7.24. The intersection of utility networks with metro structures should be provided at an angle of 90°; under reconstruction conditions, it is allowed to reduce the intersection angle to 60°. The intersection of engineering networks with metro station structures is not allowed.
At intersection areas, pipelines must have a slope in one direction and be enclosed in protective structures (steel cases, monolithic concrete or reinforced concrete channels, collectors, tunnels). Distance from outer surface the lining of metro structures to the end of the protective structures must be at least 10 m in each direction, and the vertical distance (in the clear) between the lining or base of the rail (for ground lines) and the protective structure must be at least 1 m. Laying gas pipelines under tunnels is not allowed .
Transitions of utility networks under ground metro lines should be provided taking into account the requirements of GOST 23961-80. In this case, the networks must be placed at a distance of at least 3 m beyond the fences of the above-ground sections of the metro.
Notes:
1. In places where metro structures are located at a depth of 20 m or more (from the top of the structure to the surface of the earth), as well as in places between the top of the lining of metro structures and the bottom of the protective structures of utility networks of clay, uncracked rocky or semi-rocky soils with a thickness of at least 6 m the stated requirements for the intersection of utility networks with metro structures are not imposed, and the installation of protective structures is not required.
2. At the intersections of metro structures, pressure pipelines should be provided from steel pipes with the construction of the intersection of wells and water outlets on both sides and the installation of shut-off valves in them.
7.25*. When crossing underground utility networks with pedestrian crossings, provision should be made for laying pipelines under the tunnels, and power and communication cables above the tunnels.
7.26*. The laying of pipelines with flammable and combustible liquids, as well as with liquefied gases for supplying industrial enterprises and warehouses in residential areas is not allowed.
Main pipelines should be laid outside the territory of settlements in accordance with SNiP 2.05.06-85. For oil product pipelines laid on the territory of a settlement, SNiP 2.05.13-90 should be followed.
SNiP 41-02-2003
APPENDIX B (mandatory)
Table B.1 - Vertical distances
| Structures and utility networks | Minimum vertical clear distances, m |
| To water supply, drainage, gas pipeline, sewerage | 0,2 |
| Up to armored communication cables | 0,5 |
| Up to power and control cables with voltages up to 35 kV | 0.5 (0.25 in cramped conditions) - subject to the requirements of note 5 |
| Up to oil-filled cables with a voltage of St. 110 kV | 1.0 (0.5 in cramped conditions) - subject to the requirements of note 5 |
| To a telephone sewer block or to an armored communication cable in pipes | 0,15 |
| To the base of the rails of industrial railways | 1,0 |
| The same, railways of the general network | 2,0 |
| » tram tracks | 1,0 |
| To the top of the road surface of public roads of categories I, II and III | 1,0 |
| To the bottom of a ditch or other drainage structures or to the base of a railway roadbed embankment (if heating networks are located under these structures) | 0,5 |
| To subway structures (if heating networks are located above these structures) | 1,0 |
| To the head of the railway rails | Dimensions “S”, “Sp”, “Su” according to GOST 9238 and GOST 9720 |
| To the top of the roadway | 5,0 |
| To the top of the pedestrian roads | 2,2 |
| To parts of the tram contact network | 0,3 |
| Same thing, trolleybus | 0,2 |
| To overhead power lines with the greatest sag of wires at voltage, kV: | |
| up to 1 | 1,0 |
Notes
1 The depth of heating networks from the surface of the earth or road surface (except for highways of categories I, II and III) should be taken at least:
a) to the top of the ceilings of canals and tunnels - 0.5 m;
b) to the top of the chamber ceilings - 0.3 m;
c) to the top of the shell of the channelless laying 0.7 m. In the impassable part, ceilings of chambers and ventilation shafts for tunnels and channels protruding above the ground surface to a height of at least 0.4 m are allowed;
d) at the entrance of heating networks into the building, it is allowed to take depths from the ground surface to the top of the ceiling of channels or tunnels - 0.3 m and to the top of the shell of a channelless installation - 0.5 m;
e) at high level groundwater It is allowed to provide for a reduction in the depth of channels and tunnels and the location of ceilings above the ground surface to a height of at least 0.4 m, if this does not violate the conditions of transport movement.
2 When laying heating networks above ground on low supports, the clear distance from the ground surface to the bottom of the thermal insulation of pipelines must be, m, not less than:
with a pipe group width of up to 1.5 m - 0.35;
with a pipe group width of more than 1.5 m - 0.5.
3 When underground installation Heat networks at intersections with power, control and communication cables can be located above or below them.
4 For channelless installation, the clear distance from the water heating networks of an open heating supply system or hot water supply networks to the heating networks of sewer pipes located below or above is taken to be at least 0.4 m.
5 The soil temperature at the intersection of heating networks with electrical cables at the depth of laying power and control cables with voltages up to 35 kV should not increase by more than 10 °C in relation to the highest average monthly summer soil temperature and by 15 °C to the lowest average monthly winter soil temperature at a distance of up to 2 m from the outer cables, and the soil temperature at the depth of the oil-filled cable should not increase by more than 5 °C relative to the average monthly temperature at any time of the year at a distance of up to 3 m from the outer cables.
6 The depth of heating networks at underground intersections of railways of the general network in heaving soils is determined by calculation based on the conditions under which the influence of heat release on the uniformity of frost heaving of the soil is excluded. If it is impossible to provide the specified temperature regime Due to the deepening of heating networks, ventilation of tunnels (channels, casings) is provided, replacement of heaving soil at the intersection or overhead laying heating networks.
7 Distances to the telephone sewer block or to the armored communication cable in pipes should be specified according to special standards.
8 In places of underground intersections of heating networks with communication cables, telephone sewer units, power and control cables with voltage up to 35 kV, it is allowed, with appropriate justification, to reduce the vertical distance in the light when installing reinforced thermal insulation and observing the requirements of paragraphs 5, 6, 7 of these notes.
Table B.2 - Horizontal distances from underground water heating networks of open heating supply systems and hot water supply networks to sources of possible pollution
| Source of pollution | Minimum horizontal clear distances, m |
| 1. Structures and pipelines of domestic and industrial sewerage: when laying heating networks in channels and tunnels for ductless laying of heating networks D ≤ 200 mm The same, D ≤ 200 mm 2. Cemeteries, landfills, cattle burial grounds, irrigation fields: in the absence of groundwater in the presence of groundwater and in filter soils with the movement of groundwater towards heating networks 3. Cesspools and cesspools: in the absence of groundwater, in the presence of groundwater and in filter soils with the movement of groundwater towards heating networks |
1,0 1,5 3,0 |
| Note - When sewerage networks are located below heating networks with parallel laying, the horizontal distances must be taken to be no less than the difference in the elevations of the networks; above heating networks, the distances indicated in the table must increase by the difference in the depth of installation. | |
Table B.Z - Horizontal distances from building structures of heating networks or pipeline insulation shells for ductless installation to buildings, structures and utility networks
| Shortest clear distances, m | ||
| Underground laying of heating networks | ||
| To the foundations of buildings and structures: when laying in channels and tunnels and non-subsidence soils (from the outer wall of the tunnel channel) with a diameter |
||
| D u< 500 | 2,0 | |
| D y = 500-800 | 5,0 | |
| D y = 900 or more | 8,0 | |
| D u< 500 | 5,0 | |
| D ≥ 500 | 8,0 | |
| b) for channelless installation in non-subsidence soils (from shells of channelless laying) with pipe diameter, mm: |
||
| D u< 500 | 5,0 | |
| D ≥ 500 | 7,0 | |
| The same in type I subsidence soils with: | ||
| D ≤ 100 | 5,0 | |
| D y > 100doD y<500 | 7,0 | |
| D ≥ 500 | 8,0 | |
| To the axis of the nearest track of the 1520 mm gauge railway | 4.0 (but not less than the depth of the heating network trench up to | |
| Buildings, structures and utility networks | |
| the base of the embankment) | |
| The same, 750 mm gauge | 2,8 |
| To the nearest iron roadbed structure | 3.0 (but not less than depth |
| roads | heating network trenches up to |
| grounds for extreme | |
| structures) | |
| To the axis of the nearest electrified railway track | 10,75 |
| roads | |
| To the center of the nearest tram track | 2,8 |
| To the side stone of the road street (edge of the roadway, | 1,5 |
| reinforced shoulder strip) | |
| To the outer edge of the ditch or the bottom of the road embankment | 1,0 |
| To the foundations of fences and pipeline supports | 1,5 |
| To masts and poles of external lighting and communication networks | 1,0 |
| To the foundations of bridge supports and overpasses | 2,0 |
| To the foundations of railway contact network supports | 3,0 |
| The same, trams and trolleybuses | 1,0 |
| Up to power and control cables with voltages up to 35 kV and | 2.0 (see note 1) |
| oil-filled cables (up to 220 kV) | |
| To the foundations of overhead power transmission line supports when | |
| voltage, kV (at approach and intersection): | |
| up to 1 | 1,0 |
| St. 1 to 35 | 2,0 |
| St.35 | 3,0 |
| To the telephone sewer block, armored cable | 1,0 |
| communications in pipes and to radio broadcast cables | |
| To the water pipes | 1,5 |
| The same, in type I subsidence soils | 2,5 |
| To drainage and storm drainage | 1,0 |
| To industrial and domestic sewerage (with closed | 1,0 |
| heating system) | |
| To gas pipelines with pressure up to 0.6 MPa during installation | 2,0 |
| heating networks in channels, tunnels, as well as with ductless | |
| laying with associated drainage | |
| The same, more than 0.6 to 1.2 MPa | 4,0 |
| To gas pipelines with pressure up to 0.3 MPa with ductless | 1,0 |
| laying heating networks without associated drainage | |
| The same, more than 0.3 to 0.6 MPa | 1,5 |
| The same, more than 0.6 to 1.2 MPa | 2,0 |
| To the tree trunks | 2.01 (see note 10) |
| Up to the bushes | 1.0 (see note 10) |
| To canals and tunnels for various purposes (including to | 2,0 |
| edges of irrigation network canals - irrigation ditches) | |
| To subway structures when lining with external | 5.0 (but not less than depth |
| adhesive insulation | heating network trenches up to |
| foundations of the structure) | |
| The same, without adhesive waterproofing | 8.0 (but not less than depth |
| heating network trenches up to | |
| foundations of the structure) | |
| Before the fencing of the above-ground metro lines | 5 |
| Buildings, structures and utility networks | Shortest clear distances, m |
| To tanks of automobile filling stations (gas stations): a) with ductless installation b) with duct installation (provided that ventilation shafts are installed on the heating network channel) | 10,0 15,0 |
| Aboveground laying of heating networks | |
| To the nearest railway subgrade structure To the axis of the railway track from intermediate supports (when crossing railways) To the axis of the nearest tram track To the side stone or to the outer edge of the road ditch To the overhead power line with the greatest deviation of wires at voltage, kV: St. 1 to 20 35-110 150 220 330 500 Up to a tree trunk Up to residential and public buildings for water heating networks, steam pipelines under pressure Р у< 0,63 МПа, конденсатных тепловых сетей при диаметрах труб, мм: Д у от 500 до 1400 Д у от 200 до 500 Д у < 200 До сетей горячего водоснабжения То же, до паровых тепловых сетей: Р у от 1,0 до 2,5 МПа св. 2,5 до 6,3 МПа |
3
Dimensions “S”, “Sp”, “Su” according to GOST 9238 and GOST 9720 2.8 0.5 (see note 8) 1 3 4 4,5 5 6 6,5 2,0 25 (see note 9) 20 (see note 9) 10 (see note 9) |
| Notes 1 It is allowed to reduce the distance given in Table EL3, provided that the condition is met that throughout the entire area of proximity of heating networks with cables, the ground temperature (accepted according to climatic data) at the place where the cables pass at any time of the year will not increase compared to the average monthly temperature by more than 10 ° C for power and control cables with voltages up to 10 kV and by 5 °C - for power control cables with voltages of 20 - 35 kV and oil-filled cables up to 220 kV. 2 When laying heating and other utility networks in common trenches (during their simultaneous construction), it is allowed to reduce the distance from heating networks to water supply and sewerage to 0.8 m when all networks are located at the same level or with a difference in elevations of no more than 0.4 m. 3 For heating networks laid below the base of the foundations of supports, buildings, structures, the difference in elevations must be additionally taken into account, taking into account the natural slope of the soil, or measures must be taken to strengthen the foundations. 4 When laying parallel underground heating and other utility networks at different depths, the locations shown in Table B.3. distances should increase and be taken no less than the difference in the laying of networks. In cramped installation conditions and the impossibility of increasing the distance, measures must be taken to protect utility networks from collapse during the repair and construction of heating networks. 5 When laying heating and other utility networks in parallel, it is allowed to reduce the distances given in Table R3_ to structures on the networks (wells, chambers, niches, etc.) to a value of at least 0.5 m, providing for measures to ensure the safety of structures during construction - installation work. 6 Distances to special communication cables must be specified in accordance with the relevant standards. 7 The distance from ground-based heating network pavilions for placing shut-off and control valves (if there are no pumps in them) to residential buildings is taken to be at least 15 m. In particularly cramped conditions, it can be reduced to 10 m. 8 When laying parallel overhead heating networks with overhead power lines with voltages over 1 to 500 kV outside populated areas, the horizontal distance from the outermost wire should be taken not less than the height of the support. 9 When laying temporary (up to 1 year of operation) water heating networks (bypasses) above ground, the distance to residential and public buildings can be reduced while ensuring measures for the safety of residents (100% inspection of welds, testing of pipelines at 1.5 of the maximum working pressure, but not less than 1.0 MPa, the use of completely covered steel shut-off valves, etc.). 10 In exceptional cases, if it is necessary to lay heating networks underground closer than 2 m from trees, 1 m from bushes and other green spaces, the thickness of the thermal insulation layer of pipelines should be doubled. |
|
Minimum clear distances from pipelines to building structures and to adjacent pipelines
| Nominal diameter of pipelines, mm | Distance from the surface of the heat-insulating structure of pipelines, mm, not less | ||||
| to the wall | before overlap | to the floor | to the surface of the thermal insulation structure of the adjacent pipeline | ||
| vertically | horizontally | ||||
| 25-80 | |||||
| 100-250 | |||||
| 300-350 | |||||
| 500-700 | |||||
| 1000 - 1400 | |||||
| Note - When reconstructing heating points using existing building structures, deviations from the dimensions indicated in this table are allowed, but taking into account the requirements of clause 2.33. |
table 2
Minimum aisle width
| Name of equipment and building structures between which passages are provided | Clear passage width, mm, not less |
| Between pumps with electric motors with voltages up to 1000 V | 1,0 |
| The same, 1000 V or more | 1,2 |
| Between the pumps and the wall | 1,0 |
| Between pumps and distribution panel or instrumentation panel | 2,0 |
| Between protruding parts of equipment (water heaters, mud pits, elevators, etc.) or protruding parts of equipment and a wall | 0,8 |
| From the floor or ceiling to the surface of heat-insulating pipeline structures | 0,7 |
| For servicing fittings and compensators (from the wall to the fitting flange or to the compensator) with pipe diameter, mm: | |
| up to 500 | 0,6 |
| from 600 to 900 | 0,7 |
| When installing two pumps with electric motors on the same foundation without a passage between them, but with passages around the double installation | 1,0 |
Table 3
Minimum clear distance between pipelines and building structures
| Name | Clear distance, mm, not less |
| From protruding parts of fittings or equipment (taking into account the thermal insulation structure) to the wall | |
| From the protruding parts of pumps with electric motors with voltages up to 1000 V with a pressure pipe diameter of no more than 100 mm (when installed against a wall without a passage) to the wall | |
| Between the protruding parts of pumps and electric motors when installing two pumps with electric motors on the same foundation near a wall without a passage | |
| From the valve flange on the branch to the surface of the thermal insulation structure of the main pipes | |
| From the extended valve spindle (or handwheel) to the wall or ceiling at mm | |
| The same, at mm | |
| From the floor to the bottom of the thermal insulation structure of the fittings | |
| From the wall or from the valve flange to the water or air outlet fittings | |
| From the floor or ceiling to the surface of the heat-insulating structure of branch pipes |
APPENDIX 2
METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE ESTIMATED THERMAL PRODUCTIVITY OF WATER HEATERS FOR HEATING AND HOT WATER SUPPLY
1. The calculated thermal performance of water heaters, W, should be taken according to the calculated heat flows for heating, ventilation and hot water supply, given in the design documentation of buildings and structures. In the absence of design documentation, it is allowed to determine the calculated heat flows in accordance with the instructions of SNiP 2.04.07-86* (according to aggregated indicators).
2. The calculated thermal performance of water heaters for heating systems should be determined at the design outside air temperature for heating design, °C, and taken based on the maximum heat flows determined in accordance with the instructions in paragraph 1. When heating and ventilation systems are independently connected through a common water heater, the calculated thermal performance of the water heater, W, is determined by the sum of the maximum heat flows for heating and ventilation:
.
3. The calculated thermal performance of water heaters, W, for hot water supply systems, taking into account heat losses by supply and circulation pipelines, W, should be determined at water temperatures at the break point of the water temperature graph in accordance with the instructions in paragraph 1, and in the absence of design documentation - according to heat flows determined by the following formulas:
For consumers - according to the average heat flow for hot water supply during the heating period, determined according to clause 3.13, and SNiP 2.04.01-85, according to the formula or depending on the accepted heat reserve in the tanks according to Appendices 7 and 8 of the specified chapter (or according to SNiP 2.04.07-86* - );
For consumers - according to the maximum heat flows for hot water supply, determined according to clause 3.13, b SNiP 2.04.01-85, (or according to SNiP 2.04.07-86 * - 
).
4. In the absence of data on the amount of heat loss by pipelines of hot water supply systems, heat flows to hot water supply, W, are allowed to be determined using the formulas:
in the presence of storage tanks
in the absence of storage tanks
where is a coefficient taking into account heat loss by pipelines of hot water supply systems, taken according to table. 1.
Table 1
In the absence of data on the number and characteristics of water taps, the hourly consumption of hot water for residential areas can be determined using the formula
where is the coefficient of hourly unevenness of water consumption, taken according to Table 2.
Note - For hot water supply systems serving both residential and public buildings, the hourly unevenness coefficient should be taken based on the sum of the number of residents in residential buildings and the conditional number of residents in public buildings, determined by the formula
where is the average water consumption for hot water supply during the heating period, kg/h, for public buildings, determined according to SNiP 2.04.01-85.
In the absence of data on the purpose of public buildings, it is allowed when determining the coefficient of hourly unevenness according to the table. 2 conditionally take the number of residents with a coefficient of 1.2.
table 2
Continuation of the table. 2
APPENDIX 3
METHOD FOR DETERMINING PARAMETERS FOR CALCULATING WATER HEATERS
1. Calculation of the heating surface of heating water heaters, sq.m, is carried out at the water temperature in the heating network corresponding to the design temperature of the outside air for heating design, and for the design performance determined according to Appendix 2, according to the formula
2. The temperature of the heated water should be taken:
at the inlet to the water heater - equal to the temperature of the water in the return pipeline of the heating systems at the outside air temperature;
at the outlet of the water heater - equal to the water temperature in the supply pipeline of the heating networks behind the central heating point or in the supply pipeline of the heating system when installing the water heater in the IHP at the outside air temperature.
Note - When independently connecting heating and ventilation systems through a common water heater, the temperature of the heated water in the return pipeline at the inlet to the water heater should be determined taking into account the water temperature after connecting the ventilation system pipeline. When the heat consumption for ventilation is no more than 15% of the total maximum hourly heat consumption for heating, the temperature of the heated water in front of the water heater is allowed to be equal to the temperature of the water in the return pipeline of the heating system.
3. The temperature of the heating water should be taken:
at the inlet to the water heater - equal to the temperature of the water in the supply pipeline of the heating network at the inlet to the heating point at the outside air temperature;
at the outlet of the water heater - 5-10 °C higher than the water temperature in the return pipeline of the heating system at the design temperature of the outside air.
4. Estimated water consumption and , kg/h, for calculating water heaters for heating systems should be determined using the formulas:
heating water
heated water
When heating and ventilation systems are independently connected through a common water heater, the calculated water consumption and , kg/h, should be determined using the formulas:
heating water
heated water
where , - respectively, the maximum heat flows for heating and ventilation, W.
5. Temperature pressure, °C, of the heating water heater is determined by the formula
APPENDIX 4
METHOD FOR DETERMINING PARAMETERS FOR CALCULATING HOT WATER HEATERS CONNECTED ACCORDING TO A SINGLE-STAGE SCHEME
1. Calculation of the heating surface of hot water supply water heaters should be carried out (see Fig. 1) at the water temperature in the supply pipeline of the heating network corresponding to the break point of the water temperature graph, or at the minimum water temperature, if there is no break in the temperature graph, and according to the calculated productivity, defined according to Appendix 2
where is determined in the presence of storage tanks according to formula (1) App. 2, and in the absence of storage tanks - according to formula (2) App. 2.
2. The temperature of the heated water should be taken: at the entrance to the water heater - equal to 5 °C, if there are no operational data; at the outlet of the water heater - equal to 60 °C, and with vacuum deaeration - 65 °C.
3. The temperature of the heating water should be taken: at the inlet to the water heater - equal to the temperature of the water in the supply pipeline of the heating network at the inlet to the heating point at the outside air temperature at the break point of the water temperature graph; at the outlet of the water heater - equal to 30 °C.
4. Estimated water consumption and , kg/h, for calculating a hot water supply water heater should be determined using the formulas:
heating water
heated water
5. The temperature pressure of a hot water supply water heater is determined by the formula
6. The heat transfer coefficient, depending on the design of the water heater, should be determined according to Appendices 7-9.
APPENDIX 5
METHOD FOR DETERMINING PARAMETERS FOR CALCULATING HOT WATER HEATERS CONNECTED ACCORDING TO A TWO-STAGE SCHEME
The calculation method for hot water supply water heaters connected to the heating network according to a two-stage scheme (see Fig. 2-4) with a limitation of the maximum flow rate of network water for input, used to date, is based on an indirect method, according to which the thermal performance of the first stage of water heaters is determined by the balance load of hot water supply, and stage II - according to the difference in loads between the calculated load and the load of stage I. In this case, the principle of continuity is not observed: the temperature of the heated water at the outlet of the first stage water heater does not coincide with the temperature of the same water at the entrance to the second stage, which makes it difficult to use for machine calculation.
The new calculation method is more logical for a two-stage scheme with a limitation on the maximum flow of network water for input. It is based on the position that at the hour of maximum water withdrawal at the calculated outside air temperature for selecting water heaters, corresponding to the break point of the central temperature graph, it is possible to stop the supply of heat for heating, and all network water is supplied to the hot water supply. To select the required size and number of shell-and-tube sections or the number of plates and number of strokes of plate water heaters, the heating surface should be determined based on the calculated productivity and temperatures of the heating and heated water from the thermal calculation in accordance with the formulas below.
1. Calculation of the heating surface, sq.m., of hot water supply water heaters must be made at the water temperature in the supply pipeline of the heating network, corresponding to the break point of the water temperature graph, or at a minimum water temperature, if there is no break in the temperature graph, since in this mode there will be a minimum temperature difference and heat transfer coefficient values, according to the formula
where is the calculated thermal performance of hot water supply water heaters, determined according to Appendix 2;
Heat transfer coefficient, W/(sq.m · °C), is determined depending on the design of water heaters according to Appendices 7-9;
The average logarithmic temperature difference between heating and heated water (temperature pressure), °C, is determined by formula (18) of this appendix.
2. The distribution of the calculated thermal performance of water heaters between stages I and II is carried out based on the condition that the heated water in stage II is heated to a temperature of = 60 ° C, and in stage I - to a temperature determined by technical and economic calculations or assumed to be 5 ° C less than the temperature of the network water in the return pipeline at the break point of the graph.
The calculated thermal performance of water heaters of stages I and II, W, is determined by the formulas:
3. The temperature of the heated water, °C, after stage I is determined by the formulas:
with dependent connection of the heating system
with independent connection of the heating system
4. The maximum flow rate of heated water, kg/h, passing through stages I and II of the water heater should be calculated based on the maximum heat flow for hot water supply, determined by formula 2 of Appendix 2, and heating water to 60 °C in stage II:
5. Heating water consumption, kg/h:
a) for heating points in the absence of ventilation load, the heating water flow rate is assumed to be the same for stages I and II of water heaters and is determined:
when regulating heat supply according to the combined load of heating and hot water supply - according to the maximum flow of network water for hot water supply (formula (7)) or according to the maximum flow of network water for heating (formula (8)):
The largest of the obtained values is accepted as the calculated value;
when regulating the heat supply according to the heating load, the calculated consumption of heating water is determined by the formula
; (9)
. (10)
In this case, you should check the temperature of the heating water at the outlet of the first stage water heater at the formula
. (11)
If the temperature determined by formula (11) is below 15 °C, then it should be taken equal to 15 °C, and the heating water consumption should be recalculated using the formula
b) for heating points in the presence of a ventilation load, the heating water flow rate is assumed to be:
for stage I
for stage II
. (14)
6. Heating water temperature, °C, at the outlet of the second stage water heater:
7. Heating water temperature, °C, at the inlet to the first stage water heater:
. (16)
8. Heating water temperature, °C, at the outlet of the first stage water heater:
. (17)
9. Average logarithmic temperature difference between heating and heated water, °C:
. (18)
APPENDIX 6
METHOD OF DETERMINING PARAMETERS FOR CALCULATING HOT WATER HEATERS CONNECTED ACCORDING TO A TWO-STAGE SCHEME WITH STABILIZATION OF WATER FLOW FOR HEATING
1. The heating surface of water heaters (see Fig. 8) for hot water supply, sq.m, is determined at the water temperature in the supply pipeline of the heating network corresponding to the break point of the water temperature graph, or at the minimum water temperature if there is no break in the temperature graph, since in this mode there will be a minimum temperature difference and heat transfer coefficient values, according to the formula
where is the calculated thermal performance of hot water supply water heaters, W, determined according to Appendix 2;
The average logarithmic temperature difference between heating and heated water, °C, is determined according to Appendix 5;
The heat transfer coefficient, W/(sq.m · °C), is determined depending on the design of water heaters according to App. 7-9.
2. Heat flow to the second stage of the water heater, W, with a two-stage connection scheme for hot water supply water heaters (according to Fig. 8), necessary only for calculating the flow of heating water, with a maximum heat flow for ventilation of no more than 15% of the maximum heat flow for heating, is determined by formulas:
in the absence of heated water storage tanks
; (2)
in the presence of heated water storage tanks
, (3)
where is the heat loss of pipelines of hot water supply systems, W.
In the absence of data on the amount of heat loss by pipelines of hot water supply systems, the heat flow to the second stage of the water heater, W, can be determined using the formulas:
in the absence of heated water storage tanks
in the presence of heated water storage tanks
where is the coefficient taking into account heat loss by pipelines of hot water supply systems, adopted according to Appendix 2.
3. The distribution of the calculated thermal performance of water heaters between stages I and II, the determination of the calculated temperatures and water flow rates for calculating water heaters should be taken from the table.
| Name of calculated values | Scope of application of the circuit (according to Fig. 8) | |
| industrial buildings, a group of residential and public buildings with a maximum heat flow for ventilation more than 15% of the maximum heat flow for heating | residential and public buildings with a maximum heat flow for ventilation not exceeding 15% of the maximum heat flow for heating | |
| Stage I of a two-stage scheme | ||
| Estimated thermal performance of the first stage of the water heater |  |  |
| , with vacuum deaeration + 5 | ||
| The same at the outlet of the water heater |  |
|
| Without storage tanks | ||
| With storage tanks | ||
| Heating water consumption, kg/h |  |  |
| Stage II of a two-stage scheme | ||
| Estimated thermal performance of the second stage of the water heater | ||
| Temperature of heated water, °C, at the inlet to the water heater | With storage tanks Without storage tanks  |
|
| The same at the outlet of the water heater | = 60 °C | |
| Heating water temperature, °C, at the inlet to the water heater | ||
| The same at the outlet of the water heater |  |
|
| Heated water consumption, kg/h | Without storage tanks | |
| Heating water consumption, kg/h | With storage tanks in the absence of circulation In the presence of circulation,  | With storage tanks, |
Notes: 1 When connecting heating systems independently, it should be taken instead; 2 The value of underheating in stage I, °C, is assumed: with storage tanks = 5 °C, in the absence of storage tanks = 10 °C; 3 When determining the calculated heating water flow for the first stage of the water heater, the water flow from the ventilation systems is not taken into account; 4 The temperature of the heated water at the outlet of the heater in the central heating point and in the IHP should be taken equal to 60 ° C, and in the central heating point with vacuum deaeration - = 65 ° C; 5 The amount of heat flow for heating at the break point of the temperature graph is determined by the formula  .
|
APPENDIX 7
THERMAL AND HYDRAULIC CALCULATION OF HORIZONTAL SECTIONAL SHELL AND TUBE WATER-WATER HEATERS
Horizontal sectional high-speed water heaters in accordance with GOST 27590 with a pipe system of straight smooth or profiled pipes are distinguished by the fact that to eliminate pipe deflection, two-section support partitions are installed, which are part of the tube sheet. This design of the support partitions facilitates the installation of tubes and their replacement under operating conditions, since the holes of the support partitions are located coaxially with the holes of the tube sheets.
Each support is installed with an offset of 60 °C relative to each other, which increases the turbulence of the coolant flow passing through the inter-tube space and leads to an increase in the heat transfer coefficient from the coolant to the wall of the tubes, and accordingly, the heat removal from 1 sq.m of heating surface increases. Brass tubes with an outer diameter of 16 mm and a wall thickness of 1 mm are used in accordance with GOST 21646 and GOST 494.
An even greater increase in the heat transfer coefficient is achieved by using profiled brass tubes instead of smooth brass tubes in the tube bundle, which are made from the same tubes by squeezing transverse or helical grooves onto them with a roller, which leads to turbulization of the wall fluid flow inside the tubes.
Water heaters consist of sections that are connected to each other by rollers along the pipe space and by pipes along the interpipe space (Fig. 1-4 of this appendix). The pipes can be detachable on flanges or permanently welded. Depending on the design, water heaters for hot water supply systems have the following symbols: for a detachable design with smooth tubes - RG, with profiled ones - RP; for a welded structure - SG, SP, respectively (the direction of the flow of heat exchanging media is given in clause 4.3 of this set of rules).
Fig.1. General view of a horizontal sectional shell-and-tube water heater with turbulator supports
Fig.2. Structural dimensions of the water heater
1 - section; 2 - kalach; 3 - transition; 4 - block of supporting partitions; 5 - tubes; 6 - supporting partition; 7 - ring; 8 - rod;
Fig.3. Connecting roll
Fig.4. Transition
An example of a symbol designation for a split-type water heater with an outer diameter of a section body of 219 mm, a section length of 4 m, without a thermal expansion compensator, for a nominal pressure of 1.0 MPa, with a pipe system of smooth tubes of five sections, climatic version UZ: PV 219 x 4 -1, O-RG-5-UZ GOST 27590.
Technical characteristics of water heaters are given in Table 1, and nominal dimensions and connecting dimensions are given in Table 2 of this appendix.
Table 1
Technical characteristics of water heaters according to GOST 27590
| Outer diameter of the section body, mm | Number of tubes in a section, pcs. | Cross-sectional area of the interpipe space, sq.m | Sectional area of tubes, sq.m | Equivalent diameter of intertrunnel space, m | Heating surface of one Section, sq.m, with length, m | Thermal output, kW, sections length, m | Weight, kg | |||||||||
| Pipe system | ||||||||||||||||
| smooth (version 1) | profiled (version 2) | sections length, m | kalacha, performance | transition | ||||||||||||
| 0,00116 | 0,00062 | 0,0129 | 0,37 | 0,75 | 23,5 | 37,0 | 8,6 | 7,9 | 5,5 | 3,8 | ||||||
| 0,00233 | 0,00108 | 0,0164 | 0,65 | 1,32 | 32,5 | 52,4 | 10,9 | 10,4 | 6,8 | 4,7 | ||||||
| 0,00327 | 0,00154 | 0,0172 | 0,93 | 1,88 | 40,0 | 64,2 | 13,2 | 12,0 | 8,2 | 5,4 | ||||||
| 0,005 | 0,00293 | 0,0155 | 1,79 | 3,58 | 58,0 | 97,1 | 17,7 | 17,2 | 10,5 | 7,3 | ||||||
| 0,0122 | 0,00570 | 0,019 | 3,49 | 6,98 | 113,0 | 193,8 | 32,8 | 32,8 | 17,4 | 13,4 | ||||||
| 0,02139 | 0,00939 | 0,0224 | 5,75 | 11,51 | 173,0 | 301,3 | 54,3 | 52,7 | 26,0 | 19,3 | ||||||
| 0,03077 | 0,01679 | 0,0191 | 10,28 | 20,56 | 262,0 | 461,7 | 81,4 | 90,4 | 35,0 | 26,6 | ||||||
| 0,04464 | 0,02325 | 0,0208 | 14,24 | 28,49 | 338,0 | 594,4 | 97,3 | 113,0 | 43,0 | 34,5 | ||||||
| Notes 1 The outer diameter of the tubes is 16 mm, the inner diameter is 14 mm. 2 Thermal performance is determined at a water speed inside the tubes of 1 m/s, equal flow rates of heat exchange media and a temperature difference of 10 °C (temperature difference in heating water is 70-15 °C, heated water is 5-60 °C). 3 Hydraulic resistance in tubes is no more than 0.004 MPa for a smooth tube and 0.008 MPa for a profiled tube with a section length of 2 m and, accordingly, no more than 0.006 MPa and 0.014 MPa for a section length of 4 m; in the annular space the hydraulic resistance is 0.007 MPa with a section length of 2 m and 0.009 MPa with a section length of 4 m. 4 The mass is determined at an operating pressure of 1 MPa. 5 Thermal performance is given for comparison with heaters of other sizes or types. |
* Taking into account the use of one lane for parking cars.
Notes
1 The width of streets and roads is determined by calculation depending on the intensity of traffic and pedestrians, the composition of elements placed within the transverse profile (roadways, technical lanes for laying underground communications, sidewalks, green spaces, etc.), taking into account sanitary and hygienic requirements and civil defense requirements. As a rule, the width of streets and roads in red lines is taken to be m: main roads - 50-75; main streets - 40-80; streets and local roads - 15-25.
2 In conditions of complex terrain or reconstruction, as well as in areas with high urban planning value of the territory, it is allowed to reduce the design speed for express roads and streets of continuous traffic by 10 km/h with a decrease in the radii of curves in the plan and an increase in longitudinal slopes.
3 For the movement of buses and trolleybuses on main streets and roads in large, large and major cities, an outer lane 4 m wide should be provided; To allow buses to pass during peak hours at an intensity of more than 40 units/hour, and in conditions of reconstruction - more than 20 units/hour, a separate roadway 8-12 m wide is allowed.
On main roads with a predominant traffic of trucks, it is allowed to increase the lane width to 4 m.
4 In climatic subregions IA, IB and IG, the greatest longitudinal slopes of the roadway of main streets and roads should be reduced by 10%. In areas with a winter snowfall volume of more than 600 m/m, strips up to 3 m wide should be provided within the carriageway of streets and roads for snow storage.
5 The width of the pedestrian part of sidewalks and paths does not include the areas required to accommodate kiosks, benches, etc.
6 In climatic subregions IA, IB and IG, in areas with snowfall volumes of more than 200 m/m, the width of sidewalks on main streets should be at least 3 m.
7 In conditions of reconstruction on local streets, as well as with an estimated pedestrian traffic of less than 50 people/hour in both directions, the construction of sidewalks and paths 1 m wide is allowed.
8 When sidewalks directly adjoin the walls of buildings, retaining walls or fences, their width should be increased by at least 0.5 m.
9 It is allowed to provide for the gradual achievement of the design parameters of main streets and roads, transport intersections, taking into account the specific volumes of traffic and pedestrians, with the mandatory reservation of territory and underground space for future construction.
10 In small, medium and large cities, as well as in conditions of reconstruction and when organizing one-way traffic, it is allowed to use the parameters of main streets of district significance to design main streets of citywide significance.
