Technological map of biology lesson
Teacher, GBOU Secondary School, Urban Settlement Mirny Bayonova Lyubov Germanovna
Lesson topic: Structure and function of the kidneys
Purpose of the lesson Students’ perception and primary awareness of new things educational material(kidney structure), understanding the connections and relationships in the objects of study.
Worldview idea Kidneys are a vital organ.
Software requirements. The structure of the kidneys. Urination is one of the main functions.
Planned educational results
Personal results Meta-subject results Subject result
- value attitude towards healthy lifestyle Cognitive UUD:
- highlights essential information;
- stable educational and cognitive motivation and interest in learning
Communication UUD:
- goal setting;
- forms your own opinion and gives reasons for it
Regulatory UUD:
- grade;
- self-esteem;
- adjustment;
- planning upcoming activities;
- organization of independent work.
Knows:
- concepts of “homeostasis”, “nephron”, “filtration”, “reabsorption”, “nephron tubule”, “nephron capsule”, “primary, secondary urine”; - macroscopic and microscopic structure of the kidneys;
- stages of urine formation;
- composition of urine;
- processes and their cause;
- why you need to take care of your kidneys.
Can:
- reveal the essential characteristics of these concepts;
- indicate the structure of the kidneys in the figure;
- characterize the processes of urine formation and the reasons for their occurrence;
- distinguish the composition of primary and secondary urine;
- give examples of why it is necessary to maintain a drinking regime.
Owns:
- rules of personal hygiene.
Program content: Structure and functioning of the kidneys.
Plan for studying new material Creating a comfortable situation for research
Discussion of the goal and the route to achieve it
Solutions
Conclusion
Basic concepts “homeostasis”, “nephron”, “filtration”, “reabsorption”, “urine”;
Lesson type Combined
Lesson form: Group
Technology Problem-based developmental learning using a person-centered approach.
Mise-en-scene of the lesson Work individually, in pairs and in a group.
Lesson equipment Basic textbook: Dragomirov A.G., Mash R.D., Biology: 8th grade. - M.: “Ventana-Graf”, 2010.
Computer software, presentation on the topic: “Structure and functions of the kidneys,” route sheet, additional material for the student, accessories, quotes on the board, terms. For the experiment: 10 liter bucket, 1.5 liter jar, 1.5 m² fabric, 20 white coats.
Homework Paragraph ___ questions at the end of the paragraph.
Optional creative tasks: 1. prepare a presentation:
"Causes of kidney disease."
“Prevention of diseases of the urinary system”, pay special attention to the kidneys.
Make a visual aid:
"Structure of the excretory system"
"Structure of the kidneys"
During the classes
Planned EO Teacher's activities Student's activities
ORGANIZATIONAL MOMENT (2 min)
Welcoming students, creating favorable moral and mental conditions:
- In what mood did you come to class today?
- What do you associate the subject of anatomy with?
- Do you like studying your body? - Would you like to know more about him?
Checking readiness for the lesson, general mood for the upcoming lesson.
Preparing teaching aids for the lesson.
Participate in dialogue.
SETTING A LEARNING PROBLEM (7 min.)
Draws attention to the words of the Italian film director F. Fellini: “Of all the adventures life has in store for us, the most important and interesting is to go on a journey within ourselves, to explore the unknown part of ourselves.”
Do you like to travel?
- To get ready for work, let's start with biological charging.
Reads out the statements. Offers to work quickly, independently: - We study anatomy.
- Metabolism is a property characteristic only of humans.
- Homeostasis is the body’s ability to maintain relative constancy of its composition. - Only useful substances can enter the body.
- Nephron is part of the kidney.
He thanks and offers to sit down.
During the warm-up, two concepts caused difficulty: nephron and homeostasis. He offers to return to them later.
Draws attention to slide No. 1. Offers to fill out the first column in table No. 1.
Organ Substances removed Per day
Gaseous metabolic products: CO₂, H₂O, volatile substances -
Excess water, various salts (sulfur, phosphorus, potassium salts) 0.5 l
Salts heavy metals, products of the breakdown of bile pigments, hemoglobin. Undigested food remains - feces. 300 g
Excess water, medicines, various salts, urea, ammonia, toxic substances 1.2 - 1.6 l
Asks:
- These organs belonging to one, or different systems organs?
-What is their common role? (homeostasis).
Encourages the guys: Well done, I’m pleased that you already know a lot.
Once again draws attention to table No. 1.
- Which organ removes more unnecessary substances from the body?
- What system are the kidneys part of?
- Why did it get such a name?
Draws attention to SLIDE No. 2. Urinary system
Read the quote.
Answer the question
They got up, left their desks, listened, performed biological exercises: if the statement is correct, raise their right hand, if not, raise their left hand, if they find it difficult, do one squat, i.e. gymnastics for body and brain.
A knowledge gap was identified.
Study the table, offer options for filling out the first column, justify the answer
Answer questions and make logical conclusions
Remember the structure from the Zoology course
LEARNING NEW MATERIAL (20 min.)
Form your opinion on this topic
Show interest in the topic being studied.
Form the concept of the participation of the kidneys in maintaining
homeostasis
Show interest in the topic being studied.
Creating a problematic situation: There is such a fact. If the functioning of both kidneys is impaired, a person can live no more than five days.
Discussion: Why?
In order to understand why, he suggests they go on a journey to an organ that is still unknown to them - the kidneys.
Hypothesis 1. We do not know the structure of the kidneys, but the reason for this may be hidden in the structural features;
Hypothesis 2. We don’t know how the kidneys function, and this could be the cause of the death of the body.
Solutions:
Need to know:
Group 1: Location of the kidneys, their macroscopic and microscopic structure.
Self-acquired knowledge
Macroscopic structure of the kidneys:
Kidney = cortex + medulla + pelvis.
Microscopic structure of the kidneys: (we examine the kidneys at higher magnification) The nephron is the microscopic unit of the kidney. It has a complex structure. Nephron = capsule + tubule.
Conclusion: The kidney has a complex structure and if there is a deviation in the health of this organ, serious problems for the entire organism as a whole are possible.
Group 2: We don’t know how the kidneys function, and this could be the cause of the death of the body.
Stages Processes and their reason Where Composition
I. Formation of primary urine (per day - 150 - 170 l) Filtration due to the difference in pressure in the glomerulus of the arterioles and the capsule cavity; H2O, glucose, mineral salts, vitamins, amino acids, hormones, urea are formed in the capsules.
There should be no: protein, blood cells.
II. Formation of secondary urine (per day - 1.2 - 1.5 l) Reabsorption - reverse absorption according to the principle of diffusion and osmosis is formed in the tubules H2O, urea, ammonia, glucose (up to 0.11%), uric acid, creatinine, excess drugs .
There should be no: protein, blood cells, glucose (more than 0.2%)
Conclusion: The kidney is a complex biological filter that forms urine in two stages; therefore, the kidneys maintain a constant internal environment (homeostasis); if this process is disrupted, the death of the body is possible.
Second phase:
The teacher draws the children’s attention to the table with covered items (1 bucket - 10 liters and a 1.5 liter jar with liquid), offers a surprise riddle. What do the numbers on the bucket and jar mean?
Who is good with mathematics, how many buckets of liquid do the kidneys pass through per day? (18 buckets).
- How? Organs smaller than fists can pass through themselves 180 liters per day?
- And I’ll help you guys. It turns out that if you expand all the glomeruli and tubules of the nephron, you get an absorption area of 1.5 m². What system is the nephron connected to (the circulatory system), correctly, so this becomes possible.
- What will happen to the body if it loses fluid at the stage of primary urine?
- Well done, we have successfully completed stage 2, it’s time to relax. Discussion of a problem situation
Form and write down the topic of the lesson
Entry 1 hypothesis
Reveal the essence of the concepts:
kidney, cortex, medulla, pelvis, nephron, capsule, tubule.
Filling out the route sheet
Entry 2 hypotheses
Conduct research using a textbook, cards with additional material, a route sheet and ICT.
Reveal the essence of the concepts:
filtration, reabsorption, primary, secondary urine, homeostasis.
Filling out the route sheet
They guess that 10l. - the amount of primary urine, and 1.5 liters is the amount of secondary urine.
They come to the conclusion that he will die because will lose a lot of water and necessary substances.
PHYSICAL MINUTE (1 min.)
Find out the topography of the organ. The best rest is active.
Offers to get up, leave your desks and perform a series physical exercise, then put your hands on your lower back.
- Which organ is under your hands? That's right, kidneys. Now you and I know the topography, the location of this organ, and if it hurts in the lumbar region, then you should pay attention to it. The kidneys we studied today ask for help. Sit at your desk, straighten your shoulders.
- Guys, our vacation increased blood circulation and the process of cleansing the blood from decay products. Perform 2 quick squats, then 2 circular movements with your arms, while inhaling, exhaling. Hands on the lower back.
PRIMARY REPETITION AND CONSISTENCY (7 min.)
Analyze information and formulate conclusions.
Group discussion of the proposed poem.
They're like two big beans
They are fixed on the ligaments.
At the spinal column
We settled comfortably.
Kidneys filter our blood
With unprecedented stubbornness,
So that in the internal environment
There was consistency.
Nephron contains capsules,
Tubules and glomeruli.
Our kidneys contain a million nephrons.
Blood passes through the nephron
The channel here decides
What goes back into the body and what it removes.
From a young age we must take into account what is most dear to us.
We must protect not only our honor, but also our kidneys.
Read and analyze the poem:
- shape - location - function
- meaning
- structure of the nephron
- number of nephrons
- Without which system is it impossible for the kidneys to function?
- what do you need to remember from a young age?
SUMMARY OF THE LESSON (3 min.)
Assessment, self-esteem.
- What new did you learn in the lesson?
- What helped you learn new things?
- What changes in your behavior?
Content-based assessment of group work. Explanation of marks.
Olga Vladimirovna Klyukina, teacher of chemistry and biology, MAOU Bannikovskaya Secondary School
Biology, 8th grade
Subject: Structure and function of the kidneys
Tasks:Educational: To develop knowledge about the structure of the urinary system. Reveal the features of the structure and location of the kidneys in the body.
Educational: Develop logical thinking. Establish patterns between the structure of an organ and its functions.
Educational: Fostering a conscious attitude towards one’s health and maintaining personal hygiene.
Lesson type: A lesson in learning and consolidating new material. Means of education:Dragmilov A.G., Mash R.D. Biology: Human Textbook for students 8th grade educational institutions.-2nd ed., revised.- M.: Ventana - Graff, 2003
Table “Human excretory organs”, model “Structure of the kidney”,
Collection of tasks in biology GIA-2014. Moscow EXMO 2013.
Lesson plan:
- Welcome speech from the teacher Updating the material covered Determining the topic of the lesson Studying new material Primary consolidation of knowledge Reflection Homework .
Move on to the topic of the next lesson.
During the classes.
1. Welcome speech from the teacher. Good afternoon guys! 2. Updating the material.A) two students work at the blackboard. (The first student draws up a metabolic diagram based on key concepts written in notebooks during the last lesson. The second student draws up a diagram of the transformation of food as it passes through the digestive tract, and talks about the end products of the breakdown of the main substances of the cell).
IN) Work with the class: test work on the topic covered, after completing the work it is submitted to the teacher for checking
Checking the work of students at the blackboard:
Questions for the first student: What does metabolism matter? Where do they take place? metabolic processes (in a cage), is there a relationship between anabolism and catabolism, what is it? (these processes are inseparable and occur simultaneously in the cell; the energy obtained during catabolism is spent during anabolism).
Questions for the second student(class helps if you have difficulty) – how is the food bolus transformed? What happens to the final products? ( The body uses nutrients, some of the substances are removed from the body.)
How are the necessary substances delivered to the cells and how are harmful substances removed from the body? What organs take part in the processes of excretion? (Intestines, lungs, kidneys, skin)
- Determining the topic of the lesson
We are familiar with the work of the intestines and lungs, what task faces us today, but before answering the question, let's analyze the table. (Appendix)
Which organs remove the greatest amount from our body? various substances. (kidneys). Students determine the topic of the lesson and write it down in their notebook.
- Learning new material.
Guys, look at the data in the table and formulate a definition of the concept “ Selection». ( This is the process of removing unnecessary and harmful substances from the body.).
The excretion process is carried out by the urinary system. Using Fig. 69 on page 157, draw a diagram of the urinary system. ( kidneys - ureters - bladder- urethra)
Teacher's story "Structure of the kidneys" (accompanied by explanations on the model. As the story progresses, the teacher draws the children’s attention to key points, the children make notes in notebooks).
The main organ of the excretory system is the kidneys: This is a paired bean-shaped organ.
In humans, the kidneys are located in the lumbar region on the sides of the last two thoracic and first two lumbar vertebrae. They are adjacent to the posterior abdominal wall, and the right kidney is normally located slightly lower, since from above it borders on the liver. The dimensions of one bud are approximately 11.5-12.5 cm in length, 5-6 cm in width and 3-4 cm in thickness. The mass of the kidneys is 120-200 g, usually the left kidney is slightly larger than the right.
Each kidney has a cortex, a medulla, and a renal pelvis. . The renal pelvis passes directly into the ureter. The right and left ureters empty into the bladder. The morpho-functional unit of the kidney is nephron - a specific structure that performs the function of urine formation . There are more than 1 million nephrons in each kidney.
Each nephron consists of several parts: glomerulus, Shumlyansky-Bowman capsule and a system of tubules that pass into one another.
Exercise: Guys, it’s on your tables Handout– pictures depicting the structure of the kidney and nephron. (Appendix) Place the image in a notebook and make appropriate captions. (2-sided tape is glued to the back of the pictures)
Teacher's story "Urine Formation" (accompanied by explanations on the table. As the story progresses, the teacher draws the children’s attention to key points, the children make notes in their notebooks).
The process of producing urine and removing it from the body is called diuresis.
This is a very complex process; it is closely related to the blood supply to the kidneys, which is many times greater than the blood supply to other organs. This ensures the purification of the blood from substances continuously entering it from the cells that must be removed from the body with urine.
Diuresis occurs in two stages (phases). (Depicted as a cluster)
1. Filtration - substances carried by the blood into the capillaries of the glomerulus are filtered into the cavity of the nephron capsule. This occurs due to a significant difference in pressure in the glomerulus (70 mm Hg) and in the capsule cavity (30 mm Hg).
Such high pressure in the capillaries is ensured by:
slow blood flow
high pressure blood in the afferent arteriole (the renal artery arises from the aorta, where the blood is under the highest pressure).
difference in pressure in the afferent and efferent arterioles
The filtered liquid is called primary urine . In composition it corresponds to blood plasma without proteins. Primary urine contains a lot needed by the body substances (sugar, amino acids, vitamins, hormones) and they can be useful to the body, so they are not removed from the body, but the substances are reabsorbed into the blood in the next phase.
2. Reabsorption - occurs when primary urine moves through convoluted tubules, which are tightly intertwined with capillaries.
Reabsorption proceeds: a) passively - according to the principle of diffusion and osmosis;
b) actively - due to the activity of the epithelium of the renal tubules with the participation of enzyme systems with energy consumption. During reabsorption, primary urine gives water, glucose, amino acids, vitamins, and a significant amount of potassium and sodium ions to the blood - this ensures the constancy of the internal environment (the second function of the kidneys). Substances such as urea, ammonia, sulfates, other waste products, as well as excess, for example, glucose are not absorbed back, their concentration in the urine increases along the tubules, and the formation of secondary urine that must be removed from the body (the first function of the kidneys).
In addition to reabsorption in the tubules, harmful substances that enter the body and the bloodstream from the external environment (dyes, antibiotics, sulfonamides, etc.) are released into their lumen. If these substances are not filtered into capsules, then they are removed from the blood through the capillary network that encircles the convoluted tubule. Yellow urine depends on the pigment urochrome - a product of the breakdown of hemoglobin.
Exercise 1 Fill the table.Excretory organs
Task:2 Using table No. 2, answer the question: What is the difference between primary and secondary urine?
5. Primary consolidation of knowledge: Frontal survey on the topic. 6. Reflection. Complete the sentence: 1. Today in class I learned..... 2. In class it was difficult for me.... 7.Homework. § 39 (individual task to prepare a report on kidney disease) 8. Move on to the topic of the next lesson.Guys, the selection process is an important and complex process. The organs that ensure its smooth functioning must be healthy and this entirely depends on you. You need to lead a healthy lifestyle and observe personal hygiene rules. We will talk about kidney diseases and their prevention in the next lesson.
Application
Assignments for students working at the board.
1 Draw up a metabolism diagram based on the key concepts written in the notebook (energy and plastic metabolism)
2..Draws up a diagram of the transformation of food as it passes through the digestive tract, and talks about the end products of the breakdown of the main substances of the cell).
Test work for class
1 option
1. Amino acids consist of: A) fats B) carbohydrates C) proteins D) nucleic acids 2. The maximum energy value has: A) beef B) cheese C) sugar D) butter 3. The role of vitamins is (in) A) neurohumoral regulation of the body’s activity B) maintenance constancy of the internal environment of the body B) influence on the growth and development of the body, metabolism D) protection of the body from infections 4. The formation of glycogen occurs in: A) liver B) pancreas C) stomach D) intestinal walls 5) During plastic metabolism in the human body, the following occurs: A) breakdown of proteins B) formation of water and carbon dioxide from carbohydrates C) formation of fat D) breakdown of glycogen to glucose 6) The composition of visual pigment includes vitamin: A) - C B) - AB) - B1 D) - D1. The breakdown products of fats are: A) glucose B) glycerol and fatty acids C) nucleotides D) amino acids 2. The final breakdown of proteins into amino acids occurs: A) in the stomach B) in the small intestine C) in cells D) in the colon 3. If a thirty-year-old person has inflammation gums, teeth are falling out, then most likely he does not have enough vitamin in his body: A) - A B) - SB) - B D) - D
4. Which product more actively prepares the stomach for digestion? A) chicken broth B) a glass of milk C) a glass of sour cream D) semolina porridge 5) Energy metabolism reactions include: A) oxidation of glucose B) dissolution of sodium salts in water C) protein synthesis D) photosynthesis
6) The most favorable diet is: A) two meals a day B) four meals a day C) meals every 2 hours D) three meals a day
Handout
Table No. 1 Release of substances from the body.
Table No. 2 Difference between primary and secondary urine
Character of urine
Structure of the kidney and nephron
Reflection questions
1. Today in class I learned….. 2. The lesson was difficult for me…. 3. I still want to know about this topic...Sections: Biology
Class: 8
Lesson objectives: reveal the role of excretion in maintaining the constancy of the internal environment of the body; introduce the main ways of excretion of metabolic products in the human body; to form ideas about the structure and functions of the organs of the urinary system: kidneys, bladder, ureters and urethra; about the peculiarities of kidney function; about the regulation of urination. Reveal the consequences of kidney dysfunction, show the causes of urinary diseases and the basis for their prevention.
Lesson plan:
Updating and testing knowledge.
Conversation with students about the role of metabolism in the body.
Learning new material.
Teacher's opening speech.
During the metabolic process, breakdown products are formed. Some of these products are used by the body, others are removed from it. Carbon dioxide, water, and volatile substances are removed from the body through the lungs. The intestines secrete some salts, and the sweat glands secrete water, salts, and organic substances. The main role in excretory processes belongs to the kidneys. The kidneys remove water, salts, ammonia, urea, and uric acid from the body. Through the kidneys, many foreign and toxic substances formed in the body or taken in the form of drugs are removed from the body. The kidneys help maintain a constant composition of the internal environment of the body. Excess water or salts in the blood can cause changes in osmotic pressure, which is dangerous for the functioning of the cells of our body. The kidneys remove excess water and mineral salts from the body, restoring the constancy of the osmotic properties of the blood. The kidneys maintain a certain constant blood reaction. When acidic or alkaline metabolic products accumulate in the blood, the release of excess corresponding salts through the kidneys increases. In maintaining a constant blood reaction, the ability of the kidneys to synthesize ammonia plays a very important role, which binds acidic products, replacing sodium and potassium in them. In this case, ammonium salts are formed, which are excreted in the urine, and sodium and potassium are stored for the needs of the body.
Student’s message “How waste products are excreted in single- and multicellular organisms.”
The urinary system consists of urinary organs and urinary organs. The urinary organs include the kidneys, and the urinary organs include the ureters, bladder, and urethra.
Kidneys are paired organs, bean-shaped, located in abdominal cavity. The weight of the buds is 320 grams. Kidneys are a biological filter. The right kidney is lower than the left because Below the kidneys is the liver, the largest gland in our body. The outside of the kidney is covered with a durable elastic capsule.
Rice. 2
The ureters extend from the kidney. The length of the ureters is 30 cm. Urine flows smoothly through them into the bladder. Every 7 seconds, another portion of urine comes out of the kidneys. The bladder is an unpaired organ with a capacity of 300-500 ml. Urine excretion occurs reflexively. This reflex is developed by the age of 2–3 years.
Microscopic structure of the kidneys:
The structural unit of the kidney is the nephron. There are about 1 million of them in each kidney. The nephron can be figuratively compared to a pearl, a scattering of which is figuratively stored in the kidney, or a precious filter inserted into a simple mouthpiece. The kidney is covered on top with a cortex layer, and underneath is the medulla. It contains Shumlyansky capsules, similar to small glasses. In the glasses there is a capillary glomerulus, which is surrounded by Bowman's capsule, which passes into the renal tubule.
Rice. 3
Blood supply to the kidneys:
The kidney gives us a “wonderful network of arteries.” Nowhere in the body is such a sequence of vessels found: artery, capillary, artery. Urine is produced in the nephron. Urine formation occurs in 2 stages:
The composition of urine is determined by the state of the body. If a person suffers from diabetes, then sugar appears in his urine. If the food is rich in carbohydrates, then after hard physical work sugar may appear in the urine. The kidneys synthesize biological active substances (renin is an enzyme involved in biochemical processes). In total, 1.5 liters of urine are produced per day.
Independent work.
Students are given forms with a urine test of an imaginary patient. Assignment for students: Are there any abnormalities in urine tests? ( Appendix 2) The results are recorded in the table:
Kidneys are a vital organ and disruption of their functioning leads to kidney diseases.
Kidney diseases: enuresis, pyelonephritis, cystitis, urolithiasis. Enuresis – urinary incontinence; cystitis - inflammation of the bladder; pyelonephritis – inflammation of the renal pelvis.
Prevention of diseases requires compliance with certain hygiene rules: proper nutrition, timely treatment of teeth, sore throats, hardening, careful handling of medications, poisons, observance of personal hygiene rules.
They're like two big beans
They are fixed on the ligaments.
At the spinal column,
We settled comfortably.
The kidneys filter our blood,
With unprecedented stubbornness,
So that in the internal environment
There was consistency.
Nephron contains capsules,
Tubules and glomeruli
There are a million nephrons,
Contains our kidneys.
Blood passes through the nephron
The channel here decides
What to return to the body
And what does it delete?
We must take into account from a young age
What is most dear to us
We must protect not only honor,
But so do our kidneys.
4. Consolidation of the studied material.
Questions for students:
Does it apply to the urinary system?
What organs belong to the urinary organs?
Why are kidneys called biological filters?
What is a nephron? How is it built? How does it work?
How does urine formation occur?
Causes of kidney diseases?
How to prevent kidney diseases?
5. Homework: P.41, 42.
Literature:
V.V. Pasechnik, G.G. Shvetsov Biology lessons. 8th grade. Moscow “Enlightenment” 2010
R.D. Mash, A.G. Dragomilov Biology. Human. 8th grade Moscow “Venta – Graf” 2006
R.D. Mash. Man and his health. Moscow. 1996
V.V. Kserofontova, V.V. Evstafiev. Human anatomy and physiology. Moscow. 1996
T.V. Kozachok Biology. 8th grade. Volgograd. 2004
Ministry of Education and Science Russian Federation
FEDERAL STATE BUDGET EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION OF HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION
CHELYABINSK STATE PEDAGOGICAL UNIVERSITY
(GOU VPO "ChSPU")
Outline open lesson in biology in grade 8A on the topic “Structure and function of the kidneys”
Performed:
Student of the Faculty of Natural Technology,
group 559 - 60
Sedykh Daria Sergeevna
Chelyabinsk, 2014
Lesson topic"Structure and functions of the kidneys"
Lesson type: learning new material
The purpose of the lesson: to form in students knowledge of the anatomical and physiological features of the urinary system and to reveal the relationship between the structure of the kidneys and its functions.
Lesson objectives:
Educational
Introduce the general plan of the structure and functions of the organs of the urinary system
To study the features of the external and internal structure of the kidneys in connection with their functions
Educational
Cultivate a caring attitude towards your health, form the right attitude towards healthy image life.
Developmental
Develop critical thinking techniques using the example of working with text and tables
Ability to explain biological terms
Equipment:
cards (handouts)
presentation “structure and function of the kidneys”
video material: "urinary system", "the process of formation and excretion of urine"
Forms and methods of teaching:
Frontal conversation;
Performing differentiated tasks;
Statement and solution problematic issues;
Creative independent work
Basic terms and concepts:
Kidney: cortex, medulla (renal pyramids), renal pelvis.
Nephron: capsule, tubule, capillary glomerulus.
Primary and secondary urine.
Ureters.
Bladder.
Urethra.
Literature for teachers:
2011;
Internet resources
Literature for the student:
Tutorial Biology: 8th grade: textbook for students of general education institutions / I.N. Ponomareva, O.A. Kornilova, N.M. Chernova; edited by prof. I.N. Ponomareva. – M.: Ventana-Graf, 2011;
During the classes
Organizing time
Hello guys. My name is Daria Sergeevna. I am glad to welcome you to the lesson, the epigraph of which will be the statement of the Athenian playwright Sophocles
“There are many miracles in the world, man is the most wonderful of them all!”(slide 1)
Updating knowledge
And you have already had the opportunity to verify this by traveling through the human body. And it would seem that we already know everything! But no, each lesson reveals more and more secrets to you human body. Today we will visit another unexplored corner, another organ system responsible for cleansing the body.
What organ systems do you already know that rid our body of excess and unnecessary things? (they name it, you show pictures, kidneys last)
Organ systems with excretory function (slide 2)
excretory Respiratory Digestive
Studying new topic
The topic of our lesson is “Structure and functions of the kidneys.”(slide 3)
And I am firmly convinced that by the end of the lesson you will be able to easily answer the following questions:(slide 4)
What are the functions of the urinary system?
How many times do the kidneys filter the same portion of blood?
But in order to answer the questions, you and I need to set a goal for this lesson. Words from these words are mixed up on the board in front of you; you need to make up the goal of the lesson - to study the structure and functions of the kidneys.
Structure of the urinary system (video urinary system ) (slide 5,6) watch the video of the structure of the kidneys and using the textbook on pp. 157-158 (Fig. 69, 70) write captions for the pictures.(Annex 1)
Did you know: (slide 7)
A person with strong kidneys can be recognized by his large ears. Small and translucent ears, on the contrary, indicate kidney weakness.
The buds weigh from 120 to 200 grams, with the right one weighing slightly more than the left.
Since 2006, Kidney Day has been celebrated on the second Thursday of March.
Insert the necessary words from the dictionary into the text; the picture on the slide will help you. (slide 8) (Appendix 2)
Dictionary:
A person has two kidneys.
They are located at the lumbar level, on both sides of the spine. The right kidney is “pressed” by such a “giant” as the liver, so it is 1 -1.5 cm lower than the left one.
The shape of the bud resembles a bean.
The size of the kidney is about the size of a human fist.
Weight – 150-200 g, length – 10-12 cm, width – 5-6 cm. Approximately every 7 s
Ureters - tubes 30 cm long, 4-7 mm in diameter. With smooth movements, the ureters move urine to the bladder.
Bladder - unpaired organ, volume 500-700 ml. It is not too big and not too small - why accumulate extra weight that does not have useful qualities?)
Answer:(slide 9)
(check interchange 9-10 correct – 5 nephrons; 6-8 correct – 3 nephrons; 3-5 correct – 1 nephron)
What do you think you got now for correct answers?
Nephrons are the structural and functional unit of the kidney.
There are 1 million of them in each human kidney and therefore everyone earns their own nephrons(Appendix 3)
"The nephron is the structural and functional unit of the kidney." (slide 10)
How do you understand the phrase “Structural-functional unit”? (A structural unit is what an organ is built from, in our case a kidney. A functional unit is a part of an organ that performs its functions and work).
We write in a notebook : The nephron is the smallest unit of the kidney in which blood plasma is filtered (page 157 of the textbook).
So, we study the structure of the nephron (Fig. 70 p. 158)
Each nephron begins with two layerscapsule .
Departs from the capsulemixed lot who doesloop , and then falls intocollecting duct . There are a lot of tubules in the kidney, their total length reaches 100 km. Enters the capsuleartery, forming in itcapillary glomerulus . Having left the capsule, the arterial blood vessel again branches intocapillaries , whichentwine the walls of the tubule . Purified blood is collected in the kidneysveins.
Remove unnecessary things (slide 11)
Mixed Lot
A loop
Pelvis
collecting duct
Capillary glomerulus
Ureter
Mixed Lot
Capsule
Nephron work (slide 12)
Where will unnecessary substances go from the collecting duct? Arrange the organs in the correct sequence. (slide 13)
Bladder
Ureters
Pelvis
Kidney cups
Urethra
ANSWER:4,3,2,1,5
Kidney functions (slide 14)
Consider the following fact:
If both kidneys are damaged, severe poisoning of the entire body occurs and the person dies within 5 days.
Explain:
a) what substances poison a person with damaged kidneys, although no poisons entered the body from the environment; b) what functions do the kidneys perform?
During the discussion, they formulate and write down in a notebookbasic kidney function :
1) excretory (remove excess water, organic and inorganic substances, products of nitrogen metabolism);
2) protective (ensure the removal from the body of toxic compounds formed during the metabolic process).
Now watch the video and fill out the table along the way based on what you see and hear (video of the process of formation and excretion of urine)(slide 15)
Urine formation (Appendix 4)
Stages of urine formation
Processes (phases)
Where is it formed
Compound
1. Formation of primary urine
filtration
In the kidney capsule
Water, urea, salts, etc.
2.Formation of secondary urine
Reabsorption (reabsorption)
In the tubules
Urea, uric acid, water
(check with the whole class 6 answers - 5 nephrons; 4 answers - 3 nephrons; 2 answers - 1 nephron)
Answer the questions… (slide 16)
What are the functions of the urinary system?
How many times do the kidneys filter the same portion of blood?
What substances are not removed from the blood in urine?
Why is it important to take care of your kidney health?
Lesson summary (ywho has more nephrons - medal)(Appendix 5)
Homework (slide 17)
1. Study § 39 of the textbook.
2. 3 questions(Appendix 6)
Reflection (slide 18)
Red the color of the card means that you really liked the lesson; you were in a good mood during the lesson.
Yellow color - the lesson passed calmly, unnoticeably. Nothing about the lesson was particularly exciting, but you were satisfied with the lesson. The mood is calm and even.
Blue color - a feeling of complete dissatisfaction with the lesson, a mood of despondency and bitterness.
Annex 1
Appendix 2
Dictionary: volume, two, shape, kidneys, ureters, lower back, unpaired, spine, width, mass.
TEXT:
In humans? kidneys They are located at the level? , at both sides?. The right kidney is “pressed” by such a “giant” as the liver, so it is 1–1.5 cm lower than the left one. By? the bud resembles a bean. Magnitude? - the size of a man's fist.? – 150-200 g, length – 10-12 cm,? – 5-6 cm. Approximately every 7 s The kidneys release another portion of urine, which enters the ureters.
? - tubes 30 cm long, 4-7 mm in diameter. With smooth movements, the ureters move urine to the bladder.
Bladder - ? organ,? 500-700 ml. It is not too big and not too small - why accumulate extra weight that does not have
useful qualities?
Appendix 3
Appendix 4
Urine formation
Stages of urine formation
Processes (phases)
Where is it formed
Compound
1. Formation of primary urine
2.Formation of secondary urine
Appendix 5
Appendix 6
1. It is known that a person produces 180 liters of primary urine in 1 day. How is this value determined?
2. It is known that the rate of formation of secondary urine by the kidneys depends on two factors: the rate of filtration in the renal glomeruli and the intensity of reabsorption in the renal tubules. With painful stimulation, the amount of secondary urine produced decreases. What could be the specific physiological mechanisms of this phenomenon? Suggest experiments that could reveal the involvement of some of the regulatory mechanisms involved.
3. Explain why drinking 1 liter of beer causes more urine production than drinking the same amount of water.
Structure and functions of the urinary system
Lesson using reference notes
Equipment: tables “Organs of excretion”, model “Structure of the kidney of a mammal”, filmstrip “Structure and function of the kidneys”.
DURING THE CLASSES
I. Consolidation of previously studied material
Three students working at the board.
Assignment for student 1: talk about metabolism in the body using the following diagram:
Basic Concepts
Homeostasis is the body’s ability to withstand environmental changes and maintain relative constancy of composition, as well as the intensity of physiological processes.
Metabolism- a set of metabolic processes and energy and their biochemical transformations in a living organism or a set of chemical transformations of compounds characteristic of a cell, connected with each other and with environment and ensuring the vital activity of the cell.
Anabolism(or assimilation) - processes of synthesis of complex organic substances from simple ones. These processes are also called plastic exchange: Energy-rich cell substances - proteins, fats, carbohydrates - are formed from simple nutrients. These processes require energy.
Catabolism(or dissimilation) – processes of splitting complex organic substances into simple ones. These processes are also called energy metabolism: proteins, fats and carbohydrates are broken down and oxidized to inorganic substances. These processes are accompanied by the release of energy, which is spent on the synthesis of new substances, muscle movement, the work of internal organs, mental work, etc.
Teacher. Where do these processes take place?
Student. In a cage.
Teacher. What is needed for this?
Student. Involvement of enzymes.
Teacher. Is there a relationship between these processes?
Student. Yes. They occur simultaneously in the cell, with many of the end products of catabolism being the initial products of anabolism. The energy released during catabolism is consumed during anabolism.
Teacher. What laws of dialectics does the metabolic process obey?
Student. The law of conservation and transformation of energy, the law of unity and struggle of opposites.
Assignment to student 2: talk about the processes of isolation and characterize the types of these processes.
Basic concepts:
Defecation– removal of undigested food debris through the anus. These are not metabolic products, because undigested food does not enter the body cells and does not participate in metabolic processes. No energy is required to remove these residues.
Excretion– the release of substances that are not subject to further use in the body from cells and from the bloodstream through urine and sweat. Energy is consumed during excretion.
Secretion– the cell releases substances that are used within the body itself. For example, the release of enzymes in gastric juice or saliva. This consumes energy.
Assignment for the 3rd student: talk about the end products of the breakdown of the basic substances of the cell ( working with diagrams).
Teacher. What happens to the final products?
Student. Some are used by the body, others are removed into the external environment.
Teacher. How does this happen? After all, most cells are located deep in the body, and not on the border with the environment.
Student. All these substances enter the blood and are transported to the excretory organs.
Teacher. What organs are these?
Student. Lungs, kidneys, skin, intestines.
Teacher. To summarize, analyze the table.
Teacher. Define the selection process.
Student. Selection- This is the process of removing metabolic end products from the body, as well as removing excess water, salts and other substances.
Teacher. What organ systems is this process associated with?
Student. With urinary, circulatory, respiratory, skin, digestive.
II. Learning new material
Teacher. So, from the table. 1 shows that the largest amount of substances is removed through the kidneys. The kidneys are organs of the urinary system. We will get acquainted with the structure of this system and its functions in today's lesson.
The work is carried out in groups. Each group receives a task. The work report is drawn up in the form reference summary in notebooks and on the board.
The main task is to establish the relationship between the functions and structure of the organs of the urinary system. Creative task: make Euler circles based on any fragment of the lesson.
Functions of the urinary system
Teacher's story.
1. Excretory (excretion) – removed:
a) end products of dissimilation;
b) excess water and salts;
c) toxic substances (alcohol, drugs);
2. Regulatory – ensures consistency:
a) the internal environment of the body (volume of blood, lymph and tissue fluid);
b) osmotic pressure - the kidneys regulate the concentration of salts in the blood and tissue fluid that washes the cells. If the concentration of salts in the liquid is greater than in the cell, water leaves it, the cell shrinks and dies (plasmolysis); and vice versa, if the concentration of salts in the liquid is less than in the cell, water enters the cell, it swells and bursts;
c) ionic composition of the liquid - the kidneys retain or remove certain salts from the blood, depending on their deficiency or excess in the body;
d) acid-base balance - the kidneys maintain a neutral blood reaction, depending on the circumstances, retaining or removing from the body ions of carbonic acid, chlorine, hydrogen and ammonium, the presence of which determines the pH level of the blood. Ammonium ions are formed from ammonia, which is synthesized in the cells of the kidneys themselves;
d) blood pressure– Removing fluid from the body lowers blood pressure.
3. Secretory
Hormones are formed - biological regulators (the enzyme renin, synthesized by the kidneys, activates a regulator that controls blood pressure).
Structure of the urinary system
Task for group No. 1
1. Write captions for the figure. 1.
2. Fill out and analyze the table. 2.
Tasks for group No. 2
1. Write captions for the figure. 2.
2. Tell where the kidneys are located, how many there are, what shape they have, and their weight. (Working with the table “Organs of excretion.”)
3. Characterize the features of the blood supply to the kidneys. (Work with the film strip “Structure and function of the kidneys.”)
Group assignment No. 3
1. Write captions for the figure. 3.
2. Talk about the internal macroscopic structure of the kidney (a dummy is used).
Group assignment No. 4
Using the textbook* (§ 41, pp. 129–130), fill out and comment on the table. 3.
Group assignment No. 5
Using the textbook* (§ 41, pp. 129–130), describe the process of urination.
The results of work in groups are presented in the form of a supporting summary in notebooks and on the board.
Internal (microscopic) structure of the kidney - the structure of the nephron
Teacher's story. The main provisions are entered into the supporting outline.
The kidney has a very complex microscopic structure. The structural unit of the kidney is the nephron - the renal corpuscle (Fig. 4). The nephron has microscopic dimensions. Each kidney has about 1 million nephrons.
The renal corpuscle begins in the cortex of the kidney as a small capsule shaped like a double-walled cup, formed from two layers of epithelial cells. Between these layers there is a slit-like space - the capsule cavity. From it begins the renal convoluted tubule of the 1st order, formed by one layer of epithelial cells. The tubule descends into the medulla of the kidney, where it forms a loop of Henle, then returns to the cortex, receiving the name 2nd order tubule. Here it twists again, merges with the same adjacent tubule and forms the collecting duct of the nephron, passing inside the pyramids.
The collecting ducts merge to form larger excretory ducts. They pass through the medulla to the tips of the papillae of the pyramids. The total length of the tubules of one nephron is 35–50 mm, and the total length of the tubules of the entire kidney reaches 120 km.
Each individual tubule secretes its own small portion of the daily amount of urine.
Inside the renal capsule there is a capillary glomerulus formed from the branches of the renal artery arising from the aorta. It is called the afferent arteriole.
The capillary glomerulus adheres tightly to the nephron capsule, and blood plasma substances easily diffuse from the vessel into the capsule cavity.
The capillaries collect into the efferent arteriole. It again breaks up into capillaries that intertwine the convoluted tubules and the loop of Henle. After this, the capillaries form veins that flow into the inferior vena cava, through which the blood, cleared of toxins, returns to the bloodstream. Reabsorption products also returned here. And urine enters the renal pelvis.
Urine formation
Teacher's story.
The process of producing urine and removing it from the body is called diuresis.
This is a very complex process; it is closely related to the blood supply to the kidneys, which is many times greater than the blood supply to other organs. This ensures the purification of the blood from substances continuously entering it from the cells that must be removed from the body with urine.
Diuresis occurs in two stages (phases).
1. Filtration - substances carried by the blood into the capillaries of the glomerulus are filtered into the cavity of the nephron capsule. This occurs due to a significant difference in pressure in the glomerulus (70 mm Hg) and in the capsule cavity (30 mm Hg).
Such high pressure in the capillaries is ensured by:
– slow blood flow;
– pressure difference in the afferent and efferent arterioles;
– high blood pressure in the afferent arteriole (the renal artery arises from the aorta, where the blood is under the highest pressure).
The filtered liquid is called primary urine. In composition, it corresponds to blood plasma without proteins (Table 3).
Primary urine contains many substances needed by the body (sugar, amino acids, vitamins, hormones) and if they are removed from the body, the excretion process will become very wasteful. But this does not happen, since the substances are reabsorbed into the blood in the next phase.
2. Reabsorption - occurs when primary urine moves through convoluted tubules, which are tightly intertwined with capillaries.
Reabsorption occurs:
a) passively - according to the principle of diffusion and osmosis;
b) actively - due to the activity of the epithelium of the renal tubules with the participation of enzyme systems with energy consumption.
During reabsorption, primary urine gives water, glucose, amino acids, vitamins, and a significant amount of potassium and sodium ions to the blood - this ensures the constancy of the internal environment (the second function of the kidneys).
Substances such as urea, ammonia, sulfates, other waste products, as well as excess, for example, glucose are not reabsorbed, their concentration in the urine along the tubules increases, and secondary urine is formed, which must be removed from the body (the first function of the kidneys).
In addition to reabsorption in the tubules, harmful substances that enter the body and the bloodstream from the external environment (dyes, antibiotics, sulfonamides, etc.) are released into their lumen. If these substances are not filtered into capsules, then they are removed from the blood through the capillary network that encircles the convoluted tubule.
The yellow color of urine depends on the pigment urochrome, a product of the breakdown of hemoglobin.
Regulation of the urinary system
Teacher's story.
The process of urine formation by the kidneys is regulated by the nervous and humoral systems. A person can control the process of urination, and a conditioned reflex can be developed.
Voiding reflex arc: bladder receptors ® neuron sensory pathway ® micturition center in the spinal cord ® diencephalon ® cerebral cortex ® neuron motor pathway ® bladder sphincter muscles.
When the concentration of salts in the blood changes, the receptors of the blood vessels are irritated. If the body lacks moisture or has eaten a lot of salty food, the concentration of salts in the blood increases and a hormone is released in the pituitary gland vasopressin. It enhances the reabsorption of water in the tubules - the fluid returns to the bloodstream and the volume of urine decreases, while the amount of salt excreted remains at the same level. And, conversely, if the concentration of salts in the blood decreases, then hormones are released that reduce the reabsorption of water and promote its removal from the body.
Lesson conclusions
1. The kidney is a complex biological filter.
2. The structure and function of the kidneys allows you to cleanse the blood, removing unnecessary substances from the body, and maintain the constancy of the internal environment of the body.
Application
1 – adrenal gland;
2 – kidney;
3 – ureter;
4 – bladder;
5 – urethra
Rice. 2. External structure of the kidneys: 1 – “gate” of the kidney;
2 – renal artery; 3 – renal vein; 4 – ureter
Rice. 3. Internal (macroscopic) structure of the kidney:
1 – cortical layer; 2 – medulla, consisting of renal pyramids; 3 – papillae; 4 – pelvis; 5 – ureter
Rice. 4. Structure of the nephron: 1 - nephron capsule; 2 - capsule cavity; 3 - convoluted tubule epithelium of the 1st order; 4 - loop of Henle; 5 - convoluted tubule of the 2nd order; 6 - collecting duct; 7 - glomerulus of capillaries; 8 - afferent arteriole; 9 - blood filtration; 10 - efferent arteriole; 11 - blood flow to the inferior vena cava; 12 - reabsorption; 13 - urine flow; 14 - renal pelvis
* Biology. Human. Textbook for the 9th grade of general education institutions. Edited by A.S. Batueva. – M.: Enlightenment.
