Decoding rsfsr what does it mean. RSFSR - what is it? rsfsr: decoding, formation, composition and territory. State control system of the RSFSR

- “Russian herring pound forty rubles” “Russian shit, the Frenchman is cursing” “Russia hastily forms the old regime” “salt, beans, hazel grouses for the workers” “workers have taken off their caps, they will take off their shirts” “distribution of salt beans to Soviet workers” “guys, … … Dictionary of abbreviations and abbreviations

Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic Dictionary Ushakov. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

RSFSR- Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. Pronounced [er es ef es er] and admissible [re se fe se er] ... Dictionary of pronunciation and stress difficulties in modern Russian

RSFSR- an abbreviation, i.e., the abbreviated name of our state from January 1918 to December 1991. Between October 1917 and January 1918. in documents Soviet power you can find the names: Russian Republic, Russian ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of Constitutional Law

RSFSR- [er es ef es er], invariable, f. Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. ◘ Immediately on it [on paper] “RSFSR”, hammer and sickle document. Gaidar, 1982, 40. // disabbr. RSFSR A rare case of the phenomenal madness of Russia. ... ... Explanatory Dictionary of the Language of Soviet Deputies

See Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

- [er es ef es er] Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ... Small Academic Dictionary

RSFSR- non-cl., f (abbr.: Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic) ... Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language

RSFSR- Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ... Dictionary of abbreviations of the Russian language

RSFSR. August 1, 1921 Divided into provinces, republics, ASSR, autonomous regions the total number of all subjects 61 the total number of provinces 48 the total number of republics 3 the total number of ASSR 7 the total number of autonomous regions 3 the total number of volosts (without ... ... Wikipedia

Books

Criminal Code of the RSFSR, Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR. Official text with amendments as of July 1, 1950 and with the appendix of article-by-article systematized materials. Reproduced in the original author's spelling of the 1950 edition ...
Criminal Code of the RSFSR, Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR. Official text with amendments as of July 1, 1950 and with the appendix of article-by-article systematized materials. Reproduced in the original author's spelling of the 1950 edition (publishing house ...

Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic is the first Soviet republic formed after the October Revolution of 25/X (7/XI) 1917. The vast territory, the motley ethnic composition of the population lead to the gradual formation of numerous national autonomous republics and regions within the RSFSR. In 1922, the RSFSR, together with the Ukrainian SSR, the BSSR and the ZSFSR, became an equal and most powerful member of the USSR. As part of the RSFSR, before the national delimitation Central Asia, included the so-called Turkestan Republic. The modern administrative division of the RSFOR with 11 autonomous republics and 12 autonomous regions, with 27 provinces and 5 regionalized regions cannot be considered complete. Next in line is the question of regionalization of the RSFSR, which is expected to be completed in the next five years.

Territory of the RSFSR occupies 19.758 thousand square meters. km or 92.5% of the entire territory of the USSR. This vast area represents a single territory, except for the small Crimean peninsula, from which the RSFOR is separated by the Ukrainian SSR. The European part accounts for only 4.248 thousand square meters. km and Asian - 15.510 thousand square meters. km. In a significant part, the borders of the RSFSR coincide with the external borders of the USSR: in Central Asia, the RSFSR borders on the union republics of Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan, and there are no natural borders here; in the Caucasus, the Main Caucasian Range separates the RSFSR from the 3SFSR; in the European part of the RSFSR in the south (if you do not take into account the Crimea) and southwest it borders on the Ukrainian SSR, and the western border partly touches the BSSR, partly coincides with the borders of the USSR. Therefore, we do not give here a description of the natural conditions of the RSFSR (surface, orography, climatic conditions, soils, vegetation), since we would have to repeat much that has already been said in the essay on the USSR. Of the most important areas of mineral resources indicated in the essay on the USSR outside the RSFSR are the oil-bearing regions of the Apsheron Peninsula, the manganese Chiatura deposits and all other mineral wealth of Transcaucasia, the Donetsk coal basin (it is located only in an insignificant eastern part within the North Caucasian Territory), Krivorozhsky iron ores and Nikopol manganese deposits.

Population of the RSFSR according to the 1926 census, it is estimated at 100.8 million people, or 68.6% of the total population of the USSR. Of all the union republics, the RSFSR is the most unevenly populated, which is explained by its vast territory, among which there is a very large number of inconvenient lands. In the European part of the RSFSR (excluding the Tobolsk district of the Ural region), which makes up only 21.5% of its total area, 81% (81.8 million people) of the total population of the RSFSR lives, and in the Asian - 78.5% of its entire territory - only 19% (19.0 million people). Thus, the population density in the European part is 19.3 people. per 1 sq. km, and in Asian - 1.2 people. per 1 sq. km, and in the entire RSFSR - 5.1 people. against 64.2 in the Ukrainian SSR, 39.3 in the BSSR and 6.9 people. per 1 sq. km in the USSR as a whole. But even in the European part of the RSFSR, the density is far from the same everywhere - the northern regions are much less populated than the central and southern ones. The most densely populated areas are the Central Black Earth (57.3 people per 1 sq. km), Central Industrial (45.8), Western (43.6). In the Asian part, the Siberian Territory (9.1 people per 1 sq. km) and Kazakhstan (8.3) are most densely populated, and Kamchatka (0.03) and Yakutia (0.07) are the least densely populated. In terms of sex composition in the RSFSR, in general, the same ratios are observed as in the entire USSR - an excess of the number of women in the European part and a smaller number of women compared to the number of men in the Asian part, except for the Siberian Territory. In the Central Industrial region there are 1.162 women per 1.000 men, in the Vyatka region - 1.161 and the lowest figure for the European part - in the Crimea - 1.039; in the Asian part, the highest rate is given by the Siberian Territory - 1.032, and the lowest - DVK - 873 women per 1,000 men. The rural population gives in general a higher percentage of women in the population than the urban population. The exceptions are the Central Black Earth region and Bashkiria, where we have the same gender composition both in the city and in the countryside, and Crimea, the Lower Volga region and Kazakhstan, where there are relatively more women in the cities than among the rural population. The very diverse ethnic composition of the population of the RSFSR led to the creation here of a large number of autonomous national units. The main core of the RSFSR is Russians, of which 73.5%, moreover, in the European part of them - 78.6% and in the Asian - 50.8%. In general, the national composition of the RSFSR is as follows:

National composition of the RSFSR

		Ukrainians				Bashkirs	Belarusians
In thousand people
In %% of the entire population of the RSFSR
	Jews of the West		Highlanders Dagest.			Meshcheryaki
In thousand people
In %% of the entire population of the RSFSR
				Kabardians	Kalmyks	Karakalpaks	All people. USSR
In thousand people
In %% of the entire population of the RSFSR

This table is far from exhausting the numerous nationalities inhabiting the RSFSR.

The main core of the population of the RSFSR is Russians, they make up 73.5% of the total population, with 78.6% in the European part and 51.0% in the Asian part. Of the entire Russian population of the USSR, 95% are concentrated in the RSFSR, i.e., in terms of the degree of concentration within one union republic, Russians compete only with the Georgian group, 98% of which lives in Georgia. For other indigenous peoples of the union republics, these shares are lower: they drop from 89% for Uzbeks to 74% for Ukrainians and 48% for Armenians. The degree of concentration of indigenous peoples in the autonomous republics that are part of the RSFSR is also different. It is expressed as 99% for the Yakuts, 94% for the Cossacks, 90% for the Buryats, 89% for the Bashkirs, 86% for the Kirghiz, 85% for the Dagestan highlanders, 60% for the Chuvash, 48% for the Tatars (in the Tatar and Crimean republics together), 41% for Karelians and only 31% for Germans. The relatively large number of Belarusians and Ukrainians in the Asian part is the result of a significant resettlement of the rural surplus population from Ukraine and Belarus. The urban population of the RSFSR is 18.5% of the total population in the European part, 12.4% in the Asian part, and 17.3% in the entire RSFSR against 17.9% in the entire USSR and 18.5% in the Ukrainian SSR. With 68.6% of the population of the entire USSR, the share of hired personnel in the RSFSR is higher, namely, 73% of all hired personnel of the USSR in the licensed industry and 74% of all employees in public institutions and enterprises. This is understandable, since about ¾ of the entire industry of the USSR is concentrated in the RSFSR, moreover, not only republican, but also union institutions are located in the RSFSR.

Accordingly, the number of members trade unions in the RSFSR is 72% of the total number in the USSR. On 1/4, 1927, the total number of trade union members in the RSFSR was expressed at 7,046.5 thousand people, including 35.6% of industrial workers, of which 11.1% were textile workers (94.6% of the total number in the USSR), 8.7% - metalworkers (71.0% of the number of metalworkers in the USSR), 4.8% - food workers, 2.6% - chemists, 2.4% - miners (38.2% of the total number in the USSR), 15.9% of all members are transport workers (including 11.0% - railway workers), 10.8% - workers Agriculture(67.6% of the USSR), 6.2% - builders, 2.4% - public utilities workers and 2.7% - public catering. The remaining 26.4% are employees of state, public institutions and trade enterprises, including 12.5% - Soviet trade employees, 7.9% - education workers, 5.1% - medical and sanitary and 0.9% - art workers.

public education in the RSFSR has already been largely elucidated in the essay on the USSR, and the process of its development in the RSFSR as a whole almost repeats the all-Union picture. Therefore, only some, additional data is given here.

Literacy of the RSFSR population is determined by such coefficients. Per 1,000 people population 8 years and older - literate:

Compared with 1897 and 1920, literacy on comparable materials has increased significantly: in 1897 there were literate men per 1,000 people. 337, in 1920 - 478 and in 1926 - 582; female literacy has increased from 117 pers. in 1897 to 258 in 1920 and 344 in 1926. Of all the larger nationalities inhabiting the RSFSR, Jews are in first place in terms of literacy - 723 people. per 1,000 people, followed by Germans - 602, Poles - 538, Russians - 451, Karelians - 414, Ukrainians - 413, Komi - 381, Belarusians - 373, Tatars - 334, Chuvashs - 307, Mari - 266, Votyaks - 256, Bashkirs - 243, Buryats - 232, Ossetians - 212, Circassians - 169, Altaians - 127, Kalmyks - 110; among other nationalities, literacy is below 100. In individual autonomous republics, the provision of the population with school institutions in 1926/27 was as follows:

Students per 1,000 inhabitants

		Without auto. rep.	Autonomous rep.	Including
		Without auto. rep.	Autonomous rep.	Crimean		Karelian	Chuvash
Social education in schools.
In educational institutions
	Including
	Tatar	Buryat-Mongolian	Bashkir	Yakut	Kyrgyz	Kazanskaya	Dagestan
Social education in schools.
In educational institutions, prof. image.

In 1926/27, there were 79.7 thousand school institutions of social education on the territory of the RSFSR (72.2% of the total number in the USSR) with 7.363 thousand students (68.8% of the USSR), including first-stage schools - 74.6 thousand out of 5.762 thousand students, seven-year-olds - 2.2 thousand out of 787 thousand students, nine-year schools and secondary schools - 0.8 thousand out of 268 thousand students. In the same year, there were 3.2 thousand preschool education institutions out of 204 thousand students. Vocational educational institutions in the RSFSR in 1926/27 there were 3.443 (66% of the total in the USSR) with 541 thousand students (68% of the USSR), including 80 higher educational institutions (59% of the USSR) with 111 thousand students (68% of the USSR). Thus, social and vocational education in general is developed in proportion to the share of the population of the RSFSR. In the RSFSR there were 38.2 thousand institutions of the Political Education (66% of the USSR) with 1.182 thousand students or 61% of the total number in the USSR.

public health in the RSFSR is characterized by the following indicators on the state of the medical network in 1925/26: medical stations - 4.201, including hospitals - 2.829 with 50.6 thousand beds, independent paramedical stations - 3.386, hospitals in cities - 1.150 with 103 thousand. beds and 196 hospitals in transport, beds in them - 10.7 thousand. In general, the main medical network, especially the number of medical stations, is now much higher than in the pre-war period. To this it must be added that in the post-revolutionary years medical institutions, such as dispensaries and sanatoriums, achieved noticeable development; in 1925/26 there were 297 different dispensaries in the RSFSR. The network of institutions for the protection of motherhood and infancy has also increased significantly, although so far almost only in the cities. The number of consultations increased from 331 in 1921 to 711 by 1926. The development of the medical network takes place not only in the direction of simple expansion, but also in improving its quality; thus, the number of medical stations from 1921 to 1926 increased by 25%, while the number of feldsher stations decreased somewhat - by 4%. The number of physicians during the same period doubled, reaching 20,000 people, while the number of paramedics remained the same - about 22,000. The provision of medical care in the RSFSR is very different. With an average range of a medical site of 38.7 km, in the Central Industrial Region it is about 12 km, in the Volga region - 17 km and in Siberia - 74 km, and in Yakutia and the Far East the range is even greater. The number of rural population per 1 medical site ranges from 14 thousand in the Central Industrial Region and 16 thousand in the Volga region to 32 thousand in the Siberian Territory; on average in the RSFSR, there are about 20 thousand people per 1 medical station. rural population. In one hospital bed, in cities and villages together, the average for the RSFSR accounts for 610 people, with slightly less than 400 in the Central Industrial Region, 700 in the Volga region, and 1,200 in Siberia.

For all key indicators National economy RSFOR accounts for from ⅔ to ¾ of the corresponding indicators for the entire USSR, which approximately corresponds to the share of its population. Inextricably linked with the rest of the Union republics, which are to a large extent the raw material and fuel base of the Union, and the Ukrainian SSR is at the same time the largest grain-producing region, the RSFSR itself does not represent an integral closed region. Almost none of the phenomena of the national economic life of the RSFSR is therefore impossible to study without dividing it into certain regions. In the future, the entire description will be based on identifying the features of one or another part of the territory of the RSFSR, one or another region. True, the task is complicated by the fact that the administrative division is far from corresponding to the economic one. In the European part, only the Ural region, the North Caucasian Territory and in the Lately The Severo-Zapadny District (Leningrad Region) largely coincides with the economic regions in terms of its administrative borders. In the Asian part, so far only the Siberian Territory and the Far Eastern Territory have been zoned. The rest of the RSFSR, with the modern administrative division, only hardly fits into the boundaries of economic regions. Below, the regions established in the summer of 1927 by the Statplan under the Central Statistical Administration and approved by the Council of People's Commissars are mainly used, which are an adaptation of the state planning grid of districts to existing administrative divisions. According to this zoning, the North-East region includes three northern provinces (Arkhangelsk, Vologda and Severo-Dvinsk) and the Komi Autonomous Region; to the Vyatka region - the Vyatka province with two autonomous regions - Votskaya and Mariyskaya; in the Central Industrial - Moscow province with nine industrial provinces surrounding it; in the Western - Smolensk and Bryansk provinces; to the Central Black Earth - Voronezh, Oryol, Kursk and Tambov province; in the Lower Volga region - the provinces of Stalingrad, Saratov with the ASSR of Volga Germans crossing it, Astrakhan and Autonomous Kalmyk Region; in the Middle Volga - Tatar and Chuvash ASSR, Penza, Ulyanovsk, Samara and Orenburg provinces. The remaining existing administrative divisions and autonomous republics are accepted as independent regions. The regions of the North-East, Central Industrial, Western and North-Western make up the so-called consuming band. However, it was not always possible to bring the materials in line with these areas, and had to use the so-called old areas of the CSO.

Agriculture The RSFSR is a significant factor in the agriculture of the entire USSR. The rural population of the RSFSR is 69% of the total rural population of the USSR, the sown area is about 70%, and the gross yield of grain crops is also about 70%; the number of livestock - about 75%; of the total amount of grain surpluses in the USSR, half (this value varies depending on the harvest) comes from the RSFSR, which at the same time includes vast territories (with almost ⅓ of the entire population of the RSFSR) with a shortage of bread; of the area under industrial crops in the RSFSR is under flax about ⁹/₁₀ of the entire area of the USSR, under hemp - ¾, under sunflower - 70-72%, only areas under sugar beet and, especially, cotton have an insignificant share - about ⅛ of the entire sown area under cotton and ⅕ - under sugar beet. According to the calculations of the Gosplan of the RSFSR, the gross agricultural output, excluding fishing and hunting, is 59% of the total output of the national economy of the RSFSR, and the remaining 41% falls on industry (1925/26 in chervonny prices); in the mass of commodities, respectively, 27% and 73%. Of the individual branches of agriculture, 68.8% (1925/26 in red prices, in pre-war prices, the ratios are approximately the same) of all agricultural products is produced by plant growing, including grain crops - 30.7% and technical - 10.2%; livestock - 23.5% and forestry - 7.7%.

Almost the entire sown area in the RSFSR, as in other Union republics, is concentrated in individual peasant farms. According to the Central Statistical Bureau, out of a total sown area of 79 million hectares in 1926, peasants' crops accounted for 76.9 million hectares. On average, 1 peasant farm in the RSFSR in 1926 accounted for 4.6 hectares, in Ukraine - 5.0 hectares; for individual regions of the RSFSR, the picture is very different: in the consuming zone there are 3.1 hectares per farm, in Kazakhstan - 3.4, Central Chernozem - 4.8, Siberia - 5.5, the Middle Volga region - 5.8, in the North Caucasus - 7.1. Between individual farms, the sown area, as well as livestock, are unevenly distributed over the districts.

Grouping of peasant farms in 1926 according to sowing groups and livestock supply

(in %% of the total number of farms in the district)

Grouping by sowing in the field and homestead

	Without sowing and with sowing	With crops from - to ha
	Without sowing and with sowing		17.6 and above
1. Consuming band of the European part of the RSFSR
2. Production band of the European part of the RSFSR
Including
Central Black Earth Region
Ural region
Volzhsky district
3. North Caucasus

Grouping by working cattle

Grouping by cows

In the areas of extensive farming (the North Caucasus, the Volga region), peasant farms are larger, while in the consuming zone, the bulk of the farms are middle groups - up to 4.4 hectares. Here, farms with a crop area of more than 17.5 hectares are found as an exception. In terms of provision with working livestock, Siberia ranks first, where there are only 10.7% of farms without working livestock, and almost ¼ of the total number of farms with 3 or more heads of working livestock. Siberia is followed by the Ural region, then the consuming strip; but in the latter, where there are predominantly small farms, the proportion of farms with a large number of draft animals is insignificant. The producing zone, partly as a result of the famine of 1921 and the crop failure of 1924, suffers from an insufficient supply of draft animals; the proportion of farms without working livestock is high. True, here, in comparison with the consuming zone, the proportion of farms with a large number of draft animals is much larger, but this is due to production conditions: at least two heads are harnessed to the plow. The distribution by cows immediately marks the areas with a developed dairy economy: Siberia, the Urals, as well as a largely consuming zone. The share of cowless farms here is small; in the production zone, the proportion of farms without cows is much larger, and the proportion of farms with 3 or more cows is smaller.

The sown area as a whole shows growth for all three years; their dynamics in individual cultures reveals significant differences. The growth of industrial crops, which began along with the restoration process, was delayed in 1926 by the unfavorable conjuncture for them that developed in 1925/26; however, in the next 1927, the area under industrial crops increased again, reaching the size of 1925. Grain crops, making up the bulk of the crops, are developing towards an increase in the share of more valuable and more commercial crops. The share of wheat is increasing all the time, rye is falling; barley - falls after a poor harvest in 1924, but almost recovers in 1926. Almost the same picture with oats: its share falls somewhat in 1925, but in 1926 it already reaches a value greater than in 1924. Dynamics of the sown area under millet, it has the opposite character - its share grows after a poor harvest in 1924 and falls after a favorable year in 1925. Potato crops in terms of their specific gravity are constantly declining. The area under sown grasses, having in general an insignificant proportion, is constantly growing, and grass sowing is developed mainly in the consuming zone. Grain crops in general account for the largest share in the Ural region and in Siberia. Under rye, the largest area is occupied in the Central Black Sea Region and the Middle Volga region, under wheat - in the North Caucasus, in the Lower Volga region, the Urals and Siberia. 30% of the entire sown area of the RSFSR under rye is concentrated in the consumer zone, 17% in the Central Chernobyl Region, 16% in the Middle Volga (without the Tatar and Chuvash ASSR) and 15% in Vyatka (with the Tatar and Chuvash ASSR). Of the entire area of the RSFSR under wheat in the North Caucasus is 27%, 19% - in Siberia, 13% - in Kazakhstan, almost the same - in the Middle Volga region, 11% - in the Urals and 9% - in the Lower Volga region. The North Caucasus is the main base for export wheat not only in the RSFSR, but also in the USSR; here is the largest share of the area under barley; corn is concentrated only in the North Caucasus; in other areas, barley and, especially, corn are sown in small quantities. Oats are most widely distributed in the Ural region, Siberia and the consuming zone.

Distribution of sown areas by crops in peasant farms according to the data of the CSO for 1924, 1925 and 1926

Including

Technical cult.

Including

wheat

Buckwheat

corn

potatoes

hemp

Sunflower

Other cult.

In thousands of hectares

In %% of the total sown area

1. Consuming band

2. Center - Chernozem region

3. Ural region

4. Middle Volga with Bashkir, but without the Tatar and Chuvash Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics

5. Lower Volga region

6. North Caucasus with Dagestan

The development of cattle breeding in the RSFSR and its comparison with the total sown area is characterized by the following data.

The number of livestock in two years increased by 16.1%, while the area under crops was slightly less - by 14.8%. This is because cattle breeding in general was more destroyed during the years of the war, the famine of 1921 and the crop failure of 1924, and now, having embarked on the path of restoration later, cattle breeding is, as it were, catching up with the development of crops. The number of draft animals is recovering the slowest of all, while in its growth the latter lags far behind the growth in sown areas (for two years 12.2% against 14.8%). The distribution of livestock in individual districts is not identical with the distribution of sown areas. In the consuming zone, the proportion of livestock, both total and working, is higher than the sown area; the relative number of cows is also much higher (the dairy farm of the CPO, the Vyatka district and the Northern ones). In the Central Chernobyl region, all indicators for livestock are significantly lower than the share of sown area. The same phenomena are observed in the Volga regions and in the North Caucasus. These are areas suffering from a lack of draft power. The Urals has a slight excess of indicators for livestock over indicators for sown areas. There is a large excess of indicators for all types of livestock over the sown area in Siberia and, especially, in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. These are livestock-breeding regions, moreover, Kazakhstan has developed sheep and horse breeding. The number of small cattle here (together with the Kirghiz ASSR) is 23.1% of the population throughout the RSFSR, horses - 16.7%, while the sown area is only 5.5%, and the rural population - 8.2%. In some areas, the lack of draft power is partly covered by tractors, but their total number is still small (17.2 thousand pieces in 1926/27), with 75% of them in collective farms, 14% in state farms and 11 % - in individual peasant farms. 29% of all tractors are concentrated in the North Caucasus, 17% in the Central Chernobyl region, 14% in the Lower Volga region, and about 11% in the Middle Volga region.

Cattle breeding by regions of the RSFSR in comparison with the sown area and population

Cattle

Sheep and goats

camels

All livestock in terms of cattle

Total units of draft animals

Cultivated area in million ha

Rural population according to the 1926 census million souls

In a million heads

In %% of the total amount for the RSFSR for 1926

Consuming band

Center-Chernozem. region

North Caucasus with Dagestan

Middle Volga with Bashkiria, but without the Tatar and Chuvash Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics

Lower Volga

Kazakhstan and Kirghiz ASSR

Poultry farming of the RSFSR last years increased significantly: the number of birds in 1926 was 70% higher than in 1923 and was expressed (excluding Yakutia and Kazakhstan) at 100.2 million pieces (76% of the total in the USSR), of which 93.0 million - chickens and 7.2 million. - other birds.

There is also a significant difference in the availability of arable equipment between the districts. The number of farms without arable equipment in the consuming zone in 1926, according to the Central Statistical Bureau, was 22.3%, in Siberia - 33.4%, in the producing - 39.1%, and in the North Caucasus - even 56.7%, i.e., the number of non-inventory farms increases as you move from the northwest to the southeast. The qualitative distribution of arable equipment is different. In the extreme northern provinces of the European part of the RSFSR, in the Vyatka region, western districts In the Ural region, Ulyanovsk, Penza, Ryazan, Tambov and Oryol provinces, a plow and other simple arable tools are common, plows here are no more, and sometimes less than 25% of the total number of arable tools. In the rest of the RSFSR, plows are predominantly distributed, in particular, in the Crimea, in the North Caucasus, and in Siberia there is almost no dry land.

The gross output of grain crops in 1925/26 on the territory of the RSFSR amounted to 51.299 thousand tons and in 1926/27 - 55.541 thousand tons. Of these fees, 8,307 thousand tons in 1925/26 and 8,590 thousand tons in 1926/27 went to the seeding of fields. The remaining needs of the rural population for these two years amounted to 33.555 and 35.616 thousand tons. Part of the remaining grain, namely 2.933 in 1925/26 and 3.826 in 1926/27 (5.8 and 7.0% of the corresponding fees), went to the accumulation of stocks of the rural population. The needs of the urban population, the army and industry for 1925/26 amounted to 4.919 thousand tons and for 1926/27 - 5.376 thousand tons. Thus, the surplus of grain throughout the entire territory of the RSFSR in these two years amounted to 1.584 and 2.133 thousand tons. These surpluses are summed up from the large surpluses of the North Caucasus (2.632 thousand tons in 1925/26 and 1.810 thousand tons in 1926/27), the Middle Volga region (501 and 1.307 thousand tons), the Lower Volga (450 and 511 thousand tons) and other regions, minus the enormous needs of the consuming strip of the European part of the RSFSR (3.455 thousand in 1925/26 and 3.594 thousand tons in 1926/27) and the entire eastern half of the Asian part - DVK, Yakut and Buryat-Mongolian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics (102 and 108 thousand tons). Surplus grain of the RSFSR is used to meet the needs of other Soviet republics and for export outside the Union.

Of the industrial crops in the RSFSR, in terms of sown area, the sunflower occupies the first place. Its crops, as already noted, fluctuated over 1924/25-1926/27. due to changing market conditions and crops, amounting to 1.984 thousand hectares in 1926; of this area, 38.1% are concentrated in the North Caucasus, 25.6% - in the Central Black Sea Region, 20.0% - in the Lower Volga region and 16.3% - in other areas. In 1926, the most significant reduction (by 20%) in the sown area under sunflower was in the North Caucasus, in the next 1927, the sown area here had already reached the size of 1925. Sunflower harvests throughout the RSFSR amounted to 730 thousand tons in 1924/25 ., 1.695 thousand tons in 1925/26 and 974 thousand tons in 1926/27. The collection of the last two years amounted to 73 and 71% of the total collection in the USSR. Of the total sown area under flax in 1.499 thousand hectares, 95% is sown for fiber. The flax-water or so-called Dolguntsev regions are the consuming zone (56.6% of the total area under flax in the RSFSR in 1926), the Volga-Kama region (14.3%) and the Urals (7.8%). In the North Caucasus, 6.3% of the total area sown with flax in the RSFSR is under flax, and ⅖ of it is exclusively for seed. Flax harvests over the past three years (1924-1926) have yielded fibers of 268, 335 and 299 thousand tons. tons (⁹/₁₀ of total collections in the USSR) and seed 345, 522 and 446 thousand tons (80.86 and 86% of the total collections in the USSR). Hemp in the RSFSR in 1926 was sown on 728 thousand hectares, of which 31.9% in the Central Chernobyl region, 23.9% - in the consuming zone and 18.6 - in the Middle Volga region. Collected fibers in 1924‑1926 186, 314 and 301 thousand tons (70.65 and 69% of the collections in the USSR) and seed 233, 421 and 386 thousand tons (¾ of the collections in the USSR). Cotton on the territory of the RSFSR is cultivated in the Kazak and Kirghiz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics. Its crops there amounted to 63.3 thousand hectares in 1924, 74.6 in 1925 and 86.0 thousand hectares in 1926, which in 1926 amounted to only 12.2% of the total area under cotton in the USSR. Obor in 1926 gave 60 thousand tons (11% of the collection in the USSR). Sugar beet within the RSFSR is cultivated almost exclusively in the Central Chernobyl region; the total area under sugar beet in the RSFSR in 1924 was 67.4 thousand hectares, in 1925 - 100.1 and in 1926 - 105.6 thousand hectares (about ⅕ of the entire area in the USSR); beets harvested over the years 433, 1.720 and 1.066 thousand tons (13.17 and 20% of the harvest in the USSR).

Livestock production in the form of meat is determined for the RSFSR at approximately 2.0 million tons for 1924/25, 2.4 million tons for 1925/26 and 2.5 million tons for 1926/27. meat regions in the RSFSR are the North Caucasus, Siberia, Kazakhstan. The production of large hides and skins is calculated in approximate terms for 1925/26 at 7.5 million pieces. and 1926/27 - 9.2 million units, including the commodity part - 5.7 million units. in 1925/26 and 7.5 million units. in 1926/27 The production of small raw hides in 1925/26 - 42.8 million pieces, in 1926/27 - 44.6 million pieces; commodity part -17.7 and 18.7 million pieces.

Milk production is expressed in the amount of 21.7 million tons in 1924/25, 22.1 million tons in 1925/26 and 22.9 million tons in 1926/27. Part of the milk is processed into butter . The largest butter-producing regions are Siberia, the Urals and the northern provinces of the European part of the RSFSR. In total, the RSFSR provides at least 85% of the commercial oil of the USSR, including Siberia - more than 1/3. The production of sheep's wool (unwashed) in the RSFSR, having given 105 thousand tons in 1925/26 and 115 thousand tons in 1926/27, amounted to a little more than ¾ of all production in the USSR. The commodity part is calculated in 22% of production in 1925/26 and 30% for 1926/27. In relation to 1916, wool production in 1926 was 98%, while the sheep herd was 108%. This discrepancy in the degree of recovery is the result of the fact that, on the one hand, in the main sheep-breeding regions, which give the highest yield of wool per sheep, sheep breeding has been restored only by 89%, while in the remaining regions of the RSFSR - by 126%, on the other hand, the number of lambs in 1916 was a little over ⅓ of the total number of sheep, while at present it is more than ⅖. The main areas for the production of wool in the RSFSR are Kazakhstan, the North Caucasus, the Lower Volga region and the Trans-Volga part of the Middle Volga region.

Beekeeping in the RSFSR is widespread everywhere, but largest number There are beekeeping farms in the Western region (4.6 of all farms in the region), Volga-Kama (5.1%), the northeastern part of the Siberian Territory (5.3%) and especially in the Bashkir ASSR and the Orenburg province, where 8.4 % of all households breed bees. The total number of hives in the RSFSR is calculated for 1926 at 3,244 thousand (83.5% of 1910), including the frame hives - 1,690 thousand or 52%, while in the pre-war period there were only 16%. The collection of honey in 1926/27 amounted to 32.5 thousand tons, or 72.5% of the total collection in the USSR (excluding the ZSFSR and the Central Asian republics).

Forestry, fishing and hunting within the RSFSR represent almost entirely these branches for the entire USSR, and therefore here, in an essay on the RSFSR, one would have to repeat only what was said in the essay on the Union.

Industry , located on the territory of the RSFSR, according to the calculations of the State Planning Committee of the RSFSR, as already noted above, in 1925/26 gave 41% of the total gross output and 73% of the marketable mass of the national economy of the RSFSR. In the general total of industrial output, the licensed industry is 85% and 15% is small, but it should be noted that the production of the latter is somewhat underestimated by the State Planning Committee of the RSFSR. The total gross output of the census industry in 1924/25 amounted to 5.022 million rubles, in 1925/26 - to 7.188 million rubles. and in 1926/27 - 8.246 million rubles. (72.6% of the products of the licensed industry of the USSR). The number of workers with junior service personnel in 1924/25 was 1.415 thousand people, in 1925/26 - 1.736 thousand people. and in 1926/27 - 1.786 thousand people. (72.4% of the total number of workers in the qualification industry of the USSR). 90% of all output in 1925/26 came from state industry, 6.3% from cooperative, 3.2% from private, and 0.5% from concession. The main type of industry in the RSFSR is the processing of industrial raw materials (58.3% of all output in 1925/26), followed by the processing of agricultural raw materials - 37.9%, the mining industry provides only 3.8% of output. Such an insignificant share of the extractive industry of the RSFSR (38% of the entire extractive industry of the USSR), despite the presence in it of enormous reserves of minerals, is explained by the fact that the latter are concentrated in remote outskirts, poorly developed, with poor communications. Consumer goods products account for 68% of production; the remaining 32% - for the production of means of production. In the total output of the licensed industry located on the territory of the RSFSR, 52.7% of the gross output (1925/26) falls on the all-Union industry, 7.1% - on the republican, 6.4% - under the jurisdiction of various people's commissariats and 33.8% - to the local. The main industrial region of the RSFSR is the Central Industrial Region: 52.9% of all workers and 52.6% of gross output are concentrated here (1925/26), then the North-West (14.1% and 15.4%), the Urals ( 9.3% and 5.4%), North Caucasus (4.5% and 7.8%).

In order to characterize the industry of the principal regions, let us cite the following data on the distribution of gross industrial output in 1925/26 in chervonnoe terms.

The production composition of the industry of the RSFSR by regions

	The share of the district in the entire RSFSR			In %% of the gross output of the entire industry of the region
	For all gross output	For the production of means of production	By products of consumer goods	Production of means of production	By products of consumer goods	Extractive industry	Processing page - x. raw materials	Processing of industrial raw materials
All RSFSR
Including
1. Central Industrial
2. Northwestern
3. North Caucasus
4. Ural region
5. Middle Volga
6. Central Black Earth
7. Lower Volga
8. Western
9. Siberian region
10. Northeast
11. Vyatsky

The production of means of production is concentrated in the Central Industrial Region, the North-West, the North Caucasus and the Urals. However, in the first of these regions, this production is only ⅕ of the entire industrial output of the region, while in the North-West - ⅖, the North Caucasus - almost ⅗ and in the Urals - even ¾. The latter region in general gives the maximum share of the production of means of production among all regions of the RSFSR, with the exception of the North-Eastern (due to the sawmill industry), the absolute level of production of which is very insignificant. The production of consumer goods is concentrated by more than ⅗ in the Central Industrial Region ( textile industry), followed by the North-West, the North Caucasus, the Central Black Earth region and the Middle Volga region. The production of consumer goods has the greatest weight in the entire gross industrial output of the region in the Central Chernozem region, at the expense of the food and flavor industry, and in the Central Industrial region. In general, the share of production of consumer goods is greater where the share of processing of agricultural raw materials is greater. The mining industry in the production of the region gives the maximum coefficients in the North Caucasus (oil industry), Siberia (coal, metal ores) and the Urals. In all other regions of the RSFSR, the share of the extractive industry is negligible. For the processing of agricultural raw materials, large coefficients are given by: the Central Industrial Region (cotton processing) and the regions of the developed flour-grinding, oil-pressing and beet-sugar industry (Central Chernozem, Volga region, North Caucasus).

In the Urals and in the regions of the North-West and Western, due to the metal industry, the products of the industry for the processing of industrial raw materials constitute a very large share in the industry of the region; in other regions, this group of industries is much less developed; in particular, in the Central Industrial District it accounts for less than one-third of the entire production of the region.

The main branch of industrial production of the RSFSR is textile: in 1925/26 it gave 34.9% of the total gross output, including cotton - 26.1%, woolen - 4.5% and linen - 2.6%; next place in terms of products, it belongs to the food and flavor industry - 20.3%, then to the metal industry - 13.1%; the rest of the branches give each much less.

Gross output and the number of workers in the qualified industry of the RSFSR for 1924/25 and 1925/26 in the main sectors:

INDUSTRIES	Average annual number of workers	Gross output In million worms rub.	In % % to all products in the RSFSR in 1925/26	In % % to products this industry in throughout the USSR in 1925/26
INDUSTRIES			In % % to all products in the RSFSR in 1925/26
1. Cotton
2. Flour and cereal
3. Woolen
4. Tannery
5. Sawmill and plywood
6. Metallurgy of ferrous metals
7. Industrial engineering
8. Linen
9. Rubber
10. Sewing
11. Production of paper and cardboard

All types of industry are increasing their output, and at a faster rate than the number of workers is growing: this is reflected in the growth of labor productivity, the improvement in the organization of production, and the better use of fixed capital. In some industries, such as rubber, textiles, the RSFSR has an almost monopoly position in the USSR, in a number of others (all chemical, industrial engineering, leather and footwear, clothing, paper) products significantly exceed the share of the population of the RSFSR in the total population of the USSR.

The small and handicraft industry of the RSFSR gives both in terms of the number of employed persons and in terms of the value of gross output in red prices, according to the data of the Central Statistical Bureau, slightly lower coefficients in relation to the USSR than the census industry - 71.3% of employed persons and 66.3 % of production (1924/25). The areas with the most developed small-scale and handicraft industry are, as can be seen from the following table, the North-Eastern region, Vyatka, Central Industrial, North-Western; in other areas this type of industry is less developed.

Distribution of small and handicraft industry in 1924/25 (according to the CSO)

	Number of employed persons per 10 thousand population	In %% of the total amount in the RSFSR
	Number of employed persons per 10 thousand population	Number of employed persons	Gross output in red terms
1. Northeast
2. Vyatka
3. Central Industrial
4. Northwestern
5. Lower Volga
6. Western
7. Bashkir ASSR
8. Middle Volga
9. Central Black Earth
10. Ural region
11. Siberia
12. North Caucasus
13. Kazakhstan
14. Other areas
All RSFSR

In other Union republics, small-scale and handicraft industry is developed on a much smaller scale: in the Ukrainian SSR, 166 people are employed in rural small-scale industry. per 10 thousand population in the ZSFSR - 161, in the Central Asian republics - 119 and in the BSSR - 107.

Ways of communication within the RSFSR, according to the “Control Figures of the National Economy of the RSFSR for 1927/28” characterized by the following values. The total length of the railway network in 1925/26 was 53.6 thousand km, and in 1926/27 - 55.3 thousand km. The amount of goods transported in 1924/25 amounted to 52.5 million tons and in the next - 73.7 million tons and in 1926/27 - 91.4 million tons, the total cargo turnover was expressed for these 3 years, respectively, at 34.8 49.3 and 58.2 billion ton-km. Passengers transported over the same years were 159, 198 and 186 million people. The share of transport of the RSFSR in the entire transport of the USSR is about 70%, i.e., it fully corresponds to the share of the railway network of the RSFSR in the entire network of the USSR. The provision of the railway network of individual regions of the RSFSR is very different, with an average of 2.8 km of the railway network per 1,000 sq. km. km of territory and 5.5 km per 10 thousand inhabitants, we have in the North-Eastern region and the Asian part 1-1.5 km per 1,000 sq. km. km of territory, 3-5 km in the Vyatka region and the Ural (with Bashkiria) region, 10-11 in the Volga region and the North-West, 22-25 in the Central Industrial and Central Black Earth regions. When calculated per population, the provision fluctuates much less. In the Vyatka region and in the Far East - about 2 km per 10 thousand people. Population - in the Ural region, Siberia, the Lower Volga region, Crimea and the North-West 6-8 km and 3-5 km in other areas. Waterways of the USSR on ⁹/₁₀ are located in the RSFSR. The maritime transport of the USSR is concentrated to an even greater extent within the boundaries of the RSFSR, since of the major seaports only Odessa, Batum and Baku are not in the RSFSR.

Whole turnover

The process of development of trade turnover, the involvement of certain regions in the sphere of trade turnover, the reduction in the activity of the private sector are also reflected in the data on the trade turnover of the RSFSR. The latter, as we have seen, gives in general about 70% of the output of the national economy of the USSR; the same, approximately, share falls on the RSFSR and in the trade turnover of the USSR. For three years, the trade and intermediary turnover in the RSFSR has almost doubled - just like in the USSR; the development of separate wholesale and separate retail turnover in the RSFSR, as well as the processes of socialization of turnover, differ little from the general picture observed in the USSR; the difference, however, is that the share of the private sector in the RSFSR is noticeably smaller than in the USSR. Thus, in the entire turnover, the share of the private sector in the RSFSR in 1924/25 was 24.8%, in 1925/26 - 22.0% and in 1926/27 - 15.7%, and in the USSR in In general, this share is somewhat higher and amounts to 27.4%, 24.4% and 18.1%, respectively. This circumstance is explained by the fact that the displacement of private trade in the outlying union republics - the Central Asian and the ZSFSR - began later than in the RSFSR; the share of private trade in the Ukrainian SSR is also greater than in the RSFSR.

The participation of individual regions in the trade turnover is far from uniform. The turnover of industrial regions (Central Industrial, North-Western) per capita is much higher than in other regions; this applies to a greater extent to the wholesale turnover than to the retail one, since the latter, while satisfying primarily personal needs, goes in general in accordance with the size of the population. Then, the turnover is higher where the proportion of the urban population is higher, which occurs both due to agricultural goods circulating in the rural market in negligible amounts, and due to lower consumption. rural population industrial goods.

cooperation of the population of the RSFSR occurs in two directions: on the one hand, by involving new members in cooperation, and on the other, by involving already existing cooperatives in union associations; at the same time there is a consolidation of cooperatives.

Consumer cooperation united into unions by the beginning of the year

	Number of consumer societies	Number of shareholders
	Number of consumer societies	Total in thousand	For 1 society

Urban
Transport
Rural

In consumer cooperation, there is not only a process of enlargement, but also a noticeable increase in the number of shops. The number of shops is increasing at a faster pace than the number of cooperatives. In order to cover the population with cooperative shops, shops with an incomplete assortment of goods with a simplified organization are organized in sparsely populated villages. The number of primary cooperatives of agricultural cooperation, united in unions, reached 19.3 thousand by October 1, 1926 (17% more than at the beginning of 1924/25), with 4.387 thousand members of shareholders (2.5 times more than by 1/X 1924); here the process of enlargement proceeds even faster than in consumer cooperatives; by 1926/27, 1 cooperative had 228 members against 109 by 1924/25. Of the total number of members of shareholders in 1925/26, 60.8% for credit and agricultural credit partnerships, universal - 10.5%, special - 25.3%, including dairy - 17.8%, collective farms - 2.3% and 1.1% others. The role of agricultural cooperation in the procurement of agricultural products is constantly increasing, reaching in some cases up to ⅔ of all planned procurements (butter in 1925/26); flax harvested in 1925/26 through agricultural cooperation 26%, eggs - 15%, meat - 13%; the share of agricultural cooperation in the procurement of raw hides is very insignificant (7-8%). By 1/X 1926, handicraft and trade cooperation, which is currently being involved in union associations, consisted of 4,200 cooperatives on the territory of the RSFSR with 258 thousand shareholders, of which 35.4% were engaged in the processing of vegetable fiber, 24.5% - in the processing wood, 9.1% - metal processing. Of the entire composition of the members of the trade cooperation, 48% are in the Central Industrial Region, 16% in the North-West, and only 36% in all the rest. The data on the development of other types of cooperation are as follows (as of October 1, 1924 and 1926):

Budget of the RSFSR (republican) was expressed in 1924/25 at 407.2 million rubles. and in 1926/27 - 861.4 million rubles, accounting for approximately the same share of the total state budgets of the union republics as the population, and about ⅙ in the unified state budget of the USSR. In the total amount of income tax accounts for 73.4% (including direct - 63.0%) and non-tax - 26.6%; in the expenditure side, 41% - administrative expenses, 15.4% - financing of the national economy; half of these expenditures go to industry and a little less than one quarter to agriculture; 38.4% are deductions to the local budget. The local budget of the RSFSR amounted to 721 million rubles in 1924/25, and 1.297 million rubles in 1926/27. In the revenue part, 42% provide non-tax revenues, 43% - tax and 15% - other; in the expenditure side, 24% goes to administrative, 37% - to socio-cultural (in 1925/26 it was 34.5%); economic and production: financing of agriculture, industry, public utilities, communications, etc. - 32% (in 1925/26 - 28%) and 7% - others. The local budget of the RSFSR over the past three years has been 72% of the total amount of the local budget in the USSR, which indicates the same development of the budget of the RSFSR as throughout the USSR. If we take the total amount of receipts of ordinary income from the state and local budgets together on the territory of the RSFSR, we get 1.688 million rubles. in 1924/25, 2.386 million rubles. in 1925/26 and 2.959 million rubles. in 1926/27, which gives about ¾ of the corresponding receipts in the USSR.

With the variety of natural-historical and economic conditions that exist in the space of the RSFSR, which embraces 92.5% of the entire territory of the USSR, it is clear that within the RSFSR we have economic regions that differ in their structure and prospects.

In the European part of the RSFSR there are two highly industrialized regions - Central Industrial And Northwestern (Leningrad region). Almost one-third of the output of these regions comes from industry, and in these regions the proportion of the urban population is greater than in any other regions. Agriculture bears the imprint of the proximity of large urban centers and industry; intensive field cultivation - with a large share of industrial crops, sown herbs; animal husbandry with a focus on dairy farming. Forestry is also of great importance in the economy of these regions, especially in the Northwestern region. The national economy of these regions went through a restoration process earlier than other regions of the USSR.

Northeastern The area is also distinguished for the most part by intensive forms of agriculture, the development of industrial crops, sown grasses, and a dairy bias in cattle breeding. Forestry is a very significant part of the overall system of the region. The industry here is very small and almost exclusively sawmilling. Great importance have fishing and hunting.

Vyatka the district has a more developed agricultural grain economy than the neighboring North-East. The intensification of agriculture in the Vyatka region is weaker, although the share of animal husbandry increases simultaneously with the dairy direction. Forestry also provides a large share of the region's economy. Industry is much more developed than in the North-Eastern region and has been growing noticeably in recent years.

West The region, along with a large proportion of all agriculture, has a fairly high share of forestry, although in recent years it has been decreasing due to the exhaustion of forest funds. Agriculture bears the imprint of developing intensification with a livestock bias. The industry of this region is noticeably developing, but it is still not able to absorb a large surplus of labor (agrarian overpopulation).

Central Black Earth the region is purely agricultural with a definite grain direction; industrial crops, due to the insufficiently developed industry for processing agricultural raw materials, do not develop properly; in the field of animal husbandry, there are reconstructive moments in the direction of increasing commercial types of livestock. Agrarian overpopulation and a number of other unfavorable causes, joined by poor harvests for a number of years, significantly affect the general level of the economy of this region. The harvest of 1926, and especially of 1927, will undoubtedly noticeably improve the economy of the Central Chernozem region.

Middle Volga (with the Orenburg province) does not represent a homogeneous area. The northern part of it captures a forest belt, the southeastern part - an area of extensive agriculture, the Ulyanovsk-Penza subregion - with somewhat more intensive forms of agriculture, but with obvious signs of agrarian overpopulation. The Middle Volga region was deeply shaken by the crop failure of 1921, its economy has certainly not yet reached the level of 1913. The agriculture of this region in general faces the problem of reconstruction in the direction of creating more stable forms of it, less dependent on meteorological conditions than at present. The industry of the region for the most part processes local agricultural raw materials, and therefore any fluctuations in agriculture are reflected in industry.

Lower Volga suffered even more from the famine of 1921, as a result of which the economy of this region is still far behind its pre-war dimensions. The area suffers from a lack of draft power, partly covered by the supply of tractors. Fishing is of great importance for the Lower Volga region (its southern part). Industry is connected not only with local agricultural raw materials, but also processes industrial raw materials to a fairly large extent.

North Caucasus - area of extensive agriculture. His agriculture, affected by civil war, the famine of 1921, has not yet reached pre-war proportions. This region, however, is still the main grain procurement base of the Union and, in particular, the region for procurement of export crops (wheat, barley). Industry is represented not only by enterprises processing agricultural raw materials, but also by a very large heavy industry of all-Union significance.

Crimea is a kind of small closed area with highly developed agriculture, producing high-grade wheat, with developed special industries - horticulture and viticulture. The industry is occupied almost exclusively with the processing of agricultural raw materials, but, with the launch of the Kerch metallurgical plant in the near future, the significance of the Crimean industry will go far beyond the region.

Ural combines a developed industry with significant agriculture. Agriculture of the Urals not only satisfies its own needs, but also produces a significant share outside the region, especially in relation to dairy products. Here, too, we have a large-scale forestry, which largely supplies fuel and raw materials (paper production) to the local industry. In particular, cast iron is melted here, mainly on charcoal. The main base of the Ural industry - metallurgy - suffers from extremely worn out, outdated equipment that requires significant renovation, which has already been started in the most recent years. An essential moment for the further large-scale development of the metallurgical industry of the Urals is its dependence on the coal-bearing Kuznetsk basin of Siberia.

Siberia And Far Eastern Territory - the main colonization areas of the Union; the population of these regions gives the largest increases of all regions of the USSR. Colonization is delayed in part by the failure of the colonization funds. Accordingly, with the growth of the population, agriculture also grows, here we have the largest growth rates in the most recent years of the sown area and livestock. Cattle breeding has a meat and especially dairy bias (cow's butter). The development of commercial agriculture runs up against the problem of transport and warehousing. Forestry, which has enormous potential, is poorly developed due to the lack of markets. The industry of Siberia and the Far East Territory is far from fully developed. main reason- insufficient development of the Territory and its relatively late entry into common system National economy. Siberia and the Far East Territory, together with Yakutia, are the main areas of the gold mining industry.

Yakutia - a closed region with almost no means of communication connecting it with the outside world, extremely sparsely populated, with a very poorly developed economy. This area provides a significant share of export furs.

Kazakhstan - a region with a livestock bias (mainly wool, meat), although it also provides a significant amount of bread for outside markets. In connection with the transition of nomads to a settled way of life, significant changes are taking place in the structure of the national economy of Kazakhstan. Of particular note is the developing cotton industry. Industry, still very small, has developed significantly in recent years, especially mining.

The revolution that took place in Russia at the beginning of the twentieth century, and the changes that followed it, led to the fact that this territory first became known as the RSFSR (with decoding Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic), and then became part of the USSR, which in the 90s ceded place of the CIS. Such a rapid change in the names of states often baffles and confuses. However, one has only to understand the terminology and chronology of events, and the differences between the RSFSR and the USSR will become clear.

In contact with

Revolution in Russia in 1917 and its result

The result of the February Revolution, which took place in 1917, was the creation of the Provisional Government, as the highest authority, and a collegial body with representatives of these classes, the Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies. . ascended the throne after abdication of Nicholas II, Mikhail Romanov transferred all power and authority to the Provisional Government. This meant the end of the monarchy. The Provisional Council received full power, and Russia turned from an Empire into a Republic on September 1, 1917.

For some time, the Sovietization of the entire territory of the state and the establishment of Soviet power on it took some time. These events led to that on June 19, 1918, the Constitution of the RSFSR was put into effect, securing its official status and the name of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic.

Territorial structure of the RSFSR

The question of the redistribution of borders within the state was raised even before the 1917 revolution. The need to create new provinces from Siberia and central Russia was discussed. When the Provisional Government came to power, it was decided to move from words to deeds. In Siberia, Altai province was separated from Tomsk province, and Bukeev province was separated from Astrakhan province.

In parallel with the process of Sovietization, a wave of creation of Soviet republics and non-Soviet autonomies swept through the territory of the RSFSR. In addition, some territories completely separated from the country, forming their own states.

Autonomous republics on the territory of the RSFSR

The first autonomies within the RSFSR formed in territories opposed to the Soviets, as one might think. The ASSR primarily formed territories with a predominantly Muslim population. Thus, the state began to include regions that were not actually its subjects. The autonomies had their own authorities, constitutions, and representatives in the union parliament.

During the entire period of ordering power by the Council on the territory of the state from 1918 to 1922, eight autonomous republics arose as part of the RSFSR:

If you pay attention to the map of the RSFSR of that period, it can be noted that the hierarchy of the subjects of the state was not limited only to the autonomous republics in its composition. Autonomous regions also stood apart, although with less independence. Initially there were 12, however, the process did not stop . At the same time, the region could later "grow" to the republic, and vice versa. An illustrative example is Kyrgyzstan, which appeared as an autonomous region within the ASSR, then turned into an ASSR, and later, along with Kazakhstan, acquired the status of a union republic.

Another autonomous formation on the map of the RSFSR was the national labor communes, however, all of them were later reorganized into autonomous republics or regions. Other territories were divided into provinces.

Territorial reforms of subjects of the RSFSR

Later, after the reform of the administrative-territorial division, in 1929, a decree of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee was published, completely abolishing the provinces, and dictating the need to form regions and territories in these territories. Thus, provinces, volosts, counties were liquidated. Among the subjects of the RSFSR, large territorial units (6 regions and 7 territories), as well as the ASSR, autonomous regions, national districts, which violated the uniform division of territories, were distinguished on the map.

Time has shown that such large entities are rather cumbersome to manage due to large areas and population. Therefore, subsequent reforms were aimed at disaggregation, fragmentation of territories . The first period came for 1930-1939, and then the process continued after the war until 1954. New territories that became part of the USSR and the RSFSR also fell under the reform.

Further changes were no longer so large-scale, and the map of the RSFSR of the 1958 model, for example, is in many ways similar to modern map Russian Federation by composition of subjects. During the perestroika period, changes were made to the names of some cities and the status of some autonomous entities was changed. The act of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR of July 3, 1991 consolidated the latest changes in the territorial composition of the RSFSR.

The end date of the formation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics considered December 30, 1922. It was then that at the First Congress of Soviets of the USSR a declaration on its creation was adopted. By this time, the following socialist republics already existed:

Russian (RSFSR).
Ukrainian.
Belarusian.
Azerbaijani.
Armenian.
Georgian.

Their representatives had the opportunity to decide in what form the union would be formed. The idea of creating a union of Soviet republics, with a vector towards a centralized union, won.

Later to the USSR included such republics as:

Turkmen.
Uzbek.
Tajik.
Azerbaijani.
Kyrgyz.
Kazakh.
Moldavian.
Lithuanian.
Latvian.
Estonian.
Karelian-Finnish.

In this form, the Union lasted until its collapse in 1991.

The fate of the RSFSR after the USSR

The collapse of the USSR

The Declaration on State Sovereignty of the RSFSR, adopted in 1990, marked the beginning of the conflict between the union and Russian legislation, which became known as the "war of sovereignties." In 1991, instead of the post of Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Council, as the highest official, the post of President of the RSFSR was introduced, to which B.N. Yeltsin.

At the same time, politics Soviet President Gorbachev, who embarked on the course of perestroika, caused discontent. They are trying to deprive him of power during the August putsch of August 19–21, 1991.

These events lead to the fact that on December 8, 1991 in Belarus, the heads of the RSFSR (Russia), the BSSR (Belarus) and the Ukrainian SSR (Ukraine) sign the "Agreement on the Establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States", also called the "Belovezhsky agreement". According to this document, the USSR ceased to exist. The RSFSR actually became the successor to the Union in international law and geopolitical reality. In the same year, the RSFSR changed its name to Russian Federation.

Changes in the Russian Federation after the collapse of the USSR

The main tasks of the government of the Russian Federation after the liquidation of the USSR was:

How to distinguish the RSFSR and the USSR?

If it is necessary to single out the main and main difference, then we can say that these two states were a nesting doll. The USSR, like a big nesting doll, included the RSFSR and a number of other republics. Union was formed with the RSFSR, as the central Republic, and after the collapse, it was the RSFSR that took its place on the political map of the world.

RSFSR and USSR

The name of the RSFSR first appeared in 1918, it was used as the name for the world's first proletarian state, formed after October revolution that took place in 1917. It lasted until the end of December 1991, when a decision was made to rename the country to the Russian Federation. So how did the formation of the RSFSR happen, how does this abbreviation stand for and what are the most significant events that took place on its territory? It is important to know all this, if only because it is possible to make a forecast for the future of any country only on the basis of knowledge about its history.

Formation of a new state on the territory of the former Russian Empire

As a result of the October Revolution, which some historians tend to consider a coup, the Republic was proclaimed, and in January 1918 the Third Congress of Soviets approved an important document - the Declaration, which proclaimed the rights of "the working and exploited people." In the same document, it was announced that the new state was federal, and after some time, the abbreviation of the RSFSR began to be used to designate it, the decoding of which sounded like the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. However, at that time the country did not yet have any official symbols, nor a strong government capable of controlling its entire vast territory.

History (before joining the USSR)

Between February and March 1918, in a significant part of the provinces of the former Russian Empire Soviet power was established, and Moscow was proclaimed the capital instead of Petrograd. In order to strengthen their influence and in order to forever bury the hopes of the monarchists for the revival of autocracy in the country, in July in Yekaterinburg the Bolsheviks shot the family of Nicholas II. It is interesting that almost the next day after that the first Constitution of the RSFSR came into force. This event meant the end of a period of uncertainty, when the borders of the subjects of the federation were literally drawn on maps “by eye”, and two or even three councils, as they were then called, “workers”, “soldiers” or “ peasant deputies. Thus, at that time, to the question of what the RSFSR was, there was only one correct answer - the world's first state of the exploited people, where they are going to build communism.

Civil War

The composition of the RSFSR at the time of the formation of the Russian Federation

By December 25, 1993, the RSFSR consisted of the Ingush, Chechen, Karachay-Cherkess, Chuvash, Udmurt, Kabardino-Balkarian republics, as well as the republics of Bashkortostan, Buryatia, Dagestan, Kalmykia, Karelia, Mari El, Tatarstan, Sakha (Yakutia), Tuva, Adygea, Gorny Altai, Khakassia, Komi, etc. Thus, the answer to the question of what the RSFSR is and what subjects it consisted of at the moment sounds like this: it is a federal state, consisting of a large number of regions, territories and republics that have equal rights and status.

At the end of December 1991, a declaration was adopted in Moscow, which proclaimed the termination of existence, and the Russian Federation (at that time the RSFSR) was recognized as the legal successor of the entire former USSR and took its place in international organizations.

Now you know that the RSFSR is an abbreviation that was used to first designate the world's first "state of victorious socialism", and later - one of the republics that make up the USSR, the successor of which is our country today.

29.11.2016 04:43

We receive a myriad of questions on the topic of issuing a temporary residence permit outside the birth quota. For some reason, not everyone knows about the difference between the USSR and the RSFSR. And they complain - "the inspector is a fool, he did not accept my documents." Let's see if the inspector is a fool?

What the law tells us:

Without taking into account the quota approved by the Government of the Russian Federation, a temporary residence permit may be issued to a foreign citizen:

1) who was born on the territory of the RSFSR and was a citizen of the USSR in the past or was born on the territory of the Russian Federation.

The key phrase here - born on the territory of the RSFSR. What is the RSFSR? Now it will become clear.

The USSR - the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics - was the largest state in the world. It occupied almost a sixth of the land. The Union consisted of several republics. At the time of the collapse in 1991, there were 15 of them. On the map (top), each republic is highlighted in its own color.

Republics of the USSR in alphabetical order:

Azerbaijan SSR (AzSSR)

Armenian SSR (ArmSSR)

Byelorussian SSR (BSSR)

Georgian SSR (GruzSSR)

Kazakh SSR (KazSSR)

Kirghiz SSR (Kyrgyz SSR)

Latvian SSR (Latvian SSR)

Lithuanian SSR (LitSSR)

Moldavian SSR (MoldSSR)

RSFSR

Tajik SSR (Tajik SSR)

Turkmen SSR (TurSSR)

Uzbek SSR (UzSSR)

Ukrainian SSR (Ukrainian SSR)

Estonian SSR (ESSR)

As you can see, the RSFSR was one of the republics. Roughly speaking, this is the territory modern Russia. On the map, it is indicated in red-pink color (number 10).

Now you need to take your birth certificate and carefully read what is written in the line Place of birth - republic.

In this certificate, the place of birth is the RSFSR. The owner of such a certificate can apply for a TRP outside the quota

This man's certificate says that he was born in the republic of the Ukrainian SSR. Therefore, he will not be able to apply for a TRP by birth outside the quota

Conclusion:

To apply for a temporary residence permit outside the birth quota, it is not enough to be born in the USSR. It is necessary that the certificate indicate that you were born in the RSFSR.

______________________________________________________________________________

Can I apply for a TRP outside the quota if I was born in the USSR?
NO

Can I apply for a TRP outside the quota if I was born in the Ukrainian SSR?
NO

Can I apply for TRP outside the quota if I was born in the Armenian SSR?
NO

Can I apply for TRP outside the birth quota if I was born in the ESSR / BSSR / KirSSR / KazSSR.....?
No, no and NO

Can I apply for a TRP outside the quota if I was born in the RSFSR?
YES!