On December 17, the Supreme Council of Dagestan adopted a declaration on the indivisibility and integrity of the republic, in which it is called Republic of Dagestan .
On April 21, 1992, the Congress of People's Deputies of Russia introduced the double name “Dagestan Soviet Socialist Republic- Republic of Dagestan" into the Russian Constitution; the change took effect on May 16, 1992. On July 30, 1992, the Supreme Council of Dagestan amended the constitution of the republic, which declared the equivalence of the names “Dagestan Soviet Socialist Republic” and “Republic of Dagestan”, while in the preamble and main body of the constitution preference was given to the second name, and the double designation of the republic was retained only in name of the constitution.
On June 25, 1952, in addition to the regional division, 4 districts were formed within the Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic: Buinaksky, Derbent, Izberbash, Makhachkala.
Thus, in 1990, the Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic included 10 cities of republican subordination:
and 39 districts:
Population
Population dynamics of the republic:
| Year | Population, people | Source |
|---|---|---|
| 788 098 | 1926 Census | |
| 930 416 | 1939 Census | |
| 1 062 472 | 1959 Census | |
| 1 428 540 | 1970 Census | |
| 1 627 884 | 1979 Census | |
| 1 802 579 | 1989 Census |
National composition
| year | Russians | Avars | Dargins | Kumyks | Laktsy | Lezgins | Nogais | Azerbaijanis | Tabasarans | Tats and Mountain Jews |
Chechens |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 12,5% | 17,7% | 13,9% | 11,2% | 5,1% | 11,5% | 3,3% | 3,0% | 4,0% | 1,5% | 2,8% | |
| 14,3% | 24,8% | 16,2% | 10,8% | 5,6% | 10,4% | 0,5% | 3,4% | 3,6% | ? | 2,8% | |
| 20,1% | 22,5% | 13,9% | 11,4% | 5,0% | 10,2% | 1,4% | 3,6% | 3,2% | 1,6% | 1,2% | |
| 14,7% | 24,4% | 14,5% | 11,8% | 5,0% | 11,4% | 1,5% | 3,8% | 3,7% | 1,3% | 2,8% | |
| 9,2% | 27,5% | 15,6% | 12,9% | 5,1% | 11,3% | 1,6% | 4,3% | 4,3% | 0,9% | 3,2% |
Notes
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- , article 22
- (inaccessible link - story) . .
- See: Law of the Russian Federation of April 21, 1992 No. 2708-I // Gazette of the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR and the Supreme Council of the RSFSR. - 1992. - No. 20. - Art. 1084. This law came into force from the moment of publication in the Rossiyskaya Gazeta on May 16, 1992.
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Links
- Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic // Great Soviet Encyclopedia: [in 30 volumes] / ch. ed. A. M. Prokhorov. - 3rd ed. - M. : Soviet encyclopedia, 1969-1978.
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“It’s better for us to part,” he said falteringly.
“Part up, if you please, only if you give me a fortune,” said Helen... Separate, that’s what scared me!
Pierre jumped up from the sofa and staggered towards her.
- I'll kill you! - he shouted, and grabbing a marble board from the table, with a force still unknown to him, he took a step towards it and swung at it.
Helen's face became scary: she squealed and jumped away from him. His father's breed affected him. Pierre felt the fascination and charm of rage. He threw the board, broke it and, with open arms, approaching Helen, shouted: “Get out!!” in such a terrible voice that the whole house heard this scream with horror. God knows what Pierre would have done at that moment if
Helen did not run out of the room.
A week later, Pierre gave his wife power of attorney to manage all the Great Russian estates, which amounted to more than half of his fortune, and alone he left for St. Petersburg.
Two months passed after receiving news in Bald Mountains about the Battle of Austerlitz and the death of Prince Andrei, and despite all the letters through the embassy and all the searches, his body was not found, and he was not among the prisoners. The worst thing for his relatives was that there was still hope that he had been raised by the inhabitants on the battlefield, and perhaps was lying recovering or dying somewhere alone, among strangers, and unable to give news of himself. In the newspapers, from which the old prince first learned about the defeat of Austerlitz, it was written, as always, very briefly and vaguely, that the Russians, after brilliant battles, had to retreat and carried out the retreat in perfect order. The old prince understood from this official news that ours were defeated. A week after the newspaper brought news of the Battle of Austerlitz, a letter arrived from Kutuzov, who informed the prince of the fate that befell his son.
“Your son, in my eyes,” wrote Kutuzov, with a banner in his hands, in front of the regiment, fell as a hero worthy of his father and his fatherland. To my general regret and that of the entire army, it is still unknown whether he is alive or not. I flatter myself and you with hope that your son is alive, for otherwise he would have been named among the officers found on the battlefield, about whom the list was given to me through the envoys.”
Having received this news late in the evening, when he was alone. in his office, the old prince, as usual, went for his morning walk the next day; but he was silent with the clerk, the gardener and the architect, and, although he looked angry, he did not say anything to anyone.
When, at ordinary times, Princess Marya came to him, he stood at the machine and sharpened, but, as usual, did not look back at her.
- A! Princess Marya! - he suddenly said unnaturally and threw the chisel. (The wheel was still spinning from its swing. Princess Marya long remembered this fading creaking of the wheel, which for her merged with what followed.)
Princess Marya moved towards him, saw his face, and something suddenly sank within her. Her eyes stopped seeing clearly. She saw from her father’s face, not sad, not murdered, but angry and unnaturally working on himself, that a terrible misfortune hung over her and would crush her, the worst in her life, a misfortune she had not yet experienced, an irreparable, incomprehensible misfortune. , the death of someone you love.
- Mon pere! Andre? [Father! Andrei?] - Said the ungraceful, awkward princess with such an inexpressible charm of sadness and self-forgetfulness that her father could not stand her gaze and turned away, sobbing.
- Got the news. None among the prisoners, none among the killed. Kutuzov writes,” he shouted shrilly, as if wanting to drive the princess away with this cry, “he has been killed!”
The princess did not fall, she did not feel faint. She was already pale, but when she heard these words, her face changed, and something shone in her radiant, beautiful eyes. It was as if joy, the highest joy, independent of the sorrows and joys of this world, spread beyond the intense sadness that was in her. She forgot all her fear of her father, walked up to him, took his hand, pulled him towards her and hugged his dry, sinewy neck.
“Mon pere,” she said. “Don’t turn away from me, we’ll cry together.”
- Scoundrels, scoundrels! – the old man shouted, moving his face away from her. - Destroy the army, destroy the people! For what? Go, go, tell Lisa. “The princess sank helplessly into a chair next to her father and began to cry. She now saw her brother at that moment as he said goodbye to her and Lisa, with his gentle and at the same time arrogant look. She saw him at that moment, how he tenderly and mockingly put the icon on himself. “Did he believe? Did he repent of his unbelief? Is he there now? Is it there, in the abode of eternal peace and bliss?” she thought.
- Mon pere, [Father,] tell me how it was? – she asked through tears.
- Go, go, killed in the battle in which they were ordered to kill the Russians the best people and Russian glory. Go, Princess Marya. Go and tell Lisa. I will come.
When Princess Marya returned from her father, the little princess was sitting at work, and with that special expression of an inner and happily calm look, characteristic only of pregnant women, she looked at Princess Marya. It was clear that her eyes did not see Princess Marya, but looked deep into herself - into something happy and mysterious happening within her.
“Marie,” she said, moving away from the hoop and waddling back, “give me your hand here.” “She took the princess’s hand and placed it on her stomach.
Her eyes smiled expectantly, her sponge with mustache rose, and childishly happily remained raised.
Princess Marya knelt in front of her and hid her face in the folds of her daughter-in-law's dress.
- Here, here - do you hear? It's so strange to me. And you know, Marie, I will love him very much,” said Lisa, looking at her sister-in-law with sparkling, happy eyes. Princess Marya could not raise her head: she was crying.
- What's wrong with you, Masha?
“Nothing... I felt so sad... sad about Andrei,” she said, wiping her tears on her daughter-in-law’s knees. Several times throughout the morning, Princess Marya began to prepare her daughter-in-law, and each time she began to cry. These tears, the reason for which the little princess did not understand, alarmed her, no matter how little observant she was. She didn’t say anything, but looked around restlessly, looking for something. Before dinner, the old prince, whom she had always been afraid of, entered her room, now with a particularly restless, angry face and, without saying a word, left. She looked at Princess Marya, then thought with that expression in her eyes of attention directed inward that pregnant women have, and suddenly began to cry.
– Did you receive anything from Andrey? - she said.
- No, you know that the news could not come yet, but mon pere is worried, and I’m scared.
- Oh nothing?
“Nothing,” said Princess Marya, looking firmly at her daughter-in-law with radiant eyes. She decided not to tell her and persuaded her father to hide the receipt of terrible news from her daughter-in-law until her permission, which was supposed to be the other day. Princess Marya and the old prince, each in their own way, wore and hid their grief. The old prince did not want to hope: he decided that Prince Andrei had been killed, and despite the fact that he sent an official to Austria to look for his son’s trace, he ordered a monument to him in Moscow, which he intended to erect in his garden, and told everyone that his son was killed. He tried to lead his previous lifestyle without changing, but his strength failed him: he walked less, ate less, slept less, and became weaker every day. Princess Marya hoped. She prayed for her brother as if he were alive and waited every minute for news of his return.
“Ma bonne amie, [My good friend,”] said the little princess on the morning of March 19th after breakfast, and her sponge with mustache rose according to an old habit; but just as in all not only smiles, but the sounds of speeches, even the gaits in this house since the day the terrible news was received, there was sadness, so now the smile of the little princess, who succumbed to the general mood, although she did not know its reason, was such that she reminded me even more of general sadness.
- Ma bonne amie, je crains que le fruschtique (comme dit Foka - the cook) de ce matin ne m "aie pas fait du mal. [My friend, I'm afraid that the current frishtik (as the cook Foka calls it) will make me feel bad. ]
– What’s wrong with you, my soul? You're pale. “Oh, you are very pale,” said Princess Marya in fear, running up to her daughter-in-law with her heavy, soft steps.
- Your Excellency, should I send for Marya Bogdanovna? - said one of the maids who was here. (Marya Bogdanovna was a midwife from a district town who had been living in Bald Mountains for another week.)
“And indeed,” Princess Marya picked up, “perhaps for sure.” I will go. Courage, mon ange! [Don't be afraid, my angel.] She kissed Lisa and wanted to leave the room.
- Oh, no, no! - And besides the pallor, the little princess’s face expressed a childish fear of inevitable physical suffering.
- Non, c"est l"estomac... dites que c"est l"estomac, dites, Marie, dites..., [No, this is the stomach... tell me, Masha, that this is the stomach...] - and the princess began to cry childishly, painfully, capriciously and even somewhat feignedly, wringing his little hands. The princess ran out of the room after Marya Bogdanovna.
- Mon Dieu! Mon Dieu! [My God! Oh my God!] Oh! – she heard behind her.
Rubbing her plump, small, white hands, the midwife was already walking towards her, with a significantly calm face.
- Marya Bogdanovna! It seems it has begun,” said Princess Marya, looking at her grandmother with frightened, open eyes.
“Well, thank God, princess,” said Marya Bogdanovna without increasing her pace. “You girls shouldn’t know about this.”
- But how come the doctor hasn’t arrived from Moscow yet? - said the princess. (At the request of Lisa and Prince Andrey, an obstetrician was sent to Moscow on time, and he was expected every minute.)
“It’s okay, princess, don’t worry,” said Marya Bogdanovna, “and without the doctor everything will be fine.”
Five minutes later, the princess heard from her room that they were carrying something heavy. She looked out - the waiters were carrying a leather sofa that was in Prince Andrei's office into the bedroom for some reason. There was something solemn and quiet on the faces of the people carrying them.
Princess Marya sat alone in her room, listening to the sounds of the house, occasionally opening the door when they passed by, and looking closely at what was happening in the corridor. Several women walked in and out with quiet steps, looked at the princess and turned away from her. She did not dare to ask, she closed the door, returned to her room, and then sat down in her chair, then took up her prayer book, then knelt down in front of the icon case. Unfortunately and to her surprise, she felt that prayer did not calm her anxiety. Suddenly the door of her room quietly opened and her old nanny Praskovya Savishna, tied with a scarf, appeared on the threshold; almost never, due to the prince’s prohibition, did not enter her room.
“I came to sit with you, Mashenka,” said the nanny, “but I brought the prince’s wedding candles to light in front of the saint, my angel,” she said with a sigh.
- Oh, I'm so glad, nanny.
- God is merciful, my dear. - The nanny lit candles entwined with gold in front of the icon case and sat down with the stocking by the door. Princess Marya took the book and began to read. Only when steps or voices were heard, the princess looked at each other in fear, questioningly, and the nanny. In all parts of the house the same feeling that Princess Marya experienced while sitting in her room was poured out and possessed everyone. I believe that what less people knows about the suffering of the mother in labor, the less she suffers, everyone tried to pretend not to know; no one spoke about this, but in all the people, in addition to the usual sedateness and respect for good manners that reigned in the prince’s house, one could see one common concern, a softness of heart and an awareness of something great, incomprehensible, taking place at that moment.
No laughter could be heard in the big maid's room. In the waitress all the people sat and were silent, ready to do something. The servants burned torches and candles and did not sleep. The old prince, stepping on his heel, walked around the office and sent Tikhon to Marya Bogdanovna to ask: what? - Just tell me: the prince ordered me to ask what? and come tell me what she says.
“Report to the prince that labor has begun,” said Marya Bogdanovna, looking significantly at the messenger. Tikhon went and reported to the prince.
“Okay,” said the prince, closing the door behind him, and Tikhon no longer heard the slightest sound in the office. A little later, Tikhon entered the office, as if to adjust the candles. Seeing that the prince was lying on the sofa, Tikhon looked at the prince, at his upset face, shook his head, silently approached him and, kissing him on the shoulder, left without adjusting the candles or saying why he had come. The most solemn sacrament in the world continued to be performed. Evening passed, night came. And the feeling of expectation and softening of the heart in the face of the incomprehensible did not fall, but rose. Nobody was sleeping.
It was one of those March nights when winter seems to want to take its toll and pours out its last snows and storms with desperate anger. To meet the German doctor from Moscow, who was expected every minute and for whom a support was sent to the main road, to the turn to the country road, horsemen with lanterns were sent to guide him through the potholes and jams.
Princess Marya had left the book long ago: she sat silently, fixing her radiant eyes on the wrinkled face of the nanny, familiar to the smallest detail: on a strand of gray hair that had escaped from under a scarf, on the hanging pouch of skin under her chin.
Today, January 20, Dagestan celebrates the 96th anniversary of the founding of the republic. The adoption on this day in 1921 by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the Decree on the formation of the Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was the starting point of a new stage in the history of our peoples. The decree legislated the will of the Dagestanis expressed by the Extraordinary Congress and laid the legal foundations for the all-Dagestan autonomous national statehood.
Autonomy of Dagestan is a new stage in the history of the region
The decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee determined the foundations of the state structure of the Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, becoming, in fact, the temporary Constitution of the republic. The system of governing bodies, the rights of local authorities, and the order of relationships between federal and local authorities were determined. At that time, the DASSR included 10 districts and territories of the Caspian coast of Dagestan. To strengthen Soviet power in the republic, the creation of national statehood and granting the people of Dagestan the right to resolve issues of their internal structure were of great importance. Since May 1921, the capital of the DASSR has been the city of Makhachkala (formerly Petrovsk), named after the revolutionary Makhach Dakhadaev. In December of the same year, the all-Dagestan founding congress of Soviets took place, which approved the activities of the Dagestan Revolutionary Committee and adopted the first Constitution of the DASSR, which established a coherent system of bodies state power and administration of the republic. In addition, the Central Executive Committee of the Soviets of Dagestan was elected at the congress.
According to the chairman of the Coordination Council of Non-Profit Organizations of the Republic of Dagestan, Zikruly Ilyasov, the peoples of Dagestan during this period united into a single state entity for the first time in its centuries-old history.
“The Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic received broad rights in political, economic and cultural life, which allowed state authorities and management to independently resolve numerous issues of economic development, administrative structure, distribution of budget funds, tax policy, organization of health care, and education. Autonomy made it possible to create new type state relations in Dagestan, which led to the revival of the culture of peoples, which radically changed the spiritual appearance of the highlander,” he noted.
One more important point, according to Ilyasov, is that for 96 years the Dagestanis have been subjected to various tests that could break national unity.
“The tragic days and heroic periods of the Patriotic War of 1812, the revolution and the establishment of Soviet power, the brutal civil war and repression, the Great Patriotic War and the construction of socialism, natural disasters and the collapse of the USSR, perestroika and the creation New Russia, the fight against terrorism and the revival of Dagestan - all these grandiose events affected every Dagestan family, just as they affected Russians in all regions of the great Motherland.
Today we are undeservedly consigning to oblivion the fact that the Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was awarded four orders for labor and military feats. Let me remind you that in 1923 the republic received the Order of the Red Banner of Labor of the RSFSR for the majestic energy shown and the united work of digging an irrigation canal with a length of about 50 miles by the local population in the form of crowded subbotniks. In 1965 - Order of Lenin for achievements in the development of the national economy. In 1971 - the Order of the October Revolution for the successes achieved in communist construction and in connection with the 50th anniversary of the formation of the DASSR. But the most important for us today is the Order of Friendship of Peoples, received in 1972 for the services of the working people of the republic in strengthening fraternal friendship and cooperation of Soviet peoples, success in cultural construction,” he says.
According to Ilyasov, for a long time, the fates of Dagestanis were historically intertwined with the fates of millions of Russians.
“Reviewing the entire history of our republic, we can recognize relations with the Russian people as especially valuable. Dagestanis do not forget the names of the glorious sons of the Russian people who fought for the republic in the first years of its formation. We must not forget that the first dictionaries of Dagestan languages were created precisely by representatives of the Russian intelligentsia.
Today, many of our enemies are making great efforts to falsify our history, to “emasculate” the historical memory of the great achievements of their ancestors from the ideological and intellectual potential of young people. Therefore, the reproduction in the memory of the people of the good deeds of our fathers and grandfathers and the living sons and daughters of Dagestan, who did not spare knowledge, strength and energy in working for the benefit of the Fatherland - Russia, is a good example in the patriotic and labor education of our youth,” Zikrula emphasized Ilyasov.
The socio-economic significance of the creation of the DASSR
According to the Deputy Chairman of the People's Assembly of the Republic of Dagestan, Chairman of the regional Communist Party Makhmud Makhmudov, since the proclamation of autonomy and the formation of the republic, there has been a qualitative and quantitative renewal of Dagestan as a subject of the Russian Federation.
“First of all, changes have occurred in organizational structure the very authorities of the republic, from which issues of planning and regulation of industrial potential, development of agriculture, culture and education come.
It was beneficial for the country to have a civilized outskirts region that was developed in every sense. In total, more than 30 new industries were created in the Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic: chemical, radio engineering, energy and construction industries. In addition to this, in Soviet period The revival of agriculture began in the republic. Thanks to good climatic conditions, the region supplied large quantities of fruits and grapes. In the mid-80s alone, more than 460 thousand tons of grapes were harvested in Dagestan, while currently we have only about 140 thousand tons.
In addition, a detachment of specialist engineers was sent to the republic from central Russia for construction and development of industrial potential. Thanks to this, we were able to go through the difficult path to industrialization and collectivization in a short time. This was a period of economic growth and labor achievements of a multinational people. New plants and factories were built, old enterprises were reconstructed and equipped with modern equipment and technical lines, and large-scale transformations took place in the countryside,” the parliamentarian said.
He also noted that after the adoption of autonomy, education and science, culture and art began to develop. “A lot of work has been done in the republic to eliminate illiteracy. It is impossible to forget the contribution of Russian teachers who were sent to us to teach young people. As a result of Dagestan’s introduction to Russian, and through it to world culture, a modern national intelligentsia was actively formed. It was under the influence of Russian culture that Dagestan developed towards civilization,” Makhmudov emphasized.
According to him, despite some losses in the field of ethnocultural customs and traditions of peoples, the socio-economic development of the republic was accompanied by intensive processes of consolidation of peoples. By the beginning of market reforms and the liquidation of the Soviet management system, such indicators of the socio-economic development of the peoples of Dagestan, such as the ratio of the urban and rural population, its distribution by industries and spheres of the economy and educational structure, were quite close to each other and basically corresponded to the average indicators for the Russian Federation. Federation.
Change of status: from autonomy to sovereign republic
On May 24, 1991, the Dagestan ASSR was transformed into the Dagestan SSR within the RSFSR, and on December 25, 1993, after the Constitution of the Russian Federation came into force, into the Republic of Dagestan.
As noted by Candidate of Historical Sciences, senior lecturer of the Department of History of the Fatherland DSTU Olga Kazakbieva, a special stage in the life of Dagestanis is the era of the 90s of the last century, when during the period of collapse Soviet Union Dagestan was subjected to various tests.
“At a time when the republics of the former Soviet Union were adopting laws on their sovereignty, the Dagestan people showed consciousness and wisdom. By giving up sovereignty, we were able to remain faithful to our historical choice - to live and develop in the fraternal family of the peoples of our country. This is a choice for the development prospects of both the economy as a whole and the entire Dagestan society. The Second Congress of the Peoples of Dagestan, which took place at that time, announced the continuation of the course towards creating a democratic, legal and secular state,” she emphasized.
Also, according to Kazakbieva, an important stage in the development of the republic was the adoption of the Constitution of the Republic of Dagestan on July 26, 1994, which was an important step towards the establishment of democracy and the foundations of law.
“On the eve of the adoption of the 1994 Constitution, there was an economic crisis in Dagestan, caused by the difficulties of the transition from a command-administrative economic system to a market one, as well as the difficult geopolitical situation of the republic.
The most important prerequisites in the process of developing and adopting the Constitution of the Republic of Dagestan was the desire to ensure lasting interethnic and interfaith peace with the goal effective development economics and solving social issues. Also, Dagestanis were ready to give up individual interests to achieve the common good and respected historical memory and the use of the positive experience of past generations. At the same time, the new Constitution became a natural result of the vigorous political activity of the population, characteristic of the transition period in the life of the Russian state,” said Kazakbieva.
As the Head of the Republic Ramazan Abdulatipov said, only by showing genuine respect for our common history, drawing lessons from its glorious and tragic events, do we turn to the traditions and experience of our ancestors, who cherished interethnic and religious peace and harmony as the highest value.
Olga Kazakbieva recalled that over the 96 years of its existence, Dagestanis have made a qualitative leap in all spheres of life. Past experience reflects that the conditions for the well-being of current and future generations are the preservation and strengthening of the unity and cohesion of the multinational people, friendship and fraternal cooperation with all the peoples of the Russian Federation.
After the end of the civil war, the party was faced with the task of organizing the state of the national borderlands.
The main question national policy The party had a question about self-determination of various nationalities on the basis of Soviet autonomy.
By the autumn of 1920 many nationalities have already received autonomy, but the state status of Dagestan has not yet been finally determined. This was prevented Civil War and foreign intervention.
To resolve the state structure of Dagestan, it was decided to convene congresses of the peoples of Dagestan and the Terek region. Some leading officials of Dagestan, such as Vekshin and Isaev, considered it untimely to resolve the issue of autonomy for Dagestan and accused supporters of autonomy of putting the interests of Dagestan above the interests of the revolution. The debate also revealed the position of the right, which by autonomy meant complete independence. These positions were criticized at the Meeting of Party Activists on November 13, 1920. On the same day, the Extraordinary Congress of the Peoples of Dagestan opened in Temir Khan-Shura, which was attended by about 300 delegates. Here the declaration of Soviet autonomy for Dagestan was announced. At the congress, a delegation was elected to travel to Moscow, which consisted of D. Korkmasov, A. Taho-Godi, S. Gabiev and was supposed to, together with the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, develop the main provisions of the decree on the formation of the Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. They also took part in drawing up the Constitution of the DASSR.
January 20, 1921 The Central Executive Committee of the RSFSR issued a decree on the formation of the autonomous Dagestan Soviet Socialist Republic. The Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic included the Avar, Gunib, Dargin, Kazikumukh, Kaytago-Tabasar, Kyurin, Samur, Temirkhanshurin, Khasavyurt districts and the territory of the Caspian coast. The central executive committee, the Council of People's Commissars of the DASSR and local councils became the authorities and management of Dagestan
The immediate task of the regional party organization and the Dagestan Revolutionary Committee was the convening of the Founding Congress of Soviets, which opened on December 1, 1921. in Buinaksk. At the congress, questions were discussed about the activities of the Dagestan Revolutionary Committee for the entire period of its existence, about the results of the campaign to help the starving people of the Volga region, about the activities of the Economic Council, about the approval of the draft constitution of the DASSR, about the elections of the Central Executive Committee of Dagestan. The congress approved the activities of the Dagrevkom and considered issues of economic construction. The discussion and adoption of the Constitution of the Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic were of great importance. At the congress, the presidium of the Central Executive Committee was elected, it included N. Samursky (chairman), A. Nakhibashev (secretary), N. Aliyev, M. Khizroev, G. Gadzhiev and others. Korkmasov was elected the first chairman of the Council of People's Commissars. Soviet power in Dagestan was finally established.
Dagestan during the years of restoration of the national economy.
As a result of the civil war, the national economy of the region fell into decay, cities and railways, the port was damaged. The industry of Dagestan was going through a difficult period. The fishing, textile, and canning industries were in decline. The handicraft industry suffered great damage. The state of agriculture was even more deplorable. The number of livestock decreased and there was not enough bread. In 1922, there were 200 thousand starving people in the region, and various epidemics were raging. It was necessary to take on the restoration of the national economy in an organized manner and eliminate the devastation.
The attention of the people was primarily focused on the restoration of the villages destroyed by the White Guards. Dagrevkom attached particularly great importance to this and demanded an active attitude to this problem from members of the presidium.
By a resolution of the Dagrevkom of June 16, 1920, a temporary special department was formed under it for the restoration of destroyed villages, the leadership of which was entrusted to the chairman himself and the heads of departments. A commission of technicians was created to directly organize the work. In the regions of Temir-Khan-Shura, Derbent and Khasavyurt, three party departments began to function.
18 villages took part in the Labor Week in honor of the 111th International, organized to restore the most affected villages of the Temirkhanshurinsky district. The workers of Dagestan organized the Red Plowman's Week and came to the aid of the peasants. This was important for bringing workers and employees closer to the working mountaineers. A lot was done to clean and rebuild irrigation canals. The Sulak Canal was restored. Canals of the Kyurinsky district. Workers everywhere carried out work on laying roads, repairing and building bridges.
As soon as the territory of the region was cleared of Denikin’s followers, the Dagestan Revolutionary Committee began preparations for the nationalization of industry and, first of all, took into account existing enterprises. The government commission included representatives of the Revolutionary Committee, the Economic Council and prof. organizations, including D. Korkmasov, N. Samursky, A. Tahoe-Godi and others.
Its conclusions were considered in the regional committee of the RCP (b) and in the Dagrev Committee
Since most enterprises did not work due to the sabotage of their owners, it was necessary to speed up the implementation of nationalization measures, establish centralized management, and, by investing additional capital, update industrial equipment.
The practical implementation of this task was not entrusted to the organizational bureau of the Dagestan Regional Council of National Economy. In May 1920, the bureau decided to immediately transfer the tanneries located in Temirkhanshur with all inventory, stocks of raw materials and materials, assets and liabilities to the jurisdiction of the economic council. In May, the issue of nationalization of fisheries was discussed. The fishing industry department created under the Dagestan Economic Council took over fisheries and fish canning factories. At the same time, oil mills, soap factories, distilleries, alcohol refineries and vodka factories were nationalized. A special department was formed under the Economic Council to manage the distillery and alcohol-vodka industries.
Thus, at the beginning of 1921, the Economic Council already managed the main industrial enterprises, port and railway facilities, and the entire banking system. At the same time, he was engaged in the centralization of handicrafts and the organization of their systematic work.
A joint meeting of representatives of the economic councils of the South-East and the Dagestan Economic Council on the issue of nationalization of small industry, held on January 11, 1921, decided: to carry out the formal nationalization of enterprises on the basis of existing instructions; in the mountains, nationalization should not be carried out temporarily; small enterprises owned by Persian subjects should not be nationalized. A commission was established consisting of representatives of party, Soviet, trade union and economic bodies.
During the years of peaceful construction, the system of military communism came into conflict with the interests of the peasantry and could lead to a rupture in the alliance of the working class and the peasantry. It was necessary to develop a form of union on a different basis. The path to this lay through the New Economic Policy. The issue of transition to it was one of the main issues on the agenda of the 10th Congress of the Communist Party, held in March 1921. The congress decided to immediately replace the surplus appropriation system with a tax in kind.
The restoration of the country's national economy had to begin with agriculture: it was necessary to provide industry with raw materials and workers with food. The replacement of the surplus appropriation system caused a restructuring of the entire economic front, the entire economic policy of the state, not only in the field of agriculture, but also in the field of industry and labor organization. Nevertheless, the adoption of NEPA could not be limited to the decree on the tax in kind. In order for the peasant to be able to freely dispose of the surplus of his farm, freedom of trade should be allowed. Hence, the question of the role of cooperation and the normalization of monetary circulation arose in a new way. The wage system for workers has changed. The transition from the in-kind form of remuneration to the monetary one connected wages with increased labor productivity. The problem arose of reviving small and handicraft industries, leasing out some small enterprises, and transferring large state-owned enterprises to self-financing.
In Dagestan, the policy of war communism began to be pursued later than in Central Russia - as the territory was liberated from the White Guards and bourgeois-nationalist gangs. On August 24, 1920, Dagrevkom issued an order that owners of grain, fodder and livestock were obliged to hand over surplus food to food authorities. Food authorities must distribute everything received among the workers of the region. The remainder should be sent to other regions in exchange for those products that are produced in insufficient quantities in Dagestan, mainly bread. It was further noted that the food committee sets fixed prices for these products. The procurement and export outside the region of grain products, fodder, livestock and raw materials was prohibited both to individuals and to all institutions and departments, except for food authorities. This emergency measure found support among the peasantry.
The surplus appropriation system was burdensome both for the main producer - the average peasant, and for the poor; it directly or indirectly interfered with the development of agriculture. On July 27, 1921, the government of Dagestan issued a decree on a tax in kind. The entire rural population of the republic was involved in paying it; when establishing standards, the hardships and devastation suffered by the mountaineers in connection with military operations were taken into account. The tax in kind was much less than the surplus appropriation system. The size and timing of its application became known to the peasants before spring sowing.
Poor peasants were exempt from paying the tax in whole or in part, and from the middle peasants it was levied in a smaller amount than from wealthy and kulak farms. In 1922 Farms in mountainous districts that had less than one quarter of a dessiatine of crops and less than two heads of cattle were completely exempt from tax. A number of benefits were provided to peasants who increased the area under crops and applied advanced methods of cultivating the land.
The new economic policy opened up favorable opportunities for the development of agriculture. The food situation in the republic has improved somewhat. The mountaineers began to show interest in increasing labor productivity and were more actively involved in gardening. However, the insecurity of the population of mountain districts with bread, the fragmentation of peasant farms, the uneven distribution of land and livestock, the availability large number landless farms indicated extremely difficult living conditions for workers.
Great importance had decisions of the 10th Congress on national question. They indicated that with the victory of October, national oppression was destroyed in our country, but actual national inequality remained, the elimination of which was a long process. This inequality consisted in the fact that a number of republics, including Dagestan, noticeably lagged behind central Russia in the political, economic and cultural level.
The people of our country were given the task of helping the working masses of the outskirts in every possible way.
It was necessary to eliminate the one-sidedness in the development of the national economy, create new industries taking into account the natural conditions of each region, equip the industry and agriculture of the outskirts with new technology, increase labor productivity on this basis, develop modern types of transport, organize the transfer of small-scale peasant farms to the rails of large mechanized collective economy, to provide objective conditions for the formation of a national working class.
Dagestan in 20-30 years. 20th century
In 20-30 years. The Soviet government introduced a tax policy that allowed various layers of the peasantry to use more rational methods of farming. Strengthening peasant farms made it possible to develop all sectors of agricultural production and create the necessary economic base for the normal operation of industry.
In 1920, agronomic centers were restored in the Temirkhanshurinsky, Khasavyurt and Derbent districts. They drew up plans for mandatory crops and participated in their implementation, distributed agricultural implements and promoted more advanced farming methods. Two-year courses for training agricultural specialists have opened in Buinaksk. Steps were taken to organize agriculture on a modern scientific basis. In 1923, an exhibition of farm animals was held.
Promotion of agricultural knowledge among the population, organization of courses, lectures, conversations and reports, contributed to the dissemination modern methods housekeeping.
Land development work was carried out. Many poor peasant farms were allocated land. The water problem was very important for Dagestan. To organize the water management of Dagestan, the government of the RSFSR began to allocate significant cash and necessary equipment.
Devastation and severe land shortage forced the population of the mountains and foothills to rush to the plane. It was necessary to resolve the issue of increasing the land suitable for cultivation. The Prisulak lowland attracted attention first of all. In the fall of 1921, construction of the canal began here. October revolution.
Soon, water management work began in areas of fertile lands - Babayurt, Khasavyurt, Kizlyar and Samur regions, restoration and development of mountain irrigation in Levashinsky, Gunibsky, Avar and other districts. Since 1927, the efforts of the mountain people have been directed towards regulating the flow of mountain rivers, draining swamps, increasing irrigated areas in areas of irrigated agriculture, and supplying water to villages.
In the 1920s, peasant committees began to be created on the basis of a decree of the government of Soviet Russia dated May 14, 1921. Their functions included organizing mutual assistance in case of crop failures and natural disasters, providing low-income and agricultural farms with food, seeds, and draft power. These bodies were supposed to assist in every possible way to wrest the poorest part of the population from the influence of the kulaks and clergy; at the expense of the peasant committees, the cooperation of the poor was carried out.
The role of mutual aid committees was determined by the fact that they rallied farm laborers and the poor in the struggle for the implementation of socio-economic measures of the party and government, and introduced the population to the principles of collective farming.
The construction and operation of the entire Dagestan industry was in charge of the Dagestan Council of National Economy, created first as a department under the Revolutionary Committee, and then after the formation of the DASSR, functioning as a People's Commissariat. In his area of activity there were up to 45 large and small enterprises, concentrated in Makhachkala, Buinaksk and Derbent and designed for processing local raw materials.
All enterprises were divided into three groups: the first included enterprises of state importance and therefore accepted for state supply; in the second - subject to rent; the third were those that had to be liquidated due to lack of raw materials and for various other reasons.
The Dagestan Economic Council began organizing their work in an atmosphere of general devastation, amid ruins and poverty. In addition to the help of the center, he attracted his own extremely limited funds and tried to find internal resources.
The party organization and the government of Dagestan resolved issues of the economic revival of the republic.
In June 1921, the Presidium of the Dagrev Committee considered the work plan of the scientific and technical expedition to study the Khiut and Mogokh sulfur deposits and the issue of appropriations for the Mine Administration. Certain sums were allocated for the development of mercury.
In July, the issue of restoring the Dagestan Lights glass factory was discussed, which had not only economic but also political significance: the enterprise served the entire country and was at that time the only plant in Russia that operated on oil gas. It was decided to restore the plant of the Council of Labor and Defense. New machines were purchased from Germany and Belgium, foreign workers and specialists arrived, and production mechanization was introduced. In addition to window glass, the plant began to produce bottles for Caucasian wine and mineral waters, as well as for export to the countries of the Middle East.
Since May 1922, by government decision, all Dagestan industry was removed from the state. supplies and transferred to self-financing. Preliminarily Doug. The Economic Council took a number of measures aimed at reducing the cost of production. A new production program and financial estimates of enterprises were drawn up, staffing was revised, labor organization was improved, the technical and accounting apparatus was strengthened, and overhead costs were reduced. In April, a trading department was organized to procure materials and sell products from all enterprises of the republic. Soon the sales department took over the local market. Soon, self-supporting enterprises became stronger, and their managers gained considerable experience.
The Economic Council directed all efforts to identify and use the reserves of individual enterprises and industry of the republic as a whole, which led to the further strengthening of positions here Soviet power.
DAGESTAN DURING THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR.
On June 22, 1941, Nazi Germany treacherously attacked the Soviet Union. The whole country rose up to fight the invaders.
Dagestan also took its place in the battle ranks. The working people of the republic were outraged by the invasion of the hordes of German fascism. On the evening of June 22, a rally of residents of the capital took place in the Makhachkala city garden. In a unanimously adopted resolution, Makhachkala residents vowed to defend their homeland.
In the very first days of the war, the military registration and enlistment offices began to receive hundreds of applications from the population with a request to enroll as volunteers in the ranks of the Soviet Army and immediately send them to the front.
Thousands of Dagestanis went to the front in the very first days of the war. The departed men were replaced by their mothers, wives and sisters, they devoted all their strength to the common cause of defeating the Nazi invaders. Many pensioners and older career workers returned to factories, collective farms and state farms. The peoples of Dagestan rose to military and labor feats.
From the very beginning of the war, the Dagestan party organization united and directed the efforts of the working people of the republic to provide comprehensive assistance to the front, called on the mountaineers to strengthen discipline and increase revolutionary activity.
Meetings of party activists took place in all cities and regions of the republic. Specific measures were outlined to restructure organizational and political work and subordinate it to the interests of the front. Particular attention was paid to strengthening party leadership in industry, agriculture, and transport.
In the very first days of the war, the Communist Party and the Soviet government took measures to organize a nationwide resistance to the aggressor. The Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the Council of People's Commissars addressed the party, Soviet, trade union and Komsomol organizations of the front-line regions with a directive that contained a detailed program of struggle against the Nazi invaders.
The Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Belarus and the Soviet government set before the party and the people the task of immediately restructuring all work on a war footing and subordinating it to the interests of the front. To quickly mobilize all forces and means, the State Defense Committee was created on June 30, 1941. The Committee concentrated in its hands all power, state and economic leadership in the country. Stalin was appointed chairman of the committee.
The war demanded from the party, Soviet, and economic organs of the rear a radical change in leadership methods. The party organization of Dagestan quickly reshuffled personnel due to the departure of a significant number of workers to the army, providing party leadership to all areas of work. Local party organizations, leading mass political work among the population, took urgent measures to organize resistance to the enemy.
In Dagestan, as elsewhere in the country, dedicated work began to fulfill military orders. In production, people worked without regard for time.
The war required enormous efforts from the field workers. Thousands of collective farmers went to the front, agricultural equipment, acreage, and the number of draft animals were greatly reduced. Under these conditions, party and Soviet bodies in rural areas mobilized all the forces of collective and state farms to harvest the harvest and fulfill their obligations to the state ahead of schedule. The most important areas of agricultural production were headed by communists.
Success in agriculture was largely ensured by the clear organization of work and the correct distribution of labor. Party organizations sought to involve all able-bodied people in social production.
The Soviet intelligentsia worked selflessly together with the working class and collective farm peasantry. All engineers and technicians who were not drafted into the army, agricultural specialists, teachers and doctors, scientists, writers, and artists tried to make their work as useful as possible for defense. They sought new types of local raw materials for industry, studied ways to improve agriculture, and rebuilt educational educational work in schools and higher education educational institutions, improved the forms and methods of political education of the population, and treated the wounded.
However, the Dagestanis, like all Soviet people, understood that what had been achieved was only the beginning of subordinating the economy to the needs of the war, that difficult work lay ahead to rebuild the national economy on a war footing. It was necessary to double and triple assistance to the front as soon as possible, to create conditions for industry, transport and agriculture that would best meet the growing needs of the country and the army.
At the same time, defense work began in the republic to train the reserves of the Soviet Army, and the activities of physical education organizations intensified. In almost all regions, the formation of people's militia units, the creation of self-defense groups, and also sanitary teams began. Former Red partisans, participants in the civil war, elderly and young workers, collective farmers and intellectuals turned to party committees and military registration and enlistment offices with a request to enroll them in the created militia units. By the end of July 1941. About 6 thousand people signed up for the people's militia. The Republican Headquarters of the People's Militia was created.
During the war, party organizations changed the forms and methods of mass propaganda work. Rallies and conversations acquired great importance. Party offices at city party committees were transformed into city propaganda centers. A clear result of mass political work was a patriotic upsurge, expressed in the movement for the creation of a defense fund. The initiators of the movement were workers and employees of the three largest enterprises in Makhachkala - the factory named after. 111International, a fish canning plant, and among the village workers - collective farmers of the Sergokalinsky district, who unanimously decided to contribute five workdays to the defense fund. This initiative was supported by all workers, employees and peasantry of the republic.
To account for the funds received by the defense fund, special commissions were organized at the Council of People's Commissars of the DASSR and at city and district executive committees.
In the very first days of the war, a program for restructuring the peaceful socialist economy was outlined. The people began to implement this program.
Military restructuring industry was carried out in Dagestan, as throughout the country, by switching enterprises to fulfill military orders and radically changing the range of products. This changed not only the structure of the industry, but also the ratio of its capacities various industries. The production of some types of civilian products was stopped and the production of military products was mastered. The metalworking industry began to produce, for example, ammunition; canning enterprises have mastered the production of new types of canned meat and vegetables; leather and shoe factory - cavalry saddles.
The war distracted thousands of workers from production. Many skilled industrial and transport workers were drafted into the army. In the first month alone, about 8 thousand people left the Dagestan industry. They were replaced by women and teenagers. Thus, along with the restructuring of the national economy on a war footing, the issue of providing enterprises with skilled workers was resolved. In the initial period, due to mobilization into the army, expansion of production and relocation of enterprises to new places, the workforce was largely renewed. The main form of personnel training was individual and team training directly in the workshops.
During the war years, increasing labor productivity was of great importance. Therefore, it was necessary to ensure that not just a few, but hundreds and thousands of workers, entire teams, fulfilled and exceeded the standards. Party, trade union and Komsomol organizations paid a lot of attention to this. They looked for reserves and enterprises, provided practical assistance to innovators, and carried out extensive educational work. As a result, the number of frontline workers has increased.
By the autumn of 1941 The industry of the republic basically restructured its work. The most important measures for the mobilization deployment of the national economy were carried out: the redistribution of the resources and reserves of the republic in favor of the front, the transfer of civilian industry to the production of weapons, ammunition and other military materials, the redistribution of human reserves, the placement of the first enterprises evacuated to the republic. All these enterprises have established the production of ammunition and other products needed by the front. The industry of Dagestan mastered and produced en masse mortars, fragmentation bombs, shells, mines, etc.
The production of ammunition and equipment was carried out mainly from raw materials available in Dagestan. In the development and production of weapons and ammunition, in the mobilization of all the forces of the working people of the republic, an important role belonged to the organization created in October 1941. Makhachkala Defense Committee. This committee directly supervised the construction of defensive structures, the strengthening of the capital of the republic as the most important strategic point, the mobilization of funds to help the front, monitored the implementation of military orders, the placement of evacuated enterprises and population, etc.
The style and methods of work of the party organization have changed. City and district party committees, city and district Councils of Working People's Deputies acted clearly and promptly. Under the Council of People's Commissars of the DASSR and under the district executive committees, special meetings were created to resolve numerous economic and political issues, which dealt not only with national economic plans, but also with mobilization work.
In November 1941 The 10th plenum of the Dagestan regional party committee took place, discussing the practical tasks of the party organization in war conditions. The Plenum especially noted the need to quickly turn the republic into an obscene fortress in the path of the enemy. The plenum proposed organizing uninterrupted and fast transportation of goods, primarily military goods, strictly guarding transport routes, and establishing communications. Introduce strict order and strict discipline on routes, stations, and communications enterprises.
The decisions of the 10th plenum formed the basis for the work of the party. Soviet and economic bodies of the republic. Inspired by the defeat of the Nazi invaders near Moscow, the working people of Dagestan increased assistance to the front.
Many difficulties arose in supplying enterprises with raw materials and supplies - the flow of scarce materials into the republic was limited. The restructuring of the entire national economy radically changed the work of transport. The movement of productive forces, the evacuation of the population and various cargoes - all this required transport, especially railways, to increase freight turnover and station capacity. Makhachkala turned into the most important point through which there was direct communication between the front and the rear. A huge load and the most difficult trials fell on the shoulders of the railway workers. By joining the all-Union socialist competition, Dagestan railway workers achieved good production results. The average daily loading and unloading has increased significantly, the departure and operation of trains on schedule has improved, and the number of violations of the rules of technical operation of rolling stock has decreased.
The importance of the Makhachkala port as an important transport hub has increased significantly. During the war, automobile and horse-drawn transport took on a large burden.
Love was revealed in fierce battles with the enemy Soviet people to your homeland. Representatives of the peoples of Dagestan also fought on the war fronts. The border guards took the first blows. Among them there were many Dagestanis who bravely entered into the fight against the enemy. Maksud-Gerey Shikhaliev, commander of a military unit, fought until the last bullet Brest Fortress. Kh. Gamidov fought in the Far North and was awarded the Order of the Red Banner. In the south, Ibragimov M. accomplished an immortal feat - he broke through to a group of Germans in the enemy rear and, stunning the Nazis, alone brought 22 prisoners to the headquarters of his unit.
Hitler's command relied on the lightning capture of Moscow. However, this plan failed miserably. Among the defenders of the capital was tanker A. Mardakhaev. In one of the battles, he caused a lot of damage to the Nazis. When the Germans set his tank on fire, Mardakhaev drove his flaming vehicle into enemy headquarters and died a hero's death. He was posthumously awarded the Order of Lenin.
At the end of 1941, a submarine under the command of Magomed Gadzhiev conducted a surface battle unprecedented in the history of naval battles. Having surfaced, the boat attacked three enemy ships. Two went down. And the third hastily disappeared. M. Gadzhiev died in May 1942. He was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.
Captain Valentin Emirov courageously fought against the Nazi invaders. He commanded a squadron of combat fighters and died in an unequal air battle with fascist planes.
Taking advantage of the absence of a second front in Europe, the Nazi command in the spring of 1942. concentrated large forces on the Soviet-German front. The enemy troops were going to deliver the main blow in the southern sector. The Caucasus, with its rich resources, occupied a special place in the aggressive plans of Nazi Germany.
In the autumn of 1942 Dagestan found itself directly in the front line and turned into an important strategic area. The party organization of the republic, all the peoples of Dagestan, were faced with the task of not allowing the enemy to move south, into Transcaucasia, and to stubbornly defend every city and village. Create defensive lines. Already from the second quarter of 1942. some enterprises relocated outside the DASSR. Most of the equipment from the metalworking and oil refining industries was evacuated to the Transcaspian regions. The construction of certain large enterprises was mothballed.
The Dagestani warriors continued to desperately fight against the Nazi-German invaders. They were part of the greatest Battle of Stalingrad. The names of the heroes of Stalingrad Kh. Nuradilov, M. Baymurzaev and others are covered with unfading glory. Machine gunner Khanpasha Nuradilov destroyed 920 German soldiers and officers. He was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.
A highlander from the village of Kumtorkala, Magomed-Zagir Baymurzaev, fought on the banks of the Volga. In August 1942 He was seriously wounded, but did not leave the battlefield. All the fighters and Baymurzaev himself died, preventing the Nazi column from reaching the Volga.
In the ranks of the 62nd Army of General V. Chuikov, Vera Khanukaeva fought against the Nazis. She carried out responsible work at the regimental headquarters and received several awards.
The Battle of Stalingrad was in full swing when Soviet troops began preparing for a counteroffensive. After the Battle of Stalingrad, a turning point in the war came.
Summer 1943 The Nazis suffered a major defeat at Kursk. This battle brought Germany to the brink of disaster and heralded a new stage in the Soviet offensive. The most important economic and military-strategic regions were liberated: the North Caucasus, Donbass, Rostov, Voronezh, Kursk, Oryol, Smolensk, Bryansk regions and the entire Left Bank of Ukraine.
The radical turning point during the war was ensured by the heroic efforts of Soviet soldiers, the selfless labor of workers, peasants and intelligentsia, and the enormous organizational activity of the party and government. In 1943 before Soviet rear new military-economic tasks arose. They were determined by the need to increase assistance to the front, to materially provide for the growing attacks of the Soviet troops, to satisfy the needs of the army and navy, to supply them with first-class weapons, ammunition, food, and to eliminate the enemy’s superiority in tanks, aircraft and some other types of military equipment.
The DASSR had to solve the same problems. Here, of course, there were specific features, but the goal of production was the same for the whole country: meeting the needs of the front and the needs of the rear.
The defeat of the Nazis on the Volga and the North Caucasus created favorable conditions for the deployment offensive operations along the entire front. The blockade of Leningrad was broken, Donbass was liberated. Kharkov, hundreds of cities and other settlements. In the spring of 1943 Soviet troops pushed back the fascist army 600–700 km, and the expulsion of the invaders from the USSR began. However, Hitler's war machine was still in operation. Moreover, in the summer the Nazis tried to take revenge in the area of Orel and Belgorod, but they received a crushing blow near Orel and Kursk.
After this defeat, the Germans began to pin their hopes on natural barriers - the Kerch Strait, Desna, Dnieper and other large rivers, behind which they hoped to regroup their defeated armies. Soviet troops successfully crossed the water lines and continued a broad offensive along the entire front.
1944 was marked by new victories of the Soviet people over the invaders. Now the main task was to completely expel the enemy from Soviet soil, and then eliminate the fascist “new order” in Europe.
In September 1944, the Soviet Army entered German territory. During this final period of the war, Dagestani soldiers fought on all fronts, in all branches of the army. Sergeant Abdurakhman Abdullaev took part in the battles near Rostov and Sevastopol. Among the defenders of Leningrad was Ismail Isaev. A teacher from the Gunib district, Sadu Aliyev, who fought in the Far North, was nicknamed in his unit the “sniper champion.” He destroyed 127 fascists, for which he was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.
Major Magomed Gamzatov distinguished himself in the battle for Crimea. Gamzatov's battalion crossed the Kerch Strait, took up defensive positions and repelled many counterattacks. This was the beginning of the liberation of Crimea.
Dagestani warriors were active participants in the offensive operations of the Soviet army. The path of tanker Elmurza Dzhumagulov was marked by remarkable feats. In the battles of 1944 The fearless naval aviation pilot Yusup Akaev distinguished himself. He fought near Sevastopol. After the war, Hero of the Owls. Union Yu. Akaev returned to Dagestan. Dagestan is proud of the wonderful pilot twice Hero of the Soviet Union Akhmetkhan Sultan and others.
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USSR
Makhachkala
Russian, Avar, Dargin, Lak, Lezgin, Kumyk, Nogai (before 1936 and after 1978), Tabasaran, Azerbaijani, Tat, Chechen (since 1978)
Russians, Avars, Laks, Lezgins, Tabasarans, Kumyks, Nogais, Dargins, Tats, etc.
50.3 thousand km²
Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (Dagestan ASSR)- administrative-territorial unit of the RSFSR, which existed in 1921-1993.
The capital is the city of Makhachkala.
- 1. History
- 2 Administrative divisions
- 3 Population
- 3.1 National composition
- 4 Notes
- 5 Links
Story
On January 20, 1921, the Dagestan Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic was formed on the territory of the Dagestan and part of the Terek regions. The First All-Dagestan Constituent Congress of Soviets, held on December 1-7, 1921, adopted the Constitution of the Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. In 1923, the republic was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor of the RSFSR.
With the adoption of the new Stalinist constitution on December 5, 1936, the republic was removed from the North Caucasus Territory, and the word order in the name was changed: Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. Later, on June 12, 1937, the Extraordinary 11th All-Dagestan Congress of Soviets adopted the Constitution of the Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.
On February 22, 1938, five northern districts of the republic (Achikulaksky, Karanogaysky, Kayasulinsky, Kizlyarsky, Shelkovsky) were transferred to the Ordzhonikidze Territory. Of these, the Kizlyar Autonomous Okrug was formed with its center in the city of Kizlyar.
On March 7, 1944, as a result of the liquidation of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, several of its mountainous regions were transferred to the Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.
On January 9, 1957, its territories were returned to the restored Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic; From the abolished Grozny region, most of the territory of the former Kizlyar Okrug became part of the Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, as a result of which the territory of Dagestan adopted modern borders.
In 1965, the republic was awarded the Order of Lenin; in 1970 - the Order of the October Revolution.
On May 24, 1991, the Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was transformed into Dagestan SSR as part of the RSFSR (which did not correspond to Article 85 of the USSR Constitution), and on December 25, 1993, after the Constitution of the Russian Federation came into force - into Republic of Dagestan.
Administrative division
Initially, the republic was divided into 10 districts:
- Avarsky - center of the village. Khunzakh
- Andean - p. Botlikh
- Gunibsky - Gunib fortification
- Darginsky - p. Lefties
- Kazi-Kumukhsky (Laksky) - village. Kazi-Kumukh
- Kaytago-Tabasaransky - village. Majalis
- Kyurinsky - p. Kas-Kent (Kasumkent)
- Samursky - village Oh you
- Temir-Khan-Shurinsky - Temir-Khan-Shura
- Khasav-Yurtovsky is a settlement. Khasav-Yurt
On November 16, 1922, the Kizlyar district and the Achikulak district were transferred to the Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic from the Terek province.
On November 22, 1928, instead of districts and districts, 26 cantons and 2 sub-cantons were formed in the republic.
On February 22, 1938, the Achikulak, Karanogai, Kayasulinsky, Kizlyar and Shelkovsky districts were transferred to the newly formed Kizlyar district of the Ordzhonikidze region.
On March 7, 1944, the Vedensky, Kurchaloevsky, Nozhai-Yurtovsky, Sayasanovsky, Cheberloevsky, Sharoevsky districts were transferred from the abolished Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic to the Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.
Districts of the Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in 1953
On June 25, 1952, in addition to the regional division, 4 districts were formed within the Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic: Buinaksky, Derbent, Izberbash, Makhachkala.
On April 24, 1953, the districts were abolished, all districts became directly subordinate to the administration of the republic.
On January 9, 1957, the Andalal, Vedeno, Ritlyab, and Shuragat regions were transferred to the restored Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic; from the abolished Grozny region, the city of Kizlyar, Karanogaisky, Kizlyarsky, Krainovsky, Tarumovsky districts were transferred to the Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.
Thus, in 1990, the Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic included 10 cities of republican subordination:
- Makhachkala
- Buynaksk
- Dagestan Lights
- Derbent
- Izberbash
- Kaspiysk
- Kizilyurt
- Kizlyar
- Khasavyurt
- Yuzhno-Sukhokumsk
and 39 districts:
- Agulsky - center of the village. Tpig
- Akushinsky - p. Akusha
- Akhvakhsky - p. Karata
- Akhtynsky - p. Oh you
- Babayurtovsky - village. Babayurt
- Botlikhsky - p. Botlikh
- Buynaksky - Buinaksk
- Gergebilsky - p. Gergebil
- Gumbetovsky - p. Mehelta
- Gunibsky - p. Gunib
- Dakhadaevsky - p. Urkarah
- Derbentsky - Derbent
- Kazbekovsky - p. Dylym
- Kaitagsky - p. Majalis
- Kayakentsky - village. Novokayakent
- Kizilyurt - Kizilyurt city
- Kizlyarsky - Kizlyar city
- Kulinsky - s. Wachi
- Kurakhsky - p. Kurakh
- Laksky - s. Kumukh
- Levashinsky - s. Lefties
- Leninsky - p. Karabudakhkent
- Magaramkentsky - village. Magaramkent
- Novolaksky - s. Novolakskoe
- Nogaisky - s. Terekli-Mekteb
- Rutulsky - p. Rutul
- Sergokalinsky - village. Sergokala
- Soviet - p. Soviet
- Suleiman-Stalsky - p. Kasumkent
- Tabasaransky - p. Huchni
- Tarumovsky - p. Tarumovka
- Tlyaratinsky - village Tlyarata
- Untsukulsky - village. Untsukul
- Khasavyurt - Khasavyurt
- Khivsky - village Khiv
- Khunzakhsky - p. Khunzakh
- Tsumadinsky - p. Agvali
- Tsuntinsky - s. Bežta
- Charodinsky - p. Tsurib
Population
Population dynamics of the republic:
| Year | Population, people | Source |
|---|---|---|
| 1926 | 788 098 | 1926 Census |
| 1939 | 930 416 | 1939 Census |
| 1959 | 1 062 472 | 1959 Census |
| 1970 | 1 428 540 | 1970 Census |
| 1979 | 1 627 884 | 1979 Census |
| 1989 | 1 802 579 | 1989 Census |
National composition
| year | Russians | Avars | Dargins | Kumyks | Laktsy | Lezgins | Nogais | Azerbaijanis | Tabasarans | Tats and Mountain Jews |
Chechens |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1926 | 12,5% | 17,7% | 13,9% | 11,2% | 5,1% | 11,5% | 3,3% | 3,0% | 4,0% | 1,5% | 2,8% |
| 1939 | 14,3% | 24,8% | 16,2% | 10,8% | 5,6% | 10,4% | 0,5% | 3,4% | 3,6% | ? | 2,8% |
| 1959 | 20,1% | 22,5% | 13,9% | 11,4% | 5,0% | 10,2% | 1,4% | 3,6% | 3,2% | 1,6% | 1,2% |
| 1970 | 14,7% | 24,4% | 14,5% | 11,8% | 5,0% | 11,4% | 1,5% | 3,8% | 3,7% | 1,3% | 2,8% |
| 1989 | 9,2% | 27,5% | 15,6% | 12,9% | 5,1% | 11,3% | 1,6% | 4,3% | 4,3% | 0,9% | 3,2% |
Notes
- 1 2 All-Union Population Census of 1989. Archived from the original source on August 23, 2011.
- ALL-RUSSIAN CENTRAL EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. DECREE dated January 20, 1921. ABOUT THE AUTONOMOUS DAGESTAN SOCIALIST SOVIET REPUBLIC
- 1 2 Brief information about administrative and territorial changes in the Stavropol Territory for 1920-1992.
- Constitution of the USSR 1936, article 22
- Law of the RSFSR of May 24, 1991 “On amendments and additions to the Constitution (Basic Law) of the RSFSR”
- World History Project. Archived from the original on February 19, 2012.
- All-Union Population Census of 1926. Archived from the original source on February 19, 2012.
- All-Union Population Census of 1939. Archived from the original source on February 19, 2012.
- All-Union Population Census of 1959. Archived from the original source on February 19, 2012.
- All-Union Population Census of 1970. Archived from the original source on August 22, 2011.
- All-Union Population Census of 1979. Archived from the original source on August 22, 2011.
Links
- Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic - article from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia
| RSFSR | |
|---|---|
| Autonomous Republics (ASSR) | |
|
Bashkir (1919-1990¹) Buryat (1923-1990¹) Gorno-Altai (1990¹-1991²) Gorskaya (1921-1924) Dagestan(1921-1990¹) Kabardino-Balkarian (1936-1990¹; 1944-1957 Kabardian) Cossack (1925-1936) Kalmyk (1935-1943; 1958-1990¹) Karakalpak (1932-1936) Karachay-Cherkess (199 0-1990¹) Karelian ( 1923-1940; 1956-1990¹) Kyrgyz (1920-1925) / Kyrgyz (1926-1936) Komi (1936-1990¹) Crimean (1921-1945) Mari (1936-1990¹) Mordovian (1934-1990¹) Nemtsev Povol zhya (1924- 1941) North Ossetian (1936-1990¹) Tatar (1920-1990¹) Tuva (1961-1990¹) Turkestan (1918-1924) Udmurt (1934-1990¹) Checheno-Ingush (1936-1944; 1957-1990) Chuva shskaya (1925- 1990¹) Yakut (1922-1990¹) |
|
| Autonomous regions | |
|
Adygea (Cherkess) (1922-1928) Adygea (1928-1992) Buryat-Mongolian (1921-1923) Votskaya (1920-1932) Gorno-Altai (1948-1992) Jewish (since 1934) Ingush (1924-1934) Kabardian ( 1921-1922) Kabardino-Balkarian (1922-1936) Kalmyk (1920-1935; 1957-1958) Karachay-Cherkess (1922-1926; 1957-1992) Karachay (1926-1943) Komi (Zyryan) (1921-1936) Mari (1920-1936) Mongol-Buryat (1921-1923) Mordovian (1930-1934) Volga Germans (1918-1924) Oirat (1922-1932) / Oirot (1932-1948) North Ossetian (1924-1936) Tuva (1944) -1961) Udmurt (1932-1934) Khakass (1930-1992) Circassian (Adyghe) (1922) Circassian (1928-1957) Chechen (1922-1934) Chechen-Ingush (1934-1936) Chuvash (1920-1925) |
|
| Autonomous and national districts (JSC, NO) | |
|
Aginsky Buryat-Mongolian NO (1937-1958) / Aginsky Buryat Autonomous Okrug (1958-2008) Argayash NO (1934) Balkar (1921-1922) Vitimo-Olyokma NO (1931-1938) Ingush (1921-1924) Kabardian NO (1920- 1921) Karachay NO (1920-1922) Karelian NO (1937-1939) Komi-Permyak (1925-2005) Koryak Autonomous Okrug (1930-2007) Nenets NO (1929-1977) / JSC (since 1977) Ostyak-Vogul NO (1930) -1940) Okhotsk-Evensky NO (1930-1934) North Ossetian (1920-1921) Sunzhensky Cossack (1920-1929) Taimyr (Dolgano-Nenets) NO (1930-1977) / JSC (1977-2006) Ust-Ordynsky Buryat NO (1937-1978) / JSC (1978-2008) Khanty-Mansiysk NO (1940-1978) / JSC (since 1978) Chechen NO (1920-1922) Circassian NO (1926-1928) Chukotka Autonomous Okrug (since 1930) Evenki Autonomous Okrug (1930-2007) Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug (since 1930) |
|
| ¹ Date of adoption of the declaration of sovereignty ² Confirmation of the status of the republic |
DAGESTAN AUTONOMOUS SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLIC, Dagestan, as part of the RSFSR. Located in the east. parts of the North Caucasus, in the east it is washed by the Caspian Sea. Formed on January 20. 1921. Area. 50.3 thousand km 2. Us. 1,062,472 hours (1959); as of January 1st estimate 1963 1222 thousand (Avars, Dargins, Lezgins, Laks, Kumyks, Tabasarans, Rutuls, Aguls, Tsakhurs, Mountain Jews, etc.); mountains us. 314,968 hours, rural 747,504 hours (1959). There are 8 cities and 25 villages in D. districts, 7 mountain villages. type. Capital Makhachkala.
Primitive communal system in territory D. Terr. D. was mastered by man in the Paleolithic era. Stone monuments were discovered in D. centuries (Chumis-Inits, Usisha, Chokh, Rugudzha), the oldest of which belonged to the Acheulean era. Neolithic materials eras (Tarnair, Buynaksk, Akusha) show the transition of D. tribes to hoe farming and cattle breeding. Subsequent, Eneolithic. era spanning the 3rd millennium BC. e., is characterized by the further development of agriculture and cattle breeding. x-va and a unique culture characteristic of the entire Caucasus. The most important achievement of this era is the development of copper and its alloys. In the Chalcolithic era, the maternal system of kinship was replaced by the paternal one. Monuments of the Bronze Age (in the districts of Derbent, Manas, Karabudakhkent, Makhachkala, V. Chiryurt, Irganaya, Chokha, Kuli) show continuity in the development of local culture. The Bronze Age saw the first major division of labor. Arable farming and cattle breeding are developing, which is predominant. sedentary character. Intertribal exchanges are intensifying. Relig. beliefs: animism, magic, fire cult; cosmogonies began to take shape. representation. Within the framework of a single culture of the North-East. Local variants arise in the Caucasus. This reflects the process of ethnicity. differentiation within dag. kinship groups. tribes, which ended with the formation of smaller cultural groups distant ancestors of modern. nationalities of D. The process of decomposition of the clan system, which began in the late Bronze Age, intensified in the 1st millennium BC. e., in the era of the development and widespread introduction of iron. The tribes of D. (Legi, Gels, Utins, etc.) embarked on the path of forming tribal unions, which culminated in the entry at the end of the 1st millennium BC. e. to a large state association in the territory Azerbaijan "Caucasian Albania". During the existence of Albania in the territory. South D. cities arose: Choga, Toprah-Kala, Urtseki, etc. In the 3rd century. n. e. South D. up to Derbent was occupied by the "Sassanids", and the coastal strip to the north of Derbent in the 4th century. captured by the Huns. The population of D. was engaged in agriculture and cattle breeding; Crafts and trade developed, mainly on the coast of the Caspian Sea. The cities were significant centers of crafts and trade. Derbent, Semender, Zerekhgeran (Kubachi). Linens, metal products, madder, and saffron were exported from D. In the 5th century The Albanian alphabet became widespread in Denmark. Monuments with Albanian inscriptions were found in Derbent, Beliji, Kumukh and Orod.
The origin and development of feudal relations in Denmark (6th-19th centuries). In the 6th-10th centuries. There was a decomposition of the primitive communal system and the emergence of feudalism. relationships. The process of feudalization occurred more intensively in the lowland part of D. In the 7th century. the flat part of D. became part of the “Khazar Khaganate” with its center in Semender. In the rest of D. there were political ones. formations of the early feudal period. such as Sarir, Lakz, Gumik, Dzhidan, Kaytag, Zerekhgeran, Tabasaran, etc. The boundaries of these associations mainly corresponded to the boundaries of the settlement of the D. peoples - Avars, Dargins, Laks and Lezgins. Development of the feud. relations in D. were promoted by the Arab. colonization. From 664 D. was subjected to continuous invasions of the Arabs, who finally subjugated all of D. to their power in the 1st half. 8th century They imposed heavy taxes on the conquered population - kharaj (land tax) and jizya (poll tax from non-Muslims) and intensively implanted Islam in Denmark. The peoples of Denmark stubbornly resisted the Arabs. In the beginning. 9th century in connection with the cross. The uprising of "Babek" in the Transcaucasus and in D. strengthened the anti-Arab. speeches. In 851, the Danish highlanders supported an uprising against Arab rule in Georgia. In 905 and 913914, the combined forces of the Derbent highlanders defeated the protege of the Arabs, the ruler of Shirvan and Derbent. From this time on, D.'s connections with Russia were established.
In the 10th-11th centuries. Agriculture and cattle breeding were further developed, and blacksmithing, foundry, jewelry, and ceramics were developed. production. The centers of the craft were Kumukh, Shinaz, Bezhta, Gotsatl, and others. Kubachi weapons, Lezgin and Tabasaran carpets and rugs were exported through Derbent to the East and North (Rus). Prominent place in the external trade was occupied by the merchants of Derbent. Successes in economic development were accompanied by the development of D. culture. High level reached builds. technology, applied art; Arab spread. writing. Historical chronicles. In 1106, the “History of Dagestan, Shirvan and Arran” was compiled. Christianity penetrated into Denmark through Georgia (temples in Antsukhe, Tsakhur, Genukh, a chapel near Datun, Christian burial grounds in Khunzakh, Urad). Means. number of cameras crosses with cargo and Georgian-Avar inscriptions indicate a fairly wide spread of Christianity in D. and attempts to create writing in the Avar language. based on cargo. graphics. However, in a number of places pagan ideas were still strong.
All R. 11th century The Seljuks captured Azerbaijan and b. part D. At the end of the 11th century. Derbent became an independent principality. Around the end of the 12th century. Large state governments are being formed in D. formations: "Avar Khanate", Kazikumukh Shamkhaldom, Kaitag Utsmiyism, Tabasaran Maisumism and a number of small political ones. associations. The Shamkhals and khans repeatedly tried to unite all of D. under their rule, but the lack of economic and political preconditions (underdeveloped feudal relations, ethnic diversity, civil strife) prevented the creation of a single state. D. on Wed. centuries remained fragmented into small political parties. units, each of which had internal. orders and weapons. strength.
In the 20s 13th century D. was subjected to devastation. the Mongol invasion. In the 14th century The troops of "Uzbek", "Tokhtamysh" and "Timur" invaded D. They destroyed cities and many villages (Kadar, Kaitag, Tarki, Batlukh, Kuli, Tanus, Khunzakh, etc.) and contributed to the introduction of Islam in Denmark. With the death of Timur (1405), the desire for liberation from foreign yoke intensified in Denmark. Big influence will not release. Rus' fought in D. With the formation and strengthening of Rus. centralized state, especially after the annexation of the Kazan (1552) and Astrakhan (1556) khanates, strong ties between Denmark and Russia were established. All in. D. Russian arose. Terki, economic development developed. D.'s connections with Transcaucasia and the North. Caucasus. This contributed to the development of the village. farming, trade, restoration of crafts. centers. In the 15th-16th centuries. Muslims were opened in Derbent, Tsakhur, Kara-Kureish, Kubachi, Kumukh, Khunzakh and others. schools (madrassas), in which, along with studying the Koran, young people studied Arabic. language, mathematics, philosophy, etc. In the 15th century. Attempts were made to develop on the basis of Arabic. alphabet writing for the Avar and Lak languages, A in the 16th century for Dargin language. D. scientists have created a number of original works, the most valuable of which is the history of the Middle Ages. D. "Tarihi Dagestan" by Muhammad Raffi.
In the 14th-17th centuries. feudal development continued. relations in D. But at the same time, patriarchal-tribal relations still existed in a number of districts of the country. In the 16th-17th centuries. in the Kaitag Utsmiystvo and the Avar Khanate fiefs were formed. codes that strengthened the rights of feudal lords over the dependent population. In D., customary law played a large role, there was blood feud. In the reign of feudal lords, slaves were used. Feud. fragmentation, frequent feuds. strife and constant invasions. and Iran. troops determined that in D. lasts. Patriarchal-feudalism was preserved for a time. relationship slowly developed produces. strength.
From the beginning 16th century until 1st half 17th century D. was subjected to incessant aggression from Iran and Turkey, who fought among themselves for the conquest of the Caucasus. In conditions of constant struggle with external the enemy is an economically and politically fragmented, torn feud. Due to infighting, the multilingual D. was forced to seek the protection of Russia, in which the highlanders saw a counterbalance to the Iranian tour. aggression. In the 1st half. 17th century The Tarkov Shamkhaldom, the Kaitag Utsmiystvo, the Avar and Kazikumukh khanates, and others passed into Russian citizenship. In 1722, Peter I annexed the coastal Dagestan to Russia, but due to external influence. complications and internal difficulties under the Ganja Treaty of 1735, Russia ceded them to Iran. But the peoples of D. continued to liberate. anti-Iran. struggle. In 1742, Nadir Shah, at the head of a huge army, invaded Dagestan, but was defeated. Economical the development of coastal districts was ahead of mountainous D., where the main. industry with farms consisted of transhumance livestock farming, and domestic crafts were developed (clothing, simple agricultural implements), which satisfied their own needs. x-v. Int. trade was mainly barter, its centers were Derbent, Tarki, Enderey, Khunzakh, Kumukh, Akhty. Livestock products and handicrafts were exported to Azerbaijan, Georgia, and the North. Caucasus. Bargaining has intensified. D.'s connections with Russia. In the 18th century there were changes in society and economics. construction Feudalism continued to develop in the lowland and partly mountainous Dagestan. relationship. In the highland D. early feudal. relations were still combined with obsolete primitive communal relations. The most powerful possessions were the Avar, Kazikumukh khanates and the Tarkov Shamkhalate.
Despite the political and economical fragmentation and constant invasions of foreign invaders, in the 17th-18th centuries. the culture of the peoples of Dagestan developed. The most striking of the works that have come down to us. folklore telling about heroic. D.'s fight against Iran. dominion was epic. song in Avar, Lak and Lezgin languages. about Nadir Shah; heroic stories spread. songs reflecting history. connections with Georgia, Azerbaijan and the peoples of the North. Caucasus, class. struggle (for example, the Avatar "Song of Khochbar", which became common in Dagestan). The most outstanding poet was Said Kochhursky (1767-1812). In the 18th century The Ajam writing system was finally developed for the Avar, Lak, Dargin, Kumyk and other languages. in Arabic alphabet. Scientists D. Magomed from Kudutl (16351708), Damadan from Megeb (d. 1718), Taishi from Kharahi (165363), Dibir-Kadi from Khunzakh (17421817) with their works on philology, jurisprudence, philosophy , mathematics, astronomy and other sciences gained fame outside of D. History appeared. op. "Chronicle of the Jara Wars" and others.
D.'s accession to Russia. Penetration and development of capitalist relations. All R. 18th century the threat of a tour hangs over D. conquests, but victories of Russia in the Russian tour. the wars of 176874 and 178791 eliminated this threat. In 1796, in connection with the invasion of the hordes of Agha Mohammed Khan, Russian. squad under command. V. Zubova annexed the coastal territory to Russia. D. In 1797, Paul I returned the Russian. troops from the Caucasus. D. remained fragmented into 10 khanates, Shamkhali, Utsmi and more than 60 “free” societies. standing at different levels of societies. development. In the possessions where the feud is. relations were more developed, the exploited population consisted of peasants who were in varying degrees of dependence on the shamkhals, khans, utsmiyevs, and beks. In the “free” societies of Denmark, where the leading industry was cattle breeding, the feudalizing nobility concentrated mountain pastures and livestock in their hands. Operation directly. the manufacturer was covered up by the remnants of patriarchal-tribal relations, idyllic. customs and pseudo-family ties.
13 Nov In 1920, at the Extraordinary Congress of the Peoples of Denmark, a decision was made to create the Sov. autonomy D. 20 Jan. 1921 The All-Russian Central Executive Committee adopted a decree on the formation of the Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic as part of the RSFSR. On Dec. 1921 1st Establishment. D.'s congress adopted the Dag constitution. ASSR, elected the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the republic. Housekeeping has begun. revival of D. By 1926, the gross output of D. industry exceeded the gross output of 1913 by 21.5%. Over the years, socialist Construction has completely transformed the Dagestan economy. Dozens of large and medium-sized enterprises have been built; oil fields and coal mines arose. By 1939, 120 power plants with a total capacity of 30.5 thousand kWh were built. The gross output of large-scale industry by 1940 increased 13 times compared to 1913. On socialist At the beginning, the handicraft industry was rebuilt. National frames. The working class of Denmark has increased in number 5 times compared to 1920. To the beginning 1940 98.5% of the cross was collectivized. x-v. The republic's sown area amounted to 347.4 tons of hectares, exceeding the 1913 level by 66%. The length will irrigate. networks increased by 5.5 times compared to 1921. Having eliminated the centuries-old economic and cultural backwardness, the peoples of D. created a socialist. economy and culture. During the period of the Fatherland. war 194145 St. 40 Dagestanis were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. Union, more than 10 thousand soldiers were awarded military orders and medals. In the post-war years, the peoples of D. achieved new successes in socialism. construction. More than 40 large industrial enterprises were put into operation. enterprises: electrothermal plants. equipment, "DagZETO", Dagelektroapparat, separator, grinding machines, Dagelektroavtomat, mechanical repair. etc., construction of the largest in the North has been completed. Caucasus Chiryurt hydroelectric power station, development of new oil fields has begun in the Karanogay, Tarumovsky, Krainovsky and Kizlyar districts. The chemical, glass, textile, food industries are developing rapidly. industry, especially canning and winemaking. By 1961 prom. D.'s production has increased by more than 50 times compared to 1913, electricity generation by more than 70 times, and oil production by hundreds of times. After the September Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee (1953), the village developed rapidly. farming D. In 195362 the number of cattle increased by 166 thousand heads, sheep by 1118.5 thousand heads. The average grain yield increased from 4.3 to 12.7 centners per hectare. In the coastal and foothill zones of D., plowing is fully mechanized, sowing by 93%, harvesting by 95%. The working people of Denmark are successfully fighting for the implementation of the program for building communism adopted by the 22nd Congress of the CPSU (1961). According to the long-term development plan for the people. kh-va in 196180 in D. oil production, mechanical engineering and the metalworking industry will develop at a particularly accelerated pace, and the output of the canning and wine-making industries will increase several times. By 1980, the area of irrigated land in the republic will increase significantly. Until Οkt. revolution, almost the entire population of D. was illiterate, there were no universities, theater, cinema, etc. During the years of the Soviet Union. power in D. implemented cultural revolution, illiteracy has been eliminated, that means. part of the population got rid of religions. remnants. A written language has been created for seven nationalities of Dagestan. The works of S. Stalsky, G. Tsadasa, T. Khuryugsky, R. Gamzatov and other outstanding representatives of the multilingual Sov. are widely popular. dag. liters. In 1962, there were 1,586 schools in Dagestan, 27 specialized secondary schools. and 4 higher education. institutions, 1203 libraries, 951 clubs, 7 theaters, 570 film installations, a television center. In 1950, a branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences was created. In 1962, 49 newspapers and 10 magazines were published in D. Magazine: "Friendship" (in 5 languages), "Mountain Woman" (in 5 languages), "Dagestan" (in Russian), "Proceedings of the Dag. Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences", "Uch. Zap. In- that of history, language and literature", "Uch. zap. Dag. State University" (in Russian). Newspapers: "Dagestanskaya Pravda" (in Russian), "Bagarab Bayrakh" ("Red Banner", in Avar), "Lenina Bayrakh" ("Lenin's Banner", in Dar Gin), "Communist" (in Laz.), "Lenin Elu" ("Lenin's Way", in Kumyk), "Komsomolets of Dagestan" (in Russian), 29 regions. and regional newspapers.
Historical Institutions I: Institute of History, Language and Literature Dag. branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences (established in 1925), Historical-philological. Faculty Doug. state University named after V.I. Lenin (1931), Central State Archive (1929), Party Archive Dag. Regional Committee of the CPSU (1921), 4 local history studies. museum, 1 historical-revolutionary. museum.
Source: Materials on the archeology of Dagestan, vol. 1, Makhachkala, 1959; Berger A., Materials for the description of mountainous Dagestan, Tiflis, 1859; his, Caspian region, Tiflis, 1856; History, geography and ethnography of Dagestan XVIII-XIX centuries. (archival materials), M., 1958; Butkov P., Materials for new history Caucasus, from 1722 to 1803, part 13, St. Petersburg, 1869; Bronevsky S., Newest geographical (statistical, ethnographic) and historical. news about the Caucasus, vol. 12, M., 1823; Sat. information about the Caucasian highlanders, c. 1 10, Tiflis, 18681881; AKAK, t. 112, Tiflis, 18661904; Belokurov S. A., Relations between Russia and the Caucasus, M., 1889; Khashaev Kh. M., Code of Laws of Ummu Khan of Avar, M., 1948; Alkadari G.-E., Asari Dagestan, Makhachkala, 1929; Gidatlin adats, in Russian. and Arab. lang., Makhachkala, 1957; Adats of the Dagestan region and Zagatala district, Tiflis, 1899; Movement of the highlanders of the North-Eastern Caucasus in 20-50. XIX century Sat. Doc-tov, Makhachkala, 1959; The revolutionary movement in Dagestan in 1905-1907 (Collected documents and materials), Makhachkala, 1956; The struggle for the establishment and strengthening of Soviet power in Dagestan in 1917-1921. (Collected documents and materials), M., 1958; Revolutionary committees of Dagestan and their activities to strengthen Soviet power and organize socialist construction (March 1920 - December 1921), [collection. documents and materials], Makhachkala, 1960.
Lit.: Lenin V.I., Development of capitalism in Russia, Works, 4th ed., vol. 3; him, To the Communist Comrades of Azerbaijan, Georgia, Armenia, Dagestan, Mountain Republic, ibid., vol. 32; Ordzhonikidze G.K., Izbr. Art. and speeches. 19111937, M., 1939; Kirov S. M., Articles, speeches, documents, 2nd ed., vol. 1, 3, L., 1936; Essays on the history of Dagestan, vol. 12, Makhachkala, 1957; Magomedov R. M., History of Dagestan. From ancient times to the beginning. XIX century, Makhachkala, 1961; Peoples of Dagestan. Sat. Art., M., 1955; Gadzhieva S. Sh., Kumyki. Historical and ethnographic research, M., 1961; Kotovich V. G., Sheikhov N. B., Archaeological. study of Dagestan over 40 years (results and problems), Uch. zap. Institute of History, Language and Literature, vol. 8, Makhachkala, 1960; Bartold V.V., The place of the Caspian regions in the history of the Muslim world, Baku, 1925; Kovalevsky M. M., Law and custom in Kavkai, vol. 2, M., 1890; Neverovsky A. A., A brief look at northern and middle Dagestan in topographical terms. and statistical relations, St. Petersburg, 1847; Yushkov S.V., On the issue of the features of feudalism in Dagestan (before the Russian conquest), Uch. zap. Sverdlovsky ped. institute, in. 1, 1938; Kusheva E., North Caucasus and international relations of the XVI-XVII centuries, "IZH", 1943, No. 1; Smirnov N. A., Character traits ideologies of muridism, M., 1956; his, Russian Politics in the Caucasus in the 16th-19th centuries, M., 1958; his, Muridism in the Caucasus, M., 1963; On the movement of the highlanders under the leadership of Shamil [materials of the session], Makhachkala, 1957; Fadeev A.V., Essays on the economic development of the steppe Ciscaucasia in the pre-reform period, M., 1957; his, Russia and the Eastern Crisis of the 20s of the XIX century, M., 1958; his, Russia and the Caucasus of the first third of the 19th century, M., 1960; Khashaev X., Social structure of Dagestan in the 19th century, M., 1961; Magomedov R. M., Socio-economic and political system of Dagestan in the 18th and early 19th centuries, Makhachkala, 1957; Gadzhiev V.G., Accession of Dagestan to Russia. Uch. zap. Institute of History, Language and Literature, vol. 1, Makhachkala, 1956; Nishunov I.R., Economic consequences of the annexation of Dagestan to Russia (pre-October period), Makhachkala, 1956; Kaymarazov G. Sh., The progressive influence of Russia on the development of education and culture in Dagestan, Makhachkala, 1954; Danilov G.D., Dagestan during the revolution of 1905-1907, Uch. zap. Institute of History, Language and Literature, vol. 1, Makhachkala, 1956; him, Socialistich. transformations in Dagestan (1920-1941), Makhachkala, 1960; Daniyalov A.D., Soviet Dagestan, M., 1960; Kazanbiev M., National-state construction in Dag. ASSR (1920-1940), Makhachkala, 1960; Abilov A. A., Essays on the Soviet culture of the peoples of Dagestan, Makhachkala, 1959; The struggle for victory and strengthening of Soviet power in Dagestan, Makhachkala, 1960; Alikberov G., Revolution and civil war in Dagestan, Makhachkala, 1962; Efendiev A.-K. I., Formation of owls. intelligentsia in Dagestan (1920–1940), Makhachkala, 1960; Osmanov G., Collectivization p. kh-va and DASSR, Makhachkala, 1961; Magomedov R. M., Chronology of the history of Dagestan, Makhachkala, 1959.
V. G. Gadzhiev. Makhachkala.
