The UN Statistical Commission, in the introduction to the third version of the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), gives the following definition of industry: a branch of the economy is the totality of all production units engaged in predominantly the same or similar type of production activity.

An industry is characterized primarily as a collection of homogeneous production units. The latter act in the economy as objects of sectoral management, and the subjects of management are sectoral ministries. All countries in the world have ministries. But not all of them have tourism ministries. There was a “ministerial” period in the history of Russian tourism, when it was led by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism. For a short time, this ministry was subordinate to not only tourism enterprises, but primarily numerous museums, theaters, cinema and concert halls, etc. This was far from the best period of domestic tourism. It was at this time that the collapse of the previous public structure of tourism occurred, since the leadership of the ministry unwittingly considered tourism only as a financial aid to support another rapidly collapsing system - culture, deprived of budgetary funding. Of course, tourism is connected with culture, since it is the differentiation of cultural values, as well as territorial differences in nature, that can maintain interest in learning about the world and travel. However, current international industry classifiers do not combine tourism and culture into one economic sector.

Since January 1, 1976, the Unified Classifier “Branches of the National Economy” has been in force in our country, which was developed by the USSR State Committee on Statistics, the USSR State Planning Committee and the USSR State Committee on Standards. Taking into account the changes made by the USSR State Standard (No. 1-17), as well as the State Standard Russian Federation(No. 18/95, 18/96, 20/97, 21/97), this classifier acquired a modern look and received the official name All-Russian Classifier “Branches of the National Economy” 1.75.018. (OKONKH).

OKONH represents a grouping of activities by industries that differ in the nature of their functions. It is known that in the course of the social division of labor homogeneous

ny industry groupings, which, for their part, characterize the level of the process of expanded reproduction. In this regard, OKONH helps analyze the structure of the national economy.

OKONH is an integral part of the Unified System of Classification and Coding of Technical and Economic Information used in automated control systems in the national economy. OKONH is intended to provide machine information processing and is used to solve problems of automated control systems at various levels of management and ensure their information compatibility. One of the most important tasks of OKONH is to ensure comparability of indicators when analyzing the economic efficiency of social production. With the help of OKONH, reporting indicators are linked and the level of economic and cultural development of individual regions and countries is characterized.

The main goal of OKONH is to group enterprises and organizations by industry to identify inter-industry connections and scientific analysis of optimal proportions in the development of the national economy.

OKONH identifies a hierarchy of industries. Within large sectors of the national economy (as a result of the social division of labor), more fractional sectors are distinguished - sets of enterprises that produce homogeneous products or perform homogeneous social functions. An enterprise, institution, organization that is on an independent balance sheet are classification units of the industry, since each of them belongs to a specific sector of the national economy. It is from their merger that industries, sub-sectors, types, groups and subgroups are formed, which form the hierarchical structure of OKONH.

From the point of view of the nature of social labor and participation in the creation of the total social product and national income, sectors of the national economy are divided into the sphere of material production and the non-production sphere.

The sphere of material production includes industries that unite enterprises that create material goods in the form of products, energy, movement of goods, storage of products, their sorting, packaging and other functions that are a continuation of production in the sphere of circulation. This area, in accordance with OKONH, includes:

Industry;

Agriculture;

Forestry;

Fisheries;

Transport and communications;

Construction;

Trade and catering;

Logistics;

Blanks;

Information and computing services;

Operations with real estate and property;

General commercial activities to ensure the functioning of the market;

Geology and subsoil exploration, geodetic and hydrometeorological services;

other types of material production activities.

Tourism is not specifically mentioned in this list of industries.

although it is not difficult to assume that many enterprises serving the needs of tourists will be included in such industries as transport and communications, trade and catering, logistics and sales, information and computing services, etc.

The non-productive sphere includes enterprises, institutions and organizations that do not create material wealth in the process of their economic activity:

Department of Housing and Utilities;

Non-production types of consumer services;

Health, physical education and social security;

Education;

Culture and art;

Science and scientific service;

Finance, credit, insurance, pensions;

Control;

Public associations.

And tourism is not represented in this list of industries, although it is obvious that enterprises in almost all of the above-mentioned non-production industries are involved in the formation of the tourism product.

The above classification of sectors of the national economy has a certain meaning. It is necessary for correctly determining the volume of social product and

national income and the comparability of these data with results obtained in other countries of the world. The above classification has a unified form and is used by almost all states to measure national income, its redistribution and determine the efficiency of social production.

The upper level of the industry hierarchy does not distinguish tourism as a special sector of the national economy. This means that tourism is not considered as an independent sector of the national economy. However, the OKONH classification makes it possible to accurately identify the place of tourism in the hierarchical industry classification. In total, five categories of OKONH are distinguished: industries consist of sub-sectors, which, in turn, are divided into types; species into groups, and groups into subgroups.

Thus, the complete code is indicated by a five-digit number. The first digit of the code indicates the number of the national economy sector. Sectors of the national economy related to the production sector receive values ​​from 1 to 8. Sectors of the non-production sector are collected under the number 9. The following form is used to designate them (Table 1.1).

The above classifier under code 91620 identifies “Tourism” as a separate industry subgroup. However, many other of the above industry subgroups unite enterprises, institutions and organizations that produce services necessary to serve tourists and sightseers. Summarizing the considered information about the OKONH classifier, we can conclude that the latter, under the term “tourism”, identifies a far from complete list of enterprises whose activities are necessary to meet tourism needs. This gives the right to critics of the “industry” concept to defend the concept of the intersectoral and integrated nature of tourism.

§ 1.2. Tourism as an economic activity

After it was adopted in our country the federal law“On the fundamentals of tourism activity,” opponents of the “industry” concept triumphed almost as vigorously as supporters of the term “tourist” before supporters of the transcription “tourist.” Still would. Their concept and point of view were officially confirmed by federal law.

The possibilities for using the term “tourist activity” are clearly defined by this Law by the following definition: tourism activity is tour operator and travel agency activities, as well as other activities for organizing travel.

The law clearly interprets tour operator activities as activities for the formation, promotion and sale of a tourism product, carried out on the basis of a license legal entity or an individual entrepreneur. The same Law defines travel agency activities as activities for the promotion and sale of a tourist product, carried out on the basis of a license by a legal entity or individual entrepreneur. Analysis of the above official definitions allows us to draw quite clear conclusions:

Tourism activity is a business activity;

The organization of travel is not (by definition) a product of the activities of travel agents and tour operators, since the activities of the latter involve a tourist product as their object; It follows from this that organizing travel is a different activity, that is, not the activity of travel agents and tour operators.

The last circumstance forces us to turn to the fundamental definition of the term “activity”.

In tourism literature, the term “activity” is revealed in several aspects.

Firstly, as a philosophical category - a specific human form of attitude towards the surrounding world, the content of which is its expedient change in the interests of people; condition for the existence of society. According to this definition, activity includes a goal, means, result and the process itself. Comparing this definition with the definition of tourism activity given in the Law, we have to state that the latter does not reveal its purpose, refers only to tour operators and travel agents as a means, sees only travel as a result, and the process generally remains outside the scope of the definition. This, to put it mildly, ignorance of the general methodological concept of activity gave rise to serious criticism of the “legal definition”, and what is even worse, its uncertainty.

Secondly, as a systemic category - a structure that connects the subject with the environment. That is, activity carries signs of both the subject and the environment and therefore can be interpreted from holistic positions: either as an all-pervasive characteristic of the absolute spirit (Hegel), or as a holistic materialist explanation of all social history (K. Marx), or as a generalizing characteristic of personality (S. Kirkegaard, A. Losev), then as a will opposed to reason (A. Schopenhauer, F. Nietzsche), then as a symbolic, sign structure (E. Cassiro), finally, as a self-sufficient behaviorist component (J. Watson, K. Hull). In this regard, the concept of activity proposed by E. G. Yudin is extremely important, and not only because it reveals its systemic essence, but also due to the fact that it was in tourism that it was first implemented as an explanatory principle with the direct participation of its author.

It is easy to notice that the systemic and structural principles of activity analysis were also not taken into account by the developers of the Law “On the Fundamentals of Tourism Activities”.

Perhaps the concept of “tourist activity” will be somewhat more defined by referring to the term “travel” as a generic concept in comparison with the specific concept of “tourist product”. But this concept is revealed as a specific activity not of vacation organizers, but of tourists. Traveling is movement across any territory or water area to study them, as well as for general educational, cognitive, sports and other purposes.

Let us turn to the last category used in the definition of “tourist activity” - “tourist product”, although it, as follows from the definition itself, is not related to all tourism activities. According to the Law, a tourism product is “the right to a tour intended for sale to a tourist.” It turns out that the activities of travel agents and tour operators are the formation, promotion and implementation of certain rights of tourists.

The definition more widely used in tourism treats the tourist product as a consumer complex, including: a tour, tourist excursion services and special tourist goods, i.e., as a set of tangible and intangible consumer values ​​consumed by the tourist.

It is precisely this economic approach to activity that we find in some of the most important international standards and classifiers. Thus, the UN Statistical Commission gives the following unified definition of economic activity - a combination of actions leading to a certain list of products, which is achieved when resources and the production process are combined to create specific goods and services.

This definition economic activity, by the way, allows us to specify the concept of an industry as a set of production units carrying out a similar type of production activity.

So, let’s make a general conclusion that the Law “On the Fundamentals of Tourism Activities”, in essence, talks about industrial tourism activities or, more precisely, about economic tourism activities, although the definitions given to them do not at all correspond to unified international standards, and this creates a lot of confusion into the not so difficult problem of considering tourism as an economic activity. To do this, it was enough to use the existing international standards economic activity.

Comprehensive clarity on this problem is brought by the All-Russian Classifier of Types of Economic Activities, Products and Services (OKDP), introduced in the Russian Federation on July 1, 1997, which, in turn, is part of the Unified System of Classification and Coding of Technical, Economic and Social Information of the Russian Federation Federation (ESKK).

OKDP is a systematic set of classification groupings of types of economic activities, which is based on the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC) and the International Classification of Principal Products (ICPC). This standard is able to systematize enterprises by the types of their economic activities, as well as the products produced and services provided as the final result of these activities.

The principles of OKDP best correspond to the tasks of sectoral management in market conditions, especially during the period of “industrial redistribution”, when industries as subjects of management are rapidly changing organizational structures management and forms of interaction with enterprises. In this case, it is necessary to transfer greater independence in management to the enterprises themselves. The state retains the legal and economic levers of macroeconomic management.

OKDP uses a seven-digit code that combines three classification objects:

types of economic activities;

types of products;

types of services.

The structure of the OKDP code when classifying types of economic activity provides for the identification of the following hierarchies:

sections of economic activity (coded title

letters of the Latin alphabet from A to Q);

subsections of economic activity (this subsection and the next ones in the hierarchy are coded by numbers);

economic activity groups;

subgroups of economic activity;

groupings of economic activity.

In the OKDP code, 4 higher digits are used to classify the type of economic activity, and 3 lower ones - products and services.

Tourist production activities in the OKDP classifier appear many times in its various sections. In particular, an entire section of “H 55” is entitled “Hotels and Restaurants.” This section includes the following subsections related to tourism economic activities:

N 551 - activities of hotels, motels, camping sites and other places of short-term accommodation;

N 552 - activities of restaurants, bars and canteens.

Section “I” - “Transport, warehousing, communications” - includes several groups of economic activities within which tourist services are provided:

16011 - activities of mainline railway transport;

I 6021 - activities of passenger vehicles subject to a schedule;

I 6022 - activities of passenger vehicles that do not follow a schedule;

I 611 - maritime transport activities;

I 612 - internal activities water transport;

I 621 - activities air transport, subject to a schedule;

I 622 - activities of air transport subject to a schedule;

1635 - activities of travel agencies and travel agencies; tourist assistance activities not elsewhere classified.

Section “K” - “Research and commercial activities” - includes the subsection:

K 729 - activities related to the use of computers and information technology.

Section “N” - “Health and Social Services” - also includes one subsection:

N 8514 - sanatorium-resort and health-improving activities.

Section “About” - “Service provision activities”, there are four subsections related to tourist services:

O 9219 - activities in the field of cultural dissemination;

O 9232 - activities of museums, protection of historical monuments;

O 9241 sports activities;

O 9249 - activities for organizing recreation and entertainment.

As for the products and services produced, OKDP distinguishes the following classes and subclasses of tourism products and services:

550 0000 - Hotel and restaurant services, including:

551 0000 - services of hotels and restaurants and similar places of residence;

551 0010 - hotel services; 551 0020 - motel services; 551 0090 - services of other places of residence; 551 0091 - services of children's and student camps during the holidays;

551 0092 - services health centers and holiday homes;

551 0093 - services for renting out furnished accommodation;

551 0094 - services of youth centers and mountain shelters;

551 0095 - camping and mobile home parking services;

551 0096 - services of sleeping cars and provision of sleeping places in other vehicles;

551 0099 - services for providing accommodation. 552 0000- Services of restaurants, bars, canteens, incl.:

552 0010 - services Catering;

5520011 - catering services with full restaurant service;

552 0012 - services for providing food in self-service establishments;

552 0013 - services for providing food prepared elsewhere;

552 0019 - other services of public catering establishments;

552 0020 - services for the sale of drinks for on-site consumption;

552 0021 - services for the sale of drinks without entertainment;

552 0022 - services for the sale of drinks in combination with entertainment programs. 6011010 - Passenger transportation, including:

601 1011 - long-distance passenger transportation;

602 1000 - passenger transportation by road according to a schedule;

602 1030 - intercity passenger transportation by road according to a schedule;

602 1040 - international passenger transportation by road according to a schedule;

602 2020 - rental car;

611 0000 - maritime transport services;

611 0010 - passenger transportation by sea;

611 0012 - cruise transportation by sea;

612 0000 - inland water transport services;

612 0012 - passenger transportation on water tourist lines;

612 0013 - passenger transportation on excursion and pleasure lines;

621 0000 - air transport services;

621 0010 regular transportation of passengers by air;

622 0000 - air transport services not subject to a schedule;

622 0010 - air transport services subject to a schedule;

633 0000 - services of transport and forwarding agencies;

695 0000 - services of travel agencies and freight forwarding agencies;

695 0010 - services of travel agencies and travel agencies;

695 0020 - excursion bureau services. 851 4010 - Sanatorium-resort and health services, including:

851 4020 - treatment and services in dispensaries;

851 4030 - treatment and services in specialized children's sanatoriums and camps;

851 4040 - related health resort services. Various types of tourism as areas of economic activity and classes of tourism products and tourism services are represented in the classifier quite widely. All this suggests that the consideration of tourism as an activity is already based on very authoritative international standards and must be taken into account when addressing issues of tourism management. From the point of view of the industry standards discussed above, the most rational is to include tourism in a single industry complex along with physical culture and health resort business. At the same time, tourism must also be considered as an economic activity. In this case, tourism enterprises need a significant expansion of economic independence, and some types of tourism (domestic, inbound, social, children's tourism) need priority support from the state.

§ 1.3. Tourism as a market

Back in 1990, the USSR tourism industry received and served about 50 million tourists and more than 300 million excursionists. The weak link of tourism services in the country was the infrastructure complex - transport, communications, food, trade, insurance, etc. Instead of gradually improving the development of tourism, a radical restructuring was undertaken. In particular, a “shock” option was carried out to quickly transition to a market model of tourism. As a result, more than 10 thousand social tourism facilities, which previously provided services to the general population in Russia, have actually suspended their activities.

The problem of the low quality of Russian tourism has turned from an economic problem into a social problem. It is necessary to expand the social base of tourism, return thousands of social tourism enterprises to the tourist-skip market, which should help create new jobs and ultimately lead the country out of a period of protracted crisis into a reform zone. This is the goal of the new social project for tourism development.

What means are possible here? To answer this question, let us briefly point out some fundamental socio-economic foundations of tourism, without knowledge of which it will not be fully understood.

The first reason. Ultimately, the tourist consumes the services, which means that it is he, and not the producer of the service, who must move to the place of its production. Indeed, it is impossible to bring the Black or Mediterranean Sea, the Kremlin or Versailles, the Hermitage or the Louvre to a tourist. The diversity of the world and interest in it are the main reasons for tourism. This basis forces tourism theorists to quite definitely qualify international tourism as the invisible export of tourism services from one country to another. For many countries, tourism has become an important export industry: the well-known France, Spain, Italy, Greece, Turkey, but also the USA, Great Britain, and Germany. All of them apply a variety of economic incentives to protect their producers exporting tourism services, cancel or introduce a minimum value added tax on tourism services, reduce the share of transport costs in the total cost of consumption of the tourism product, simplify customs and visa formalities in order to attract as many foreigners as possible tourists. It is clear that these are the countries that control the international tourism market. It is difficult to imagine what the developers of the Law “On the Fundamentals of Tourism Activities” were guided by when they extended the rule on the abolition of value added tax to all tourism activities, but as a result, Russia took an inappropriate place as a donor in the world tourism market and exports to other developed countries through tourism many billions of dollars, creating jobs there, expanding the tax base, solving social problems those countries.

In 1985 in the USSR, for every 1 tourist traveling abroad, there were 15 domestic tourists. This indicated an imbalance in the tourism market. In 1998, the flow structure changed radically, but did not improve. Now in Russia there is 1 domestic tourist for every 10 outgoing tourists. For a balanced tourism market, according to the developments of the World Tourism Organization, the typical proportion is: 1 inbound 1 outbound 4 domestic tourists. This structure is optimal, which means that we must strive for it, including by adopting laws and regulating tourism activities.

To change the situation, it is necessary to differentiate tourism activities: support inbound tourism (including by abolishing value added tax and simplifying visa and customs formalities) and regulate outbound tourism (including by increasing value added tax, introducing an exit duty ). After all, for other countries our outbound tourism is an “invisible export,” but for our country it is a tangible import.

The second reason. The central figure in the tourism market is the tour operator. It is he who creates the tour, offering it for sale, and thereby loads tourism industry enterprises - hotels, restaurants, museums, National parks etc. It is the tour operator that connects the producer of tourism services with the consumer: putting a museum on a tour, concluding an agreement with a hotel, choosing a restaurant, a show - all this is decided by the tour operator. Therefore, there is a struggle for a tour operator in the tourism market.

The tourism industry in Russia lost this fight. The domestic tour operator now loads not them, but foreign enterprises in the tourism industry. Why? It is enough to look at advertisements of tours in the catalogs of leading tour operators to be convinced that a flight from Moscow to Antalya (Turkey) and back will cost less than from Moscow to Sochi. It would be nice to be on a foreign airline - with our own Aeroflot. Judging by the cost of a tour day, in Tunisia, Turkey, Cyprus, Greece, Egypt, Malaysia and Indonesia, as well as in Spain, France and Italy, tourist services are not only not subject to value added tax, but there are non-state corporate mechanisms behind them fight for the client, in legal language called a pool.

When some competitors have such advantages over others - domestic producers of tourism services, our Russian legislation is obliged to at least equalize the chances. If we return the tour operator to the domestic market, it means we will return both tourists and many billions of dollars to the country.

To solve this problem, it is necessary to make the work of a tour operator more profitable in the domestic market than in the foreign market. For example, only in this case can a tour operator count on a reduction in the value added tax rate or on receiving some corporate benefits, which we will discuss below.

The third reason. Tourism belongs to the class of resource industries. This means that the consumer value of a tourism product is largely determined by the quality of recreational resources. So, the rent for the quality of the resource, in our case, is the tourist rent, which is mastered by the service provider not because he works more and better, but because he is lucky with the location and resources.

Everyone is unanimous in the opinion that Russia is very lucky with its tourist resources - the diversity and uniqueness of natural landscapes, great cultural and spiritual heritage, hospitality... At the same time, the country's recreational resources are not equipped, are in little demand, and are also inaccessible to most population.

To solve these problems, it is advisable to turn to the mechanism of tourist rent, which has several components. The owner of the resource must receive rent for the quality of the recreational resource and invest it in a targeted manner back into the reproduction of the resource. This develops the resource potential of the tourism industry. Such owners are usually subjects of the Federation and municipalities. But there is also a location component. Conducted research (1973-1976) in a recreational expedition of the Institute of Geography of the Russian Academy of Sciences under the leadership of prof. V.S. Preobrazhensky showed that under similar vacation conditions, Muscovite dacha tenants are willing to pay the owner 3-4 times more if the vacation spot is located closer to their place of residence. The American economist J. Crumpton proved that tourist rent can be described as a gravitational phenomenon, i.e. the rent received from a recreational resource is directly proportional to its quality and inversely proportional to the square of the distance to the main centers of demand for it. This means that the spatial component of tourist rent is an order of magnitude more important than its qualitative component. Who should receive this part of the rent? It seems that if it is difficult to determine the owner of the location resource, then it is better to socialize the location rent, that is, introduce the concept of social tourist rent, which should be given to the development and stimulation of social tourism.

§ 1.4. Tourism how social movement

Almost throughout the world, tourism is a zone of entrepreneurship, not budgetary redistribution, and therefore it is separated from the state. The state determines only tourism policy and promotes the development of tourism by adopting relevant laws and regulating macroeconomic mechanisms and standards in favor of national and inbound tourism. Thus, tourism enterprises are obliged to operate in a state-regulated market. What about consumers? According to the rules of antinomy (see § 1.5), they are united into various associations and societies. From large ones, for example, such as trade unions, the International Union of Sports Tourism, the All-Russian People's Tourist Society, to very small tourist clubs in factories, educational institutions and places of residence, local history sections, associations of excursion lovers, etc. These associations form requirements for a social tourism product, enter into dialogue with government agencies on issues of legislative and regulatory support for their movement. Tourism in Russia has always been a social movement created in the interests of the consumer. In 1895, the People's Tourist Society was created, the legal successor of which was then the Russian Society of Proletarian Tourism. Even in the most totalitarian times of nationalization of all functions and nationalization of all enterprises, tourism developed in trade unions as a social movement. And now social tourism should develop as a social movement to expand the accessibility of national and cultural heritage for all segments of the population.

Thus, social tourism, which is understood as tourism aimed at recreation) of a person (restoration of his physical, mental and intellectual strength), accessible to all segments of the population, is capable of realizing the social antinomy of tourism. It is the parameters of accessibility and the real possibilities for maximizing it in specific conditions that determine the minimum required set of social tourism services, which together constitute a social tourism product.

For modern conditions, it seems possible to introduce economy class accommodation services into the set of services of a social tourism product (1-2 stars according to the national classification of hotel enterprises, as well as non-category accommodation facilities - recreation centers, children's camps, etc.); food services are limited to breakfast or half board, the diet of which is calculated based on the size minimum wage labor at the time of calculating the cost of the tour (for example, 0.3 times the minimum wage); introduce related services - excursions, hikes, transfers (in the amount of 0.2 times the minimum wage). Additional services are not included in minimum set and do not affect the pricing standards of the social tourism product. For tour operators that create a social tourism product, and for enterprises that provide related services, a profitability rate is established - no higher than 10%. For social tourism tour operators, it is proposed to introduce an additional restriction - in the volume of their activities, the social tourism product must be at least 70%. Listed here are just some of the parameters of the social tourism standard, which establishes a system of requirements for a social tourism product and its producers.

The status of a social tourism enterprise will provide significant advantages in the tourism market. Firstly, it is proposed to exempt these enterprises from value added tax. Secondly, the value added tax on commercial tourism enterprises should be converted into social tourism rent and transferred to the intended purpose of producers of social tourism products. Thirdly, introduce a duty on traveling abroad for tourism purposes (for example, 100-150 dollars) and use these funds to stimulate the production of a social tourism product.

§ 1.5. Antinomy of tourism

Consideration of tourism as an economic phenomenon modern world allows us to conclude that tourism is antinomic - an expression of its internal complexity and heterogeneity. Antinomy as the unity of two contradictory but equally valid judgments is also expressed in the view of tourism as an economic category. In particular, one cannot give preference to a sectoral or activity-based view of tourism. Tourism appears to us either as an industry or as an activity. Ignoring one of these “hypostases” leads to major miscalculations in legislation, governance, management and tourism practice. Tourism exists as a process that remains faithful to traditions, established customs, norms, and ideas, but also continuously violates norms and traditions, maintaining its vitality thanks to the innovations endlessly born in it.

The antinomy of tourism is an obstacle to a one-sided, narrowly focused and consistent definition of tourism.

The antinomy of tourism expresses its complexity, multifaceted nature, unity and struggle of opposing trends in its development, in the dynamics of tourism concepts.

Tourism is a branch of the economy of the non-productive sphere, enterprises and organizations of which satisfy the needs of tourists for tangible and intangible services. Tourism products are a complex service (the so-called tour), containing as interconnected elements the services of transport, hotel management, trade, excursion, cultural and entertainment, sports, communal services, medical and recreational and other institutions and enterprises. The proportion of elements that make up a tour varies widely and depends on many factors, among which the determining influence is the type of tourism, method of transportation, duration and method of organizing the trip.

The material and technical base of tourism from an economic point of view is a set of enterprises and institutions, which are divided into so-called primary ones (hotels, tourist centers, boarding houses and other tourist accommodation facilities, intra-route transport, special post offices, currency exchange bureaus, etc., serving only tourists) and the so-called secondary (urban and international transport, trade, catering, cultural and entertainment, public utility, etc., serving the local population and tourists who have become temporary residents of the area). There are also enterprises and institutions that ensure the functioning of primary and secondary tourism enterprises - production, repair, supply, etc.; educational establishments training qualified service personnel, tour guides, guides, translators; research, design, etc. organizations. Tourist enterprises of the 1st and 3rd types, as a rule, belong (or are leased) to tourism organizations, the 2nd - mainly to other sectors of the service sector and material production involved in the provision of tourism services. Through secondary enterprises, tourism actively influences the local economy: tourists' funds, entering the local budget, increase its net income, since tourists do not receive any material remuneration.

The share of participation of primary and secondary enterprises in the provision of services to tourists varies depending on the development of the material and technical base of tourism, the duration of the trip, the type of tourism, the time of year and a number of other reasons. For example, in educational tourism Usually there is a large share of excursion services and intra-route transport, in medical and recreational services - intercity transport and healthcare; in winter - cultural, entertainment and catering enterprises, etc. In general, the share of services of primary enterprises usually does not exceed 20-30%, in some cases this ratio may be the opposite (cruise travel).

Due to the economic and technological features of tourism services, tourism practically cannot have a formal organization that unites all or at least most of its material and technical base. Another point of view is based on this; tourism is only a market for services and goods of other industries.

Tourism is the sphere of employment of a significant part of the economically active population in all developed countries. In the economy of many countries, the tourism industry occupies one of the leading places. In some areas, tourism is the only industry that can significantly influence the development of productive forces, involving into economic circulation such natural bodies or their properties that cannot be the basis of activity for any other sector of the economy - mountain air, snow cover, warm sea, solar radiation, aesthetic features of the landscape. At the same time, some resources that are in economic exploitation (forests, meadows, rivers, etc.) can also be used for tourism purposes.

Concentration of production and urbanization create a natural need to spend vacations in an unaltered natural environment. Therefore, tourist flows to a large extent (often spontaneously) rush precisely to those areas in which the productive forces are relatively poorly developed and the natural environment has been subjected to relatively less impact. At the same time, tourism, compared to other sectors of the national economy, has the least negative impact on the environment. By being competitive with other sectors of the national economy in the economic development of territories, tourism contributes to nature conservation and acts as one of the environmentally efficient sectors of the national economy. The negative impact of tourism on nature is recorded in cases where it is a pioneer in the development of territories, as well as when they are overloaded with vacationers, which leads to the undermining of the restorative forces of nature. To prevent such impoverishment of nature, the norms of tourist loads on Various types landscape, reserves of territories to be protected as tourism sites in the future are identified, natural (national) parks with environmental protection regimes are organized. The development of research in the field of integrated use of recreational resources has led to the emergence of a new branch of geography - recreational geography.

Some types of tourism are educational, business (those traveling for these purposes make up a significant part of the total flow of tourists), with a tendency towards cultural, industrial and scientific centers, contribute to the development of service sectors and some sectors of material production in these centers. In some cities and regions, tourism may even be the leading economic sector.

Tourism is characterized by a system of indicators that vary in different countries depending on the principles of assessment economic activity. The most commonly used categories of indicators are:

a) characterizing the development of the material and technical base of tourism - the number of places in accommodation facilities, the number of places per capita (the so-called tourist density coefficient);

6) volume of service - the number of tourists who visited a specific area, city, country;

c) the length of stay of tourists in a certain area, country;

d) volume of tourism services - total cash receipts from tourists, receipts per capita;

e) data showing the place of tourism in the system of economic sectors - the number of tourists directly and indirectly employed in servicing, the share of those employed from the total productive population or from all those employed in the service sector and material production, the share of tourists in the sum of all receipts from the population (sales) .

In addition, foreign exchange earnings from foreign tourists are taken into account separately - an asset, the expenses of one’s own citizens on foreign trips - a liability (the arrival of foreign tourists is called economically active tourism, the departure of one’s own citizens abroad is called economically passive tourism), the share of receipts from foreign tourism in the country’s balance of payments and etc.

In countries at a low stage of development, tourism is practically absent. Attempts by some developing countries to create their own material base for foreign tourism have forced them to attract foreign capital.

Tourism management.

Tourism has entered the 21st century and has become a profound social and political phenomenon, significantly influencing the economies of many countries and entire regions. Being one of the largest profitable and most dynamic industries and second in profitability only to oil production and refining, tourism, according to the World Tourism Organization, provides up to 10% of the turnover of the planet's production and service market.

The last two decades, the development of international tourism has been characterized by faster growth rates compared to world exports of goods and services. The share of tourism services in world exports has steadily increased, reaching to date about 8% of total world exports and 30-35% of trade in services in the world.

In accordance with the materials of the report of the Committee on Statistics of the World Tourism Organization “Tourism - panorama 2020” by 2020. the number of international tourist trips will increase to 1.6 billion, and tourism revenues will reach 2 trillion. dollars per year. It is expected that the annual increase in world tourism will be sustainable and amount to at least 3-5%.

In the last decade, Russia has actively entered the world tourism market. The country has adopted the Federal Target Program “Development of Tourism in the Russian Federation”, the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation “On Additional Measures for the Development of Tourism in the Russian Federation and on the Use of State Property in the Sphere of Tourism”, the Federal Law “On the Fundamentals of Tourism Activities in the Russian Federation” and a number of others documents As a result, more than 6 billion rubles are received annually into the budgets of various levels. from tax revenues received from tourism activities. However, compared to developed countries, the importance of tourism for national economy Russia is not that big yet. Tourism industry enterprises are forced to look for ways to develop in a dynamic external environment and respond flexibly to its changes to ensure their competitiveness and development efficiency.

Behind last years of the functioning of the domestic tourism industry in market conditions, enterprises in the industry have accumulated some experience in organizing the hotel and tourism business. The tourism market attracts Russian entrepreneurs with small initial investments, a quick payback period, stable demand for tourism services, and a high level of profitability of costs incurred. However, the quality of the package of tourist services offered to the consumer at Russian market, does not always correspond international level. One of the main reasons for this discrepancy is the insufficient level of professional training of tourism industry workers. That's why Federal program for the development of tourism in the Russian Federation pays special attention to the professional training of specialists in the tourism and hotel business.

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Tourism as an important sector of the country's economy

Introduction

Currently, a large number of both fundamental research and materials in the periodical press are devoted to the development of tourism in Russia. At the same time, the theory and practice of tourism do not always correspond to each other. Thus, from a theoretical point of view, inbound tourism is primarily beneficial for the country's economy, since it is it that attracts foreign currency flows to Russia and stimulates the development of a number of areas of activity aimed at serving foreign guests. Domestic tourism is also beneficial for the economy of the country and its individual regions. Outbound tourism leads to the export of financial resources to other countries, that is, it objectively works not for the Russian economy, but against it. At the same time, most of the large domestic travel agencies focus their activities specifically on the development of outbound tourism, since it brings quick profits to this particular company.

So the problem is: how to do this. so that the tourism industry works as a priority for the economic interests of Russia. In light of the fact that this problem has been going on for more than fifteen years. But there is no shift towards improving the tourist image of Russia; this problem continues to remain relevant.

The purpose of this work is to formulate proposals for improving the tourism infrastructure in Russia and turning our country into an attractive region to visit.

To achieve this goal, it is necessary to consider the following issues:

1. What are the requirements of tourists for the destination?
2. How are these requirements implemented in countries with developed tourism services?
3. What tourist resources does Russia have?
4. What needs to be done to develop domestic tourism resources

The object of the study is the tourism potential of Russia

The subject of the study is the use of tourism potential in the interests of the country's economy.

Although the issues discussed in this work are constantly covered in fundamental and periodical literature, the effectiveness of the recommendations given is low. This allows us to talk about the insufficient level of research on the problem and that the arguments of such authorities on this issue as V Kvartalnaya, M. Birzhakov and others are insufficient.

The methodology for writing this work consists of analyzing literature, regulatory documents, Internet sources, comparing literature with the real situation in the field of tourism and comparing the situation in the tourism industry in Russia and other countries.

1. Economic benefits from tourism and the necessary conditions for realizing these benefits

According to the WTO (World Tourism Organization), income from tourism in the first decade of the 21st century ranks second in the world after income from the fuel and energy complex and overtakes income from the high technology and automotive industries. One of the reasons for such popularity of tourism is the unity of the modern world and the opportunity to travel almost anywhere anywhere on the planet and even into space. This opportunity is provided both thanks to the highest technical achievements and thanks to political actions that significantly facilitate the crossing of borders. The success of countries in the tourism sector is largely ensured by the support of government agencies, primarily through regulatory and legal as well as direct stimulation of the tourism sector.

Tourism, although not currently (according to all-Russian classifiers) identified as a separate independent sector of the national economy, is an economic phenomenon that many researchers, with some degree of convention, call an aggregated sector of the economy.

Let's consider the concept of “aggregation”. Aggregation is a combination, consolidation of indicators on any basis. From a mathematical point of view, aggregation is considered as the transformation of a model into a model with a smaller number of variables and restrictions - an aggregated model that gives an approximate (compared to the original) description of the process or object being studied. Its essence is to combine homogeneous elements and transform them into larger ones.

Some theorists also understand the term “aggregation” as a transition from a microeconomic to a macroeconomic view of the economic phenomena being studied.

According to a number of experts, the role of tourism in the Russian economy is underestimated and greatly underestimated. Having an impact on the development of many other sectors of activity (including hotel industry, transport and communications, construction, agriculture, retail trade, production and trade in souvenirs, etc.), tourism is a catalyst for the development of a whole block of industries and sectors of the economy, which is often “blurred” in traditional statistics that take into account the income generated by tourism in other industries. Thus, the economic impact of tourism is significantly underestimated. This is where the estimates of the share of tourism income in Russia’s GDP are completely inconsistent with the actual state of affairs ()

1.1. Structure of economic benefits from tourism activities

The structure of economic benefits from tourism consists of the following components:

1. Direct benefit from payments of tourists arriving from other countries. This benefit consists of paying for the services of travel agencies; a percentage of the profits of travel agencies goes to the regional budget. In addition, guests pay for visits to theaters and museums, for hotel stays and meals in restaurants. Tourists usually buy souvenirs. All this brings significant material benefits.

2. Tourists spend money visiting shops, entertainment venues, ordering a taxi, and using other means of transport. Today, such a service as car rental is becoming increasingly common.

3 Both specialists in the tourism sector and economists, as well as regional leaders, note that, in addition to direct benefits, tourism is a kind of locomotive of the economy of a destination. Indeed, tourism stimulates the development of the hotel and restaurant business, transport, food industry, local industry, including folk crafts, etc. “The tourism industry has a solid material and technical base, provides employment to a large number of people and (directly or indirectly) interacts with all sectors of the economy complex" 1.

4. Tourism contributes to the creation of new jobs and, thereby, reduces social tension in the region.

5. Tourists are very demanding in terms of environmental quality. Tourism thus indirectly stimulates environmental protection.

6. Tourism stimulates the protection of the cultural heritage of the region and contributes to the creation of new cultural values.

7. The tourism industry and its attractiveness for foreign clients serves as a kind of indicator of the country’s success in shaping its image as a region that is safe, convenient for living, and has significant cultural, educational, natural, recreational and other resources.

G.A. writes about the direct and indirect impact of tourism on the country’s economy. Papirian. G. Papiryan proposes a mechanism for assessing the impact of tourism on the regional economy: “ Direct impact- this is the volume of tourist expenditures minus the volume of imports necessary to fully provide tourists with goods and services. Businesses that directly benefit from tourist spending also need to purchase goods and services from other sectors of the local economy. For example, hotels use the services of construction workers, public utilities, banks, insurance companies, food manufacturers, etc. Thus, the generated economic activity obtained from these successive stages of expenditure is indirect impact. However, it does not cover all spending by tourists during the direct impact, since some money goes out of circulation through imports and taxation.

During direct and indirect spending, the local population accumulates income in the form of wages, rent, etc. Local residents can spend this additional income on the purchase of domestic goods and services, thereby creating a new round of economic activity” 2.

The cited author also notes that tourism can also have negative impact on the economy. The production of tourism products and services requires the transfer of resources from other sectors of the economy, where the need for them is also high. For example, when moving labor resources in the tourism sector from rural areas, there is a reduction in workers in agricultural production and over-stress is created in urban areas due to additional places in hospitals, schools, etc. Therefore, to get a complete picture, it is necessary to take into account and determine the price of using rare resources for tourism instead of using them in other areas.

Inflation can lead to a reduction in the amount of food consumed by the local population. This inflation risk is especially high in developing countries due to the inelasticity of supply there and the inability to import quality products due to the low value of local currencies against hard currencies. Inflation can be stopped by reducing demand from foreign and local consumers or by increasing imports using funds received from the same foreign visitors.

1.2 Tourism as an economic sector

V. Kvartalnov, studying in detail the place of tourism in the global economy and regional economies, notes the rapid development of tourism in many countries of the world. According to this researcher, there are now two trends in tourism: exposure to external economic and political factors and the ability to quickly restore its volumes in an unfavorable environment. V. Kvartalnov also points out that in Russia the tourism industry has not become significant for the rise of the domestic economy.

Economics is concerned with extracting optimal benefits from the use of limited resources. Economic factors, which are usually limited, are designed to satisfy the psychological and physical needs of a person.

In modern conditions, the economic aspect in the tourism business is of particular importance, and to effectively run a tourism business, an entrepreneur must be well versed in issues of tourism economics.

One of the foundations of the tourism economy is formulated by V. Kvartalny as follows:

“Tourism can be imported into and exported from a country.

Expenditures by tourists from other regions represent contributions to the economy of a given host region... Expenditures by foreigners in a country for tourism purposes represent tourist exports for Russia. Entering this country, tourists gain tourist experience and take with them unforgettable impressions from the trip.

Tourist exports are the export of tourist experiences from a country, which is accompanied by the simultaneous import of money by tourists into that country. Tourist import is the import of tourist experiences into a country, which is accompanied by the simultaneous export of money by the tourist from this country.

With tourist exports, the direction of the cash flow coincides with the direction of the flow of tourists, while with the export of goods these flows are directed in the opposite direction.

This explanation is illustrated by the following diagram:

That is, in contrast to the export of goods, when the directions of flows of goods and money are multidirectional, in the tourism sector the flows of tourists coincide with cash flows.

Economics of tourism is a system of relations that arise in the field of tourism in the process of production, distribution, exchange and consumption of the results of tourism activities.

Economics of a travel company- this is a set of factors of production, circulation funds and intangible assets, income (profit) received as a result of the sale of a tourism product and the provision of various other services (work performed).

V. Kvartalnov analyzes the economic indicators of tourism from the perspective of assessing the place of the tourism industry in the regional economy. What tourist resources does Russia have?
What needs to be done to develop domestic tourism resources

Content

INTRODUCTION 3
1. ECONOMIC BENEFITS FROM TOURISM AND NECESSARY CONDITIONS FOR THE REALIZATION OF THESE BENEFITS 5
1.1. STRUCTURE OF ECONOMIC BENEFITS FROM TOURISM ACTIVITIES 6
1.2 TOURISM AS AN ECONOMIC SECTOR 7
2. TOURIST RESOURCES OF RUSSIA. PROS AND CONS 13
2.1 NATURAL-CLIMATIC POTENTIAL OF RUSSIA 13
2.2 HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL POTENTIAL 17
2.3 STATE OF TOURIST INFRASTRUCTURE 18
3. PROPOSALS FOR IMPROVING TOURISM IN RUSSIA WITH THE PURPOSE OF OBTAINING ECONOMIC BENEFIT. 21
CONCLUSION 26
LITERATURE 28

international tourism- one of the three largest industries in the world, second only to the automobile industry and the oil industry.

Currently tourism industry– one of the most dynamically developing sectors of the world economy's service sector. According to international statistics tourist is considered to be any person visiting another country for any purpose other than professional activities remunerated in that country.

Foreign tourism for many states is the most important factor in the growth of the national economy and a significant source of export earnings. For example, 50% of the Bahamas' GDP comes from foreign tourism. Spain's income from tourism is about $19 billion (about 5% of GDP), Turkey's is 20% of the value of exports.

As world experience shows, it is important for the development of the country’s economy meaning of tourism:

1. outbound tourism creates conditions for expanding the production of goods and services as a result of an increase in effective demand at the expense of foreign buyers;
2. tourism contributes to the creation of additional jobs in the non-production sector;
3. tourism helps to increase business activity, exchange of information, scientific knowledge.

Distinguish three main types of international tourism:

1. recreational;
2. scientific;
3. business.

Recreational view is tourism that is associated with recreation in in a broad sense words. This may include travel for medical treatment, exercise, visiting sports competitions, meeting with friends and relatives.

Scientific tourism– this is participation in scientific symposiums, congresses, conferences.

Business tourism– these are meetings with business people, visits to enterprises, international exhibitions for informational purposes and the possibility of subsequently concluding a contract.

Tourism industry different enough high capital intensity. In large tourist centers, 50–60% of the cost structure consists of accommodation and food costs, although investments in the tourism industry are among the most promising, but due to the high capital and labor intensity, as well as the seasonality of the industry, capital is quite selective in the tourism sector. In developed countries, part of the costs associated with the construction of a road network, equipment of recreation areas, organization of exhibition centers, etc., is usually financed by the state, and private capital finances the construction and operation of enterprises serving tourists. New forms of sales are becoming increasingly widespread, which is associated with the introduction of organizations and enterprises from related sectors of the economy into the tourism business. We began to engage in the sale of tourist services hotel And restaurant associations, trading houses, department stores, publishing houses and other enterprises that have already acquired a reputation, have their own clientele and an established sales network.

Tourism constitutes a significant and growing share of international trade in services. According to economists' forecasts, in the 21st century. tourism will become the leading export industry in the world.

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• Introduction
• Policy influence
• Policy direction

Introduction

Today, tourism is one of the most profitable types of business on the world market. Therefore, in connection with the enormous impact of tourism on the economy, we can distinguish its five economic functions: the function of creating income, the production function, the function of providing employment to the population, the smoothing function, and the function of leveling the balance of payments.

The income creation function is the direct effect of income creation in tourism, which contributes to rapid increase national income. Its rapid growth occurs when the primary income of the tourism industry flows into regional trade, agriculture and industry.

The production function is when enterprises that operate in the field of tourism produce different, new products and this helps in the accumulation of values. This intangible type of tourism goods represents services that require qualified personnel to produce.

The function of ensuring employment in the tourism industry allows for quantitative growth of personnel. Thanks to this, the population becomes the owner of jobs in tourism enterprises of any type.

The smoothing function focuses on regions with underdeveloped industry that are economically developing thanks to tourism. This function also has international significance, since tourism can redistribute the income of countries with agricultural and countries with industrial production.

The function of leveling the balance of payments is the concept of the balance of payments with all its constituent parts. That is, the balance of expenses of our tourists who went abroad is contrasted with the income that was received from the consumption of services and goods by foreign tourists. It should be remembered that most northern countries are regions of outbound tourism, that is, they leave more money abroad than residents of southern countries leave in northern countries.

Impact of tourism on the global economy

The modern tourism industry is one of the most rapidly progressing sectors of the world economy and is considered both as an independent type of economic activity and as an intersectoral complex. Today, tourism has become a phenomenon that has entered the daily life of almost a third of the world's population. Moreover, at the beginning of the 21st century. Tourism rightly ranks third among the leading sectors of the world economy in terms of income. According to the results of 2001, the tourism industry generated 12% of global domestic product and absorbed more than 11% of consumer spending.

In many countries and regions, tourism is the main source of income. In terms of the number of workers, the tourism industry has also become one of the largest in the world - it employs more than 260 million people, i.e. every 10th worker. Receipts from tourist travel worldwide amount to more than 500 billion US dollars annually. Countries get the most profits Western Europe and the USA.

According to forecasts of experts from the World Tourism Organization (WTO), at the beginning of the 21st century. The volume of international tourism will increase annually by an average of 4%. Although in 2001 the number of tourists reached a record figure of about 700 million people, an increase of more than 7%, due to the events of September 11 in the United States, the annual growth rate will decrease. Tourism traffic in the world is expected to grow from 700 million tourists annually to 937 million in 2010, resulting in an expected increase in revenue of 1,100 billion US dollars. If we add the volumes of domestic tourism to the results of international tourism, the figures will at least double.

Tourism is a significant source of job creation and is projected to create 2,500 new jobs per day over the next five years. This is one of the few sectors of the economy where the introduction of new technologies does not lead to a reduction in working personnel. This is important because, by absorbing more labor, tourism reduces social tension in society. In addition, world experience shows that the tourism industry can be developed during periods of economic crises, which is important for the countries of Eastern Europe. The cost of creating one job here is 20 times less than in industry, and the turnover of investment capital is 4 times higher than in other sectors of the economy. An example would be countries such as Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, Egypt, Tunisia, Peru and others.

Considering the results of 2000, the WTO notes that the largest number of tourists visit Europe - 57.7%. This is understandable, because in no other part of the world in a fairly small space can one find such a diversity of landscapes, cultures, history and peoples. The unique European tourism product makes Europe a recognized market leader in the tourism and travel industry. Almost every region of the world saw significant growth in tourism, but the Asia-Pacific region showed particularly impressive results, as expected, with a 15% increase in the number of travelers. Another 16.7% travel to North America, 3.2% to Latin America, 3.4% to the Middle East, 1.8% to African countries, and 1.7% to Australia.

If we analyze the activities of the tourism sector of all countries of the world over the past ten years and identify the leaders in attracting tourists to their country, ranking them according to the results of their work in 2000, the table will look like this:

France, Spain and Italy remained the traditional leaders of the Old World. The USA demonstrates significant growth rates (8.7% compared to 1999). China also took the lead, moving from 12th place in 1990 to 5th place in 2000.

Thus, having identified the leaders in receiving foreign tourists, we can confidently state the fact that it is in these countries greatest influence low for the economy tourism industry. Foreign currency receipts in% are distributed as follows: European countries - 62.4%, North American countries - 16.4%, Latin America - 11.7%, African countries - 2.5%, Middle East - 2.5%, Asia and Australia - 4.5%. In many countries, tourism is one of the highest priority industries, contributing 20-45% to the gross national income, and earnings from foreign tourism are the main source of foreign exchange. The tourism business stimulates the development of other sectors of the economy, such as construction, communications, food industry, agriculture, trade, production of consumer goods and others. This business attracts entrepreneurs for many reasons: small initial investments, growing demand for tourism services, high level of profitability and minimal payback period.

The impact of tourism on a country's economy can be examined by assessing direct and spillover impacts. The assessment of the economic impact of tourism is based on tourist expenditures. It is important to consider the various aspects of the economy that are affected by tourist spending. The economic impact of these expenses is calculated using a multiplier. Since local enterprises depend on other supplier enterprises, any changes in tourist spending in a tourist area will lead to changes at the production level of the economy, income, and employment. The tourism multiplier is the ratio of changes in one of the key economic indicators (production, employment, income) to changes in tourist spending. This is a certain coefficient by which tourist expenses must be multiplied.

If we look at tourism expenses schematically, we will see that the main ones, first of all, go to tourism enterprises that directly serve tourists. Part of these funds goes out of economic circulation to pay for the import of goods and services that are consumed at the place of stay and these funds do not subsequently play a role in the economic activity of the territory. The rest of the money is used to purchase local goods and services, cover own energy costs, pay for labor, taxes, etc. In each spending cycle, part of the funds is accumulated, part is paid to the state in the form of taxes, and they cease to circulate in the economy of a particular territory.

20-25% of the funds are spent by tourists in a certain area or country on additional services, souvenirs, transport, etc., part of which continues to circulate in the local economy - the rest goes to the state and ends up with local residents in the form of savings.

When assessing the value of the multiplier, it is important to choose not only a methodology, but also to determine the type of multiplier, each of which performs its own specific functions.

The production multiplier measures the amount of additional production generated by increased tourist spending.

The sales multiplier measures the additional business turnover resulting from increased tourist spending.

The income multiplier measures additional income in the form of wages, rent, interest on loans and profits.

The employment multiplier characterizes the number of jobs created due to additional spending by tourists.

The tourism economy is directly related to many sectors of the economy of various economic sectors and therefore a large database is needed to calculate the multiplier.

What are the main reasons that encourage tourists to spend huge amounts of money? In order to answer this question and work competently in the wide tourism market, you need, first of all, to know the characteristic features of guests from the leading countries of the world. We will try to answer the main questions using marketing research conducted by the WTO at the end of the 20th century.

What makes residents of the world's leading countries leave native home and go on a trip? In the 10 most developed countries of the world, the main motive for travel remains vacation. Highest value holidays are provided in those countries that do not have a warm sea. Here the share of rest among other trips is 76-83%. Things are different in countries with magnificent beaches and a favorable climate. In these countries, the share of holidays abroad is already 62-73%.

A greater number of trips for business purposes is characteristic of those states in which travel to other countries occupies a more modest place: in the USA - 33%, Spain - 25%, Italy - 18%. We must not forget that in first-class hotels in large cities the main figure remains the businessman. In hotels in resort cities, the main figure is the vacationer (although among them, of course, there are many businessmen, but the purpose of their stay is not business, but leisure).

How are the population's preferences distributed by type of recreation organization? Adherence to certain types of recreation organization differs quite significantly across countries. You can even talk about national preferences for types of recreation. A significant proportion of UK residents will choose a holiday on the shores of the warm sea - 46%. Following the British, but significantly inferior to them, are citizens of Belgium (35%) and Germany (32%). Holidays in cities clearly attract the Japanese - 51%, the Spaniards - 33%, the French - 25%. Residents of Italy - 41% and France - 32% spend their holidays traveling around the world.

1) 5% - taken by cruises;

2) 5% - visiting cultural and sporting events;

3) 10% - mountain tourism;

4) 9% - attending cultural and sporting events;

5) 7% - sports.

How are the population's preferences regarding accommodation facilities distributed? Residents of almost all countries are approximately equally committed to hotel accommodation - within 52-62%. However, there are two exceptions: 88% of Japanese choose a hotel. Among the Dutch, the hotel as a means of accommodation occupies a more modest place - only 38%. But they are leaders in choosing a campsite (20%).

The number of tourists who have second homes in other countries is growing from year to year. This is not necessarily your own house, a luxurious villa, but perhaps only a modest one-room apartment in an apartment building, the so-called studio. One way or another, 33% of US citizens, 23% of the Netherlands, and 18% of the UK take vacations in their own home outside their home country. Those who are poorer choose to spend their holidays visiting friends and relatives. Such international tourists number up to 15% among the Dutch, and up to 22% among the French. The distribution of tourists by choice of accommodation facilities is largely related to their personal status.

How is the tourist flow distributed by financial status? In international tourism there are people with different incomes. Tourist flows in almost all countries are dominated by representatives of the middle class: from 40% in the Netherlands to 59% in Italy. People with low incomes occupy a significant place in the tourist flow of France (36%) and Italy (31%). Among tourists from Germany (43%), the Netherlands (41%), Great Britain (37%), the leading place is occupied by representatives of the upper class, who demand the most comfortable accommodation conditions. True, many of the representatives of this class have their own houses.

How is the tourist flow distributed by gender and age? The table data shows that only in France there is a slight advantage of women in the tourist flow. In other countries, the majority of tourists are men, especially in Italy - 61%. Noteworthy is the activity of older people, after 60 years, in France, where they make up 30% of the flow (for comparison, in Italy 13%).

Current hotel pricing practices incentivize couples' travel and discourage single travelers. The fact is that the price for a room for one or two people staying in most foreign hotels is the same. This leads to the fact that a tourist who travels alone pays significantly more than a married couple.

Knowing the purpose of travel, commitment to various types location, distribution of tourist flows by social status, gender and age and using them effectively, you can plan in advance financial flows that will significantly affect the economy of a particular country.

So, the main driving force behind the development of tourism remains the economic benefits it provides. Thus, tourism stimulates the development of infrastructure elements - hotels, restaurants, trade enterprises, etc. It causes an increase in budget revenues through taxes, which can be direct (visa fees, customs duties) or indirect (an increase in workers' wages entails an increase in the amount of income tax they pay to the budget). In addition, as noted above, tourism has ample opportunities to attract foreign currency and various types of investment.

It contributes to the diversification of the economy, creating industries that serve the tourism industry, ensures growth in incomes of the population and increases the level of well-being of the nation.

Also, the influence of tourism on economic development is manifested in an increase in business activity and an expansion in the production of goods and services as a result of an increase in effective demand due to foreign and local tourists.

A special place is given to tourism in creating jobs and solving employment problems. The number of jobs is increasing daily, without requiring large expenditures. Tourism covers many sectors of the economy and thus makes it difficult to determine an accurate estimate of the number of workers employed in the tourism sector. In addition, solving the problem of real assessment is further complicated by the specific nature of work (seasonality, part-time work, temporary work, etc.). And yet the number of people employed in the tourism sector is constantly growing.

The contribution of tourism to the country's balance of payments is important, which is expressed as the difference between the expenses of foreign tourists in the country and the expenses of residents of this country abroad.

Thus, we have identified the economic functions of tourism and their impact on the economy.

But no less important are the social functions of tourism, especially if we consider tourism as a form of mental and physical education, which is realized through humanitarian and social functions, the main of which are:

· educational - creates a sense of patriotism, collectivism, moral and ethical values;

· educational - replenishes and consolidates knowledge on issues of local history, natural history, topography, recreational science; acquaintance with the culture and traditions of countries and peoples of the world, etc.;

· wellness - optimal regimen physical activity, use of favorable influence natural factors on the condition of the body, compliance with the rules of personal and public hygiene, development of adaptive capabilities, maintaining the body at the proper level of physical fitness;

· sports - creating a base of general physical training, achieving maximum results in sports, special preparation for competitions.

Based on this, we can consider tourism as a popular form of organizing recreation, leisure, learning about one’s native land, the environment, and getting to know the history, culture and traditions of a particular country.

1 Another very important factor is the impact of tourism activities on the environment. This influence can be direct, indirect, positive and negative. Tourism cannot develop without interaction with the environment, but by managing this development, negative impacts can be reduced and positive ones increased.

Positive impacts include the protection and restoration of natural, historical, cultural monuments, the creation of national parks and reserves, the conservation of forests, and the protection of flora and fauna.

The negative impact, unfortunately, is greater, in particular, the impact on water quality in rivers, lakes, seas and air quality, increased emissions of harmful substances from vehicles, unauthorized placement of temporary recreation centers, environmental waste pollution, unauthorized lighting of fires, damage historical monuments by vandals. Some types of tourist recreation, such as hunting, fishing, collecting plants, have a negative impact on wildlife and lead to a decrease in the number or even complete disappearance of the fauna and flora of certain areas, etc. Population growth in tourist regions and the construction of new tourism facilities require the attraction of as many natural resources as possible, which, in turn, increases the burden on the environment.

Economic efficiency of tourism

Efficiency in general terms means obtaining some specific effect, that is, the effectiveness of the result.

Economic efficiency is a management process, the result of which is expressed by a certain benefit achieved at a certain cost of monetary, material, information resources and labor.

Economicefficiencytourism means receiving a gain (economic effect), from:

· organizations tourism on a state scale;

· tourist serving the population of the region;

production and service process tourist companies.

Economic efficiency tourism is an integral element of the general efficiency social labor and is expressed by certain criteria And indicators.

Under criterion you should understand the basic requirement for assessing the correctness of the solution to the problem. Necessity criteria arises because it is necessary to clearly define from what positions one should approach the calculation efficiency production and service process tourism.

Social production functions in the interests of the whole society, therefore it efficiency should be assessed based on the degree to which society's goals are achieved.

According to the theory of optimal functioning economy efficiency on a separate “site” should be assessed from the standpoint of the general effect, that is, private criteria efficiency must correspond to the global criterion and “follow” from it.

General criterion efficiency social production is to achieve the greatest results in the interests of society with the least expenditure of funds and labor.

Problems efficiency tourism it is advisable to consider with the help systemic approach.

Systeman approach involves the establishment of different criteria And indicators for different levels of management and a certain hierarchy of goals and, accordingly, criteria efficiency.

Organizationalstructuremanagementtourism consists of a number of units:

· systems as a diversified intersectoral complex of social infrastructure;

· the industry as an independent economic unit on a regional scale;

· tourist economic entity ( tourist firms).

Therefore, the problem of determining the national economic criteria efficiency tourism should be considered in three aspects:

· at the level of society (the national economy as a whole),

· industries,

· separate tourist companies.

To formulate the entire complex of the system criteria efficiency tourism, it is necessary to show how the general goal of the system’s activity at the level of society breaks down into the private goals of the activity of individual subsystems. To do this we use a technique called " treegoalsAndcriteria" , where each goal corresponds to a specific criterion, expressing the measure by which one can judge the success of achieving a goal.

Positive influence tourism on the state economy occurs only when tourism The country is developing comprehensively, that is, it is not turning the country’s economy into a service economy. In other words, economicefficiencytourism assumes that tourism in the country should develop in parallel with other sectors of the national economic complex.

Tourism directly participates in the creation of the country's national income.

Share tourism in national income is: in Germany- 4.6%, in Switzerland- 10%. Total contribution tourism the country's economy includes both straight, so indirect contribution.

Directinfluence tourism on the economy of the country (region) - this is the result of expenses tourist for the purchase of services and goods tourism. Money spent tourists at the place of residence, create income, which leads to a chain reaction: expenses - income - expenses - income, etc.

This process means indirectinfluencetourism on the economy of the country (region). Tourism generates secondary demand for goods and services. Indirect contribution tourism into the country's economy is manifested in the effect of repetition of costs tourists to purchase services and goods at a certain time and in a certain place. This effect is called " Effectanimations" or " cartoonist".

Cartoonist is the ratio of the deviation from the equilibrium net national product (gross national product minus allocations for capital consumption) and the initial change in investment expenditures that caused this change in real net national product.

Action animator income from tourism Let's show it using the following conditional example. Group of foreign tourists spends in one of the regions Russia for services tourist firms and for the purchase of goods and services from other enterprises a certain amount.

Income- this is the revenue of the company and enterprises from the sale tourists services and goods. The income of a region is the taxes received from this revenue and left at the disposal of the region.

Money tourists begin to fully contribute to the economy of the region when tourist the company buys local (regional) goods and services. Sellers of these goods and services, having received money from tourists, pay wages from them to their employees, who, in turn, spend them on purchasing goods and paying for services, etc.

The cycle repeats. Part of the money received from tourists, is spent on paying taxes, creating a savings fund, purchasing imported goods and goods produced in other regions, that is, it represents a leakage of money from this cycle.

cartoon influence tourism manifests itself in the fact that as a result of the chain reaction “expenses - income”, the income received from one tourist, exceeds the amount of money spent by him in his place of stay on the purchase of services and goods,

According to Swiss scientists, cartoonist income from the production of tourism services varies significantly depending on the country or region and ranges from 1.2 to 4.0.

Example. Cartoonist for the region it is 2.5. The initial increase in investment in tourist industry - 40 million rubles, then the increase in net national product from tourism services in the region will be 100 million rubles.

Export tourism from the country means active tourism for the economy of a given country, and imports tourism - passive tourism. Relationship between cost tourist product sold by foreign tourists in the host country, and the cost tourist product sold abroad by citizens of a given country is touristbalance of this country.

Feature tourism is that tourist a product produced for export is not exported from the country, but is sold in this country. Consumer tourist product itself overcomes the distance separating it from the item of interest tourist product.

Tourism How trade in services on the world market can be called invisible exports. It makes a corresponding contribution to the country's balance of payments.

Share of import amount tourists cash currency in the total amount of imported currency in 1996 was 5.8%, while the share of the amount of exported currency tourists in the total amount of exported currency - 28%, or 4.8 times more, which negatively characterizes tourist activities of our country. A positive development should be considered the fact that in 1996, compared to 1995, the amount of imports tourists currency increased by $0.8 billion (from $1.4 to $2.2 billion), or 57.1%, and the amount of foreign currency export decreased by $0.7 billion (from $9.0 up to 8.3 billion dollars), or by 7.8%.

Economic Effect from development tourism in the region is manifested primarily in the creation of additional jobs in tourist industry, increasing employment, as well as stimulating the development of economically weak regions.

Qualityworkersplaces V tourist The industry has its own characteristics, which include:

· seasonal nature of employment in tourist serving the population;

· significant share of part-time workers;

· large share of low-skilled physical labor;

· limited possibilities of automation and computerization of workplaces in tourist industry (especially in the hotel and restaurant industries).

Development tourist industry in the region and improving quality tourist services are an additional source of revenue generation for the territorial budget.

Creation of enterprises tourist industries in remote, sparsely populated and industrially underdeveloped regions, but of interest to tourists (due to the beautiful landscape, rich hunting grounds, places convenient for sports, etc.) contributes to the development of such regions.

Economic indicators of tourism development

Formation and development tourism how industries are characterized by a system of certain economic indicators that reflect the quantitative volume of sales tourist services and their quality, as well as economic indicators of production and service activities tourist economic entities.

System indicatorsdevelopmenttourism includes:

· volume tourist flow;

· condition and development of the material and technical base;

· indicators of financial and economic activity tourist firms;

· indicators of international development tourism.

Touristflow- this is a constant arrival tourists to the country (region). To the indicators characterizing volume tourist flow, include: total number tourists, including organized and amateur ones; quantity tour days(number of overnight stays, bed days); average length (average time) of stay tourists in the country, region.

Quantity tour days determined by multiplying the total quantity tourists for the average duration (in days) of stay alone tourist in the country (region).

Touristflow- the phenomenon is uneven. To characterize unevenness tourist flow apply coefficient unevenness . Depending on the purpose and purpose of the dynamics analysis tourist flows use three calculation methods coefficient unevenness.

Indicators characterizing the state and development of the material and technical base tourism, determine its power in a given country (region).

These include: bed capacity in holiday homes, boarding houses, camp sites, hotels, sanatoriums, etc., as well as the number of beds provided by local residents; number of seats in the trading floors of catering establishments for tourists; number of seats in theaters reserved for tourists; number of baths in spas reserved for tourists, etc.

Indicators of financial and economic activity tourist firms include: volume of sales of tourism services or revenue from sales of services tourism, indicators of the use of labor (labor productivity, level of labor costs, etc.), indicators of the use of production assets (capital productivity, turnover of working capital, etc.), cost of services tourism, profit, profitability, financial indicators tourist firms (solvency, liquidity, financial stability, currency self-sufficiency, etc.).

Separately, indicators characterizing the state and development of international tourism. These include:

· quantity tourists who visited foreign countries (determined by the number of crossings of the state border);

· quantity tour days for foreign tourists;

total cash costs incurred tourists during foreign trips.

Development tourism and increase in the volume of services tourism require a balanced approach, since the social consequences of the decisions made are very high.

Development tourism for each country (region) has both advantages and disadvantages.

Advantages are manifested in the following:

· cash flow to the region is increasing, including the influx of foreign currency;

· Gross national product is growing;

· create new jobs;

· the recreation structure is being reformed, which can be used as tourists, and the local population;

· attracting capital, including foreign capital.

The disadvantages of tourism development are manifested in the fact that tourism:

· affects the rise in prices for local goods and services, land and other natural resources, real estate, etc.;

promotes the outflow of money abroad when tourist import;

· causes environmental and social problems.

Uncontrolled development tourism may negatively affect the environmental situation in the country and change the lifestyle of the indigenous population.

Production function. An enterprise performs a production function if production factors such as labor, land and capital are used. When factors of production are combined to produce a new product, surplus value is created. This process is called the accumulation of values. Enterprises operating in the tourism industry produce new products and contribute to the accumulation of value. Thus, they perform a production function.

Tourism products most often take the form of intangible goods, since they represent services. Personnel are required to produce these services. There is an opinion that the tourism industry is highly personalized, therefore the second important function of tourism is the function of providing employment to the population. The quantitative growth of personnel in the tourism industry can only be stopped as a result of the introduction of technical developments. Technical means facilitate activities, but cannot replace personal communication with the guest. Tourism directly or indirectly contributes to employment. When talking about the direct effect of providing employment in tourism, we mean that the population receives jobs directly in tourism enterprises - mainly in hotels, transport enterprises and travel agencies. Tourism creates an employment effect in other sectors of the economy, so they talk about an indirect effect in employment.

Policy influence

The relationship between politics and tourism is that the state manages tourism, and tourism activity requires government intervention. This factor in various forms government controlled manifests itself in different ways.

A totalitarian state is an extreme: with such a system of social relations, tourism performs a state and state-political function, i.e. subordinated to political goals, planned and managed by government agencies. Most often, such countries are closed to the outside world.

EXAMPLE In the former USSR, travel to Western countries was a great privilege and was allowed in exceptional cases. Refusal or ban on travel to capitalist countries was imposed as a means of obtaining loyalty to the regime from the population. It was possible to go abroad only as part of groups accompanied by employees of government agencies. At the same time, it was impossible to violate the planned route, and it was possible to stop overnight only in certain hotels.

While a totalitarian state is characterized by strict government regulation, the situation in a country with a market economic system is completely different. The state withdraws itself from tourism management and gives every citizen freedom of action. This means that tourism can develop unhindered, with all its disadvantages and advantages.

Between these two extremes there is a state with a social market economy. In a social market economy, the freedom of action of each individual is limited in favor of the welfare of all members of society. The state intervenes to ensure and expand the material well-being of broad sections of the population. This is the so-called social policy.

Here tourism is subject to government regulation and management, and the state shapes tourism policy. Tourism policy is a targeted promotion of tourism development and its formation by influencing the features that are important for this industry. The state is not alone in setting this goal: tourism policy is also created by non-state institutions such as tourism unions and associations.

Policy direction

State tourism policy is created at all levels: country, region, district, commune. It can be aimed at:

highlighting the economic and socio-political conditions necessary for the targeted development of tourism;

increasing the competitiveness and strength of the tourism economy;

tourism world economy politics

creating the prerequisites necessary for a larger population to participate in tourism;

expansion of cooperation in the field of international tourism.

But not only official policy, i.e. measures and decisions developed in the state, but also policies directly or indirectly influence the development of tourism. It is believed that the more the state intervenes in tourism activities, the stronger the tendency towards its centralization.

There are several components in the world of politics that influence tourism in one way or another. These are economic policy, passenger transportation policy, social policy. Economic policy. Political-economic decisions are often of a general nature and concern the development of the economy as a whole. They also influence the tourism sector of the national economy. Very often laws and regulations that are initial stage their introductions did not concern the tourism industry, in the end they begin to have a wider impact on this industry than laws developed specifically for tourism.

Posted on Allbest.ru

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