Osipova O.Ya.
Transport service. Tourist services.
Section I SERVICES FOR TOURISTS BY AIR TRANSPORT
IN modern world, at a time when people’s travel around the planet has become large-scale, the role of air transport has increased significantly as the most quick remedy moving over long distances. The importance of air transportation is especially great in the implementation of mass tourism. Its rapid development in the middle of the last century required the creation of aircraft that would meet various travel purposes and have high level comfort. On board aircraft and at airports, passengers are offered a varied and sophisticated service that makes travel enjoyable and accessible to a wide range of people.
Air transportation has a number of features compared to other transport services. This is due, first of all, to their dependence on weather conditions and on the terrain at the take-off and landing points (especially for airplanes). In addition, the operating conditions of rolling stock force airports to be moved outside populated areas and require significant time to prepare passengers for the actual flight. Nevertheless, due to the main advantage of high speed of delivery to the destination, air transportation poses serious competition to land and water modes of transport.
Chapter 1 LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR REGULATION OF PASSENGER TRANSPORTATION BY AIR TRANSPORT
Air transportation is the transportation of passengers and baggage performed by aviation enterprises on aircraft for a set fee, as well as by the carrier’s ground vehicles.
Domestic air transport air transportation in which the point of departure, point of destination and all points of landing are located on the territory of one state.
International air transport air transportation, in which the point of departure and destination are located: respectively, on the territory of two states; on the territory of one state, if a landing point (points) is provided on the territory of another state.
Transportation period includes: when transporting a passenger the period of time from the moment a passenger enters the airport apron to board the aircraft until the moment he leaves the apron under the supervision of authorized persons of the carrier; when transporting luggage the period of time from the moment baggage is accepted for transportation and until it is issued to the recipient or transferred in accordance with the established rules of another organization. In this case, an apron is understood as a part of the airfield of a civil airfield intended to accommodate aircraft for the purpose of boarding and disembarking passengers, loading and unloading baggage, cargo and mail, as well as for other types of services.
Transportation regulation air transport is carried out in accordance with international legislation (if the transportation is international in nature) or with national legislation (if the transportation is domestic in nature).
1.1. Legal support for international air transportation
The main documents regulating international air transportation are international global and bilateral conventions.
Bilateral agreements are concluded, as a rule, between two states, whose cooperation is determined by the framework of other agreements (the framework of the CIS, the EU, etc.).
In international agreements of broad significance A large number of states participate, developing international norms and rules governing flights, as well as principles for organizing air transportation over the territories of these states.
One of the first legal documents in the field of international civil aviation was the Warsaw “Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to International Carriage by Air,” adopted in 1929. This normative act provides:
- definition of international air transport;
- the procedure for transporting passengers and baggage by air carriers in the airspace;
- main transportation documents confirming the transportation contract;
- the carrier's liability procedure;
- the procedure for states to join this convention.
Subsequently, the Warsaw Convention was developed in additions and changes made by the Hague Protocol of 1955, the Guatemala Protocol of 1971 and the Montreal Protocol of 1975.
An important point of the Warsaw Convention is the clause on the carrier's liability for death or damage to the health of a passenger and for loss and damage to luggage. According to this document, the carrier’s liability for the life and health of passengers on international flights in most cases is limited to $10,000.
Liability for loss and damage to baggage for most international travel (including domestic legs of international travel) is limited to US$20 per kilogram of checked baggage and US$400 per kilogram of unchecked baggage per passenger.
On November 4, 2003, the Montreal Convention (concluded under the auspices of ICAO in 1999) came into force, which abolished the limits established by the Warsaw Convention on payments to victims of air crashes and their relatives. Moreover, this convention introduced a two-tier system of liability. At the first level, immediately after the occurrence of an insured event, the airline (or its insurer) must pay about $135,000 to each victim, even if the carrier’s fault is not proven. If the airline is found guilty of the incident, a second level of liability will arise, in which the amount of damages paid is not limited at all. The carrier's liability for passengers' luggage has also been increased.
By the time the Montreal Convention came into force, 31 states had signed the Montreal Convention (Barbados, Bahrain, Belize, Botswana, Macedonia, Greece, Jordan, Cameroon, Canada, Kenya, Cyprus, Colombia, Kuwait, Mexico, Namibia, Nigeria, New Zealand, Tanzania, UAE, Panama, Para Guay, Peru, Portugal, Romania, Syria, Slovakia, Slovenia, USA, Czech Republic, Estonia, Japan). Russia has not officially joined the new document, therefore, in our country, the Warsaw Convention is still in force when implementing international air transportation.
Nevertheless, some carriers, especially private ones, have already begun to increase their expenses in accordance with new trends in international standards. Naturally, only stable and major airlines, which can provide large guarantees and insure aircraft in the amount of 750 million 1 billion US dollars
(for that kind of money, the refund may be more than enough). The remaining companies will wait for government decisions.
Many experts believe that Russia’s accession to the convention is a matter of time. Delaying this process will contribute to the loss of positions of domestic airlines in the international market. Russian citizens may switch to foreign carriers, who will pay decent money for troubles on board. In addition, since international flights require compliance with accepted international standards, aviation administrations of countries that have signed the convention have the right not to allow aircraft from states that have not yet signed this document into their territory. Similar events took place in the situation related to noise restrictions: countries that have adopted international standards limiting the flights of noisy aircraft have shown that they do not intend to delve into the economic situation of Russia, much less adapt to it.
It should be noted that only a sixth of the 187 ICAO member states had ratified it by the time the Montreal Convention came into force, so Russia, in principle, did not find itself alone. The new rules will also not apply to most European countries until they are ratified. of this document their governments, since the adoption of the convention is solely the prerogative of the government of a particular country.
Another important document of international air law in the field of regular air services is the Chicago “Convention on International Civil Aviation” of 1944. The Chicago Convention laid down a number of principles for the conduct of flights in global airspace, according to which each contracting state grants other contracting states the following rights:
- fly over its territory without landing;
- land for non-commercial purposes (for refueling, crew change, technical purposes, etc.);
- unload passengers, mail and cargo taken on board in the territory of the state whose nationality the aircraft has;
- take on board passengers, mail and cargo with a destination in the territory of the state whose nationality the aircraft has;
- to take on board passengers, mail and cargo destined for in the territory of any other contracting State and the right to disembark passengers, mail and cargo arriving from any such territory.
These principles were later expanded by the right to transport passengers, mail and cargo between the Agreement partner and a third party in both directions through its territory or on an air line that does not pass over the territory of its country, as well as the right to transport passengers and cargo on internal routes of another countries party to the Agreement.
Despite the fact that the rights of states to carry out international flights adopted by the Chicago Convention are limited in practice to some extent, they create the necessary conditions for the implementation of air communications between states, ensure flight safety, and also contribute to favorable relations between countries
And tourism development.
Among the legal documents regulating international air traffic are: The Agreement on International Air Transport (Chicago, 1944) is also important; International Air Transit Agreement (Chicago, 1944); Rome “Convention on Compensation for Damage Caused by Foreign Aircraft to Third Parties on the Surface” (Rome, 1952); Tokyo
“Convention on Offenses and Certain Other Acts Committed on Board an Aircraft” (Tokyo, 1963), etc.
To regulate activities in global airspace Several international organizations were created, the purpose of which was to develop the main strategic directions in the development of international aviation services. The most significant organizations include the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and the International Air Transport Association (IATA).
ICAO was founded in 1944 in Chicago as an intergovernmental organization whose members currently include 187 countries. Russia, as the legal successor of the USSR, which joined the ICAO in 1979, is also a member of this association. The main issues considered by the ICAO include:
- development of unified rules for navigation systems for aircraft;
- coordination of the activities of flight services, airspace safety, including the issuance of licenses for regular transportation;
Technical assistance to member countries of the organization, etc.
In September October 2001, the regular 33rd ICAO Assembly was held in Montreal (ICAO headquarters), which called for the development of a global strategy to improve flight safety and aviation security in international civil aviation in connection with the tragic events of September 11 in the USA. Since 2004, the Assembly has decided to: 1) expand the Universal Safety Oversight Audit Program; 2) create an International Financial Facility for Aviation Safety; 3) strengthen the ICAO Technical Cooperation Program; 4) develop the principles of an international mechanism in the field of aviation insurance against war risks. In addition, the Assembly adopted a resolution due to the fact that
what in Lately The number of serious incidents committed by unruly passengers on board civil aircraft has increased. The resolution calls upon all States to enact appropriate laws and regulations to enable the prosecution of violators wherever the offense is committed.
IN environmental safetyThe Assembly approved the decision of the ICAO Council to adopt a new, more stringent standard for noise reduction. This standard will become effective on January 1, 2006 for newly constructed aircraft.
IN air navigation issues an agreement was reached to introduce
With February 1, 2002, a new structure of air routes through the North Pole, which makes it possible to significantly reduce the range of flights connecting Europe and North America with Central and South-East Asia; reduce flight time; create a more convenient flight schedule; reduce environmental damage to the environment and bring economic benefits to passengers and airlines.
IATA was founded in 1945 in Havana as an air carrier association that currently unites 272 airlines from 130 countries. Among the domestic airlines, IATA members currently include Aeroflot, Pulkovo, Sibir, Transaero and VolgaDnepr.
IATA provides assistance to airlines tourism industry and partner organizations in increasing the profitability of their work and improving the quality of service for passenger and cargo transportation.
IN financial area IATA services provide:
Services for efficient execution of payments under mutual obligations of airlines in the shortest possible time;
- the ability to make mutual settlements through the global Internet information network on a daily, weekly or monthly basis;
- airlines to centrally manage cash flows and proceeds from various countries world, convert and transfer funds.
IATA has an active policy aimed at to reduce all kinds of air navigation and airport taxes, levied on air traffic participants (thus, thanks to the lobbying efforts of IATA, it was possible to reduce fees for landing and parking aircraft by 7.5%
V the new Athens airport Sparta); helps ensure that funds collected through fees are used for the development of aviation infrastructure.
IATA's focus is on issues related to supply of rolling stock with fuel, since the share of fuel costs is on average 15% of airline operating costs.
In this regard, the Association is considering the following issues: 1) holds meetings with fuel suppliers to improve mutual understanding; 2) develops rules and standards related to fuel procurement; 3) exercises control over all aspects of fuel supply, etc.
IN areas of service sales IATA is the legislative body on all matters related to the development of tariffs for international passenger transport; establishes the rules for passenger registration, the procedure for booking seats, processing, processing and issuing baggage; establishes standards for in-flight passenger service, including requirements for the organization of the work of flight attendants and their training, requirements for the provision of in-flight meals, equipment and the organization of medical care on board.
,
informative and cheap compared to other modes of transport.
Distinctive feature road transport is that they are used not only for mass movements of tourists during the implementation of excursion, educational, entertainment and shopping tours, but also for the transfer of passengers using the services of air, rail and water transport.
Chapter
22
LEGAL
BASICS
TRANSPORTATION
PASSENGERS
BY CAR
In the field of road transport, there are a number of legal documents regulating activities in road transport in domestic and international traffic.
Under international transport
means transportation during
which the vehicle crosses the territories of at least two
states
International road transport represents a specific area of motor transport activity, since it is carried out on the basis of international regulations, taking into account the national legislation of those states through whose territories the route runs. Wherein
international legal documents
cover the following range of issues:
- infrastructure;
- road traffic;
- requirements for vehicles;
- working conditions for vehicle crews;
Taxation;
- transportation of passengers and cargo, customs procedures;
- transportation of specific categories of cargo.
At the heart of international passenger road transport
are multilateral and bilateral treaties concluded between several or two states at the governmental level. One of the most important
multilateral treaties
in this area is
“Convention on the Contract for the International Carriage of Passengers and Luggage by Road” (CVR), which was developed by the Inland Transport Committee of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe in 1973
d. The Convention provides definitions of such basic concepts as
"carrier",
"passenger",
"vehicle"; lists transport documents used for international road transport
(individual or group ticket, baggage receipt); the carrier's liability is determined for damage caused to the life, health of a passenger or his luggage as a result of an incident related to transportation.
According to the CCPP total amount of compensation, which must be paid
to the victim
in connection with damage to his physical or mental health, is limited to the amount of 250,000 Swiss francs. However, any contracting state may set a higher limit in this case. The carrier's liability for loss or damage to luggage is determined by payment of an amount equal to the amount of damage caused, but this amount should not exceed 500
CHF per piece of luggage and a maximum of CHF 2,000 per passenger. For damage to things carried by the passenger,
the carrier is liable for a maximum of CHF 1,000 per passenger. The carrier is released from liability in whole or in part if the damage arose through the fault of the passenger or as a result of his behavior contrary to the rules of behavior of people on
transport.
The Convention provides articles on filing claims and lawsuits.
Claims regarding baggage may be submitted by the passenger to the carrier within 7 days from the date of receipt of the baggage. Lawsuit in court
associated with physical or mental injury to health or death of a passenger, can be filed within 3 years. It should be noted that the Russian Federation has not signed this Convention,
however, many of its provisions are reflected in bilateral agreements on international road transport concluded by Russia with a number of states.
In October 1997, in Bishkek, the “Convention on the International Carriage of Passengers and Luggage by Road” was adopted by the CIS member states
(KMAPP). A distinctive feature of KMAPP compared to KAPP
is that it stipulates insurance issues; procedure for customs, border and sanitary controls. All these aspects must be regulated by international conventions, multilateral and bilateral government agreements, as well as the domestic laws of the countries that have signed this document. The Convention provides for the carrier's liability for damage caused to the health of a passenger or his luggage, as well as the procedure and deadlines for filing claims and lawsuits. In this case, the amount of compensation is established by the courts of the parties in accordance with their national legislation. Appendix to
Convention “Rules for the carriage of passengers and baggage by road in international traffic of the CIS member states”
regulates the processes of transporting passengers and luggage by buses in regular and irregular services.
Under regular transportation
means transportation that is carried out with a certain frequency along a designated route, and passengers can only board and disembark at predetermined places
stops Regular transportation is carried out according to previously established schedules and approved tariffs.
Irregular transportation
This is transportation with closed doors,
carried out by one vehicle carrying the same group of passengers throughout the entire trip, starting and ending at the place of departure or ending at the place of destination if the vehicle returns empty.
In order to liberalize passenger transport by road, the EU countries in 1982 concluded in Dublin the “Agreement on the International Non-Scheduled Carriage of Passengers by Bus” (ASOR).
Subsequently, a similar agreement (Interbus), intended for accession to ACOR, was developed by the Inland Transport Committee of the UN European Commission. Currently, the provision on non-scheduled transport applies to most countries in Western and
Eastern
Europe and
Turkey.
It should be borne in mind that in addition to regular and irregular transportation, there are also so-called
shuttle transportation
repeated transportation of pre-formed groups of passengers from origin to destination and back. These services also operate behind closed doors (i.e. no passengers can get off or board the bus along the route). As a rule, during shuttle transportation, the bus travels empty on the first return trip, when it took the first group, and the last direct trip, the purpose of which is to pick up the remaining group of transported passengers.
When carrying out irregular and shuttle transportation, there must be lists of passengers on board the vehicle, certified by the seal and signatures of the carrier and driver. If the bus picks up passengers empty, then a list of passengers can be compiled at the time they board.
Whether international road transport belongs to one or the other
another type
(regular, irregular, shuttle) determines the need to obtain permits to enter the territory of one of the contracting parties or for transit through third countries. Permits are mainly required for regular and shuttle transportation.
For irregular transportation related to servicing organized groups of tourists, such permits in most cases are not required. The permitting system is stipulated by states when concluding bilateral and multilateral agreements on international road transport.
The Russian Federation, as a rule, provides road transport on the basis of bilateral agreements.
Russia has such agreements with
Azerbaijan, Austria, Albania, Armenia, Belarus, Belgium,
Bulgaria, Great Britain, Hungary, Germany, Greece, Georgia,
Denmark, Iran, Ireland, Italy, Kazakhstan, Cyprus, China,
Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Moldova,
Mongolia, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania,
Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Tajikistan, Ukraine, Finland,
France, Croatia, Czech Republic, Switzerland, Sweden, Estonia. IN
in accordance with these agreements by the competent authorities of the contracting parties
transmitted to each other in advance
proposals for organizing regular transportation. Proposals must contain information about the name of the carrier (company), the route, the schedule, stopping points at which the carrier will pick up and disembark passengers, as well as the planned duration and frequency of transportation. The competent authorities of the contracting parties must issue written permission for the regular transportation of passengers on that section of the route that passes through the territory of their state. IN
Annex 5 provides an example of the Agreement between the Russian
Federation and Lithuania.
When performing irregular transportation, a permit is not required.
case, if a group of passengers in the same composition is transported on the same bus during the entire trip and at the same time: 1) the trip begins and ends in the territory of the state of the contracting party where the bus is registered; 2) the trip begins in the territory of the contracting party where the bus is registered and ends in the territory of another contracting party, provided that the bus leaves this territory empty or if the bus enters empty for the purpose of returning transportation by the same carrier of a group of passengers from the territory of the state of another contracting party side to which this group was delivered. A non-scheduled service permit is not required when replacing a faulty bus with another bus. When performing irregular transportation, as already noted, the bus driver must have a list of passengers compiled in a special form,
approved by the competent authorities of the contracting parties.
TO international documents regulating infrastructure in the field of automotive
transportation,
applies
"European
Agreement on
international routes" (dated November 15, 1975) and the "European Agreement on Important International Combined Transport Lines and Related Facilities" (dated February 1, 1991). The first document contains a definition of the plan for the international network “E”, a list of roads in the international network, and the conditions that international highways must meet; the second contains a list of international terminals, border points and railway ferry crossings and ports that are important for international combined transport; determined specifications freight vehicles for transportation on railway platforms, etc.
Among the most important
international documents dedicated to
traffic, should be called the "Convention on Road Traffic"
(dated November 8, 1968); "Convention on road signs and signals" (from 08.11.1968
G.);
“Protocol on road markings to
European
Agreement,
supplementing the Convention on Road Signs and Signals" (dated 01.03.1973
G.). These regulations establish uniform basic traffic rules; requirements for vehicles and drivers; uniform systems of road signs and signals, road marking rules and other regulations for international road transport have been approved. There are five categories of vehicles (A, B, C, D, E), for which driving licenses of a certain type are issued. Each motor vehicle must have a registration certificate and a distinctive sign of the country of registration (Appendix 6 shows the distinctive signs of vehicles from different countries). In addition, there are a number of documents outlining the requirements for external and internal equipment, noise and gas levels, external lighting devices, brakes and other technical and environmental characteristics of vehicles. It should be borne in mind that these requirements are changing and therefore countries that have signed such documents (including the Russian Federation) must monitor the changes being made and take measures to bring vehicle equipment into compliance with innovations.
In the field of working conditions on vehicles
The international “European Agreement concerning the work of crews of vehicles engaged in international road transport” is in force (dated 07/01/1970). This agreement sets out the basic requirements for drivers engaged in international transportation, their age, qualifications, daily driving time, maximum continuous driving time, as well as monitoring compliance with the drivers’ work and rest schedule on the route. To fulfill the last requirement
vehicles carrying out international transportation of passengers and cargo must be equipped with tachograph monitoring devices. A tachograph is a control device that continuously records the distance traveled, the speed of movement on it, and the work and rest schedule of drivers.
In addition, there are a number of documents dealing with aspects tax
taxes And customs regime for road transport. These documents were developed taking into account the “International Convention on Customs Facilities for Tourists” (1959) and the current domestic laws of the countries
on or through the territory of which road transportation is carried out.
The content of all the above agreements and conventions must be taken into account when traveling to foreign countries. An organization, the Association of International Road Carriers, has been established in Russia
(ASMAP), which, being a member of the International Road Transport Union, provides assistance in practical issues related to the organization of road transport abroad.
In particular, it publishes information directories that provide information on the legal framework and practical conditions for transportation across the territory of a particular country. (As an example in Appendix 7
information is provided on the conditions for performing international road transportation across the territory
China.)
Authoritative international organizations involved in road transport issues are the International Road Transport Union, the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, the European Commission of Transport Ministers, the Transport Coordination Meeting of the Participating States
CIS, etc.
All of these organizations are involved in security issues to one degree or another; customs formalities; unification of rules,
regulating road transport; harmonization of national and international requirements in the field of road transport and
other issues related to this area of activity.
IN Russian Federation a number of regulations have been adopted, On the one side,
included in the national legislative framework in the field of motor transport, and on the other hand, determining legal norms in international road transport. These documents include the Federal
Law “On state control over the implementation of international road transport and on liability for violation of the procedure for their implementation” (dated 07/09/1998). This document regulates a number of rules
which must be carried out by Russian and foreign carriers
in international traffic.
In particular, foreign carriers must:
- have transportation permits issued by the competent authorities;
- have lists of transported passengers;
- observe the work and rest schedule of drivers;
- not to use vehicles belonging to them to transport passengers between points located on the territory of Russia (the so-called ban on motor cabotage);
- have distinctive signs of the states where the vehicle is registered, etc.
Monitoring the implementation of these rules is carried out by transport inspection bodies at border checkpoints,
located on the territory
Russian
Federation.
For domestic carriers, violation of a number of requirements set out in this document entails the imposition of fines, up to and including suspension of the license for international transport.
In order to strengthen the requirements for traffic safety by the Government of the Russian Federation
On August 3, 1996, the resolution “On improving the safety of intercity and international transportation of passengers and goods by road” was adopted.
According to the decree, all newly manufactured buses since January 1998 with a number of seats more than 20 and
cargo vehicles with a gross weight of more than 15 tons,
intended for intercity and international transportation must be equipped with tachographs. For violation of the rules for using tachographs, as well as for exceeding the permissible time for driving vehicles, administrative liability is imposed on officials and drivers. This document was adopted in accordance with the European
The agreement, which concerns the employment of vehicle crews,
producing international road transport. (Due to the fact that the fatigue of professional drivers is common cause many road traffic accidents with serious consequences, solutions
The European Transport Commission has introduced a requirement for all tourist buses with 9 or more seats to be equipped with special monitoring devices.)
The Law of the Russian Federation “On Road Funds in the Russian Federation” provides
introduction of tolls for travel on Russian roads in case of introduction by foreign states of fees for travel through their territory. The amount of fees is determined by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated June 24, 1998 “On
collection for the passage of vehicles registered on the territory of foreign states on Russian roads
Federation", which depends on the type of vehicle and the duration of its stay on the territory of Russia. Table 8
The amounts of such fees for buses and cars are given.
When implementing
transportation
automobile
transport
in
internal message
There are also a number of documents
regulating the conditions of passenger and cargo transportation. The main regulatory act here is Charter of motor transport
RSFSR(dated 01/08/1969 with subsequent amendments to the wording of the resolutions of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR of 1969, 1974, 1980, 1988 and 1991).
By Resolution of the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation No. 4604-1 dated March 3, 1993, this document is considered to be currently in force in the territory
of the Russian Federation, although many of its provisions are currently outdated, do not correspond to market relations developing in the country, and in some cases contradict modern national legislation.
It is expected that the new regulatory document, which is scheduled to be adopted in the near future, will take into account the current state of affairs in the field of road transport.
One of the important legal documents relating to domestic road transport is Law of the Russian Federation “On Road Traffic Safety”.
The law aims to protect the life, health and property of citizens,
interests of society and the state by preventing road accidents or reducing the severity of consequences,
arising as a result. For this The law introduced mandatory
licensing of activities of organizations related to ensuring
road transport,
namely:
- automobile enterprises organizing passenger and cargo transportation;
- enterprises for repair and maintenance of vehicles;
- institutions involved in training drivers and improving their professional level;
- enterprises engaged in the production of production documentation (driver’s licenses, certificates, forms, etc.),
license plates, trade in motor vehicles, etc.
According to the Law, all vehicles manufactured on the territory of the Russian Federation or imported from abroad for a period of more than 6 months must have certificates of conformity issued by authorized bodies.
In addition, in order to ensure traffic safety, the Law provides for the introduction of mandatory medical examination of drivers and driver candidates, as well as pre-trip,
post-trip and ongoing medical examinations.
A unified traffic order on the territory of the Russian Federation has been introduced "Rules of the road"(dated October 23, 1993), approved
Government of the Russian Federation. This act legalized right-hand traffic on the territory of Russia.
In order to improve the safety of road transport, 01/08/1997
an order was issued by the Ministry of Transport "Provision on provision
safety of passenger transportation by buses." The document provides definitions of such concepts as “bus”, “bus route”, “type of bus transportation”; classification of road transport according to various criteria is given; the main tasks of physical and legal entities to ensure the safety of passenger transportation by buses, including during tourist and excursion trips, when transporting children,
as well as in the implementation of road transport on mountain routes.
To regulate road transport by road transport, replacing the outdated rules that were in force in
9
Osipova
257
RSFSR, in 1997, by order of the Ministry of Transport were approved
“Temporary rules for the transportation of passengers and luggage by road
transport in the Russian Federation". The rules define the concepts of “passenger”, “driver”, “carrier”, “baggage”, “hand luggage”,
“bus station”, “bus station”, etc.; the procedure for transporting passengers by various vehicles (including buses provided to organizations and citizens under contracts or individual orders) is considered; the basic rights and obligations of the carrier and passengers are outlined. These issues will be given more in-depth attention in the chapter on domestic road passenger services.
M.: Academy, 2006. - 384 p.
IN textbook the legal framework regulating the transportation of tourists in international and domestic traffic is considered, the procedure for the implementation of tourist transportation by individual parts of the transport system is outlined, as well as the basic rules for the transportation of passengers and luggage in accordance with modern codes and charters of various types of transport. Information is provided on services accompanying the transportation of tourists, including those reflecting the latest achievements in the development of new technologies. Attention is paid to safety issues related to transport services for tourists.
For university students. It may be useful for students of secondary educational institutions of the tourism education system.
IntroductionSECTION I. SERVICES FOR TOURISTS BY AIR TRANSPORT
Chapter 1. Legal basis for regulating passenger transportation by airChapter 2. Air ticket as a document confirming an air transportation agreement
Chapter 3. Aviation tariffs
Chapter 4. Modern systems air ticket bookings
Chapter 5. Air passenger service technology
Chapter 6. Peculiarities of servicing certain categories of passengers
Chapter 7. General rules for the carriage of baggage
Chapter 8. Features of transportation of certain groups of objects and things
Chapter 9. Charter flights
Chapter 10. Service for air passengers
Chapter 11. Special programs for frequent flyers
Chapter 12. Technical support for air transportation
SECTION II. SERVICE FOR TOURISTS BY RAILWAY TRANSPORT
Chapter 13. Legal basis for passenger transportation by railChapter 14. Types of railway communications and rolling stock
Chapter 15. Transportation documents
Chapter 16. Tariffs. Privileges. Fees
Chapter 17. Rules for the carriage of passengers by rail
Chapter 18. Transportation hand luggage, luggage and cargo luggage
Chapter 19. Service for passengers on Russian railway transport
Chapter 20. Peculiarities of servicing organized groups of tourists on railway transport
Chapter 21. Passenger service on foreign railways
SECTION III. SERVICE FOR TOURISTS BY ROAD TRANSPORT
Chapter 22. Legal basis for the carriage of passengers by roadChapter 23. Classification of rolling stock and requirements for tourist buses
Chapter 24. Services for passengers using road transport on domestic routes
Chapter 25. Organization of transportation of tourists by road on international routes
Chapter 26. Car rental
SECTION IV SERVICE FOR TOURISTS BY WATER TRANSPORT
Chapter 27. Legal basis for regulating the carriage of passengers by seaChapter 28. Legal basis for regulating the carriage of passengers by inland water transport
Chapter 29. Serving tourists on sea cruise ships
Chapter 30. Serving tourists on river cruise ships
Applications
Test questions and assignments for sections I-IV
Recommended reading
higher professional education
Bachelor's Degree
O. Ya. Osipova
transport
Educational educational institutions of the Russian Federation
in education in the field of service and tourism
as a textbook for students of higher educational institutions,
students in areas of training 100400 “Tourism”
and 101100 “Hotel business”
6th edition, revised
UDC 744.4/.5(075.8)
BBK 75.81я73
REVIEWERS:
Candidate of Technical Sciences, Professor of the Russian State University of Trade and Economics A. S. Bezryadnova;
Head of the Operational Schedule Optimization Department of the Route Network Management Department of Aeroflot OJSC E. B. Shabashova Osipova O. Ya.
Transport services in tourism: a textbook for students.
O- institutions of higher education. prof. education / O. Ya. Osipova. - 6th ed., revised. - M.: Publishing center "Academy", 2012. - 400 p. - (Ser. Bachelor's degree).
ISBN 978-5-7695-8514- The textbook was created in accordance with the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard in the areas of training “Tourism”, “Hospitality” (qualification “bachelor”).
The legal framework regulating the transportation of tourists on international and domestic routes is considered. The procedure for the implementation of tourist transportation by individual links of the transport system is outlined, as well as the basic rules for the transportation of passengers and luggage in accordance with modern codes and charters of various types of transport. Information is provided on the services provided when transporting tourists, including those reflecting the latest technological innovations. Security issues related to transport services for tourists are covered.
This edition was prepared using materials from the 5th edition:
Osipova O. Ya. “Transport services for tourists.”
For students of higher education institutions vocational education.
UDC 744.4/.5(075.8) BBK 75.81ya The original layout of this publication is the property of the Publishing Center "Academy", and its reproduction in any way without the consent of the copyright holder is prohibited © Osipova O. Ya., © Educational Publishing Center "Academy", ISBN 978-5-7695-8514-2 © Design. Publishing Center "Academy", Introduction It is a well-known fact that in last years The tourism industry has begun to occupy one of the main places in the economy of most countries. The tourism product (tourist product) produced by it includes a large and varied range of services and goods that can be consumed by people when traveling, as well as during recreation, entertainment, treatment, educational and professional development, carried out within the framework of tourism.
At the same time, transport services, which are an integral part of the content of the tourism product, have a significant impact on its quality.
Transportation of passengers, including tourists, is carried out various types transport - air, land, water.
The popularity or demand for different types of transport for tourist transportation depends on the geographical location and climatic conditions of the country, its economic development, national traditions, social status and standard of living of people and other factors. Each type of transport has its own advantages and disadvantages due to historical development, technical, economic and environmental characteristics, but all types of transport systems pursue one main goal - the most complete satisfaction of the needs of travelers when implementing transportation services. In this regard, it makes sense to talk about transport services for tourists as a set of services designed to transport tourists and their luggage from one point to another with sufficient speed and maximum level of comfort.
Transport services are based on a legal basis enshrined in legislative documents developed by various international transport organizations, national legislation of countries, and internal rules of carriers. Various aspects of transport services require special attention when implementing international tourism. Expanding the boundaries of international cooperation in the field of travel necessitates constant improvement of the norms and rules for customs, border and sanitary control.
Scientific and technological progress has led to the emergence of vehicles capable of quickly delivering a person to any point globe(supersonic aircraft, high-speed trains, SUVs, icebreaking and deep-sea transport, etc.), as well as the introduction of new technologies in the field of transport services. This is reflected in the creation of global reservation systems and non-traditional methods of selling tickets, the emergence and development of charter programs of carriers, the development of various information systems, use electronic devices control of technical and technological modes of transportation, increasing their safety.
The competitive struggle for clients both between individual transport structures and between carriers within each mode of transport has given a powerful impetus to the process of improving service for passengers. An increase in the level of service is evident in modern technical equipment rolling stock, creating comfortable travel conditions, organizing leisure time for passengers on board vehicles, providing them with special food, developing incentive programs for regular customers of transport companies. Special measures are carried out by carriers when servicing children and disabled people, as well as other categories of passengers, on transport, which allows them to more fully meet their needs.
An important area in the field of transport services is the close cooperation of various transport systems.
This contributes to the creation of multimodal stations, coordination of schedules, harmonization of transport services and their comprehensive provision to passengers.
A very important issue when carrying out transportation is safety, which implies compliance with the rules of operation of rolling stock, professional and coordinated work of various services that ensure the movement of vehicles, compliance with the rules of conduct by passengers themselves, and the use of environmentally friendly modes of transport.
Since the transportation of organized groups of tourists has a number of features related to the development of routes, booking tickets, accommodation on transport, and the implementation of tour programs, travel agencies have to establish reliable contacts with transport companies.
The material presented in this textbook shows that many problems associated with transport services for tourists can and should be solved by travel agencies, while others have deeper roots, going back to the sphere of activity of carriers. Understanding these problems should help future specialists in the field of tourism business to correctly and competently organize their work when creating and promoting a tourism product.
transport as a component of tourism All over the world, transport occupies one of the leading places in economic development, since it ensures the territorial integrity of the state and its unified economic space. Transport is also of great importance in the development of international relations, which is most clearly manifested in the field of tourism. Transport services in the tourism industry account for 40 to 60% of all services provided to travelers by various enterprises involved in the sale of tourism.
The word “transport” comes from the Latin “transportare” - to carry, move, transport. In encyclopedic dictionaries, transport is characterized as a branch of material production that transports passengers and goods, as well as the means of transport themselves. For this purpose, various devices created by man himself during the development of technical progress, and animals (horses, elephants, dogs, camels, etc.) can be used.
If we approach the concept of “transport” only from the standpoint of its interpretation in encyclopedic dictionaries, then the main role of vehicles in tourism lies precisely in transporting (moving) the traveler from one point to another. However, tourism is a specific area social activities, which allows you to abstract from the stereotypical concept of “vehicle” and consider the means of moving people in more in a broad sense words.
The role and place of transport services in tourism The movement of people in space can have different motivations: not only reaching a certain destination, but also receiving visual information, pleasure from the process of movement and “thrills” associated with certain conditions of movement. In the last two cases, not only vehicles in the generally accepted sense of the word are often used, but also other devices: sleds, skis, skates, scooters, rollers, ATVs, surfboards, parachutes, etc. Some of them can be driven by muscular force person, others - at the expense natural factors: differences in terrain levels, river flow, breaking wave strength, wind, etc. Some vehicles can be used in attractions (Ferris wheel, roller coaster, zorbs, etc.).
Therefore, we can say that the role of transport services in tourism is determined by the function that they must perform in the travel program. From this point of view, when implementing tourism, means of transportation can provide various directions:
transportation of tourists from one point to another (delivery to the destination);
transfer (meeting and seeing off tourists);
excursion services (conducting transport or transport-pedestrian excursions);
form the basis of route tours (bus, rail, horseback, cruises);
form the basis of program tours (sports, adventure, business, space, entertainment);
To be used as elements of entertainment in places of public recreation (water skis, ATVs, attractions);
used in the rental business (renting cars, bicycles, jet skis, boats, etc.);
Form an urban transport structure (a set of vehicles for the organized and independent movement of tourists within the visited locality);
Used as auxiliary technical equipment when moving tourists (elevators, lifts, continuous vehicles);
Be an object of tourist interest (transport museums, engineering transport structures and architectural station complexes, children's railways, monorails);
be used as stationary and mobile accommodation facilities.
Delivery of tourists to the destination. Delivery of tourists to the destination can be carried out by various modes of transport - air, rail, road, water. The choice of one type of transport or another depends on the following factors:
remoteness of the destination; delivery speed; transportation costs; comfort of the vehicle; the desired degree of information content of the trip; Possibility of stopping along the way at will; benefits provided; possibility of carrying a certain amount of luggage; season (time) of year;
transportation safety, etc.
tourists prefer to use air transport. At the same time, the disadvantages of comfort (especially when flying in economy class) and the rather high price of transportation are compensated by fast delivery to the destination.
However, it should be borne in mind that in some cases (namely, in a certain distance range), rail transport may compete with air transport. For example, a trip from Moscow to St. Petersburg by plane can sometimes be longer than by train, although the flight itself only takes about 50 minutes. This is due to the fact that large airports are usually located far from the city, so you first need to get to them by bus, car or electric train. In the first two cases, travel time can increase significantly due to traffic jams on the roads. In addition, according to the rules of air transportation, you must arrive at the airport 2 - 2.5 hours before the start of the flight (this time is spent on completing all pre-flight formalities and baggage check-in). Considering the fact that air travel depends on meteorological conditions, the flight may be delayed for several hours due to bad weather. Upon arrival at the destination airport, some time is spent waiting and receiving luggage. Transfer from the airport to the city will also affect the duration of the trip.
If you use high-speed rail transport, then, having left the center of Moscow from the Leningradsky railway station (where you can easily get there by metro), in five hours you can find yourself in the center of St. Petersburg at the Moscow railway station. And even in the absence of problems with the weather and with the same duration of travel, in this case the train trip looks less troublesome and more comfortable.
Similar routes exist in other countries, as well as in international traffic. For example, many residents of England and France prefer high-speed trains running through a railway tunnel built under the English Channel to air travel.
Comfort of travel is a complex indicator that depends both on the type of transport used by the traveler, and on the specific vehicle and the conditions of transportation on it. The most comfortable are considered to be multi-deck sea and river vessels, equipped with cabins with all amenities, having a variety of premises and equipment for leisure activities, as well as sufficient territory for movement inside the vehicle. As for trains and airplanes, the “living space” on them is more limited, but reserved seat and sleeping compartment cars are still more comfortable compared to the seats of airliners. The comfort of a long trip in a bus or car looks even less attractive, but it is compensated by the large amount of information and mobility For tourists with children and people for older and older people, as well as for young people, the services provided to passengers by various transport companies are of significant importance. The amount of discounts may depend on the season, route direction, size of the group of travelers, etc.
Sometimes a tourist needs to take with him a fairly significant amount of hand luggage and luggage. In this regard, this factor may be decisive in the choice of vehicle. So, for example, on railway transport you can carry 36 kg of free hand luggage with you into a reserved seat carriage, and on an airplane when flying in economy class - only 20 kg.
Of course, one of the most important factors influencing the attractiveness of a particular type of transport is its safety. And although only vehicles with certificates of conformity are allowed to operate passenger (as well as freight) transportation, there are other reasons that can lead to serious and even catastrophic consequences during transportation. Such reasons include errors of vehicle drivers and traffic controllers (the so-called “human factor”), sudden breakdown of the mechanical parts of a vehicle, in some cases - a natural (weather) factor: ice, heat, flood, landslide in the mountains, etc. etc. According to statistics, the most dangerous type of transport is automobile transport. In this regard, if it is possible to choose a transportation method, preference should be given to safer modes of transport (for example, rail). This is especially important when implementing children's tourism.
It should be noted that the delivery of tourists to destinations can be carried out on both regular and irregular flights (the features of these flights will be discussed in the chapter on the classification of transportation).
Transfer. Transfer (Latin transferre - to carry, transport) refers to any transportation of a tourist within a tourist center, i.e. delivery from a station (railway, bus) or from a port (air, sea, river) to a hotel and back, from one station to another, from one port to another, from a hotel to a theater or museum and back, etc.
The transfer can be carried out by various vehicles.
Most often, road transport is used for this. For groups of tourists, buses of varying capacity and comfort are offered, for VIPs - cars of prestigious brands (the so-called limousine service). Many tourists use the “Rent-a-car” service (car rental), which can be booked in advance when planning a tour, and can also be obtained in large cities upon arrival at the train station or airport.
A convenient transfer means are electric trains that run between the city and its air harbors. For example, currently all major airports in Moscow are connected to the city center by railway lines along which Aeroexpress trains run. They deliver passengers from railway stations to Domodedovo, Sheremetyevo, and Vnukovo airports. At Vnukovo, the railway terminal is located underground, from where there is access to the airport terminal building. In St. Petersburg, a train transfer is organized between the city and Pulkovo Airport.
Trains can also serve as a transfer service for visiting tourist sites located near major tourist centers. So, for example, to travel to Yasnaya Polyana, where the museum-estate of L.N. Tolstoy is located, you can use a special tourist and excursion train, which brings tourists to the Kozlova Zaseka station, from where a bus takes them directly to the museum-estate.
At Dallas Airport (USA), the transfer role is performed by a monorail transport system with a capacity of 9 thousand people per hour and serving several routes. Similar systems are found in other countries - Japan, France.
Recently, the role of air vehicles in transfer transportation has increased. Helicopters are the most suitable for these purposes, since they have a fairly high speed, are able to land on small areas, have vertical take-off, and can operate in difficult weather conditions. Helicopter transfer is especially effective in large cities because it makes it possible to avoid traffic jams on the roads leading to airports. Despite the fact that such air taxis are quite expensive for passengers, they find their clients in many countries around the world (Japan, Canada, USA, etc.). It should be noted that currently, transportation by air taxi helicopters within the region is organized from the Bykovo airport (Moscow region); In addition, there is a project to create several helipads around the MKAD (Moscow Ring Road) to transport passengers from the city to surrounding areas.
In countries washed by seas and oceans, transfers are organized using ferries and boats plying between the mainland and the islands.
In the tourism industry, non-traditional modes of transport are often used for transfer purposes. For example, in Egypt, in the city of Etfu, located on the banks of the Nile, for tourists arriving on cruise ships, from the pier to one of the most ancient monuments of Egyptian civilization - the Temple of King Horus - transportation is organized at four places new carts drawn by horses. In many seaside resort towns of Tunisia and Thailand, unusual vehicles - tuk-tuks - are used to deliver tourists to the beach. They are unique motorcycles with semi-open passenger compartments for 6 - 8 people.
In China, Nepal, and India, wealthy tourists are offered transportation to attractions. Some rickshaw pullers (porters) carry their clients on special stretchers, while others are harnessed to light two-wheeled carts designed to carry passengers. In Japan, South Africa and other countries, foreigners often use pedicabs for transfers, which are two-wheeled carriages connected to a bicycle driven by a person.
In Finland, for example, animals are used for transfers. Thus, two kilometers from Rovaniemi airport (the major cultural and economic center of Lapland) there is a Santa Claus village with a tourist theme park. You can get to it from the airport not only by motor sleigh, but also by dog or reindeer sled.
We should not forget that tourists often use traditional public urban transport - the metro, tram, bus, trolleybus, taxi - to arrive at hotels, visit theaters, museums, exhibitions, and also for shopping purposes.
Transport and excursion services. As you know, an excursion (from the Latin excursio - trip) is understood as a collective or individual visit to any places of particular interest to tourists: historical and architectural monuments, museums, exhibitions, specialized objects, etc.
A distinctive feature of such an event is that the group (or one person) is accompanied by a specialist guide who talks about events, monuments or exhibits that reflect the content of the excursion.
Sightseeing can take place without or with the use of vehicles. Buses are most often used as the latter, since they are indispensable for conducting multi-kilometer sightseeing tours around the city, as well as thematic city and country trips.
The vast majority of organized tourist trips include in their programs at least one (sightseeing) bus tour, which gives a general idea of the main attractions of the destination. Thematic excursions using buses can be carried out both within the city (for example, bus excursions “Pushkin’s places in Moscow”, “Around the Boulevard Ring”), and outside (for example, bus and walking excursions from Moscow to Sergiev Posad, Suzdal, Zvenigorod, from St. Petersburg to Tsarskoe Selo, Pavlovsk, Gatchina, etc.).
In cities where there are navigable rivers, excursions can be carried out on small ships or boats. Thus, motor boat excursions along the Moscow River are very popular in Moscow (from the New Bridge at the Expocentre Central Exhibition Complex on Krasnaya Presnya to the ensemble of the Kolomenskoye estate), in the northern capital - “Along the small rivers and canals of St. St. Petersburg", in Paris - "Evening Paris" along the Seine, etc. In the capital of the Netherlands, Amsterdam, inspection of most memorable places is carried out from boats and pleasure boats scurrying along the numerous canals that cut through the city in all directions.
For excursion trips, special open and panoramic trains are widely used. In the first case, the train is formed from open cars, which allows tourists not only to view the surroundings, but also to enjoy fresh air. These trains often operate in national and theme parks.
Panoramic trains are popular for excursion trips to view beautiful scenic areas: mountain ranges, cliffs, fjords, lakes, etc. The cars of these trains have huge windows, a transparent roof, and swivel chairs. The most famous panoramic trains include: the Glacier Express and the Chocolate Train in Switzerland; Express Mont Blanc in France;
a double-decker, glass-roofed train designed specifically for travel in Alaska; a train operating one of the highest mountain railway routes in Mexico, etc.
In Russia, on the most beautiful and famous section of the Trans-Siberian Railway - the Circum-Baikal Railway - a retro train "Baikal Cruise" runs, offering excursion programs around the outskirts of Lake Baikal. In Moscow, excursionists are offered a two-hour journey on a steam locomotive along a small railway ring.
In Hungary, a cogwheel railway is used for sightseeing tours, from which a picturesque view of the landscape of the Buda Mountains opens. In theme parks in Australia, Italy and the USA, monorail trains are used for excursion services.
Air transport can also be used for excursion purposes: for sightseeing tours over the city and its environs, nature reserves, for viewing architectural palace and park ensembles and unusual natural landscapes. In many countries, such excursions are carried out by helicopters, small planes, hot air balloons, aerostats, and hang gliders. For example, panoramic views of Dubai (UAE) can be admired from a hot air balloon raised to a height of 160 m; in Bavaria, in the German resort town of Bad Birnbach, vacationers are offered to ascend in a hot air balloon to an even greater height - 350 - 500 m, from which ancient German cities, medieval fortresses and castles are visible. In Russia, hot air balloon flights are carried out in the vicinity of Dmitrov and the Istra-Zvenigorod-Ruza triangle.
For excursion services, non-traditional vehicles for such events can be used: animals (in Egypt, tourists flying to Hurghada are offered a camel ride to an Arab village), bicycles ( in Finland there is a bicycle tour of Helsinki), with and in e (in the capital of Ukraine Kiev, with their help, excursionists explore the most beautiful capital parks - Mariinsky and Khreshchaty), etc.
Transport as the basis of route tours. A distinctive feature of route tours is that during their implementation the tourist is not in stationary living conditions, but in conditions of movement - constant or with short stops. These include travel on tourist excursion trains, sea and river cruises, bus, horseback, caravanning tours, etc. For such trips, vehicles are used that can be the property of travel companies or purchased by them from carriers on a lease basis, as well as personal vehicles facilities.
One of the main requirements when organizing route tours is the creation of comfortable conditions during transportation and the possibility of long-term life support along the way. Thus, when conducting multi-day auto tours, buses with a high class category are used (3 - 5 stars according to international classification), equipped with comfortable seats that can change the angle of the backrest, air conditioning, a refrigerator, a toilet, a thermal water heater, a video system, a microphone, a radio tape recorder, equipment for information exchange, a dedicated place for a guide, etc.
A type of car tours are caravanning tours, which are carried out on cars in the form of a mobile house or equipped with special trailers adapted for long-term stays. Such vehicles (or trailers) are equipped with a bedroom, kitchen, toilet, refrigerator and other amenities. Caravanning tours are widespread in Western European countries, where special parking lots (campsites) with a different range of services are organized for such travelers:
sale of food products, replacement gas cylinders for the kitchen, changing toilet tanks, etc.
If a tourist trip is organized by rail, then, as a rule, the trains are made up of double compartment cars equipped with ergonomic sleeping berths, air conditioning, and toilet rooms; The trains have several dining cars. Recently, tourist excursion trains have begun to include bar cars, cars with shower cabins, washing machines and ironing boards, gaming compartments for children, internet compartments, etc.
When implementing retro railway tours, rolling stock is often used, the interior of which is stylized to a certain era (“Orient Express” in Europe, Asia, the USA, Australia; “Trans-European Express”, plying on the roads of Switzerland, the Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Slovakia; “ Palace on Wheels"
in India, decorated in the style of the Maharajas; a Victorian tourist train, the route of which passes through the United States and Canada; luxury train “Blue Train”, operating several tourist routes in South Africa, etc.). For lovers of steam locomotive traction, retro tours using steam locomotives are organized, but even in this case, travelers are provided with a high level of service during the transportation process.
The most comfortable vehicles for implementing route tours are, of course, sea and river cruise ships. On them, travelers are provided not only with food and cabins for accommodation (of various categories - from “standard” to “luxury” cabins with a balcony, sauna, mini-pool, etc.), but also with various facilities for leisure activities - libraries, cinemas, fitness clubs, bars, gyms, ice skating rinks, swimming pools, etc.
Currently, some of the largest sea cruise ships are “Voyager of Seas” and “Freedom of the Seas” of Royal Caribbean International, “Queen Mary II” of Cunard Line, “Costa Luminosa” of Costa Cruises, etc. They are capable of receiving on board from 2,200 to 3,500 tourists at a time (not counting crew members).
Sea cruises can be carried out not only on cruise ships, but also on ferries, icebreakers and sailing ships. For example, ships of the ferry companies “Silja Line”, “Viking Line”, “Baltic Line” ply on the Baltic Sea, which serve five main directions - Helsinki - Stockholm, Helsinki - Tallinn, Helsinki - Travemünde, Helsinki - St. Petersburg, Turku - Stockholm. The ferries have cinemas, bars, discos, restaurants, comfortable cabins, boutiques, and duty-free shops.
So far, the only tourist icebreaker in the world is the Finnish Sampo. From December to the end of April, it offers the Arctic Ice Adventure tour, which can be used by individual, group and corporate clients. This trip includes dog sled rides, snowmobiles, helicopters, and a stop at a special tourist camp. During the summer, the icebreaker operates as a restaurant and is also used for conferences.
Russian ships also take part in ice cruises. In particular, the Russian icebreaker Kapitan Khlebnikov sailed to Antarctica and the North Pole for several years. Despite the fact that the icebreaker was not originally intended for tourist transportation, after the reconstruction, all amenities for 70 passengers were created on it. In addition, there were two helicopters on board, which allowed tourists to land on the ice and visit polar attractions, sites of famous travelers and penguin colonies. Since the icebreaker did not have the usual casinos and discos for sea cruises, during the crossings passengers were offered to listen to various lectures.
Cruises on sailing ships are common in the Caribbean, the Mediterranean Sea, and the Far East. One of the most well-known companies offering such trips is Star Clipper, which operates the luxury sailing ships Royal Clipper and Star Clipper and Star Flyer.
River cruise ships are inferior in size and range of possible entertainment to sea cruise ships, but the living conditions on them (especially on foreign ones) are also of a high standard.
In addition, as you know, river cruises are more informative.
Among the new directions of route tours, which are based on the use of vehicles, we can name air tours and combined tours.
Of course, it is not advisable to specifically develop air tours, since they are not only expensive, but also tiring. Nevertheless, thanks to some carriers who began to include elements of excursion activities for their passengers in the process of long flights, such trips have actually turned into air tours. For example, when flying from Russia to Australia, the Japanese airline JAL, upon landing in Tokyo, offers passengers a mini-tour of the Japanese capital; In this case, tourists are issued a 72-hour transit visa. Vietnam Airline also has a similar flight option to Australia - during a long layover in Hanoi, tourists are offered hotel accommodation, meals and two sightseeing excursions. The Dutch company KLM includes an overnight stop and excursion in Amsterdam on its long flights.
It should be noted that in the foreseeable future, travel based on the use of aircraft will become full-fledged route tours. This is due to the fairly rapid development of space tourism. In particular, the aerospace company XCOR Aerospace is currently actively developing and building suborbital ships for space tourists.
Combined route tours combine the use of several vehicles - “train plus bus”, “bus plus ferry”, “plane plus rented car”, “icebreaker plus helicopter” . Essentially, with this option, one of the vehicles is used mainly to deliver tourists to the destination, and the other provides movement along a set route within it. Typically, consuming multiple transportation services on a trip makes it more expensive, but at the same time more varied, exciting, and sometimes more comfortable.
Some unique route tours also include animal travel. Horses, sled dogs, deer, mules, elephants, etc. can be used for this.
Horseback riding tourism is the most popular. In addition to the fact that horseback riding is accessible to people of all ages, it has a healing effect on the human psyche (scientists have long proven that communication with animals is a good stress reliever). In Russia, for example, horseback riding routes operate in Bashkiria, the Southern Urals, Karachay-Cherkessia, Chuvashia, Kemerovo region, Krasnoyarsk region and other areas.
Travel with dogs is organized in Kamchatka and the Far North.
Means of transportation as an element of program tourism.
It is known that the basis of program tourism is a comprehensive service for tourists, which allows them to take into account their interests in accordance with the purpose of travel, the composition of the tourist group, age, social class of tourists, etc. There is a fairly wide variety of service programs that are implemented in resorts and health resorts. , educational, business, sports, environmental, entertainment, family and other types of tourism. In this case, vehicles can become an important element in a particular maintenance program.
For example, in sports and sports-educational tourism, vehicles such as bicycles (cycle tourism), boats and rafts (rafting - mountain river rafting), hang gliders (hang gliding), yachts (yachting), sailboats, ice boats, as well as auxiliary means of transportation: alpine skiing, water skiing, sleds, snowboards, etc. Some travel agencies specializing in luxury holidays and incentive tours, together with the AGS team (France), even offer their clients internships on Formula 1 cars (the cars are piloted , in particular in the Var department).
For example, the rapidly developing “jeeping” is of an adventurous nature. It involves driving off-road vehicles over difficult rough terrain, often overcoming water, mountain, sand and other obstacles. Currently, jeep tours are offered not only in foreign countries with suitable natural conditions, but also in Russia (Altai, Baikal, Kamchatka, Krasnodar region, Karelia).
Vehicles are an object of attraction for tourists to participate in entertainment events, as well as on business tours.
Among the spectacular tours are trips of tourists to air show venues, as well as to motorcycle and auto racing, regattas with the participation of sailing ships, rowing and motor vessels.
Well-known air shows (for example, in Le Bourget, Hamburg, Zhukovsky) and car shows (in New York, London, Brussels) contribute to the development of business trips and incentive tours, bringing significant income to the tourism industry.
Vehicles as an element of entertainment. In places of mass recreation for tourists, services are often used for their entertainment, which are based on the use of various vehicles, as well as other additional means of transportation. The latter in this case play the role of the main attraction.
Thus, in popular seaside resorts of the Mediterranean, Red and other seas, submarines with transparent walls, boats with a transparent bottom and bathyscaphes are used to view the underwater world.
For active leisure, vacationers are offered water skis and jet skis, scooters, catamarans, surfboards, ATVs, rollerblades, etc.
In the United Arab Emirates, skis of a special design are used for recreational purposes, which allow them to slide down high sandy mountains.
IN national parks and amusement parks, visitors have fun on such attractions as roller coasters, Ferris wheels, swings, carousels, balloons, etc.
One of the new extreme forms of entertainment is zorbing. It represents the movement of a person inside a ball made of durable synthetic material (polyvinyl chloride) on any surface. There are four types of zorbing: hill zorbing (rolling down from hills); aquatic (movement along the water surface); hydrozorbing (riding in a zorb filled with water); snowy (zorb riding from snowy hills).
You can ride in a zorb in winter and summer, both on natural inclined surfaces and on special structures (ramps) built indoors.
Transport service as part of the rental business used in tourism. “Rental” means the delivery by the lessor of movable property for various purposes for temporary use to the lessee for a certain fee. In tourism, in addition to rental equipment for organizing hikes, scuba diving, skiing, luge sports, and rafting, rental of additional vehicles (bicycles, skis, sleds, snowboards) and motorized vehicles (motorcycles, yachts, cars, etc.) is widely used. At the same time, car rental, due to high demand, has been separated into an independent industry called Rent-a-car. Tourists usually book cars for transfers or for independent travel around the destination. Typically, large car rental companies offer customers cars of different classes and capacities - from prestigious Mercedes and Cadillac to SUVs and minivans.
Urban public transport as a service to serve tourists. Often, urban public transport serves tourists to move independently within visited locations for various purposes: business, entertainment, educational, shopping, etc. In this case, tourists can In many megacities, the metropolis plays a significant role in the urban transport system i t e n u.
In a number of cities, tourists are invited to use monorails and roads for travel. The monorail is most developed in Japan, where it has 102 km of roads in eight cities. The longest monorail system is in Osaka (its length is 23.8 km). In Europe, besides Moscow, there are monorails in two German cities (Dortmund and Wuppertal).
Monorail transport is present in the transport infrastructure of some cities in the USA, Canada, Australia, China, and Malaysia.
In some cases, urban vehicles can also act as a source of power supply. For example, in Helsinki (Finland), the tourist tram-pub SparaKOFF runs around the city from May to August. The tram staff consists of a driver and a waitress who serves about 30 seats and offers passengers beer, cider and soft drinks.
In Melbourne, Australia, you can take a ride and dine at a tram restaurant that serves specialties- kangaroo fillet lemon juice, chicken breast with roasted macadamia nuts, Tasmanian ocean trout with ginger sauce. True, the food is prepared in advance; on the tram it is heated immediately before serving. In total, three such trams run along the route, each with 36 seats; The route takes about two hours.
You can also dine on a tram in Zurich (Switzerland), where there is a fondue tram for tourists and locals, and in Moscow (Russia) in the tram-tavern “Annushka”.
In addition, in Moscow you can ride along the Garden Ring on the “Blue Trolleybus,” which every Saturday turns from a regular service to a “singing” one. This is a musical excursion route, which is mainly associated with the songs of Bulat Okudzhava. Musicians perform songs on the trolleybus. The trolleybus passes places associated with the life and work of famous bards - B. Okudzhava, Y. Adelung, N. Matveeva, V. Luferov, V. Egorov, G. Shpalikov, Y. Vizbor, A. Yakusheva, M. Ancharov.
Auxiliary vehicles. The auxiliary vehicles used by tourists include technical devices to facilitate their ascent in mountainous areas, hilly areas, as well as to a certain height in buildings and structures.
Such devices, first of all, include funiculars, which are a rail track with a cable traction for moving passengers (and cargo) in cars along a steep rise over a short distance. The first funiculars appeared in Italy (in Genoa) and in Austria (in Sommering) in the middle of the 19th century. Currently, they can be seen in Budapest, Prague, Kyiv, Yerevan, Tbilisi, Sochi, Vladivostok and other cities.
At ski resorts, special air and ground lifts are used to lift skiers and snowboarders, designed to deliver vacationers to the starting point of the descent.
On aerial lifts, people are lifted in chairs or cabins permanently attached to a cable, lifted off the ground. At the same time, boarding and disembarking on chairlifts is carried out without stopping the movement of the chairs.
Gondola lifts are most often of the pendulum type.
In them, two cabins are constantly suspended on the forward and reverse branches of the cable, which, when moving along the main supporting cable, move towards each other. Approaching the berthing platform, the cabins slow down and stop to disembark and embark passengers.
Ground lifts lift people without leaving the ground. In this case, the skier moves on a rope, which is attached to a cable.
When serving passengers at airports, bus and railway stations, and subways, continuous auxiliary vehicles are used - escalators and travolators (“moving sidewalks”). The latter are both inclined and horizontal. Large ones are often equipped with inclined shopping centers- they connect store floors to each other, as well as to underground parking lots and bus terminals.
Horizontal travelators serve as connecting galleries between terminals at airports and are used in transitions between buildings in large exhibition complexes.
For vertical movement, types of vehicles such as lifts and lifts are used. They are installed in multi-storey hotels, on multi-deck sea liners, and they are equipped with observation decks. Recently, panoramic elevators have become widespread. They do not have their own shafts; from their cabin, passengers can view the external space. The transparency of the elevator walls relieves some people of the feeling of discomfort when being in a confined space, turning a trip in it from a functional necessity into a kind of attraction. In addition, panoramic elevators add a stylish element to the decoration of the building, which increases the attractiveness of the public spaces of hotels, restaurants, and entertainment centers.
Auxiliary transport also includes other technical devices used in confined spaces:
telescopic ladders for connecting an aircraft with the terminal building, an inflatable aircraft ladder for the quick evacuation of passengers and crew members from an aircraft in extreme situations, passenger lifts for people with limited mobility.
In hotel enterprises, for the convenience and ease of work of staff, cleaning trolleys for cleaning rooms, trolleys for linen, mobile hangers for transporting clothes and luggage, mobile tables with folding tabletops for room service are used.
Components of the transport infrastructure of a destination.
In tourism, many objects of transport infrastructure fulfill not only their immediate functional purpose, but can be of genuine interest to travelers from the point of view of history, architecture and technical progress, and aesthetic perception. In this regard, the programs of many route tours include showing bridges, tunnels, highways, canals and locks , and city excursions - visits to metro stations, inspection of non-traditional transport new systems (for example, monorails, funiculars, etc.).
From the point of view of tourist interest great potential railway tours are advantageous, since many station buildings were built in the last and even the century before last and are therefore of interest as architectural structures.
For example, at the Slyudyanka station of the Circum-Baikal Railway, a unique railway station building, built of white marble, has been preserved. And the Circular Baikal Railroad itself is a tourist attraction, since on its 89-kilometer section there are 424 engineering structures, some of which were built almost by hand. Among them are 39 tunnels dug into the rocky shores of Lake Baikal, 50 landslide galleries, a 14 km long retaining wall - all of them are monuments to the labor exploits of Russian engineers and builders.
Currently, in many regions of Russia there is a reconstruction of station complexes that are of historical interest to travelers. These include, in particular, the buildings of the reconstructed stations “Kozlova Zaseka” (Yasnaya Polyana), “Borodino” (near Borodino Field), “Divovo” (near the village of Konstantinovo - the birthplace of S. Yesenin).
Among the numerous foreign objects, one can name the Flåm S RAILWAY in Norway. This road, only 20 km long, is known throughout the world as it represents a very unusual section of railway communication.
It starts from the fjord, then follows along the bottom of the valley, crosses the river three times, rises into the mountains to a height of 900 m, passing through a winding tunnel in the mountains. At the same time, the angle of the track is from 30 to 55°, and the minimum turning radius is 130 m. The road is very popular not only among Norwegians, but also among foreign tourists. During peak season, 9-10 trains run along it daily.
Children's railways, which are maintained by pupils of special professional railway institutions, can also be considered an object of tourism. Such institutions exist in many divisions of Russian Railways - on Gorky, Oktyabrskaya, East Siberian and other railways. There are children's railways in the Baltic countries, Ukraine, Belarus, Armenia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, as well as in “far abroad” countries - in Hungary, Slovakia, Germany, China, Cuba.
Of no less interest are various museums and transport. For example, there are railway museums in the UK (one of which features Stephenson's first steam locomotive), Sweden and the USA. In Russia, such museums exist in St. Petersburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Rostov, Novosibirsk, and Moscow. Their exhibitions feature carriages and locomotives that were in use in different years of the last century. In addition, some railway equipment, in agreement with the management of museums, can be used by travel companies when organizing retro tours.
In addition to railway museums, there are museums of marine technology in Latvia, Denmark, the USA, Poland, and Switzerland. The Museum of the Maritime Fleet is widely known in St. Petersburg; the cruiser Aurora is also on display. In Moscow, at the Khimki Reservoir, excursions to a submarine delivered from the base are organized Baltic Fleet. Such unusual water vehicles as an ekranoplan and an amphibian are also presented here.
In the cities of a number of countries there are aviation museums, where models or natural exhibits of aviation technology are exhibited from the moment of its inception to the present day, as well as museums of the metro, trams, etc.
As a rule, exhibitions presented in transport museums are used to implement professional, school and educational tours.
Vehicles as means of accommodation. Vehicles are actively used in tourism activities as accommodation facilities. At the same time, they can be divided into non-stationary ones, offering overnight accommodation and meals during transportation (for example, trains, sea and river cruise ships, aircraft), and stationary ones - standing in one place for a long time and used as hotels - these are boats, flotels, rotels and flightels.
Initially, boats (from the English boat-hotel) were built on the shores of ice-free reservoirs for tourists traveling on water on boats, cutters, yachts, etc. They were equipped with devices for the maintenance of personal tourist vessels, and storage facilities for small water vehicles. Recently, end-of-life river or sea vessels, motor ships, barges, reconstructed as hotels and moored to the shore (most often in large cities) have begun to be used as boats. Since old ships are repurposed as boats, the class of such hotels on the water rarely exceeds three stars.
This is due, first of all, to the cramped cabins, which do not always make it possible to expand the room space to the required size in higher-class hotels. Nevertheless, boats are popular not only among tourists making inexpensive tours, but also among wealthy clients; They are often rented for corporate events.
Botels can be found in the cities of Holland, Germany, France, Slovakia, Hungary, the Czech Republic and even Ukraine and Russia. The most famous of them are the Amstel Botel in Amsterdam, Admiral Botel in Prague, Grace in Bratislava, Aquamarine in Budapest, Galleon in Kiev, Onego in Petrozavodsk. Botels began to appear in Asian countries. Thus, in Dubai (UAE), one of the legendary cruise ships “Queen Mary” recently anchored, which continues its “life” as a stationary accommodation facility.
In Thailand, on the small island of Koh Samui, the “Imperial Boat House” was opened, which is a luxurious bungalow built on thirty former barges for transporting rice.
Flotels (from the English house-board - floating house) are floating hotels into which comfortable passenger ships are turned, constantly (or in the winter when navigation is closed) moored to the pier in large cities. Here tourists are offered a wide range of services for active recreation: swimming pools, gyms and gyms, video rooms, discos, water skiing, fishing and scuba diving equipment and much more. Flotels are often used to organize business and congress tours, as well as educational tours.
Rotels (from the English roll - roll and hotel - hotel) are mobile hotels with a limited range of services.
Cars with single or double compartments or tourist buses with specially equipped sleeping places can be used as a rotel. In the first case, the carriages are provided with changing rooms, a common kitchen, and a common toilet.
Rotel buses are produced mainly in Germany. They come in a variety of options: 24-seater single buses and 40-seater trailers for good roads, as well as 20-seater and 34-seater four-wheel drive SUVs for traveling to exotic destinations. Up to the middle of the body, rotels are practically no different from serial buses (they have passenger compartments with seats). The second half of the body is a superstructure, which no longer contains seats, but sleeping places arranged in three tiers. Guests lie in isolated single or double capsules, which have comfortable beds, a powerful heating and ventilation system, as well as their own windows. During the day, tourists sit in the passenger compartment, and at night in the parking lot they move to the sleeping compartment. The advantages of rotel buses are the absence of dangerous night journeys, the presence of their own kitchen, and a flexible travel schedule.
Aircraft are used as fliers. Most often these are aircraft that have reached the end of their service life. For example, at the Swedish Arlanda airport there is a decommissioned Boeing 747 aircraft turned into a winged hotel. It has 25 rooms that can accommodate up to 85 guests. On the Atlantic coast of Costa Rica, an old Boeing 727, converted into a suite, sits 15 meters above the ground on a sturdy platform.
It has only two bedrooms, two bathrooms, a living room, a small kitchen and a dining room. A terrace has been built above the left wing, from where you can admire the ocean.
In New Zealand, there is a country-style hotel park that offers almost every type of vehicle-based hotel. Accommodation options include the Train Motel (a reconstructed 1950s train), the Plane Motel (a 1950s airplane.
Bristol), "Waitanic" (offshore patrol vessel of the Second World War). Almost all rooms in the presented hotels are comfortable, they have a shower, toilet, TV, microwave, refrigerator. The park has a barbecue, bar, parking, and laundry.
From all of the above it is clear that vehicles are quite widely used in tourism and play a diverse role in the implementation of travel.
CONTROL QUESTIONS 1. Give examples of using vehicles for transfer.
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