Actual list of references: "Standards". IFRS: an overview of the market for international certifications IFRS list of sources used

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Conclusion

Obtaining internationally recognized IFRS certificates is quite difficult. This is due to their high price, the need to undergo training and pass exams for English language, as well as the lack of relevant courses and educational programs especially in the regions. However, if a specialist still managed to obtain such a certificate, then he will be able to apply for a higher paid position and apply his knowledge in business, which is especially important for employers. The cost of a specialist with an internationally recognized diploma can increase one and a half to two times compared to his salary before obtaining an international qualification.

As part of the tasks set, the following was accomplished:

studied and structured the market for proposals for Russian and international certification programs

compiled summary tables of training programs for convenient analysis of the supply market

opinions of specialists, statistical data (HeadHunter) about the level of wages certified professionals and no

the statistical data of hh.ru were studied, about 3000 resumes for the Leningrad region and St. Petersburg during the period 2010-2012

based on the opinions of consultants and experts from consulting companies, the main trend in wage growth depending on the availability of a certificate was revealed

the main problems of implementing IFRS in Russia are identified - as one of the important and main problems is the lack of graduates and certified specialists in the field of IFRS

The complexity of training, the high status of certificates - all this creates a competitive market for specialists. The presence of a certificate gives the right to take steps an order of magnitude higher than their colleagues, while not detracting from the importance of a student's diploma. The introduction of IFRS into the "life" of modern companies acutely creates the problem of a shortage of qualified personnel. Obtaining a certificate makes it possible to securely gain a foothold in the company and meet the requirements of the labor market of today.

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Appendix 1. Accounting Models

Accounting Model	Developer country	Model idea	Countries applying this model
English - American - Dutch	UK, USA, Holland	Orientation of accounting to meet the information needs of the capital market, focused on private investors. There is no legislative regulation of accounting; the standards developed by professional organizations of accountants are used; flexible accounting system; high general educational level of both accountants and users of financial statements.	Australia, Bahamas, Barbados, Bermuda, UK, Venezuela, Ghana, Israel, India, Canada, USA, Philippines, Jamaica, etc.
Continental	Continental European countries and Japan	Legislative regulation of accounting, its focus on government needs (taxation and macroeconomic regulation), conservatism of accounting practices. Attracting investments is carried out with the participation of banks, so the financial statements are intended for them, and not for participants in the securities market. Germany and France had a certain influence on accounting in our country (focus on a relatively small range of users representing the interests of the state and creditors).	Austria, Algeria, Belgium, Guinea, Greece, Norway, Portugal, France, Germany, Switzerland, Sweden, Japan, Russia
South American	Argentina, Brazil, etc.	Orientation to the needs of state planning bodies, including control over the implementation of tax policy and adjustment financial statements in line with inflation An inflation adjustment is necessary to ensure the reliability of current financial information (especially for long-term assets).	Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Guyana, Peru, Chile, Ecuador
Islamic	Muslim countries	Using market prices to evaluate balance sheet items; The model is based on religious principles, which say that the company's activities should not be organized for the sake of profit, dividends should not be received for the sake of dividends.	Muslim countries
International	Countries with major stock exchanges: London, New York, Tokyo, etc.	It involves the preparation of annual accounting reports according to IFRS.	In the future, all countries of the world

Annex 2. Procedure for the establishment of international standards

1st cycle - formation of the Preparatory Committee (Steering Committee).	The Committee is formed by the Board of specialists from at least 3 countries and is headed by a representative of the Board. Its task is to study the existing problems and prepare a brief summary of those issues that need to be addressed as a matter of priority. The summary is submitted for consideration to the board of the KMSU. The Board prepares and submits comments on it, after which the working group creates the next document - a draft statement of the principles of the accounting standard.
2nd cycle - development of a draft standard.	This document defines the ideas that will form the basis of the accounting standard, as well as a description of possible ways to solve problems and justify the reasons why the draft standard can be approved or sent for revision. The draft statement of the principles of the accounting standard is submitted for discussion and comments to the board of the CMSU, its advisory group and other interested organizations. The preparatory committee draws up a plan of work on the project, then carefully studies the accounting practice on this issue in various countries, including various accounting techniques suitable for different conditions. Based on the results of the study, the committee submits to the IASB Board for consideration the General Plan for the Development of a Draft International Financial Reporting Standard (Point Outline).
3rd cycle - preparation of a working draft of the provisions of the standard.	During this phase, which usually lasts about 4 months, the Preparatory Committee prepares a Draft statement of Principles or other discussion paper. It formulates the main principles for the preparation of the next document - the Draft International Financial Reporting Standard (Exposure Draft), as well as offers alternative solutions and arguments in favor of their acceptance or rejection. All interested parties have the right to make their comments and suggestions to the working draft.
4th cycle - approval by the Board of the working draft of the provisions of the standard.	After considering all the comments on the Working Draft Regulations, the Preparatory Committee agrees on its final version and submits it for approval by the Board.

Annex 3. Step by step adoption of IFRS

Appendix 4. International Financial Reporting Standards

Standard No.	Name of the standard
	Providing financial statements

	Business combination
	Insurance contracts
	Disposal of non-current assets held for sale and provision
	Development and evaluation of mineral resources
	Traffic reports Money
	Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors
	Events after the reporting date
	Contracts
	income taxes
	Segment reporting
	fixed assets


	Employee benefits
	Accounting for Government Grants and Disclosure of Information on Government Assistance

	Borrowing costs

	Accounting and reporting on pension programs
	Consolidated and individual financial statements


	Disclosures in the financial statements of banks and similar financial institutions

	Financial Instruments: Disclosure and Provision of Information
	Earnings per share

	Impairment of assets

	Intangible assets

	Real estate investment
	Agriculture

Appendix 5. International Financial Reporting Standards (IAS), their brief description

	Name of IFRS
IAS 1	Presentation of financial statements	The standard provides a basis for the presentation of general purpose financial statements to achieve comparability with the financial statements of the prior period, as well as with the financial statements of other companies. The standard provides the main indicators of the balance sheet, income statement, recommendations on the structure and minimum requirements to their content. Minority interests are shown in equity. Long-term liabilities that are repayable at the request of the creditor at the reporting date as a result of a breach of contract are shown as current, even if the creditor has agreed not to demand repayment after the reporting date. Replaced IFRS 5 and IFRS 13.
IAS 2		The purpose of the standard is to define the interpretation of inventories in an acquisition cost accounting system. An important issue in accounting for inventories is the determination of the amount of costs to be recognized as an asset and carried forward to subsequent periods until the corresponding profits are recognized. The standard provides practical guidance for determining costs and then recognizing them as an expense, including any write-downs to net realizable value. It also provides insight into the costing formulas used to determine the cost of inventory.
IAS 3	Consolidated financial statements	Replaced by IAS 27 and IAS 28.
IAS 4	Depreciation	Replaced by IFRS 16 and IFRS 38.
IAS 5	Information to be disclosed in the financial statements	Replaced by IFRS 1.
IAS 6	Accounting for price changes	Replaced by IFRS 15.
IAS 7	Cash flow statement	The standard provides disclosure of historical changes in an entity's cash and cash equivalents through cash flow statements that classify cash flows for a period from operating, investing and financing activities.
IAS 8	Accounting policies, accounting changes and errors	The standard defines accounting policy, formulating it as specific principles, rules for the formation and presentation of financial statements. The standard refers to the sequence in which accounting policies are applied. The standard addresses situations where there are changes in accounting policies. Changes in accounting estimates are defined as adjustments to the carrying amount of assets or liabilities due to a revision of their status and expected economic benefits. The standard provides a definition of an error made in prior periods. Deleted the term "fundamental error"; all material errors are corrected retrospectively. Partially replaced by IAS 35.
IAS 9	Research and development costs	Replaced by IAS 38.
IAS 10	Events after the reporting date	The standard deals with the identification of unexpected expenses and events that occurred after the balance sheet date. The presence of contingent losses should be disclosed in the financial statements, unless they are spread far in time. Notional profit is shown in cases where it is probable that this profit is actually received. Information is disclosed about events that took place after the reporting date, their nature and estimated financial consequences.
IAS 11	Contracts	The standard establishes the procedure for recording income and costs associated with work contracts. Due to the nature of the activities associated with the work contracts, the start date of the contract and the date of completion of work under the work contract usually fall in different reporting periods. Consequently, the main task in accounting for work contracts is the distribution of income and costs under the work contract for the reporting periods in which work was performed.
IAS 12	income taxes	The standard defines the accounting treatment for income taxes. This Standard requires an entity to account for the tax consequences of transactions and other events in the same way that it accounts for the transactions and events themselves. It governs the recognition of deferred tax assets arising from unused tax losses or unused tax credits, the presentation of information about income taxes in the financial statements and the disclosure of information related to income tax.
IAS 13	Presentation of current assets and current liabilities	Replaced by IFRS 1.
IAS 14	Segment reporting	The standard establishes principles for the presentation of financial information by segments in relation to various types the goods and services produced by the company and the various geographic areas in which it operates, in order to help users of financial statements better understand the company's historical performance; better assess the risk and rewards of the company and make more informed decisions about the company as a whole.
IAS 15	Information reflecting the impact of price changes
IAS 16	fixed assets	The standard defines the accounting treatment for property, plant and equipment. The main issue in the accounting of fixed assets is the moment of recognition of assets, the determination of their book value and depreciation. This Standard requires that an item of property, plant and equipment be recognized as an asset when it meets the definition and recognition criteria for an asset specified in the Framework for the Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements. Subsequent expenses (improvements) are capitalized if they meet the definition of property, plant and equipment (under the old standard, property, plant and equipment is capitalized only if it enhances the originally estimated performance). Depreciation is determined separately for each significant component of property, plant and equipment. The liquidation valuation must be reviewed at each reporting date; Depreciation stops if salvage value exceeds book value.
IAS 17		The standard defines accounting policies and discloses the requirements for both a lessee and a lessor for operating and finance leases. Leases of land and buildings separate land leases (operating leases) and building leases (operating or finance leases).
IAS 18		The standard establishes the procedure for accounting for revenue arising from certain types of transactions and events, determines the criteria for revenue recognition.
IAS 19	Employee benefits	The standard specifies the accounting and reporting requirements for pension contributions under pension plans that guarantee participants a fixed amount of benefits after a specified length of service; establishes rules for accounting and disclosure of information on employee remuneration.
IAS 20	Accounting for Government Grants and Disclosure of Information on Government Assistance	The standard reflects the types of subsidies and other government assistance; disclosure of accounting methods, the nature and extent of government grants, and any outstanding grant conditions.
IAS 21	Impact of changes in exchange rates	A company can conduct foreign exchange activities in two ways. It may conduct operations in foreign currencies or have foreign production. The main issue in accounting for foreign currency transactions and foreign productions is determining which exchange rate to use and how to recognize the financial impact of changes in exchange rates in the financial statements. New (clearer) rules for determining the functional currency are provided; financial statements may be presented in any currency.
IAS 22	Business combinations	Replaced by IFRS 3.
IAS 23	Borrowing costs	The standard defines the accounting treatment for borrowing costs. It requires the immediate recognition of borrowing costs as an expense. However, the standard allows, as an alternative, the capitalization of borrowing costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of an asset.
IAS 24	Related Party Disclosures	The standard discloses information about transactions between related parties if they meet certain criteria. The standard provides a definition of "related parties". Name (title) of the ultimate controlling party, including individuals, should be revealed. Disclosure requirements now apply to transactions between state-controlled companies.
IAS 25	Investment Accounting	Replaced by IAS 39 and IAS 40.
IAS 26	Accounting and reporting on pension plans	The standard defines the types of pension plans, discounting of pensions. This standard should be distinguished from IAS 19, which discusses the disclosure of information about pension plans in the financial statements of employers that operate such plans.
IAS 27	Consolidated and individual reporting	The standard discloses the issues of preparation and presentation of consolidated (consolidated) financial statements of a group of enterprises controlled by the parent company. The equity method is no longer used to account for subsidiaries and associates in the separate accounts of the parent company. Adjusted from IAS 39.
IAS 28	Accounting for investments in associates	Investments in associates must be accounted for using the equity method. The standard also specifies acceptable exceptions. The requirements in terms of information disclosure are defined. Partially replaced by IAS 36 and IAS 39.
IAS 29	Financial reporting in a hyperinflationary environment	Financial statements should be revised for inflation at the balance sheet date. The resulting increase or decrease in the cash position should be recognized in net income and disclosed separately. Disclosure is required about the revision of the financial statements, as well as what unit of measure or what price index was used.
IAS 30	Disclosures in the financial statements of banks and similar financial institutions
IAS 31	Financial statements on participation in joint ventures	Disclosures about interests in joint ventures are disclosed separately for jointly controlled operations and assets. The standard defines reporting requirements for risk-taking entities and investor entities. Adjusted in accordance with IAS 36 and IAS 39.
IAS 32	Financial Instruments: Disclosure and Presentation	The standard makes it easier for users of financial statements to understand the importance of on-balance sheet and off-balance sheet financial instruments in terms of an entity's financial position, performance and cash flows. The standard establishes certain requirements for the provision of information about balance sheet instruments and defines the list of information subject to disclosure, both on balance sheet and off balance sheet financial instruments.
IAS 33	Earnings per share	The standard sets out the principles for calculating earnings per share and the presentation of related information used to compare the performance of different companies in the same period, as well as the results of the same company in different reporting periods.
IAS 34	Interim Financial Statements	The standard defines the minimum content of interim financial statements and establishes the principles for recognition and measurement in full and condensed financial statements for an interim period.
IAS 35	Terminated activity
IAS 36	Impairment of assets	The standard sets out the procedures that entities use to account for their assets at a value that does not exceed their recoverable amount. Partially replaces the provisions of IFRS 16 and IFRS 22.
IAS 37	Reserves, contingent liabilities and contingent assets	The standard defines the criteria for recognition and measurement of contingent liabilities and contingent assets, as well as disclosures in the notes to the financial statements.
IAS 38	Intangible assets	The standard establishes the accounting treatment for intangible assets that are not specifically addressed in other International Financial Reporting Standards. The standard defines the criteria for classifying assets as intangible. Intangible assets may have an indefinite useful life (not amortized; subject to an annual impairment test). Replaced IFRS 9.
IAS 39	Financial Instruments: Recognition and Valuation	The standard discloses the recognition of financial assets and financial liabilities, including derivatives. Use of hedging (loss protection) in respect of losses measured at fair value.
IAS 40	Real estate investment	Repealed IFRS 25. Establishes the accounting for investment property (land, buildings, etc.), fair value is applied.
IAS 41	Agriculture	Establishes the procedure for accounting and disclosure of information in organizations engaged in agricultural activities.

Appendix 6. International Financial Reporting Standards and Russian Accounting Regulations (PBU)


IFRS 1 Presentation of financial statements	PBU 4/99 Accounting statements of the organization
IFRS 2 Inventories	PBU 5/01 Accounting for inventories
IFRS 16 Property, plant and equipment IAS 17 Leases	PBU 6/01 Accounting for fixed assets
IAS 32 Financial Instruments: Disclosures and Provisions IAS 39 Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement	PBU 19/02 Accounting for financial investments
IAS 27 Consolidated and individual financial statements IAS 28 Accounting for investments in associates IAS 40 Investment property	PBU 20/03 Information on participation in joint activities
IAS 18 Revenue	PBU 9/99 Income of the organization PBU 10/99 Organization expenses
IAS 11 Contracts	PBU 2/94 Accounting for agreements (contracts) for capital construction
IAS 23 Borrowing costs	PBU 15/01 Accounting for loans and credits and the costs of their servicing
IAS 37 Provisions, contingent liabilities and contingent assets	PBU 8/01 Conditional facts economic activity
IFRS 8 Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors	PBU 1/98 Accounting policy of the organization
IAS 12 Income taxes IAS 33 Earnings per share	PBU 18/02 Accounting for income tax calculations
IAS 21 Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates	RAS 3/2000 Accounting for assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currency
IAS 24 Related party disclosures	RAS 11/2000 Information on affiliates
IFRS 10 Events after the balance sheet date	PBU 7/98 Events after the reporting date
IFRS 14 Segment reporting	PBU 12/2000 Information by segments
IAS 38 Intangible assets	PBU 14/02 Accounting for intangible assets

Annex 7. Main provisions of financial (accounting) reporting regulation

Name			A comment
Definition of accounting (financial) statements	Financial statements - one system data on the property and financial position of the organization and on the results of its economic activities, compiled on the basis of accounting data in accordance with established forms (Article 2 of Law No. 402-FZ “On Accounting”). A similar definition is contained in paragraph 4 of PBU 4/99.	Financial statements are a structured presentation of the financial position and transactions carried out by the company (clause 7 of IFRS 1).	The dependence of financial statements under IFRS on accounting is more flexible than in RAS.
Purpose of accounting (financial) reporting	Financial statements should give a reliable and complete picture of the financial position of the organization, the financial results of its activities and changes in its financial position (clause 6 PBU 4/99).	The purpose of general purpose financial statements is to present information about the financial position, financial performance and cash flows of an entity that is useful to a wide range of users in making economic decisions. Financial statements also show the results of the management of resources entrusted to the management of the company.	RAP does not explicitly state that the purpose of financial statements is to provide information about an entity that is useful to a wide range of users in making economic decisions.
Reporting date	The reporting date as of which the organization must draw up financial statements is fixed and is determined in accordance with paragraph 2 of article 14 of the Law "On Accounting".	The reporting date for IFRS financial statements is not fixed.	Unlike RAS, IFRS does not rigidly fix the reporting date.
Length of the reporting period	In accordance with the Regulations on accounting and financial reporting in the Russian Federation. Financial statements are prepared for the reporting year. The reporting year is the period from January 1 to December 31 of the calendar year inclusive (clause 36). The reporting date is the last calendar day of the reporting period (clause 37). In accordance with clause 13 PBU 4/99 (Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia No. 43n), when compiling financial statements for the reporting year, the reporting year is the calendar year from January 1 to December 31 inclusive. The first reporting year for newly created organizations is the period from the date of their state registration to December 31 of the corresponding year, and for organizations established after October 1 - to December 31 of the next year.	Financial statements must be submitted at least annually. When, in exceptional circumstances, a company's reporting date changes and annual financial statements are presented for a period longer or shorter than one year, the company must disclose, in addition to the period covered by the financial statements: the reason for choosing a period other than one year; and the fact that the comparative amounts for the income statements, changes in equity, cash flows and related notes are not comparable. (clause 49 of IFRS 1).	In RAS, a change in the duration of the reporting period is possible only if the moment of creation (registration) legal entity(clause 13 PBU 4/99) falls on the period after October 1 or upon termination of its activities (clause 9 Guidelines on the formation of financial statements in the implementation of the reorganization of the organization approved. by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated May 20, 2003 No. 44n).

Appendix 8. Comparative analysis of the compliance of the RAS assumptions with the provisions of IFRS

Name

Summing up the advantages of IFRS, we can say that for financial analysts and investors it is understandability, comparability, transparency, reliability, lower costs for reporting analysis; for companies - lower capital raising costs, one accounting system, no need to reconcile financial information, consistency of internal and external accounting; for auditors - uniform accounting principles, the opportunity to participate in the adoption of standards, trainings on a global scale; for national standards developers - exchange of experience, basis for national standards, greater confidence in national standards, convergence of standards; for developing countries - reducing the costs of developing national standards, attracting investors.

In conclusion, it is important to note that in the event of a complete transition of Russia to IFRS, one should not expect foreign investment to flood into Russia like a river. However, this will be an important step in the process of building mutual trust between Russia and the international community. Increasing corporate transparency will mean that investments will become less risky for investors, and therefore cheaper. It is obvious that not a single national financial market will be able to develop normally in isolation from the international one. Based on the results of the first two years of the reform, it is already possible to speak about certain positive results, as well as about the problems of the transition. However, the reform will be really completed only when every accountant has a professional knowledge of the basics of IFRS, and company executives are really interested in providing reliable and objective information. This means that more active work should be carried out to improve the qualifications of accountants.

Among other tasks of the reform, it should be noted the need for a final division of accounting into financial, managerial and tax, as is customary in international practice. At the same time, financial analysis will be focused on external users (owners, investors, creditors, debtors, etc.), management accounting will be used to systematize costs, make management decisions and plan, and tax accounting- Used to calculate taxes.

It should be emphasized that the accounting reform should be carried out taking into account the established national traditions, the specifics of Russia's economic development, and not by blindly copying Western experience. Therefore, on this stage reforming the accounting system should be a consistent smoothing of inconsistencies, which will contribute to a more successful promotion of Russian companies in the capital markets. At the same time, speaking about reforming, it should be emphasized that automatic, without any changes, the adoption of IFRS is impossible. After all, in fact, international standards are a compromise between the leading accounting systems in the world. It is impossible to deny the fact that Russia has already accumulated a lot of useful experience and has developed an accounting system. For example, according to A. Bakaev, head of the Accounting and Reporting Methodology Department of the Russian Ministry of Finance, “our Chart of Accounts is one of the most unique documents in the world accounting practice.” Therefore, when using international financial reporting standards to create a new national accounting system, international experience should be adapted to Russian specifics.

One of the most important factors in the creation of the so-called new economy was precisely the globalization of standards, and it is safe to say that this trend will continue in the future. It is necessary to consider international financial reporting standards, first of all, as an effective tool for entering international capital markets, as a new integrated approach in the process of generating financial information. This is especially true on the threshold of the 21st century, which imposes qualitatively new requirements on companies wishing to successfully compete in international markets. Organizations, regardless of size and form of ownership, will have to solve the following problem: how to remain viable in the market. This can be done only in the case of providing a product or service that has additional value for the consumer, and in a dynamically developing competition. This implies a flexible organizational structure in particular, the ability to adapt to accelerating rates of change and cycles business activity, as well as handle intensive flows of information, money, etc. A successful organization with the flexible structure of the next century must collect, analyze and process data flows in real time. The transition to IFRS is important first a step for any company seeking to take advantage of these resources and opportunities.

Perhaps, main conclusion according to the first results of reforming the Russian accounting system, there are certain positive results. A very painful process of transformation of accounting in accordance with the requirements of a market economy required, first of all, a change in attitude towards the profession of an accountant. The accountant, who used to be one of the most inconspicuous figures, turns into an indispensable adviser to company executives, mastering completely new functions (such as financial management, tax planning, etc.). It is extremely important that the reform continue at the pace it has achieved and acquire a complete character. This is especially true for the legal framework of accounting, where one of the oldest diseases of accounting regulation in Russia needs to be solved - an endless stream of current instructions, letters, instructions, which often contradict each other. Among another promising area of reform, the need for greater participation of business in the development of new accounting standards should be highlighted, which can be achieved through more active involvement of professional associations of accountants in the process of adapting international standards.

It should be noted the strategic decision of the European Union to switch to international financial reporting standards starting from 2005. The significance of this step can hardly be overestimated for Russia, which has traditionally been oriented specifically towards European markets.

Information is expected to become the most valuable resource in the 21st century. In this context, financial information can be considered as the most important tool for making business decisions, because. its quality depends on the efficiency of attracting investments and, ultimately, the financial condition of enterprises. I would like to hope that Russian enterprises will speak the same language with international business and be considered in foreign markets as equal partners, which will allow us to take full advantage of the wide opportunities offered by international capital markets.

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11. Motorina M. Reflections on the interview // Accounting and banks No. 5, 2003.
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