In connection with the beginning of the active part of the sports season, we will return once again to the issue of sports injuries. Unfortunately, in modern Russia this issue remains extremely poorly covered, as evidenced by the list of references used in preparing the article below. Research injuries in our country, even if they are carried out, they are rather fragmentary and their results do not fall into the sphere of public attention. All the more valuable is any information that can be found on this problem.
Sports injuries, By different sources, accounts for 2-5% of total injuries (domestic, street, industrial, etc.). Some discrepancies in the figures are due to the fact that sports injuries depends on traumatic sports, and on the degree of employment of the interviewed people in sports.
Injuries V various types sports are not the same. Naturally, the more people involved in a particular sport, the relatively more injuries there are. To level out differences in the number of people involved, you can calculate the number of injuries per 1000 people involved - this is the so-called intensive injury rate(Table 1).
Another way to determine the risk of injury in various sports is to calculate the number of injuries sustained per 1000 training sessions or competitions (athlete-exposures). That is, one training session or competition is regarded as one “exposure to sports influence” - foreign researchers most often use this coefficient (Table 2).
These are the results of an American study that was released on May 5, 2003. Survey data from 20.1 million athletes for 2002 were processed.
In 2007, the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) reported 182,000 injuries—more than 1 million athletic reports over a 16-year period (1988/1989 to 2003/2004). The association has been collecting standardized data on injuries in collegiate sports and training through the Injury Surveillance System (ISS) since 1982.
Data from all sports during this period showed that injury rates were statistically significantly higher in competition (13.8 injuries per 1000 events) than in training (4.0 injuries per 1000 events). During these 16 years, there were no significant changes in these indicators.
More than 50% of all injuries occurred in the lower extremities. Ankle sprains were the most common injury in all sports reviewed, accounting for 15% of all injuries. Rates of contusion and anterior cruciate ligament injury have increased significantly compared to previous years (average annual increases of 7.0% and 1.3%, respectively). American football had the highest rates of injury, both in practice (9.6 injuries per 1000 practices) and in competition (35.9 injuries per 1000 events). While men's baseball had the lowest practice injury rate (1.9 injuries per 1,000 practices), and women's softball had the lowest competition rate (4.3 injuries per 1,000 events). Summary data from this study are shown in Tables 3 and 4. All results were published in the Journal of Athletic Training (Hootman J.M. et al., 2007).
These are two very large studies, the results of which have great statistical significance. But their disadvantage is that this is the USA, with its own preferences in sports. There are sports there that we don't have, like baseball, softball and cheerleading. It was not possible to find recent Russian studies, and even of such a scale. Apparently they were not carried out, because... Modern textbooks on sports medicine from 2000-2006 provide data from the 60s. A lot has changed since then, but a lot has remained the same, so it makes sense to take a look at these results.
Average number of sports injuries per 1000 students at that time was 4.7. The incidence of injuries during training, competition and training camps varies. During competitions, the intensive indicator is 8.3, during training - 2.1, and at training camps - 2.0. Naturally among different types sports this indicator varies greatly. 3. S. Mironova and L. 3. Heifetz lead number of injuries for every 1000 athletes in various sports (Table 5).
In classes where for some reason there is no trainer or teacher, sports injuries occur 4 times more often than in its presence, which confirms their active role in the prevention of sports injuries.
References
- Hootman J.M., Dick R., Agel J. Epidemiology of Collegiate Injuries for 15 Sports: Summary and Recommendations for Injury Prevention Initiatives J Athletic Train. 2007, vol.42, N.2, pp.311-319
- Graevskaya N.D., Kukolevsky G.M. Fundamentals of sports medicine. M.: Medicine, 1971.
- Dobrovolsky V.K. Prevention of injuries, pathological conditions and diseases during sports. M., 1967
- Mironova Z.S., Kheifeyts L.Z. Prevention and treatment of sports injuries. M., 1965.
- Sports medicine: textbook for inst. physical cult. /Ed. Karpman V.L. - M.: Physical culture and sport, 1987
The original article is provided with illustrations, which can be seen by clicking on the link below.
Traumatology Interview with an expert
Maxim Strakhov: “Sports traumatology is a special branch of medicine”
2013-08-05Professional sports have two sides to the coin. The first, the front one, which is in plain sight, is the laurels of the winner, worldwide fame and the adoration of enthusiastic fans. The second, invisible, is daily work, exhausting training, enormous physical and emotional stress... How does professional sports affect health, is there a genetic predisposition to sports injuries, and in general, is it worth engaging in professional sports if it is so difficult? We talked about this with the head of the sports injury department of Clinical Hospital No. 86, associate professor of the department of traumatology, orthopedics and military surgery of the Russian National Research Medical University named after. N. I. Pirogov and the Department of Traumatology, Orthopedics and IPK FMBA of Russia, Candidate of Medical Sciences Maxim Alekseevich Strakhov.
— How dangerous is it to engage in professional sports, or does it depend only on the type of sport?
— Professional sport is quite traumatic, but, of course, the type of sport matters. According to statistics, sports injuries account for about 2-5% of total injuries. The most dangerous game sports in this regard are: rugby, hockey, boxing, and martial arts. The sports trauma department of Clinical Hospital No. 86 of the FMBA of Russia was created in 2010. There are several such units in the country, they are part of the structure of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency. Each of these institutions has its own specialization. For example, FMBC named after. A.I. Burnazyan specializes in rehabilitation and directly to competitions. Our task is somewhat different; our profile is the treatment of injuries and conducting an acute period of rehabilitation treatment. About 90% of all visits from athletes to medical institutions are related to injuries.
— What types of injuries are most common among athletes?
— In sports, ankle and foot injuries come first. knee joints, they “take” about 50% of all sports injuries and divide them approximately in half. According to official medical statistics, they are most often encountered directly at major international competitions. In general, if we are talking about sports traumatology, then this is a completely special branch of medicine. Before getting involved in sports injuries, I worked for many years as an orthopedic traumatologist and neurosurgeon in practical healthcare, specialized in the treatment of traumatic brain injuries and other injuries of the musculoskeletal system, performed a lot of surgeries, but having a solid professional background, I had to acquire additional skills , delve into literature, engage in self-education.
- What is this specificity?
— First of all, these are diseases of tension and exhaustion. For example, there is such a pathology as the “female triad in sports.” It lies in the fact that in a number of sports (gymnastics, etc.) girls experience a combination of 3 factors: eating disorders (anorexia), delayed puberty and the development of osteoporosis or osteopenia. As a result, young female athletes are more susceptible to musculoskeletal injuries and their frequency is increasing.
— But it is known that osteoporosis is a disease of the elderly?
- Yes it is. But if in old age, then for girls, fortunately, everything can be corrected. This is a systemic disorder caused by a nutritional factor. As soon as our young athletes begin to eat properly, their health returns to normal and they can begin training again.
— Is there a genetic predisposition to injuries, or is it still a combination of some external factors?
— Typically, sports injuries are associated with a specific sport: the more traumatic it is, the greater the likelihood that the athlete may suffer some kind of damage. It is clear that in football or rugby, injuries among athletes are much more common than, say, in volleyball. But they also exist in volleyball. Sometimes some specifics, something can be damaged more strongly. For example, figure skaters most often suffer from the pelvic area, the foot - this is associated with large static loads, and football players most often suffer from the knee and ankle joints, etc. But sometimes you are faced with a predisposition to diseases of the bones or joints. There are such insidious lesions of human connective tissues as hereditary disorders and mutations of collagen, growth disorders of bones and joints, congenital dysplasia, racial and ethnic predisposition to diseases, which, when added to the injuries received, can seriously complicate their course.
— Are there statistics on sports injuries in Russia?
— Unfortunately, in our country there are no general statistics on sports injuries. There is a Sports Medicine Center of the FMBA of Russia, which concentrates all requests for injuries to athletes who are members of the national team. Therefore, there are relative statistics. But what is left out? For example, if an athlete was injured abroad and underwent treatment there, this information is no longer reflected in medical statistics. In European countries, unlike Russia, this problem is being solved. Of the CIS countries, only Ukraine monitors sports, but this applies to a greater extent to certain sports that are well funded, such as football. This is a serious question, and we, specialists, are very interested in it, and here's why. Medical statistics make it possible to carry out competent planning of treatment and diagnostic measures, and move from the medicine of consequences to preventive medicine. Monitoring of sports injuries should be carried out by a specialist, a true professional who is well versed in the intricacies and nuances of sports injuries. But there are not many such doctors in the country.
— How many sports injury specialists do we have in Russia?
- Hard to say. There is such a specialty as sports medicine, but this is not sports traumatology. There are real professionals in this field, all of them are well known in the sports community. But this specialty is additional. Therefore, in our country, sports doctors do not always even have the skills of primary care for sports injuries. In 2013, at the Department of Traumatology and Orthopedics of the IPK FMBA of Russia, which is headed by Honored Doctor of Russia, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor A.V. Skoroglyadov, a training cycle “Sports injury” was created, within which the main attention is paid to the issues of providing care for injuries in various sports and rehabilitation treatment tactics after injuries and operations on the musculoskeletal system.
— However, many athletes prefer to undergo treatment abroad...
— We do not insist that this particular athlete must be treated with us. If there is a desire and financial capabilities, let him get treatment where he wants. But to be honest, the level of solving medical problems in our department is the same as abroad, or almost the same. But at the same time, treatment of athletes from Russian national teams is provided free of charge. Our state funds the FMBA in full medical care. The difference is, perhaps, only in one thing - social security. , he is provided with a guaranteed volume of activities within the framework of paid or insurance medicine. In our country, this system is just being built: there are still no unified Russian medical standards for traumatology and orthopedics, so often the doctor works according to the scheme to which he is accustomed. This is, of course, wrong. And therefore we try to adhere to international recommendations and standards of medical care in our work. We work hard to find new treatment options and conduct Scientific research aimed at finding new forms and improving modern methods treatment in professional athletes.
— In our country, many of the functions of a team doctor are taken on by the coach. Is this a global trend or a purely Russian problem?
— In the 90s of the last century, remarkable developments in terms of sports medicine that were made in the USSR, including for the Moscow Olympics, turned out to be unclaimed and forgotten. The coaching staff has changed. New people have come to replace the “old guard”, and, unfortunately, there has been a loss of understanding that the main cause of most injuries in athletes is from improper coaching. I will give an example from my practice. We have a young athlete. During training, she suffered a fracture of the phalanx of her finger. With such damage, a cast is supposed to be applied, but the girl refused. When they began to find out the reason, it turned out that the coach insisted that she continue to participate in competitions, as well. As a result, the fracture did not heal, and now only surgery can help her. But the trainer again does not let her go for treatment. The athlete was given a strict condition: either you continue to play or leave the team. Of course, she chose the first option. When her career as an athlete ends, she will be left alone with her own health problems.
— It’s a disgrace... Is there any way to influence this situation?
- Only by conviction. We work quite actively with coaches in this regard, we explain, analyze, prove. And I must say, they are beginning to listen to our opinion. Today it has become commonplace for an athlete to come for a medical examination together with his coach.
— It is clear that the main thing for a coach is the sporting achievements of his ward. But the parents, whose side are they on?
— It often happens that a parent and a coach are one person. And children get into professional sports, often because of the ambitions of their parents. So the answer to this question is obvious... But there are also coaches who really care about the athletes.
— Are there any specifics to injuries received in professional sports?
— Professional sports bears the mark of such diseases as various diseases, tension diseases associated with intense physical activity. For example, when dense tissue such as bone is subjected to constant stress, it eventually cannot withstand and is damaged. Very often, athletes suffer from so-called storage diseases, when “harmful substances” accumulate in the body, for example, cytokines (inflammatory mediators). And the problem is that they are not removed from the area where chronic inflammation has occurred and maintain severe pain. Another problem that is associated with inflammation is water imbalance. Therefore, it is very important to find out what kind of diet an athlete has, how much fluid he consumes per day, etc. Recently, our German colleagues proposed a new classification of muscle and tendon injuries in athletes, according to which the presence of a focus of chronic inflammation is the first stage of a future injury. That is, there is no rupture as such yet, but there is a pain syndrome that signals metabolic disorders and changes in tissues.
— It turns out that injury can be prevented?
- Yes it is. That is why we regularly conduct in-depth medical examinations for our athletes. After all, as you know, it is much easier to prevent the development of a disease than to treat its consequences later.
— Have there been any cases in your practice when you forbade children and teenagers from playing sports?
— Yes, we work with athletes aged 12-16 years. In our recommendations, except for the purpose medicines or the need for surgery, the athlete is also prescribed a regimen. This regime, in addition to admission to classes, also implies a temporary restriction or a complete ban on sports activities. At the same time, we must not forget that, unlike others, athletes are extremely motivated people. Some for money, some for results, and some for It is clear that they all strive to recover faster and get back into action. Therefore, this is a good partnership on our part. “If you want to compete, then get treatment” - this scheme always works.
— Do you constantly communicate with athletes, and do you play sports yourself?
— They say that a bad example is contagious, but I would rephrase that a positive example is also contagious. Communication with athletes, of course, leaves a certain imprint. Over the past few years I have become addicted to jogging and feel great.
- But I heard that running is harmful...
— Running is very beneficial for the body. The main thing is not to overdo it and not get seriously injured. Although it is true that there are different opinions among doctors. For example, my colleagues who exercise often believe that it is primarily harmful to the joints. But there are a lot of people in the world who jog, and most of the diseases that lead to serious health consequences are physical inactivity, hypertension, diabetes, obesity. And among the risk factors for osteoarthritis, it is this group of diseases that comes first, and not amateur sports.
— At the beginning of November, the Anniversary International Scientific and Educational Conference “Modernization of care for patients with severe combined trauma” will be held in Moscow, dedicated to the 80th anniversary of the Department of Traumatology, Orthopedics and Military Surgery of the Russian National Research Medical University named after. N.I. Pirogov and the 10th anniversary of the Department of Traumatology, Orthopedics and IPK of the FMBA of Russia, where MED-info is an information partner. Will this event cover sports medicine?
- Without a doubt. The conference will discuss the problems of interaction between medical specialists at different stages of care, as well as issues of treating the consequences of such injuries, preventing and treating complications, including. A separate breakout session on sports injury is planned. This conference is one of the last major scientific and practical events that will be held before. Last years the whole country was preparing for this grandiose event, huge budget funds were allocated for the development of sports, including the improvement of medical and biological support for athletes. And it is very important that after Olympic Games this area remains one of the state priorities. To raise Olympic champions, you must definitely worry about their health.
graduate work
1.2.3 Sports injury statistics
Sports injuries, according to various sources, account for 2-5% of total injuries (domestic, street, industrial, etc.). Some discrepancies in the figures are due to the fact that sports injuries depend both on the traumatic nature of the sport and on the degree to which the people surveyed are engaged in sports.
Injury rates vary across different sports. Naturally, the more people involved in a particular sport, the relatively more injuries there are. To level out differences in the number of people involved, you can calculate the number of injuries per 1000 people involved - this is the so-called intensive injury rate indicator (Fig. 3).
Figure 3 - Number of injuries per 1000 athletes in various sports
Another way to determine the risk of injury in various sports is to calculate the number of injuries sustained per 1,000 practices or competitions. That is, one training session or competition is regarded as one “exposure to sports influence” - foreign researchers most often use this coefficient (Fig. No. 4).
These are the results of an American study that was released on May 5, 2003. Data from a survey of 20.1 million athletes for 2002 were processed.
In 2007, the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) reported 182,000 injuries—more than 1 million athletic reports over a 16-year period (1988/1989 to 2003/2004). The association has been collecting standardized data on injuries in collegiate sports and practices through its Injury Surveillance System since 1982.
Figure 4 - Number of injuries for every 1000 sports injuries
Data from all sports during this period showed that injury rates were statistically significantly higher in competition (13.8 injuries per 1000 events) than in training (4.0 injuries per 1000 events). During these 16 years, there were no significant changes in these indicators.
More than 50% of all injuries occurred in the lower extremities. Ankle sprains were the most common injury of all sports reviewed, accounting for 15% of all injuries. Rates of contusion and anterior cruciate ligament injury have increased significantly compared to previous years (average annual increases of 7.0% and 1.3%, respectively). American football had the highest rates of injury, both in practice (9.6 injuries per 1,000 practices), and in competition (35.9 injuries per 1,000 events). While men's baseball had the lowest practice injury rate (1.9 injuries per 1,000 practices), and women's softball had the lowest competition rate (4.3 injuries per 1,000 events).
These are two very large studies, the results of which have great statistical significance. But their disadvantage is that this is the USA, with its own preferences in sports. There are sports there that we don't have, like baseball, softball and cheerleading. It was not possible to find recent Russian studies, and even of such a scale. Apparently they were not carried out, because... Modern textbooks on sports medicine from 2000-2006 provide data from the 60s. A lot has changed since then, but a lot has remained the same, so it makes sense to take a look at these results.
The average number of sports injuries per 1000 participants at that time was 4.7. The incidence of injuries during training, competition and training camps varies. During competitions, the intensive indicator is 8.3, during training - 2.1, and at training camps - 2.0. Naturally, this indicator varies greatly among different sports.
In classes where a coach or teacher is absent for some reason, sports injuries occur 4 times more often than in his presence, which confirms their active role in the prevention of sports injuries.
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9.2. Sports injuries
9.2.1. General characteristics of sports injuries
T trauma is damage with or without disruption of tissue integrity caused by any external influence. There are the following types of injuries: industrial, household, transport, military, sports, etc.
WITH sports injury is an injury accompanied by a change in the anatomical structures and function of the injured organ as a result of exposure to a physical factor exceeding the physiological strength of the tissue during physical exercise and sports. Among the various types of injuries, sports injuries are in last place both in terms of quantity and severity, accounting for only about 2%.
T Injuries are distinguished by the presence or absence of damage to the outer integument (open or closed), by the extent of damage (macrotrauma and microtrauma), as well as by the severity of the course and impact on the body (mild, moderate and severe).
At In closed injuries, the skin remains intact, but in open injuries, it is damaged, as a result of which an infection can enter the body.
M acrotrauma is characterized by fairly significant tissue destruction, determined visually. With microtrauma, the damage is minimal and often not visually detectable.
ABOUT The main sign of injury is pain. With microtraumas, it appears only during strong stress or large-amplitude movements. Therefore, the athlete, without feeling pain under normal conditions and when performing training loads, usually continues to train. In this case, healing does not occur, microtraumatic changes accumulate and macrotrauma may occur.
L Injuries that do not cause significant disturbances in the body and loss of general and athletic performance are considered mild; medium - injuries with mildly expressed changes in the body and loss of general and sports performance (within 1-2 weeks); severe - injuries that cause pronounced health problems, when victims require hospitalization or long-term treatment on an outpatient basis. In terms of severity, minor injuries in sports injuries account for 90%, moderate injuries - 9%, severe - 1%.
For Sports injuries are characterized by a predominance of closed injuries: bruises, sprains, tears and ruptures of muscles and ligaments (Table 48).
Table 48. Distribution of different types of sports injuries
|
Nature of injuries |
Total cases (in%) according to various authors |
|||
|
VC. Dobrovolsky |
A.M. Landa |
V.L. Serebrennikova |
Central Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics (CITO) |
|
|
Sprains, tears and ligament tears | ||||
|
Sprains, tears and | ||||
|
muscle tears | ||||
|
Scuffs and abrasions | ||||
|
Fractures and cracks of bones | ||||
H The number of open injuries is small; they consist mainly of abrasions and abrasions. The ratio of dislocations and fractures in sports injuries is, according to various authors, 1:3, 1:1.8; 1:1.5. In all other types of injuries, dislocations are observed 8-10 times less frequently than fractures.
T Injuries in different sports are not the same. Naturally, the more people involved in a particular sport, the relatively more injuries there are. To level out differences in the number of people involved, it is customary to calculate the number of injuries per 1000 people involved - this is the so-called intensive injury rate indicator (Table 49).
Table 49. Intensive indicators of injury in various sports (3. S. Mironova, L. 3. Heifetz)
|
Kind of sport |
Intensive indicator |
|
Horseback Riding | |
|
Fencing | |
|
Sailing, iceboat | |
|
Motorsports | |
|
Gymnastics | |
|
Skiing | |
|
Shooting | |
|
Weightlifting | |
|
Swimming | |
|
Basketball | |
|
Volleyball | |
|
Athletics |
WITH The average number of sports injuries per 1000 participants is 4.7. The incidence of injuries during training, competition and training camps varies. During competitions, the intensive indicator is 8.3, during training - 2.1, and at training camps - 2.0.
On In classes in which for some reason there is no coach or teacher present, sports injuries occur 4 times more often than in the presence of a teacher or coach, which confirms their active role in the prevention of sports injuries.
N Some types of sports injuries are most typical for a particular sport. Thus, bruises are more often observed in boxing, hockey, football, wrestling and speed skating, damage to muscles and tendons - in weightlifting and gymnastics. Sprains are quite common among wrestlers, weightlifters, gymnasts, track and field athletes (jumping and throwing), as well as among representatives of sports games. Bone fractures often occur in cyclists, motorcycle racers and skiers. Wounds, abrasions and abrasions predominate among cyclists, skiers, speed skaters, gymnasts, hockey players and rowers.
WITH Concussions are more common among boxers, cyclists, motorcycle racers and water divers. Damage to the meniscus is most typical for team sports (33.1%), wrestling, complex coordination and cyclic sports.
By Localization of injuries in athletes most often involves injuries to the extremities (more than 80%), especially joints (mainly the knee and ankle). In artistic gymnastics, upper extremity injuries predominate (70%), and in most other sports, lower extremity injuries (e.g., athletics and skiing 66%). Injuries to the head and face are typical for boxers (65%), fingers - for basketball and volleyball players (80%), elbow joint - for tennis players (up to 70%), knee joint - for wrestlers, gymnasts, football players (up to 50%).
ABOUT Of particular interest is the percentage of various injuries and chronic diseases of the musculoskeletal system (caused by microtraumas) requiring long-term inpatient or outpatient treatment (Table 50). Among acute injuries, the largest percentage consists of injuries to the meniscus of the knee joint and the capsular-ligamentous apparatus of the joints. Among chronic diseases, joint diseases come first (deforming arthrosis, diseases of fatty bodies and chronic microtraumatization of ligaments, meniscopathies, bursitis, etc.). Chronic diseases of muscles, tendons (along their length and at the place of attachment to the bone), diseases of the periosteum, and spine, including osteochondrosis, spondylosis and spondyloarthrosis, are also often found in athletes.
Table 50. Percentage of injuries and diseases of the musculoskeletal system in athletes
|
Nature of damage |
Kinds of sports |
|||||||
|
Martial arts |
Complex coordination |
Cyclic |
All-around |
Speed-power |
Technical, etc. | |||
|
Acute injuries | ||||||||
|
Fractures | ||||||||
|
Muscle damage | ||||||||
|
Tendon injuries | ||||||||
|
Damage to the capsular ligamentous apparatus | ||||||||
|
Meniscal injuries | ||||||||
|
Cruciate ligament injuries | ||||||||
|
Collateral ligament injuries | ||||||||
|
Chronic diseases (microtraumas) | ||||||||
|
Damage and diseases of the patellar ligament | ||||||||
|
Joint diseases | ||||||||
|
Diseases of bones and periosteum | ||||||||
|
Spinal diseases | ||||||||
|
Muscle diseases | ||||||||
|
Tendon diseases | ||||||||
|
Foot diseases | ||||||||
|
Other diseases | ||||||||
WITH It should be noted that chronic diseases of the musculoskeletal system in athletes, like acute injuries, have their own specifics that distinguish them from similar pathologies in other types of activities. These diseases in athletes are determined by the nature of sports activity, the characteristics of the training regime, the period of preparation, qualifications, age, morphofunctional characteristics of the athlete, the age at which specialization in this sport began, and sports experience.
X chronic joint diseases are most common in cyclic and team sports, microtraumatic tendinopathy of the patellar ligament - in speed-strength sports, spinal osteochondrosis and chronic pathology of the myoenthetic apparatus - in cyclic, complex-coordination and speed-strength sports, foot diseases (longitudinal and transverse flat feet) - in cyclic sports. In addition, the characteristics of sports are reflected in the difference in the ratio of the frequency of macrotraumas and microtraumas (see Table 54).
Sports injuries, according to various sources, account for 2-5% of total injuries (domestic, street, industrial, etc.). Some discrepancies in the figures are due to the fact that sports injuries depend both on the traumatic nature of the sport and on the degree to which the people surveyed are engaged in sports.
Injury rates vary across different sports. Naturally, the more people involved in a particular sport, the relatively more injuries there are. To level out differences in the number of people involved, you can calculate the number of injuries per 1000 people involved - this is the so-called intensive injury rate indicator (Fig. 1).
Another way to determine the risk of injury in various sports is to calculate the number of injuries sustained per 1000 training sessions or competitions (athlete-exposures). That is, one training session or competition is regarded as one “exposure to sports influence” - foreign researchers most often use this coefficient (Fig. 2).
These are the results of an American study that was released on May 5, 2003. Survey data from 20.1 million athletes for 2002 were processed.
In 2007, the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) reported 182,000 injuries—more than 1 million athletic reports over a 16-year period (1988/1989 to 2003/2004). The association has been collecting standardized data on injuries in collegiate sports and training through the Injury Surveillance System (ISS) since 1982.
Data from all sports during this period showed that injury rates were statistically significantly higher in competition (13.8 injuries per 1000 events) than in training (4.0 injuries per 1000 events). During these 16 years, there were no significant changes in these indicators.
More than 50% of all injuries occurred in the lower extremities. Ankle sprains were the most common injury in all sports reviewed, accounting for 15% of all injuries. Rates of contusion and anterior cruciate ligament injury have increased significantly compared to previous years (average annual increases of 7.0% and 1.3%, respectively). American football had the highest rates of injury, both in practice (9.6 injuries per 1000 practices) and in competition (35.9 injuries per 1000 events). While men's baseball had the lowest practice injury rate (1.9 injuries per 1,000 practices), and women's softball had the lowest competition rate (4.3 injuries per 1,000 events). A summary of this study is shown in Figures 3 and 4. All results were published in the Journal of Athletic Training (Hootman J.M. et al., 2007).
These are two very large studies, the results of which have great statistical significance. But their disadvantage is that this is the USA, with its own preferences in sports. There are sports there that we don't have, like baseball, softball and cheerleading. It was not possible to find recent Russian studies, and even of such a scale. Apparently they were not carried out, because... Modern textbooks on sports medicine from 2000-2006 provide data from the 60s. A lot has changed since then, but a lot has remained the same, so it makes sense to take a look at these results.
The average number of sports injuries per 1000 participants at that time was 4.7. The incidence of injuries during training, competition and training camps varies. During competitions, the intensive indicator is 8.3, during training - 2.1, and at training camps - 2.0. Naturally, this indicator varies greatly among different sports. 3. S. Mironova and L. 3. Heifetz give the number of injuries for every 1000 athletes in various sports (Fig. 5).
In classes where a coach or teacher is absent for some reason, sports injuries occur 4 times more often than in his presence, which confirms their active role in the prevention of sports injuries.
Statistics of queries in Yandex
We conducted our own statistical research based on statistics search engine Yandex. The number of requests in the Yandex system of different keywords per month - from March to December 2009. We asked for the keywords "injuries" + "[sport]", such as "soccer injuries" or "gymnastics injuries". This way we found out which sports injuries people were most interested in. In turn, we would venture to suggest that this interest is directly related to the number of injuries occurring in the requested sport. When entering keywords, no restrictions were set on countries of the world or regions of Russia. The results are presented in the form of a cumulative histogram (Fig. 6), in which the length of the column is the sum of requests for each month under study; the contribution of each month to the total can be determined by color. The histogram did not include the following researched queries (hereinafter in parentheses - the sum of queries for March-December 2009): “powerlifting injuries” (410), “weightlifting injuries” (381), “alpine skiing injuries” (334), “judo injuries " (180), "sambo injuries" (174), "swimming injuries" (112), "equestrian injuries" (90), "rugby injuries" (57). We also examined the queries “dancing injuries”, “wrestling injuries” and “bicycle injuries”, for which statistics were not provided for each month. However, according to our observations, we can say that the highest requests for these words were 51, 50 and 43 per month, respectively.
