According to a considerable number of philologists, participles are considered just a special form of a verb, denoting the qualities of a subject or object by action, and also answering questions about adjectives: what? which? what? Which? what? what are they? which? which? However, most often this category of words in the Russian language is considered as a separate part of speech, which expresses a characteristic of a phenomenon or object that changes over time. For correct spelling, understanding, morphological analysis For such a part of speech, it is important to correctly determine the characteristics of the words that are assigned to it.
Verb signs of participle
According to verb properties, participles are returnable And non-refundable. Also, the properties of the verb of this part of speech include:
- Time - bathing(present tense) loved(past tense);
- View - painted(perfect form) working(imperfect type);
- Deposit – singing(active voice), taken(passive voice);
- Transitivity – running(intransitive participle), drawn(has the property of transitivity).
Recurrence and irrevocability of participles
Reflexivity is a property of the verb that has passed on to the participle and indicates the direction of an action or state on an object.
For participles, as well as for parts of speech, denoting the action of the subject or his state, this is a permanent sign. In other words, no matter in what gender, number or case they are used, they are always reflexive or non-reflexive - just like in the initial form.
The reflexivity of the participle allows you to feel the semantic shades of the word:
- the action of the subject is aimed at himself - dressing, turning, bathing;
- an action is performed by several subjects in relation to each other – meeting, colliding, differing;
- condition of the item - rejoicing, upset, sad;
- permanent sign of an object - wrinkled fabric, scratching cat.
Reflexivity can be detected by the presence at the end of a word -xia. Moreover, such a participle is always real. Example: “Princess Helen smiled; she got up from the same unchanging smile quite beautiful woman, with whom she entered the living room"(“unchanging” – reflexive due to the presence -xia).
If the word is irrevocable, then at the end, as with adjectives, only the ending can be found. Eg: “And with the techniques of the St. Petersburg business lady, able To make the most of the time, Anna Mikhailovna sent for her son and went out into the hall with him.”(“able” – irrevocable, since there is no -xia).
Features of the formation of reflexive participles
To create new words, word-forming morphemes (affixes, parts of words) are used. These include prefixes, suffixes, and postfixes.
Reflexive participles are formed on the basis of reflexive verbs, which, in turn, were obtained using a postfix -xia, following the end of the word. Example: “Anna Pavlovna greeted him with a bow, related to people of the lowest hierarchy in her salon"(“relating” – reflexive, was formed on the basis of the verb “relating” using a suffix of the active form -box- and endings genitive case -them).
Participle as a special form of verb
A participle is a special form of a verb, which denotes the attribute of an object by action and has the properties of not only a verb, but also an adjective.
Words called in grammarparticiples , denote thosesigns of an object , which are createdaction . In written speech, participles are used much more often than in spoken language.
Morphological characteristics participles - combining the properties of a verb and an adjective in one word.
Syntactic features Participles: In a sentence, participles are primarily modifiers.The smell of cut grass .
We can say that the Communion is the child of two parents - the Verb-father and the Adjective-mother. Communion, like any child, inherited many traits from its parents: from the father - a love of time travel, efficiency and efficiency, from the mother - constant variability in gender, numbers and cases. This is how teacher from Novosibirsk K. Timofeev writes about this “family”:
“Here is a King named Verb, he has present, past and future tenses, loves to answer questionswhat to do? what to do?, but he can also cry out in anger:"What are you doing?!" Still would! He is the head royal family. But the Queen, named Adjective, always looks in the mirror with a question“What am I?” But their children are sons and daughters, Princes and Princesses, in whom the features of their parents appear: now the ears of the father and the eyes of the mother, now the lips of the father and the nose of the mother... Likewise in Participles - the properties of the Verb and the Adjective appear, now brighter, now weaker , and the Communions themselves, like children of the same family, are not always similar in behavior and character..."
Signs of a verb in a participle
Participles are formed from verbs and inherit individual characteristics:
View – perfect and imperfect .
Participles retain the form of the verb from which they are formed:
believe - believer
(imperfect view) (imperfect view)
believe - believer
(perfective) (perfective)
Time – present and past.
(Formfuture tense at the communionNo! )
flying - flying
(present tense) (past tense)
Refundability – non-refundability
Participles, like verbs, can be reflexive or non-reflexive:
bathe - bather
(irreflexive verb) (irreflexive participle)
swim - bathing
(reflexive verb) (reflexive participle)
Transitivity – intransitivity
Participles are transitive and intransitive:
see a friend - seeing a friend
(transitive verb) (transitive participle)
walk along the road - walking along the road
(intransitive verb) (intransitive participle)
Test yourself! Do you know exactly what verbs are calledtransitional ? Areturnable ? What is the aspect of a verb? This is important to know when studying the sacrament.
Note!
Reflexive verbs are never transitive!
Signs of an adjective in a participle
A participle, like an adjective, denotes an attribute of an object and answers the question what? and changes:
childbirth plucked flower plucked branch plucked apple
Bynumbers dancing girl dancing girls
cases open window open window open window
open windows etc.
Like qualitative adjectives, some participles have two forms - full and short:
corrected – corrected read – read
Short participles do not change by case and are predicates in a sentence:The grass is mowed. The window is open
Family Tree of Communion
Repayment
Genus
Case
View
Question
Sign by action
Transitivity
Syntactic role
Number
Time
Declension of participles
Participles have the same case endings as adjectives:
Adjective
Participle
Masculine:
HowOuch ?
redth
goodth
readth
readingth
Feminine gender:
Howand I ?
redand I
goodand I
readand I
readingand I
Neuter gender:
Howoh ?
redoh
goodher
readoh
readingher
Plural:
Howno ?
reds
goodno
reads
readingno
Declension of participles with a solid base
Male and
neuter gender
Feminine
Plural
number
AND. (HowOuch ?)
readth
(Howoh ?)
readoh
R. (HowWow ?)
readWow
D. (Howwow ?)
readwow
IN. HowAND. orR. (m.r.),
HowAND. (s.r.)
T. (Howthem ?)
readth
P. (which one?)
about readohm
(Howand I ?)
readand I
(HowOuch ?)
readOuch
(HowOuch ?)
readOuch
(Howwow ?)
readwow
(HowOuch ?)
readOuch (- oh )
(oh howOuch ?)
about readOuch
(Howno ?)
reads
(Howtheir ?)
reads
(Howthem ?)
readth
HowAND. orR.
(Howthem ?)
readthem
(oh howtheir ?)
about reads
Declension of participles with a sibilant stem
Male and
neuter gender
Feminine
Plural
number
AND. (HowOuch ?)
readingth
occupyingth Xia
(Howoh ?)
readingher
occupyingher Xia
R. (HowWow ?)
readinghis
occupyinghis Xia
D. (Howwow ?)
readingto him
occupyingto him Xia
IN. HowAND . orR. (m.r.)
HowAND. (s.r.)
T. (Howthem ?)
readingthem
occupyingthem Xia
P . (oh howohm ?)
oh readingeat
o occupyingeat Xia
(Howand I ?)
readingand I
occupyingand I Xia
(HowOuch ?)
readingto her
occupyingto her Xia
(HowOuch ?)
readingto her
occupyingto her Xia
(Howwow ?)
readingwow
occupyingwow Xia
(HowOuch ?)
readingto her
occupyingto her Xia
(oh howOuch ?)
oh readingto her
o occupyingto her Xia
(Howno ?)
readingno
occupyingno Xia
(Howtheir ?)
readingtheir
occupyingtheir Xia
(Howthem ?)
readingthem
occupyingthem Xia
HowAND. orR.
(Howthem ?)
readingthem
occupyingthem Xia
(oh howtheir ?)
oh readingtheir
o occupyingtheir Xia
Vowels in the case endings of participles are determined in the same way as in the endings of adjectives - by question.
Sample:
Howthem ?
for driving them being a cyclone (T.);
oh how ohm ?
about driving eat Xia cyclone (P.).
A participle, like a verb, can have dependent words:
play the dombra, - playing the dombra, playing the dombra
A participle with dependent words is called a participial phrase : The water in the pond was covered with leaves, fallen from the trees.
The smell of white carnations, warmed by the sun, filled the room.
The participial phrase does not include the word it defines.
The participial phrase can be found asbefore the qualifying word , soafter him:
participial phrase defining word.
defined word, participial phrase.
If the participial phrase comes afterdefined word , then heis isolated , that isseparated by commas.
Life, eventful , threw Satpayev from one end to another.
If the participial phrase isbefore the qualifying word , it is usually commasdoesn't stand out .
Eventful life threw Satpayev from one region to another.
However, if the participial phrase is worthbefore the qualifying word , expressedpersonal pronoun , it is also separated by commas:Lulled by sweet hopes, He slept soundly. (Ch.) Struck by fear, I I'm going to get my mother. (P.)
It is necessary to distinguish from the participial phrase, consistent with the word being defined,participle , usedin the meaning of a noun and having dependent words. Such combinations are not separated by commas:Majority magazine subscribers already received it. Performers on stage were a great success.
Participles with dependent words are not separated if they make senserelate to the predicate and can also be used in the instrumental case:We hit the road well rested (set off well rested).
Two participial phrases , referring to the same defined word andunited by union And , separated by commasare not separated:
And suddenly he jumped up stunned by this news and blinded as if by an explosion of magnesium. (Boon.)
Active and passive participles
According to the meaning of participles there arevalid Andpassive .
Active participles denote a sign of an object that acts independently:victorious athlete - an athlete who has won myself .
Passive participles indicate a sign of an object that is exposed to external influence:defeated athlete - an athlete who has been defeated.
Transitive verbs form both active and passive participles, intransitive verbs form only active ones:
want willing (active participle)
(transitive verb)willing (active participle)
desired (passive participle)
desired (passive participle)
step walking (active participle)
(intransitive verb)walking (active participle)
Passive participles are not formed .
Formation of active participles
present and past tense
Active participlespresent time formed from the stem of the present tense verbI conjugations using suffixes-ush-, -yush-, AII conjugations – using suffixes –ash-, -box-;
Iconjugation:id – ut id- ushch -th
By - ut By- yushch -th
IIconjugation:silently at silently- asch -th
love yat love box -th
Active participlespast tense are formed from the stem of the past tense verb (or from the stem of the infinitive) with the help of suffixes -wsh, -sh-:
form -l seen-Vsh -th
she -l shed-w -th
Active participles only havefull form.
Note! Your literacy depends on it!
In active past participles before the suffix –vsh- the same vowel is retained as in the infinitive form of the verb:
hope I hope - hope I hope - hope I fallen,
stuck e th - frozen e l - frozen e gone
Formation of present passive participles
Passive participlespresent time are formed from the stem of the present tensetransitive verbs I conjugations using a suffix–eat- (-om-), II conjugations –using the suffix – im-:
Iconjugation: chita -ut –read-eat th
Ved -ut – Ved-ohm th
IIconjugation: kind-yat - view-them th
hear-at – hear-them th
Formation of passive past participles
Passive participlepast tense formed from a past tense stem or indefinite formtransitional verbs using suffixes–enn-, -nn-, -t-:
checked –il - check –enne – th
deals - al - done -NN – th
closed – yl - closed –T -y.
Passive participles are formed only from transitive verbs!
Note! Your literacy depends on it!
If the stem includes a suffix-And- , then when forming the passive past participle, it is omitted and the suffix is added -enn-:
Okle-And -t – okle –And -l - okle –enne -y.
Before the suffix–enn-(-yonn-) Consonant alternation often occurs:
nagrad it – nagrarailway yonny,
insteadT it - replaceh ennobled,
nalad it – nalaand ennobled,
heightst silt - vrasch ennobled,
useTo – useh en.
After sibilants in the suffix–enn- is writtene , although pronounced(O): decideyonn oh, burntyonn y.
Vowels in participles before –nn-
If the participle is formed from verbs ending in–at or–yat , then before the suffix-nn- letters are writtenA orI :
heardA t - hearA ny,
executionI t - executionI ny.
If the participle is formedfrom any other verbs , then before-nn- is writtene :
ShotAnd th - shote ny.
Short Passive Participles
Passive past participles havefull Andbrief form:
studied phenomenon - phenomenonstudied
Short passive participles change according tonumbers and in the singularchildbirth , Butdon't bow . In a sentence they perform the functionpredicate : Book lost . Exercise made. Doors closed .
In short passive past participles, one letter is writtenn : Read the novel n . Story story n A. Learn the poem n O.
Passive participles of the present tense can also have a short form, but in modern speech it is used extremely rarely:The error is fixable. Vysotsky was popularly loved.
Genus,
number
Present tense
Past tense
complete
brief
complete
brief
M.R.
Zh.r.
Wed.
Pl.
lovethem th
lovethem and I
lovethem oh
lovethem s
lovethem
lovethem A
lovethem O
lovethem s
readNN th
takingT th
readNN and I
takingT and I
readNN oh
takingT oh
readNN s
takingT s
readn
takingT
readn A
takingT A
readn O
takingT O
readn s
takingT s
Brief passive participle present tense is almost never used in modern language. However, in poetry we will find poetic lines with the following participles: “With spiritual thirstwe languish , in the miserable desert I languished...", "You were usloved and for honeystored " (A. Pushkin)
Spelling Not with participles
Not written with full participles
separately: together :
1.If the participle has 1.If the participle does not have
dependent words: dependent words:
lay on the table not read- lay on the table
by me book. unread book.
Lil never ending Lil incessant
minute rain. rain.
2.If the sentence has 2.If the participle is withoutNot Not
contrast with conjunction is used:
A :
It was not finished , A He noticed her
work just started. indignant sight.
3. With short participles 3.If there are adverbs of measure
the particle is not written separately: and degreesabsolutely, very,
Task Not solved. very, extremely, highly
Exercise Not prepared degree, quite:
Absolutely unprepared
answer,extremely unreasonable
statement.
Spelling -nn- and -n- in participles and
verbal adjectives
In full passive participles with suffixes–enn- (-yonn-) And –nn - two lettersn (nn) are written if:
The participle has a prefix (except for the prefixNot-):
Sun boiling NN oh water, By more beautiful NN y floor ,
(But:Not boiling n fresh water Not more beautiful n y floor )
The participle has dependent words:
wound NN th in leg fighter, more beautiful NN th emulsion ceiling.
Perfect participle:
floodplain NN th ball, check NN oh essay .
Participles are formed from verbs with suffixes–ova-, -eva-, -irova -:
MarinovaNN y cucumbers, asphaltedNN the road, illustratedNN y magazine.
If a word does not have the above characteristics, it isverbal adjective and is written with onen :
brew n ay fish, tople n oh milk, heat n th potatoes .
Remember the most common ones : wounded, boiled, boiled, dried, baked, fried, smoked, soaked, salted, baked, pickled, tangled, torn.
Active participle
Singular
Plural
number
Suffixes
Male
genus
Female
genus
Average
genus
Present tense
writing
reading
flashy
speaking
those who wrote
read
screaming
those who spoke
carrying
dried out
-ush-
-yush-
-asch-
-box-
-vsh-
-vsh-
-vsh-
-vsh-
-sh-
-sh-
writing
reading
screaming
speaking
writing
reading
screaming
speaking
writing
reading
flashy
speaking
Past tense
wrote
read
screaming
speaker
carrying
withered
wrote
read
screaming
who spoke
carrying
dried up
writing
read
screaming
speaking
carrying
dried out
Passive participle
Singular
Plural
number
Suffixes
Male
genus
Female
genus
Average
genus
Present tense
Readable
favorites
read
studied
taken
-eat-
-them-
-nn-
-enn-
(-yonn-)
-T-
readable
Darling
readable
darling
readable
favorite
Past tense
read
studied
taken
read
studied
taken
read
studied
taken
Control questions
What is a communion?
What verbal features does the participle have?
What signs of an adjective does a participle have?
What is the difference between active and passive participles?
What common and different properties do full and short participles have?
What rules do you need to know when writing vowels in participle suffixes?–ush- (-yush-) And–ashch- (-box-) ; in suffixes–eat-(-om-) and –im-?
When in passive participles before-nn- is writtenand I), and when-e ?
How many lettersn written in suffixes of full and short passive participles?
When it is written-n-, and when-nn- in suffixes of passive participles and verbal adjectives?
How do you spellNot with participles?
What is a participle phrase? When is a participial phrase set off with commas in writing?
In the category of non-passive participles, it is necessary first of all to highlight formations of -sya, reflexive forms of participles. Their sharp morphological difference from adjectives (i.e. finite -sya), their collateral meanings serve as an obstacle to their quality. Only complete grammatical isolation of such a participle from other forms of the same verb, its inclusion in the circle of purely qualitative meanings can entail the neutralization of its verbal properties (cf., for example, prominent, omitted, and especially forms of participles with the negation of non-, which gives the word a pronounced shade of potential quality: an unsuccessful story, an unsuccessful enterprise, a failed actor; cf. unexploded bomb; “Young, untended blood was boiling in him” (Sheller-Mikhailov, “Rotten Swamps”). Compare the role of the negation of not- in other types of participles: unwise ; cheerful man in the street; unvarnished nudity, etc.).
The use of participles na -sya in the passive meaning can only strengthen and emphasize their verbal character (especially the past tense forms of the imperfect form na -vyshy, -shiysya, since the corresponding passive forms with the suffixes -nn-, -t- are not common). Compare, for example, the building erected by the City Council. To judge the strength of the verbal beginning in participles in -sya, at least the following examples can serve:
Silent, greedy, boring wheeze,
The sad clang and knock of a knife,
And colliding blocks
Gnashing chewing.
(Pasternak, "Ice drift")
“A crouched old woman with a worn and faded face” (Herzen, “The Past and Thoughts”).
It is clear that the participles na-shy, -shysya are especially rarely amenable to qualitative transformation.
Participles without -sya also most clearly express and most strongly retain their verbality in forms with -shy. In these forms there is a noticeable relation to the past tense (cf. past). The past tense, as a strong verb tense, retains its meaning in verb formations mixed type. The attitude towards the past, with pronounced specific shades of meaning, reinforced by prefixes, eliminates the possibility of qualitative transformation32. For example: “The secretary of a feuilletonist, sweating up to his shirt, makes five hundred to one and a half lines” (Mayakovsky, “Newspaper Day”); “That night, as if on purpose, the empty barns that belonged to tax farmers caught fire” (Herzen, “The Past and Thoughts”); “Having finally kissed him on his face, which was red from the bent position and shining with tenderness, the girl released her hands and wanted to run back” (L. Tolstoy). Compare: “His round face was cold and wrinkled” (A.N. Tolstoy). Apparently, past participles on -shy, formed from infinitive stems on a vowel (read, wrote, fell asleep, etc.), as well as from single verbal stems on -d-, -t- (fallen, attacked, acquired, sat down, stole, ate from there and some others, but cf.: blossomed, brought, etc.), express verbal meanings more clearly than the past participles of -shi. In fact, most of the qualified past participles fall precisely on the forms with -shiy from the bases of the perfect form of intransitive verbs: crazy, fallen, dead, arch. deceased, passed, withered (withered face), expired (in the past year, for the past day), etc. Compare: “His mouth was slightly open, and water dripped from the drooping brim of his hat onto his wet shoulders” (Fedin, “Cities and Years”); “A guy, about 40 years old, with a purple, somewhat swollen and flabby face” (Dostoevsky, “Demons”).
Participles -shiy, formed from verb stems with a consonant (in the infinitive), are unproductive. They are attached to a strictly limited range of verb stems. They are increasingly losing their correlation with the forms of gerunds, since in colloquial speech, and under its influence in the styles of bookish language, gerunds in -shi become rarely used or are replaced by forms in -ya such as having brought, swept away, weaved, having come, taken away and etc. In a word, these participles are increasingly isolated from the system of other forms of the verb. This contributes to their rapprochement with adjectives, turning them into separate words with a qualitative meaning.
However, it is easy to notice that qualitative meanings develop only in those participles na -shiy, which are formed from the stems of intransitive verbs of the perfect form (flabby, withered, swollen, soggy, etc.). In participles, the category of time is closely related to the category of aspect and is to some extent subordinate to it. The meaning of participles is aspectual and temporal. The time of the participles na -shiy and -shiy depends not so much on the time of the main verb of the sentence, but on the time of the action-quality they denote. But the use of past participles from imperfective stems is syntactically limited. Imperfect past participles in modern language are more often used when a sentence contains a past tense verb form of any kind or a future perfect tense form in the meaning of the past tense, less often when there are forms of the present tense and simple future in the literal meaning, and very rarely when the form future tense imperfective. For example: “Another time, bile will rush to the heart and raise from the bottom the hatred that recently raged there” (Goncharov, “Ordinary History”).
Perfect past participles denote an active attribute as the result of a completed, completed action. The action-quality expressed by these participles bears a vivid imprint of the resultative meaning of the perfect form. As a result of this, perfect past participles can be freely combined with any tense of the verbal predicate (127).
It is clear that the more sharply the transitive meaning is expressed in the participle, the more sharply the specific shades of action appear in it, emphasized by prefixes and suffixes, the more verbosity predominates in it.
Verbal meanings make themselves felt very strongly in participles ending in -shy, even from verbs with an intransitive meaning and, moreover, not complicated by quantitative aspect prefixes and suffixes (like -well-). In participles with a transitional meaning, the presence of an object of action completely paralyzes the possibility of developing qualitative meanings.
It is clear that past participles do not have short forms. Past participles cannot reconcile with the category of time in its expression, which is characteristic of short forms of the adjective.
A completely different picture is presented by the participles in -ушьь (-йь) and -ашьь (-яжь), formed from the 3rd person plural of the present tense (but with the emphasis transferred to -ашьь (-яжь), according to the stress of the infinitive, except for the words loving , breathing and simple-regional serving; but compare also: powerful)33. In the absence of sharp quantitative and specific signs (for example, the suffixes -yva, -iva, especially in combination with such prefixes as under-, with-, by-: coughing, yawning, bargaining, etc.), participles in -schie are easy acquire qualitative shades of meaning. After all, they are, in essence, devoid of the form of time. It is usually said that participles in -schy express simultaneity with the action of the main verb or, in relatively rare cases, an extended meaning of the present tense (i.e., the meaning of an indefinitely lasting period of time). But this view follows only from the negative property of the form itself: the participles in -schy by themselves cannot indicate either the past or the future tense; they only designate a present procedural feature. In relation to the participles, their meaning seems to be the meaning of the present, i.e. non-past time.
Qualitative meanings develop especially widely and freely in formations with an intransitive meaning or when the transitional meaning is eliminated. For example: stupefying smell; defiant appearance; piercing wind; annoying tone; depressing, overwhelming impression; brilliant abilities; pleading eyes; threatening situation; searching look; repulsive appearance; caressing sounds; aspiring writer; charming smile; exciting (exciting events, exciting voice). Compare: “Pickets, patrols, posts and detachments joyfully carry out their brilliant, brilliant, shining duty” (K. Fedin, “Brothers”). Wed. from Turgenev in “The Diary of an Extra Man”: “I will forever remember this devouring attention, this gentle gaiety, this innocent self-forgetfulness, this look, still childish and already feminine, this happy, as if blossoming smile, which did not leave half-opened lips and flushed cheeks” .
Participles of this type, with a clearly expressed qualitative meaning, sometimes form short, non-articulate forms34.
The proximity of the participles na -schy to the adjective is also manifested in the increasing tendency of the book language to form complex participial words with the stem of the noun in the first part, like a commodity distribution network; antipyretics, painkillers; heartbreaking scream; grain trading organizations, etc. Wed. from Saltykov-Shchedrin: “the fattening nature of civilization.” This method of word formation is supported in the literary language by the influence of special, professional dialects. In purely verbal forms, composition in the Russian language can be a phenomenon of only secondary origin: it can either reflect the method of exact morphological tracing of a foreign, for example Greek, word (cf.: favor, reverence, etc.), or come from nominal stems (benevolent , lead, etc.), or arise as a result of turning a syntagma into one word (as you please).
Participle– a part of speech, which is a special form of a verb that denotes signs of action. Answers questions such as “which?”, “which?”, “which?”, “which?”.
As a verbal form, participles have the following grammatical features:
- Type: perfect and imperfect (for example: evening (what?) dozing(what to do? - take a nap); the cat jumped(what to do? - jump);
- Time: present and past (grandfather (what?) dozing, cat (what?) escaped);
- Refundability: returnable and non-refundable.
Morphological and syntactic features of participles
There are scientists who believe that the participle is an independent part of speech, because it has characteristics that are not characteristic of the verb. In particular, participles have some features of adjectives, such as
- object attribute designation
- and agreement with the noun (that is, the same gender, number and case).
Participles are active and passive, some have full and short forms. Short form Participles in a sentence play the role of the nominal part of the compound predicates. For example: Textbook revealed on page ten.
Participles can be inflected by case, number and gender, like adjectives. Even though participles have verbal characteristics, in a sentence they are definitions. For example: A lost book, a lost briefcase, a lost panel.
Participles have an initial form, but only participles that are formed from imperfective verbs have it. Active and passive participles are formed using suffixes.
Types of participles and their examples.
Passive participles.
Passive participles- these are those participles that denote a characteristic created in one object under the influence of another. Passive participles are formed only from transitive verbs. For example: A picture (what?) drawn or drawn by a student.
Formed from verb stems in the present and past tenses using suffixes:
- -om- (-em-) – for verbs of the first conjugation
- -im- – for verbs of II conjugation
- -nn-, -enn-, -t- – from the stems of verbs in the past tense
Examples: read, carried, lit, divided, heard, sown, broken, baked. trimmed, beaten, split
Active participles.
Active participle is a participle that denotes a characteristic produced by the subject/object itself. For example: Boy painting a picture.
Active participles are formed from verbs in the present and past tenses using suffixes
Use of verb forms
1. Verbs .
make a fuss, Wed I wake you up from wake up), “hold” (from dare, Wed I'm holding from hold), “pushing” (from pummel, Wed I push from grieve) and some others.
Verbs kill, murmur I will kill, I will murmur.
2. Verbs . Forms of these verbs I'll get well, oh, yat
3. Verb rest on was based) with suffix -And- is being built, is being built, is being built).
be ruffled ().
Verb lay the fog was creeping in lay, For example: .
Verb honor honor - honor; Wed from Gorky: . – .
4. rinse: rinses rinses
First forms:
On the river... women are sitting, rinse (L. Tolstoy). – In the bright blue of the sky rinse banners
Flock of seabirds sways on the waves(Goncharov). – sway, lull, caress...(Korolenko);
Horse waves tail(Saltykov-Shchedrin). – waves sleeve(Derzhavin).
Form splash - splashes ; form splash - splash .
Form move – moves moves furniture; form move – moves along with the same value ( diesel locomotive moves carriages . Wed. also verb forms (the second version is book); . – (both examples from Korolenko). The train is moving the train is moving
Form drip - drips ; book version: rain drops; form drip - drip roof caplet.
Form throw - throws throws a jacket, throws a seam. Form throw - throws ; Also: spawns etc.
clicks(instead of calls– from click), meows(from meow; literary form meows– from mew).
sprinkles, pinches(instead of sprinkles, pinches– from sprinkle, pinch).
5. Verbs milk, cut, water, hide -And : ...Drink me with alarm and swear words!(Block).
You-
Verbs that have before -it st R -ite : clean it, don’t spoil it.
Forms take it out and put it down) are colloquial.
go figure(instead of go), clip(instead of hug); Also go(instead of go).
Variants of species forms
1. Forms .
Use of the form organize(along with organize organize organized(cf.: attacked(form attacked
2. Options for form types -yva-, -iva- o–a O saved:
and etc.;
2) verbs that preserve the root O : slam - slam, preoccupy - preoccupy, discredit - discredit, delay - defer, time - time, legitimize - legitimize, authorize - authorize etc. This also includes verbs that have O refers to the suffix -ov- , since the formation of species is associated with the alternation of letters in the root, and not in the suffix, for example: to rob - to rob, to commemorate - to commemorate, to enchant - to enchant, to complete - to complete;
3) verbs that allow both forms (book form - with O , colloquial – with A ): to suspect - to suspect, to condition - to condition, to concentrate - to concentrate, to manure - to respect, to agree - to agree and some others;
4) verbs forming imperfective forms with suffixes -yva-, -iva- (colloquial form) and with suffixes -and I- (book form): prepare - prepare, litter - litter, accumulate - accumulate, empty - empty, encourage - encourage, prepare - prepare, replace - replace, try on - try on, adapt - adapt, catch a cold - catch a cold, cut - cut and etc.;
5) verbs forming the imperfect form with a suffix -I- (book form): to improve - to improve, to familiarize - to familiarize, to formalize - to formalize, to legitimize - to legitimize(Also legitimize, see above), speed up – speed up and etc.
Non-prefixive forms of the imperfect form are also possible, paired with prefixed formations of the perfect form, for example: disturb - disturb, disgrace - disgrace, discredit - defame etc. The use of these forms is more preferable than forms with the suffix -willow- (disgrace, defame).
3. Among verbs like (with suffix -izova- and suffix -isirova- ) three groups can be distinguished:
a) verbs with suffix -izova- :
demoralize, mobilize, neutralize, normalize, paralyze, implement, stylize, centralize, electrify;
b) verbs with suffix -isirova- :
agonize, activate, militarize, hospitalize, democratize, idealize, ironize, canonize, Latinize, monopolize, moralize, municipalize, polemicize, signal, symbolize, utilize, vernalize;
c) verbs having both options:
vulcanize - vulcanize
harmonize – harmonize
colonize – colonize
crystallize – crystallize
legalize - legalize
localize – localize
modernize - modernize
pasteurize – pasteurize
popularize – popularize
rationalize - rationalize
secularize – secularize
stabilize – stabilize
standardize – standardize
terrorize – terrorize and some others.
In book and written speech, the second option is more common.
4. A conversational tone is inherent in the second option in pairs:
disdain - disdain; For example: Grandfather... didn’t disdain to make money on the side when he drove a cab(Gladkov);
see – see; For example: ...Wild Master I am in it[in the room] haven't seen(Turgenev);
smoke - smoke(meaning “to emit soot”); For example: Looking at you, the flies die and the lamps begin to smoke(Chekhov);
climb – climb; For example: Climbed trees, destroyed bird nests(Saltykov-Shchedrin);
measure - measure; For example: Measure all the lines...(Bitter);
torment – torment; For example: Why are you torturing me like this?(Dostoevsky);
lift - raise; For example: The gypsies... raised them[horses] legs and tails, screaming, cursing...(Turgenev);
whistle - whistle; For example: The boy whistled shrilly...(Kuprin); in the meaning “to make a whistle through a mechanical device” only the verb is used whistle;
hear – hear; For example: - Have you heard, sir, about your misfortune? - asked the coachman(Garin-Mikhailovsky).
5. In some cases both forms are acceptable, for example: A bus runs on this line every five minutes. – A bus runs on this line every five minutes.. The difference between both options is as follows: walks has the meaning “there and back”, i.e. it indicates movement not in one direction, but coming means “only there”, i.e. indicates movement in one direction.
6. Names of land mechanical and air transport usually combined with the verb to go, for example: The bus goes along the new route; The train travels at a speed of 60 kilometers per hour; The tram goes to the park; The planes are coming(Also flying) in sequence. Word motorbike combines with verb drive, For example: The motorcycle was coming straight at us.
The names of means of transportation on water are combined as with a verb go, and with the verb swim, For example: Loaded barges go (float) down the river; A boat was walking (swimming) near the shore; Torpedo boats travel in a wake column; Ships are sailing on the sea.
7. In pairs went out - went out, got wet - got wet, dried - dried out etc. in modern language the first variants are more often used (without the suffix -Well- ). Forms male past tense of verbs with suffix -Well- are equal: lethargic - withered, rejected - rejected, resorted - resorted, terminated - terminated, refuted - refuted and etc.
Formation of participles.
Errors in forming participles often arise due to incorrect composition of the formative stem and due to the incorrect choice of suffix to form the participle form. In order to correctly select the formative suffix, it is worth paying special attention to the following cases:
- Passive past participles are formed using the following suffixes -n- (-nn-), -en- (-enn-), -t-: imperishable, finished, woven. In this case, errors often occur when using -nn- instead of -n- and vice versa. A slightly less common error occurs when replacing a suffix -n- on -T-:
the room was clean T o (incorrect) – the room was clean n o (corr.).
- Active past participles are formed using the suffix -vsh-, if the stem of the past tense infinitive ends with a vowel: jump - galloped.
If the stem of the infinitive ends in a consonant, then the suffix is used to form the participle –sh-: shake – shaking, grow – growing. The same rule applies if the stem of the infinitive ends in - to jerk, - to hit: freeze - frozen, hurt - hurt.
- It should be remembered that passive participles can only be formed from transitive verbs ( transitive verbs- these are verbs that control a noun in the accusative case and coexist without prepositions): wash the floors - washed floors, upholster a chair - upholstered chair.
If a noun and a verb cannot be combined without a preposition in the accusative case, then passive participle It is impossible to form such a verb. But there is an exception to this rule - there is transitive verbs, from which it is impossible to form a passive participle in the past tense:
get, force (do), return, lick, eclipse, catch, pass, fly around, remind, love, wish, wait, run, greet, conduct, conjugate, pass, push, decline, discern.
- Suffixes and prefixes that form the stem of the verb should not be discarded when forming the participle, as this can radically change the meaning of the word and sentence:
the remaining birds sat alone on the bare trees (incorrect) - the remaining birds sat alone on the trees Xia birds.
Theoretical information
Participial turnover cannot be used if the action expressed by a predicate verb, and the action expressed by the gerund refer to different persons (: Taking advantage calculator, calculation produced fast and easy).
The participial phrase cannot be used in an impersonal sentence ( It is NOT ACCEPTABLE to write or speak: Walking in the evening, me wasn't feeling well ).
If a sentence is expressed by a construction with a passive participle, the participial phrase cannot be used, since the performer of the action expressed by the predicate and the performer of the action expressed by the gerund do not coincide ( It is NOT ACCEPTABLE to write or speak: Having delivered necessary medications, emergency rescue aircraft will be inspected technicians).
When choosing the correct continuation of a sentence starting with an adverbial clause, you need to know that the action referred to in the clause is additive in relation to the main action referred to in the predicate:
Sittingon a branch, squirrel gnawed nuts.(Gnawed (k a k?) sitting on a branch.) Therefore, both the main and additional actions must be performed by the same person (there must be one performer - the subject, performing both actions).
When used in speech, the aspectual forms of participles and gerunds must be correlated with the meaning of the entire sentence.
Incorrect option: Politicians, just yesterday having forgotten (the participle having is used in the present tense, while the meaning of the participle phrase corresponds to an action that took place in the past).
Correct option: Politicians, just yesterday who had big influence, almost today forgotten (the participle had is used in the past tense).
Incorrect option: Experiencing device, we got unexpected results(the participle testing has an imperfect form.
Correct option: Having experienced device, we got unexpected results(having experienced the gerund, it has a perfect form).
Participle forms
1. From options wandered - wandered, acquired - acquired, dragged - dragged the first is used in book speech, the second in colloquial speech.
2. Unprefixed verbs with suffix -Well- type go out, get wet, dry up retain this suffix in participles, for example: deaf, sticky, wet, blind.
Prefixed verbs of this type tend to lose the suffix in the participle form, for example: frozen, deaf, stuck, sour, wet, blind. In some cases, forms with the suffix ( stuck, disappeared) or parallel forms: with and without suffix ( withered - withered, withered - withered, dried up - dried up, comprehended - comprehended, stuck - stuck, withered - withered and some others).
3. When using reflexive participles with a suffix -xia one should take into account the possibility of their two meanings coinciding - passive and reflexive, which can give rise to ambiguity, for example: the combination “animals going to the zoo” (instead of: animals sent to the zoo).
Forms of participles
1. From options having taken - having taken, having met - having met, having bought - having bought etc. first (with suffix -V ) is normative for a literary language, the second (with the suffix - lice ) is colloquial in nature. Forms on - lice preserved in proverbs and sayings, for example: Having given your word, be strong; When you take off your head, you don't cry through your hair.
2. Possible options frozen - frozen, locked - locked, wiped - wiped, stretched - spread, erased - erased(the second form in each pair is conversational in nature). But only bringing out(not “having brought it out”), sweeping(not “sweep it out”), having acquired(not “having found”), taking(not “driving”), making a mistake(not “mistaken”), passing(not “carried through”), etc.
In pairs sticking out - sticking out(cf. run with your tongue out), putting - putting(cf. hand on heart), gaping - gaping(cf. listen open mouth), fastened - fastened(cf. agree reluctantly), breaking - breaking(cf. rush headlong), having lowered - after(cf. work carelessly) etc. the second forms are outdated and are preserved only in stable phraseological expressions. Wed. also outdated shade in forms remembering, meeting, noticing, bored, discovering, turning, leaving, forgiving, falling out of love, setting apart, seeing, hearing and so on.
3. Stylistically colored (like ancient folk speech) are the adverbial forms in -uchi(-yuchi) : looking, warming, walking, driving, regretting, tenacious etc. In the meaning of adverbs, the forms are used playfully(cf. do it playfully), sneaking(cf. slink), happily(cf. live happily ever after), skillfully(cf. use skillfully) and some others.
Participial
A large number of errors are made in the use of participial phrases. Let's look at this with a specific example. Let's take a sentence:
The book lying on the table has been read.
Its disadvantage lies in the incorrect word order: the defined noun book ended up in the middle of the participial phrase. According to the rules, the defined noun must appear either before the entire phrase or after it. Wed: 1) The book lying on the table has been read; 2) The book lying on the table has been read.
Another example: " A student who writes an essay without a single mistake will receive a high mark." Is it possible to say that? Will the combinations created using this model be correct: “ an athlete who can run a hundred meters in ten seconds», « prisoner trying to escape"? No, because participles have only two forms of time - present and past, but they do not have future tense. Therefore, perfective verbs (write, be able to, try) do not form participles in -schy. In these cases, the participial phrase is replaced by a subordinate attributive clause: the student who will write; an athlete who can run; a prisoner who tries to escape.
Is it possible to say this: “ Anyone who wishes to speak at the meeting will have the floor"? No, because verbs in the conditional mood (with the particle would) do not form participles. In these cases, the participial phrase is also replaced by a subordinate attributive clause: Anyone who wishes...
« Fruits of the new harvest, shipped from the south, are already arriving in the industrial centers of the country" You may feel a little uneasy reading this sentence out loud. And indeed: isn’t it possible that the fruits “send themselves” to the north? The fact is that the suffix -sya in verb forms has not only a reflexive meaning (cf.: Students go on a camping trip), but also a passive meaning when the subject is influenced by someone (cf.: Replies to letters are sent by the secretary without delay) . To avoid possible ambiguity, in such cases we use, instead of the participle on -sya, the participle on -my (passive participle of the present tense), i.e., instead of the construction “Fruits sent...” we write: Fruits sent... Instead of “ A girl raised by her grandmother..." - A girl raised by her grandmother...
Using a participial phrase helps remove ambiguity in a sentence. For example: Students had an internship in one of the workshops of a plant that had recently been reorganized (was one of the workshops or the plant as a whole reorganized?).
The necessary clarity is brought by the participial phrase: 1) ... in one of the workshops of the plant, recently reorganized; 2) ...in one of the workshops of the plant, recently reorganized.
The stylistic feature of participles and participial phrases is that they give the statement a bookish character. A. S. Pushkin wrote: “We do not say: a carriage galloping across a bridge; servant sweeping the room; we say: which gallops, which sweeps...” The above reasoning of Pushkin, who noted the “expressive brevity of the participles,” has the following continuation: “The richer the language in expressions and phrases, the better for a skilled writer. Written language is enlivened every minute by expressions born in conversation, but must not renounce what he has acquired over the centuries.”
Participial turnover
Everyone knows the textbook phrase from A.P. Chekhov’s story: “ Approaching this station, my hat fell off".
Its meaning is clear, but the sentence is constructed unsuccessfully: the rule for using participial phrases is violated.
The adverbial phrase usually moves freely within the sentence: it can appear at the beginning, in the middle and at the end.
For example: 1) Upon entering the classroom, the teacher greeted the students; 2) The teacher, entering the class, greeted the students; 3) The teacher greeted the students upon entering the class. As the examples show, the action expressed by the gerund (entering) refers to the subject.
This provision is not observed in the epigraph: it talks about two active objects in the grammatical meaning of the word - about the passenger (he drove up to the station) and about the hat (it flew off), and the action of the passenger does not relate to the subject. It is easy to verify the incorrect construction of this sentence if you rearrange the adverbial phrase: “As the passenger approached the station, his hat flew off.”
Compare in a student essay: “ Living and moving in an aristocratic society, Onegin developed the habits and views inherent in this society”(it turned out that in an aristocratic society “habits and views lived and circulated”).
It is possible to use the adverbial phrase in an impersonal sentence in the infinitive form of the verb, for example: When crossing the street, you need to carefully monitor traffic. In such sentences there is neither a grammatical nor a logical subject (i.e., the subject of speech expressed in an impersonal sentence by the indirect case of a noun). But a sentence like: “ Approaching the forest, I felt cold": it does not contain an infinitive to which an adverbial phrase could refer.
The adverbial phrase, like the participle, is usually used in book speech. Its undoubted advantage is brevity and laconism. Let's compare two sentences: After I completed homework, I'll go for a walk. - After finishing my homework, I went for a walk. It is easy to notice that the second sentence, more compressed in its vocabulary, sounds more energetic than the first.
Participles and participial phrases They have great expressiveness, due to which they are widely used in the language of fiction. For example: The fogs, swirling and twisting, crawled there along the wrinkles of the neighboring rocks(M. Yu. Lermontov); From time to time, light ripples ran along the river from the wind, sparkling in the sun(V. G. Korolenko).
Use of verb forms
Formation of some personal forms
1. Verbs win, convince, find yourself, feel, wonder and some others, belonging to the so-called insufficient verbs (i.e. verbs limited in the formation or use of personal forms), do not form the 1st person singular form of the present-future tense. If it is necessary to use these verbs in the indicated form, a descriptive construction is used, for example: I will be able to win, I want (strive) to convince, I can find myself, I will try to feel, I will not be weird.
Due to phonetic coincidence with forms from other verbs, such forms as “buzhu” (from make a fuss, Wed I wake you up from wake up), “hold” (from dare, Wed I'm holding from hold), “pushing” (from pummel, Wed I push from grieve) and some others.
Verbs kill, murmur form into lth person singular form I will kill, I will murmur.
2. Verbs recover, get sick of, get sick of form personal forms according to the first conjugation: I’ll get well, -eat, -eat; I’m tired of, -eat, -eat; I'm disgusted, -eat, -eat. Forms of these verbs I'll get well, oh, yat etc. (according to conjugation II) are colloquial in nature.
3. Verb rest on forms the indefinite form and the past tense ( was based) with suffix -And- (according to II conjugation); present tense forms and participles are formed according to the first conjugation ( is being built, is being built, is being built).
The same ratio of verb forms be ruffled (swayed; unsteady - unsteady, unshakable, unshakable).
Verb lay used only in the infinitive and in the past tense ( the fog was creeping in); personal forms are formed by I conjugation from an equal verb lay, For example: the fog spreads, the meadows spread over a vast expanse.
Verb honor in the 3rd person plural has equal forms honor - honor; Wed from Gorky: Both of them love her memory. – They are honored and obeyed by thousands like him.
4. Some verbs form double forms of the present tense, for example the verb rinse: rinses(without alternating the final consonants of the infinitive stem and the present tense stem) and rinses(with alternating consonants in the named forms).
First forms: rinses, splashes, drips, cackles, sways, purrs, waves, prowls etc. – are characteristic of a conversational style. Second forms: rinses, splashes, drips, cackles, sways, purrs, waves, prowls etc. – are inherent in the literary language. Wed. V fiction:
On the river... women are sitting, rinse (L. Tolstoy). – In the bright blue of the sky rinse banners(Pavlenko) (the use of the word in a figurative meaning in the second case does not affect its literary form);
Flock of seabirds sways on the waves(Goncharov). – Romantic ghosts of the past surround me, take possession of my soul, sway, lull, caress...(Korolenko);
Horse waves tail(Saltykov-Shchedrin). – There goes a gray-haired sorceress, shaggy waves sleeve(Derzhavin).
Along with the stylistic one, there is a semantic distinction between parallel forms.
Form splash - splashes means “to sprinkle, to sprinkle”: splashes water, splashes laundry; form splash - splash means “to scatter in drops, scatter drops, sprinkle with splashes”: dirt splashes, sparks splash, saliva splashes.
Form move – moves means “to move, push or drag something”: moves furniture; form move – moves along with the same value ( diesel locomotive moves carriages) has a figurative meaning “to encourage, to lead”: he is driven by a feeling of compassion. Wed. also verb forms move: things don’t move – time moves forward(the second version is book); Tired horses move with difficulty. – Familiar figures move, ordinary episodes, everyday scenes(both examples from Korolenko). The train is moving means “comes into motion”; the train is moving means “in motion.”
Form drip - drips has the meaning “to fall in drops, pour drop by drop”: sweat drips from the forehead, the nurse drops medicine into a glass; book version: rain drops; form drip - drip means “to leak, let liquid through”: roof caplet.
Form throw - throws has the meaning of “to sew, to sew with stitches, to sheathe a loop”: throws a jacket, throws a seam. Form throw - throws means “throw, scatter, scatter”: thunder and lightning, angry glances; Also: spawns; in the same meaning of “throw” in sports usage the form is used throws: throws hammer, discus, spear etc.
In common speech and in dialects there are forms clicks(instead of calls– from click), meows(from meow; literary form meows– from mew).
Forms are colloquial sprinkles, pinches(instead of sprinkles, pinches– from sprinkle, pinch).
5. Verbs milk, cut, water, hide in literary language form the imperative mood in -And : ...Drink me with alarm and swear words!(Block).
Some verbs with a prefix You- form equal forms of the imperative mood: stick it out - stick it out, put it out - put it out, straighten it out - straighten it out, rash it out - rash it out; the second options in each pair are bookish in nature.
Verbs that have before -it there is a combination of the infinitive st or a combination of two consonant sounds, the first of which is a smooth consonant R , also form equal forms: clean - clean, don't spoil - don't spoil, don't writhe - don't writhe, don't wrinkle - don't wrinkle. However, in plural only forms are used -ite : clean it, don’t spoil it.
Forms notify - notify, enjoy - enjoy, cork - cork, uncork - uncork are also equal. However, the forms take a look, take a look, don't steal, put it down(in phraseological combination take it out and put it down) are colloquial.
The forms have a colloquial character go figure(instead of go), clip(instead of hug); Also go(instead of go).
Variants of species forms
1. Forms to lead, to confess, to preach etc. are obsolete. Wed. modern to lead, to profess, to preach.
Use of the form organize(along with organize in the meaning of the imperfect form) is justified by the fact that in the past tense the verb organize only the perfect form has meaning (cf.: he organized a tourist song festival), therefore, to express the meaning of the imperfect form in the past tense, the form is necessary organized(cf.: Every year he organized tourist song festivals). For the same reason, the form is legitimate attacked(form attacked has the meaning of the perfect form).
2. Options for form types condition – condition associated with the peculiarities of the formation of the imperfective form through suffixes -yva-, -iva- : in some cases there is an alternation of vowels o–a in the root, and in others the root vowel O saved:
1) verbs requiring the indicated alternation: to procure - to procure, to swamp - to swamp, to freeze - to freeze, to build up - to build up, to touch - to touch, to process - to process, to ennoble - to ennoble, to master - to master, to challenge - to challenge, to honor - to honor, to assimilate - to assimilate and etc.;
