The basic principle of the use of works protected by copyright is that it should be carried out only with the permission of the owner of exclusive rights. This principle is enshrined in Article 1229 of the Civil Code, common to all "intellectual property".
However, in the field of copyright, there are a number of situations where the permission of the copyright holder can still not be asked. Today we will talk about just such situations, which are called "free use". Unlike "collective management", which we discussed in one of the previous columns, "free use" does not come with any payments.Personal needs
The first major type of "free use" is personal use, the right to which is enshrined in Article 1273 of the Civil Code:
Article 1273. Free reproduction of a work for personal purposes
1) reproduction of works of architecture in the form of buildings and similar structures;
2) reproduction of databases or their essential parts;
3) reproduction of computer programs, except for the cases provided for by Article 1280 of this Code;
4) reproduction (paragraph 2 of Article 1275 ()) of books (in full) and musical texts;
5) video recordings of an audiovisual work during its public performance in a place open to the public, or in a place where there is a significant number of persons who do not belong to the usual family circle;
6) reproduction of an audiovisual work using professional equipment not intended for home use.
Let me remind you that by "reproduction" the law () does not mean listening to or viewing a work, but creating a copy of it. I would like to draw attention to the fact that "by default" it is allowed to copy for personal purposes almost all types of works, with the exception of computer programs and databases. As conceived by the authors of the old law "On copyright ..." permission to copy them would lead to unjustified damage to copyright holders: it can be done too easily.
Time passed, with the spread of digital technology and the Internet, it became just as easy to copy the rest of the "intellectual property", but the old restrictions migrated from the law to the Civil Code. However, at the same time, Article 1245 of the Civil Code provides for a mechanism for compensating for lost profits by copyright holders:
Article 1245. Remuneration for the free reproduction of phonograms and audiovisual works for personal purposes
1. Authors, performers, producers of phonograms and audiovisual works shall have the right to remuneration for the free reproduction of phonograms and audiovisual works exclusively for personal purposes. Such remuneration is of a compensatory nature and is paid to right holders at the expense of funds that are payable by manufacturers and importers of equipment and material media used for such reproduction.
In fact, we all pay for personal reproduction (or, as it is also called, "home copying") by buying a "blank" or other recording medium: royalties to the copyright holders are already included in the price of this medium.
As for the other restrictions established in Article 1273 (), then we can dwell in more detail on the "reproduction" of books and music, which most often means photocopying or scanning with subsequent printing. If books are forbidden to be reproduced in full, then musical texts - in any volume. This is also a "relic", preserved in the legislation "from the old days", one of its tasks is to protect the interests of music publishers, who, in fact, were the first "fighters against piracy".
It is also important to remember that the definition of "reproduction" from Article 1275 of the Civil Code includes only the production of a "paper copy", electronic documents it does not include:
Reproduction (reprographic reproduction) is a facsimile reproduction of a work by any technical means, carried out not for the purpose of publication. Reproduction does not include the reproduction of a work or the storage of its copies in electronic (including digital), optical or other machine-readable form, except for cases when temporary copies are created using technical means intended for reproduction.
That is, even after scanning the entire book for yourself, you will not violate copyright until you print it out, also completely. Even a printout of the recognized text is not a reproduction, since the reproduction must be "facsimile", that is, photographically repeating the original work.
One of the innovations in the provisions of the law on "home copying" is s. 5 paragraph 1 of Article 1273, which prohibits for private purposes the video recording of "an audiovisual work in its public performance". We are talking here about the production of so-called "screen copies" of films, or "screens". Most often they are intended for "pirate" distribution, however, the law prohibits making them for yourself.
Scientific and cultural purposes
The next one is titled "Free Use of the Work for Informational, Scientific, Educational or Cultural Purposes". It describes situations when works can be used not only for oneself, but also when creating other works, compiling, and also in other ways.
At the top of the list of permissions, it's about quoting:
1) citation in the original and in translation for scientific, polemical, critical or informational purposes of lawfully published works to the extent justified by the purpose of quoting, including the reproduction of excerpts from newspaper and magazine articles in the form of press reviews;
It would seem that everything should be clear, but, nevertheless, several common misconceptions are associated with quoting.
The first is about its length: there is an opinion that one can quote "only up to thirty percent of the work" ("only N percent", "up to one third", etc.). This is not true: the law speaks of "a volume justified by the purpose", for small works it can be the entire text, the law does not prohibit quoting in full. The opinion about the rigidly established volume of citation originates from foreign law enforcement practice, as well as the Civil Code of 1964, in which this volume was limited to one author's sheet. There are no such restrictions in current legislation.
The second is the opinion that quoting is the inclusion of an excerpt from someone else's work into one's own, and the quoted passage should not occupy a significant part of the entire text. The law does not require this either, on the contrary: “press reviews” are allowed, which may consist of fragments of other materials for the most part or in whole.
And finally, it is widely believed that only texts can be quoted. This is also not the case: the law does not establish any restrictions on the type of the quoted work, that is, it can be an image or a video fragment. Quoting exclusively textual information is another archaism that arose in the "pre-computer" period, when it was simply impossible to quote anything else.
The following grounds for "free use" are so-called "learning purposes":
"2) the use of lawfully published works and excerpts from them as illustrations in publications, radio and television programs, audio and video recordings of an educational nature to the extent justified by the goal set;"
This passage deals with textbooks and other educational materials. It should be noted that collections of excerpts from different works (readers) do not fall under this permission: the concept of "illustration" implies that this is an excerpt from a work that serves as an example to reinforce any provisions. An illustration must be included in another work, so the law does not allow compiling a collection of "illustrations".
The following two subparagraphs of the article are related to the work of the media:
3) reproduction in the press, broadcasting or by cable of legally published articles in newspapers or magazines on current economic, political, social and religious issues or broadcast works of the same nature in cases where such reproduction or communication was not specifically prohibited by the author or other copyright holder;
4) reproduction in the press, broadcasting or by cable of publicly delivered political speeches, appeals, reports and other similar works to the extent justified by the informational purpose. At the same time, the authors of such works retain the right to publish them in collections;
Subparagraphs 3 and 4 allow the media to reprint other people's articles and speeches related to politics. True, the publication in which such articles are published may prohibit their reprint or require prior permission. As for political materials, they can be used in much the same way as quotations: in an amount "justified by the goal."
The fifth subparagraph is formulated rather unsuccessfully, so you have to decipher what it means:
5) reproduction or communication to the public in reviews of current events by means of photography, cinematography, by broadcasting or by cable of works that are seen or heard during such events, to the extent justified by the informational purpose;
It allows to include in photo or video materials images of those works that fell into the frame during photography or video filming. It is not required to obtain the consent of the copyright holder or pay him. True, this applies only to "reviews of current events", for showing, for example, in a film, you will have to ask permission (or agree on "product placement").
The sixth subparagraph allows the reprinting of works in the so-called "Braille", intended for reading by the blind. It should not make any profit.
The second paragraph of the article allows libraries to provide copies of a work for temporary use, and this should be done free of charge. Libraries are also prohibited from lending out copies of works in digital form: readers can work with them only on the premises of the library and only if there is no way to copy them.
The third paragraph of the article is an innovation that was not previously in the legislation. It allows, without the consent of the copyright holder, to use works to create parodies or caricatures, and this applies not only to processing, but also to the use of the work itself.
The following article 1275 speaks of the reproduction of a work, on the definition of which we have already dwelled:
1. It is allowed without the consent of the author or other right holder and without payment of remuneration, but with the obligatory indication of the name of the author whose work is used, and the source of borrowing, reproduction (subparagraph 4 of paragraph 1 of Article 1273) in a single copy without making a profit:
1) a lawfully published work - by libraries and archives to restore, replace lost or damaged copies of the work and to provide copies of the work to other libraries that have lost them for any reason from their funds;
2) individual articles and short works lawfully published in collections, newspapers and other periodicals, short excerpts from lawfully published written works (with or without illustrations) - by libraries and archives at the request of citizens for use in educational or scientific purposes, and educational institutions for classroom activities.
Unfortunately, many libraries interpret this prohibition in a broader sense and prohibit readers from making copies of books in the reading rooms with their own cameras. The justifications for this are invented very different, up to the fact that "the outbreak will interfere with others." True, if the illumination is sufficient for reading, then in most cases you can shoot without a flash, but for some reason the bans do not take this into account. References to "the fourth part of the Civil Code, which banned copying" are also often used, and, of course, the interpretation of this fourth part has little in common with reality.
The main purpose of such prohibitions is to force the reader to use the library copier, of course, not free. From the point of view of the law "On the Protection of Consumer Rights" such actions are a typical "imposed service". The visitor may well make a copy for himself, as mentioned above, such a right is granted to him by article 1273 of the Civil Code.
It is called "Free use of a work permanently located in a place open to the public":
It is allowed, without the consent of the author or other right holder and without payment of remuneration, to reproduce, broadcast or cable a photographic work, a work of architecture or a work of fine art that is permanently located in a place open to free access, except in cases where the image of a work in this way is the main object of this reproduction, transmission over the air or by cable, or when the image of the work is used for commercial purposes.
It is very similar to subparagraph 5 of the first paragraph of Article 1273, which allows the display of works in photographs and video recordings that accidentally fell into the frame. Only in this article we are talking about works of architecture or fine art, that is, we are talking about buildings that are available to any look, and paintings, as well as other works of art that are in places with free access. In the same way, the image of the work should not dominate the frame, it can be shown "in the background". Similar norms of foreign legislation are called "freedom of the panorama".
Allows you to freely perform musical works during various ceremonies. Exemption from payment received official and religious ceremonies, as well as funerals. As a rule, discrepancies arise when determining which ceremony can be classified as "official": the law does not contain an exhaustive list of them. As a rule, they include ceremonies arranged by the authorities state power and associated with any public holidays. The marriage ceremony can also be referred to as "official".
Article 1278 provides for exemption from payments for the creation of copies of works in proceedings on cases of administrative offenses, as well as during preliminary investigation, inquiry and the implementation of legal proceedings. At the same time, the usual limitation on the scope of use in such cases is established: it must be “justified for this purpose”.
Authorizes broadcasting organizations to record those works for which it has the right to broadcast. This recording is temporary and must be destroyed within six months from the date of manufacture.
Programs and databases
And finally latest article, describing "free use" - 1280. It says about computer programs and databases:
1. A person who lawfully owns a copy of a computer program or a copy of a database (user) has the right, without the permission of the author or other right holder and without paying additional remuneration:
1) make changes to the computer program or database solely for the purpose of their functioning on technical means user and perform the actions necessary for the functioning of such a program or database in accordance with their purpose, including recording and storing in the memory of a computer (one computer or one network user), as well as correcting obvious errors, unless otherwise provided by an agreement with the copyright holder;
In this paragraph, we are talking about the so-called "adaptation" of a computer program, which is allowed to be made for its correct operation. An agreement with the copyright holder can prohibit the correction of errors, however, all other actions can be performed without hindrance, since they are actually related to the use of the program for its intended purpose.
In addition, the owner of the copy has the right to make a so-called "archive copy":
2) make a copy of the computer program or database, provided that this copy is intended only for archival purposes or to replace a legally acquired copy in cases where such a copy is lost, destroyed or becomes unusable. At the same time, a copy of a computer program or database cannot be used for purposes other than those specified in subparagraph 1 of this paragraph, and must be destroyed if possession of a copy of such a program or database ceases to be lawful.
As we can see, the archive copy serves as a replacement for the original purchased copy of the program, it must be used for the same purposes as the original, and if the user has lost the right to use the program, this copy must be destroyed. Of course, if the program is transferred to another user, you can transfer an archived copy along with it.
Another group of powers of the owner of the program is the right to study its work, as well as decompile if necessary:
2. A person who lawfully owns a copy of a computer program has the right, without the consent of the right holder and without paying additional remuneration, to study, investigate or test the functioning of such a program in order to determine the ideas and principles underlying any element of the computer program, by carrying out the actions provided for in subparagraph 1 paragraph 1 of this article.
3. A person lawfully in possession of a copy of a computer program has the right, without the consent of the right holder and without paying additional remuneration, to reproduce and convert the object code into source text (decompile the computer program) or instruct other persons to carry out these actions if they are necessary to achieve interoperability a computer program independently developed by that person with other programs that can interact with the decompiled program, subject to the following conditions:
1) the information necessary to achieve interoperability was not previously available to this person from other sources;
2) these actions are carried out in relation to only those parts of the decompiled computer program that are necessary to achieve interoperability;
3) the information obtained as a result of decompilation can only be used to achieve the ability of an independently developed computer program to interact with other programs, cannot be transferred to other persons, except when it is necessary to achieve the ability to interact an independently developed computer program with other programs, and also cannot be used to develop a computer program that is essentially similar in appearance to a decompiled computer program, or to perform another action that violates the exclusive right to a computer program.
The right to study the functioning of the program is an innovation of the Civil Code, earlier in the domestic legislation it was not separately distinguished, in contrast to the right to disassemble. However, in fact, it was recognized even before that. The right to disassemble existed before, however, due to the complexity of modern programs, few people used it.
Section 1280 also prohibits "undue damage" to the use of a computer program as a result of the application of the remaining provisions of the section. In fact, this is a ban on the abuse of "free use". It is similar to the general prohibition contained in Article 1229 of the Civil Code (clause 5, paragraph 2).
Thus, the law provides for big number situations where copyrighted works can be used completely free of charge and without the permission of the copyright holder. Of course, the so-called "personal non-property rights" of the author, which include the right to a name, protection of the work from distortion, and others, must be respected. These rights are protected indefinitely.
Hello, Please tell me if the following wording is acceptable: "I understand, acknowledge and agree with the following." The question is (not) the obligation to coordinate the addendum with homogeneous predicates requiring different controls. I would be grateful for a prompt response, as the situation requires urgent resolution. Thank you.
This usage is incorrect, the sentence should be restructured, for example: I understand, acknowledge and agree to the following.
| Question No. 299143 | ||
The answer of the reference service of the Russian language
Need a comma before And.
| Question #298899 | ||
Good day. Today I came across a phrase in the newspaper: "According to legend, Ivan Ivanov himself came up with a way out." Is the use of the phrase "think of a way out" speech error?
The answer of the reference service of the Russian language
This is not an error, but better: found a way out. come up with a way out- perhaps in the meaning of "to come up with a way to resolve a difficult situation."
| Question #298648 | ||
Is a dash necessary and is the construction of the phrase itself correct? Is it possible to use "please" and "at the request" in the same sentence? I ask for your permission to film the interview at the hotel, at the request of the Head of the Academy (-) Alexei Zhdanov.
The answer of the reference service of the Russian language
In this case, it is not clear whose request it is.
| Question #295815 | ||
How to form an adjective from a noun in "-eni" (eg "permission", "highlight", etc.)? For example, I want to form an adjective from the phrase "low resolution" (images on a computer). How can I do it? "Low-Resolved"? "Low-Resolution"?
The answer of the reference service of the Russian language
It is impossible to form such an adjective. It is customary to say: low resolution image or low resolution image.
| Question #295139 | ||
Hello! Can you please tell me if the punctuation marks are correct? The Department has reviewed the documents submitted for the issuance of a building permit, and, guided by paragraph 4 of the Regulation, reports a refusal to issue ... (meaning that the department refuses in accordance with paragraph 4 of the Regulation)
The answer of the reference service of the Russian language
Punctuation marks are placed correctly.
| Question #294959 | ||
Good afternoon Can you tell me if a comma is needed before the word "direct"? In accordance with the “Regulations for the Formation, Approval and Approval of the Comprehensive Schedules for Diagnostic and Repair Works at the Facilities of Murzilka LLC and Obtaining a Permit for Work at the Gas Transportation and Underground Storage Facilities” -------- we are sending you for consideration and approval of the draft Comprehensive schedule of diagnostic and repair work for 2018, formed in information system assessment of the technical condition of technological facilities of Murzilka LLC (ISTS Info).
The answer of the reference service of the Russian language
A comma can be included, but it is not required. Both punctuation options will be correct.
| Question #293475 | ||
Good afternoon I am writing to you for the second time, the question requires an early resolution, help, pzht. The Day of the Republic of Chuvashia is approaching, and many different materials appear in the press in connection with this. How to properly format the name of the holiday, if the truncated form "R (R) Republic Day" is used, - write the word "republic" with an uppercase or lowercase letter? Sincerely, Elena
The answer of the reference service of the Russian language
I'm sorry to be late with the reply. Correct spelling republic day, because the second word in this case replaces the full official name Chuvash Republic.
| Question No. 291428 | ||
To resolve the dispute with the manager, I ask for a link to the rule, according to which it is written: Cultural and educational activities, including the organization of excursions on the territory of the Moscow State Museum of Natural Resources, are not included in the above list.
The answer of the reference service of the Russian language
D. E. Rosenthal recommended in such constructions to coordinate the predicate with the subject, and not with the clarifying (explaining) members of the sentence: Cultural and educational activities, including the organization of excursions on the territory of MGOMZ, are not included in the above list (see, for example: Rosenthal D. E., Dzhandzhakova E. V., Kabanova N. P. Handbook of the Russian language: spelling, pronunciation, literary editing. 7th ed. M., 2010. §185, p . 4) .
Yu. A. Belchikov (see his reference book"Practical stylistics of the modern Russian language" (M., 2012))somewhat softens the recommendations, allowing agreement with clarifying (explanatory) components. However, this assumption does not apply to the official style in which the sentence cited in the question is written.
| Question #290888 | ||
Good afternoon Please tell me how to write correctly: ask permission / permission. Based on what rule? Thanks in advance, Olga.
The answer of the reference service of the Russian language
In such combinations with abstract nouns, the genitive case is used. Right: ask permission. Wed variant with a specific noun: ask for a cup.
| Question #290365 | ||
Employees of Soyuz LLC, as part of their job assignment, compiled a reference book “Medical institutions of the city”. This handbook was published in large numbers and distributed throughout the mountains. Novosibirsk. Some time later, representatives of Soyuz LLC found in the places where their directory was distributed, another directory published by Moment LLC. The content of the new directory was identical to the content of the directory "Medical institutions of the city". Soyuz LLC filed a lawsuit to oblige Moment LLC to stop violating the exclusive right to the work - the City Medical Institutions Directory, to withdraw all distributed copies of the City Medicine directory from civil circulation. LLC “Moment” disagreed with the claim, motivating its objections by the fact that the plaintiff's reference book is not the result of creative activity and, accordingly, cannot be recognized as an object of intellectual property; both directories contain publicly available information on the names of medical institutions, types of medical care, phone numbers and addresses. What legally significant circumstances must be established for the correct resolution of the case? Resolve the dispute on the merits.
The answer of the reference service of the Russian language
"Russian Language Reference Service" does not provide legal advice. You've come to the wrong address.
| Question #289546 | ||
Good afternoon, I ask a question not for the first time, but, unfortunately, I did not receive an answer. The answer is very necessary for the correct writing of the letter and the resolution of the dispute with colleagues. Please answer in which case and why the word "re-registration" should be indicated in the following sentence: "Re-registration of contracts using the new name of the organization is not required." Thank you.
The answer of the reference service of the Russian language
If the object with a negative transitive verb is expressed by an abstract noun, it is usually used in the form genitive: Re-registration of contracts using the new name of the organization is not required.
| Question #287460 | ||
how to write "with whose permission?"
The answer of the reference service of the Russian language
Right: with whose permission?
| Question #286876 | ||
Hello. Rate the snippet term paper, giving detailed answers to the following questions: - are there any deviations from the chosen topic; - whether all the necessary components of the logical scheme of a scientific work are contained in the fragment (goal, tasks, etc.); - is the presentation logical, are there any violations of the paragraph division of the text; - whether the chosen ones are stylistically correct language tools; - whether the norms of the literary language are observed (spelling, grammatical, lexical); - are there any violations of the etiquette requirements for scientific speech. Main Problems and Trends in the Formation and Distribution of Income of Young Students Introduction The human resource is the most important in the economic system; accordingly, the economic system must ensure a decent standard of living for a person. Naturally, one of the indicators of the quality of life is income. And if the incomes of pensioners and older age groups of the population are the subject of everyday, economic and ideologically politicized disputes, in which parties are created to defend the interests, then the problem of incomes of an equally important group - young students has not yet received sufficient attention. Of course, there are many possible sources of income for young and energetic students. However, often such incomes turn out to be quite low, often their amount is insufficient to meet even the most necessary conditions for the existence of people. It is low incomes that are the reason for the increase in crime among young people and the reduction in the number of young families with children. Thus, the incomes of young people and the sources of their formation deserve close attention, and all the problems associated with them need to be resolved as soon as possible. That is why this topic is relevant at any time, in any country, in any economic system, and especially in a transitional economy. Russian Federation. I would like to set the following tasks: 1. Consideration of the main problems and trends in the formation and distribution of incomes of student youth in the Russian Federation. 2. To study similar problems and trends of students of the Murmansk State Technical University (MSTU), compare them with the all-Russian ones. 3. Summarize and develop appropriate recommendations. In this work, I used the methods of statistical and factor analysis and questionnaires. we can hypothetically put forward the following assumption: The income of students will be in the range from 1000 to 3000 rubles. This income consists of the following sources, such as: - help from parents; -scholarship; - temporary income. This income is spent mainly on entertainment. However, in the future, students want to earn about 700 ru. The receipt of this income is associated with work in the field of business and entrepreneurship.
The answer of the reference service of the Russian language
We don't do homework.
| Question #285700 | ||
Good afternoon. The question is: can passive and active participles act as homogeneous members offers? For example, "an organization chosen by the shareholders and having the appropriate permissions".
The answer of the reference service of the Russian language
We live in a primitive economy that does not require high quality human capital. This contradiction was already in the USSR, where universities produced a large number of highly educated people. But only a small part of them were involved in scientific development and involved in the emergence of some kind of breakthrough technologies.
And in post-Soviet Russia, this situation has become quite egregious. And not only is there a mass of smart people walking around, with good education who have nowhere to go. Other newly minted economists, financiers, lawyers simply cannot be hired. Because, in addition to "educational overproduction", we are often faced with low-quality production. Suffice it to mention the astronomical number of diplomas issued after correspondence courses.
It is not surprising that many are wondering: is higher education really that good in principle?
But, firstly, we must remember that over the past 150 years, Russia has regularly supplied the world with high-quality human capital here educated. And, perhaps, one should not be limited solely by the needs of one's country and one's economy.
And secondly, universities, universities, generally speaking, produce three products: human capital; a set of professions by which a nation, a country and, as it turns out, the whole world live; Finally, behavioral values.
main product higher education over the past quarter century has become a middle class. After all, belonging to it is largely a matter of self-identification. People who consider themselves to be in the middle class know that fitness is useful, but you can’t drink denatured alcohol. They know what deposits and generally savings instruments are, and sometimes they can even be responsible for their finances. They have a fundamentally different attitude to the quality of life, and thus they radically change the nature of demand in the country.
Paradox! The massive proliferation of universities has been negative in terms of economic supply and positive in terms of social supply. But in the final analysis, through demand, it also affects the economy.
By the way, we are very similar to South Korea in this respect. There, too, there is clearly no need for as many specialists as there are now graduating. But on the other hand, they remade the consciousness of the nation, which until recently was mostly peasant.
However, Koreans know what they want to achieve from education. We do not have such an understanding. Let's take the history of world university rankings. It seems to be good idea- to demonstrate our global competitiveness in this area.
For example, the Faculty of Economics of Moscow State University, according to the basic positions of the QS 2016 world ranking, shares national leadership with high school economy. At the same time, the HSE, for example, is ahead in terms of the number of publications, and we are ahead in terms of the placement of graduates and academic reputation. And this does not prevent the ministry from reducing the number of budget places for us.
Say, you are economists, and therefore you can completely replace a state employee with a contract employee. But this logic is deeply erroneous, because then we will not be able to produce a good world-class specialist.
Russia is a country with Latin American social gaps. A budget place allows them to be overcome at least in education. It leaves a chance for a gifted young man from the outback and a low-income family, having scored the necessary points in the Unified State Examination, to get to us and become a star. One that will be in demand not only here, but also at Princeton or Stanford, as it often happened with graduates of the Moscow State University's economics department.
The ministry, on the other hand, operates on the principle of “earrings to all sisters” - so that the governors do not get very offended and do not think that only their universities are being closed, merged or deprived of state funding.
Although even at the level of quotas, one can see how different federal and regional approaches to the value of education are. When we tried to bring the recruitment for certain specialties in line with the requests from the field, it turned out that we should produce only 200 "budgetary" philosophers. Because no region says that it needs philosophers.
In the same way, no department of economics - and not only the regional one - will never pay for the education of young people as structural linguists. They are not mentioned in the external demand layouts. personnel services enterprises and firms. But structural linguists from Moscow State University became the pride of many new companies created in the 90s.
The ability to teach a variety of professions, regardless of their apparent applied value, is perhaps the best indicator of a country's positioning in the global education market, its competitive feature. And in order to keep it and at the same time meet the current needs of employers, it is enough to introduce the ranking of diplomas and universities. When it will be seen that this person has received a world-class education. This one is national. And this one - learned a little and broadened his horizons.
If such a distinction is clearly formalized and made visible, there will be no need to close universities en masse. It is enough to abolish the correspondence form of education as trading diplomas for little money, which formally do not differ from ordinary ones - with a colossal actual difference. And from 2017, this is likely to be done.
Distant courses from leading universities should be replaced, and although it is very difficult to do them, they must be done. Otherwise, we will again build a closed elite system, deliberately depriving children from poor families living on the periphery of the opportunity to improve their educational level.
Of course, some problems related to the accessibility and effectiveness of education are solved with the help of the USE. And some, on the contrary, are created. I never thought that there would be two types of applicants. Some people know what Newton's binomial is, but they don't know who Sir Isaac Newton is. And others know who Newton is, but do not know what a binomial is. Because in high school, every student now decides like this: "I'm taking this USE, the rest of the subjects are on the side." And as a result, he loses orientation in space. He owns the formulas, but does not feel that he is going with his nose into the wall with them, or he sees this world, but does not know how to express it, how to arrange it.
The scope is lost. And, as a result, we get people who are not able and not ready to apply the acquired knowledge for their own business, and not someone else's. At best, they will choose between a large and a medium company, between the employer that pays more and the one that gives more freedom. And who will become entrepreneurs? Not in those that sell near the metro, but in those that really create an innovative economy?
Daniil Alexandrovich Granin told me a wonderful phrase 7-8 years ago: “Sasha, you can do a lot in Russia if you don’t ask permission.”
Here, perhaps, the main applied task of the national education system is to “produce” smart and knowledgeable people who will not ask permission.
Sometimes when shooting in street photography ( street photography) we are faced with an almost Shakespearean dilemma: ask someone to take a picture or just take a picture and move on? We run the risk of being rejected and receiving a lot of petty humiliation from unthinking people, or we may prefer the safety and anonymity of "taking a picture and running."
Unfortunately, there is no one right answer, both for street photography and in other cases. As a photographer, you just have to learn to analyze the situation and use the best solution.
Let's look at the world from a surreal side. Our modern world filled with video cameras people with cameras. Walk down any street big city, and you will see dozens of surveillance cameras towering over you, some owned by private companies and some by the state. But these cameras quietly disappeared from view behind waterproof cases. After a while, people even forget about them.
When these cameras capture a person with a large camera, sometimes it causes an overreaction from the freaky people in front of the monitors and the bored security guards. Almost every street photographer has at least one story about being confronted by angry guards or police officers.
your the best protection in such a situation there will be a smile, a calm demeanor and a firm understanding that you know your rights. This is wise to keep in mind because history is full of sad stories where some people were dead. You should be armed with good internal guidance on when to stand your ground and when to just walk away.
When it comes to taking pictures of people in in public places sometimes it's better to take a snapshot and move on. The less time you spend on the picture, the less you will look suspicious and see irritation in people's eyes. If you find a topic that intrigues you a lot, then just walk up and ask the person for permission to take a picture. You'd be surprised how many times people agree, or agree to a photo, but with some minor restrictions. If you were to ask 10 random people on the street, probably 80 percent wouldn't mind being photographed, and the other 20 percent would politely refuse to cooperate.
Rejecting a person is certainly not a personal conviction. Some people are in a hurry somewhere or just late, and some were amazed by such a question. The world is full of scammers and suspicions, unfortunately, nothing can be done about it. However, despite all this, you will be amazed at how some people will say yes.
Don't be afraid to ask as it gives you the opportunity to interact with complete strangers. You will be able to make new friends, expand your social network and get to know people, even if it's just for a little while. For many, these positive interactions are worth more than a few missed frames from people who said no thanks.
