WATER

A water molecule consists of an oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it at an angle of 104.5°.

The angle of 104.5° between the bonds in a water molecule determines the friability of ice and liquid water and, as a consequence, the anomalous dependence of density on temperature. This is why large bodies of water do not freeze to the bottom, which makes life possible in them.

Physical properties

WATER, ICE AND STEAM,respectively, liquid, solid and gaseous states of a chemical compound with the molecular formula H 2 O.

Due to the strong attraction between molecules, water has high melting points (0C) and boiling points (100C). A thick layer of water has a blue color, which is determined not only by its physical properties, but also by the presence of suspended particles of impurities. The water of mountain rivers is greenish due to the suspended particles of calcium carbonate it contains. Pure water is a poor conductor of electricity. The density of water is maximum at 4C; it is equal to 1 g/cm3. Ice has a lower density than liquid water and floats to its surface, which is very important for the inhabitants of reservoirs in winter.

Water has an exceptionally high heat capacity, so it heats up slowly and cools down slowly. Thanks to this, water pools regulate the temperature on our planet.

Chemical properties of water

Water is a highly reactive substance. Under normal conditions, it reacts with many basic and acidic oxides, as well as with alkali and alkaline earth metals. Water forms numerous compounds - crystalline hydrates.

Under the influence electric current water decomposes into hydrogen and oxygen:

2H2O electricity= 2 H 2 + O 2

Video "Electrolysis of water"

• Magnesium with hot water reacts to form an insoluble base:

Mg + 2H 2 O = Mg(OH) 2 + H 2

• Beryllium with water forms an amphoteric oxide: Be + H 2 O = BeO + H 2

1. Active metals are:

Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr– 1 group “A”

Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra– 2nd group “A”

2. Metal activity series

3. Alkali is a water-soluble base, a complex substance which includes an active metal and a hydroxyl group OH ( I).

4. Medium activity metals in the voltage series range from MgbeforePb(aluminum in special position)

Video "Interaction of sodium with water"

Remember!!!

Aluminum reacts with water like active metals to form a base:

2Al + 6H 2 O = 2Al( OH) 3 + 3H 2

Video "Interaction of acid oxides with water"

Using the sample, write down the interaction reaction equations:

WITHO2 + H2O =

SO 3 + H 2 O =

Cl 2 O 7 + H 2 O =

P 2 O 5 + H 2 O (hot) =

N 2 O 5 + H 2 O =

Remember! Only oxides react with water active metals. Oxides of metals of intermediate activity and metals coming after hydrogen in the activity series do not dissolve in water, for example, CuO + H 2 O = reaction is not possible.

Video "Interaction of metal oxides with water"

Li + H 2 O =

Cu + H2O =

ZnO + H2O =

Al + H 2 O =

Ba + H2O =

K 2 O + H 2 O =

Mg + H2O =

N 2 O 5 + H 2 O =

Hydrogen oxide (H 2 O), much better known to all of us under the name “water,” without exaggeration, is the main liquid in the life of organisms on Earth, since all chemical and biological reactions take place either with the participation of water or in solutions.

Water is the second most important substance for the human body, after air. A person can live without water for no more than 7-8 days.

Pure water in nature can exist in three states of aggregation: solid - in the form of ice, liquid - water itself, in gaseous - in the form of steam. No other substance can boast such a variety of states of aggregation in nature.

Physical properties of water

• at no. - it is a colorless, odorless and tasteless liquid;
• water has high heat capacity and low electrical conductivity;
• melting point 0°C;
• boiling point 100°C;
• the maximum density of water at 4°C is 1 g/cm 3 ;
• water is a good solvent.

Structure of a water molecule

A water molecule consists of one oxygen atom, which is connected to two hydrogen atoms, while O-H connections form an angle of 104.5°, while the common electron pairs are shifted towards the oxygen atom, which is more electronegative compared to hydrogen atoms, therefore, a partial negative charge is formed on the oxygen atom, respectively, a positive charge is formed on the hydrogen atoms. Thus, a water molecule can be considered as a dipole.

Water molecules can form hydrogen bonds with each other, being attracted by oppositely charged parts (hydrogen bonds are shown with dotted lines in the figure):

The formation of hydrogen bonds explains the high density of water, its boiling and melting points.

The number of hydrogen bonds depends on temperature - the higher the temperature, the fewer bonds are formed: in water vapor there are only individual molecules; in the liquid state, associates (H 2 O) n are formed; in the crystalline state, each water molecule is connected to neighboring molecules by four hydrogen bonds.

Chemical properties of water

Water “willingly” reacts with other substances:

• Water reacts with alkali and alkaline earth metals at zero conditions: 2Na+2H 2 O = 2NaOH+H 2
• Water reacts with less active metals and non-metals only at high temperatures: 3Fe+4H 2 O=FeO → Fe 2 O 3 +4H 2 C+2H 2 O → CO 2 +2H 2
• with basic oxides at no. water reacts to form bases: CaO+H 2 O = Ca(OH) 2
• with acid oxides at no. water reacts to form acids: CO 2 + H 2 O = H 2 CO 3
• water is the main participant in hydrolysis reactions (for more details, see Hydrolysis of Salts);
• water participates in hydration reactions by joining organic substances with double and triple bonds.

Solubility of substances in water

• highly soluble substances - more than 1 g of substance dissolves in 100 g of water at standard conditions;
• poorly soluble substances - 0.01-1 g of substance dissolves in 100 g of water;
• practically insoluble substances - less than 0.01 g of substance dissolves in 100 g of water.

There are no completely insoluble substances in nature.

Water (hydrogen oxide)- a chemical substance in the form of a transparent liquid that has no color (in a small volume), odor or taste. Chemical formula: H 2 O. In the solid state it is called ice, snow or frost, and in the gaseous state it is called water vapor. About 71% of the Earth's surface is covered with water (oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, ice). Under natural conditions, it always contains dissolved substances (salts, gases).

It is of key importance in the creation and maintenance of life on Earth, in the chemical structure of living organisms, in the formation of climate and weather. It is the most important nutrient for all living beings on planet Earth.

Physical properties

Under normal atmospheric conditions, it retains a liquid state of aggregation, whereas similar hydrogen compounds are gases. This is explained by the special characteristics of the atoms that make up the molecule and the presence of bonds between them. The hydrogen atoms are attached to the oxygen atom to form an angle of 104.45°, and this configuration is strictly conserved. Due to the large difference in electronegativity between hydrogen and oxygen atoms, the electron clouds are strongly biased towards oxygen. For this reason, the water molecule is an active dipole, where the oxygen side is negative and the hydrogen side is positive. As a result, water molecules are attracted by their opposite poles and form polar bonds, which require a lot of energy to break. In the composition of each molecule, the hydrogen ion (proton) does not have internal electronic layers and is small in size, as a result of which it can penetrate into the electronic shell of the negatively polarized oxygen atom of a neighboring molecule, forming a hydrogen bond with another molecule. Each molecule is connected to four others through hydrogen bonds - two of them are formed by an oxygen atom and two by hydrogen atoms. The combination of these bonds between water molecules - polar and hydrogen - determines its very high boiling point and specific heat of vaporization. As a result of these connections, a pressure of 15-20 thousand atmospheres arises in the aquatic environment, which explains the reason why water is difficult to compress, so with an increase in atmospheric pressure by 1 Bar, water is compressed by 0.00005 of its initial volume.

Water also has the highest surface tension among liquids, second only to mercury. The relatively high viscosity of water is due to the fact that hydrogen bonds prevent water molecules from moving at different speeds.

For similar reasons, water is a good solvent for polar substances. Each molecule of the solute is surrounded by water molecules, and the positively charged parts of the molecule of the solute attract oxygen atoms, and the negatively charged parts attract hydrogen atoms. Since a water molecule is small in size, many water molecules can surround each solute molecule. This property of water is used by living beings. Solutions interact in a living cell and in the intercellular space various substances in water. Water is necessary for the life of all single-celled and multicellular living creatures on Earth without exception.

Chemical properties

Water is a chemically quite active substance. Strongly polar water molecules solvate ions and molecules, forming hydrates and crystalline hydrates. Solvolysis, and in particular hydrolysis, occurs in living and inanimate nature, and is widely used in the chemical industry.

Water reacts at room temperature:

• with active metals (sodium, potassium, calcium, barium, etc.);
• with halogens (fluorine, chlorine) and interhalogen compounds;
• with salts formed by a weak acid and a weak base, causing their complete hydrolysis;
• with anhydrides and acid halides of carboxylic and inorganic acids;
• with active organometallic compounds (diethylzinc, Grignard reagents, methyl sodium, etc.);
• with carbides, nitrides, phosphides, silicides, hydrides of active metals (calcium, sodium, lithium, etc.);
• with many salts, forming hydrates;
• with boranes, silanes;
• with ketenes, carbon dioxide;
• with noble gas fluorides.

Water reacts when heated:

• with iron, magnesium;
• with coal, methane;
• with some alkyl halides.

Water reacts in the presence of a catalyst:

• with amides, esters of carboxylic acids;
• with acetylene and other alkynes;
• with alkenes;
• with nitriles.

Water and sports

Athletes need to consume fluids, but exactly how much water should they consume?

The amount of water or other liquid you need before, during and after physical exercise depends largely on the intensity and duration of these exercises. But there are other factors, such as air temperature, humidity, altitude and even your own physiology. All of these can affect how much water you need during your workout.

How much water should you consume daily?

If you exercise regularly, you'll likely need to drink between half and a full ounce of water (or other liquid) for every pound of body weight per day.

To determine your base water requirement range, use the following formula:

Low end of range = body weight (kg) x 0.5 = (fluid ounces/day)
High Range Limit = Body Weight (kg) x 1 = (Fluid ounces/day)

When to drink water during sports?

Start your day with a large glass of water every morning, whether you are about to exercise or relax. During training days, the following schedule applies, which is effective for most athletes:

1. Before exercise
   Drink two to three cups of water within two hours before your workout. Weigh yourself immediately before starting your workouts.
2. During training
   Drink one cup of water every 15 minutes.
3. After exercise
   Weigh yourself immediately after finishing your workout.
   Drink two to three cups of water for every pound of body weight you lose during exercise.

How much water should you drink during strength training?

If your workout lasts more than 90 minutes at moderate to high intensity, you need to consume more than plain water. You need to replenish your glycogen stores with simple carbohydrates. Sports drinks are the most in a simple way obtaining the necessary energy. For longer workouts, choose drinks with 60 to 100 calories per eight ounce and consume eight to ten grams every 15 to 30 minutes.

For those who are exposed to extreme conditions for three, four or five hours, electrolytes will need to be replaced. Complete sports drinks and specialty foods will help provide your body with the calories and electrolytes it needs to keep going.

• On average, the body of plants and animals contains more than 50% water.
• The Earth's mantle contains 10-12 times more water than the amount of water in the World Ocean.
• With an average depth of 3.6 km, the oceans cover about 71% of the planet's surface and contain 97.6% of the world's known free water reserves.
• If there were no depressions and bulges on the Earth, water would cover the entire Earth, and its thickness would be 3 km.
• If all the glaciers melted, the water level on Earth would rise by 64 m and about 1/8 of the land surface would be flooded with water.
• Sea water, with its usual salinity of 35 ‰, freezes at a temperature of −1.91 °C.
• Sometimes water freezes at positive temperatures.
• Under certain conditions (inside nanotubes), water molecules form a new state in which they retain the ability to flow even at temperatures close to absolute zero.
• Water reflects 5% of the sun's rays, while snow reflects about 85%. Only 2% of sunlight penetrates under the ocean ice.
• The blue color of clear ocean water is due to the selective absorption and scattering of light in the water.
• Using drops of water from taps, you can create a voltage of up to 10 kilovolts, an experiment called the “Kelvin Dropper”.
• There is the following saying using the water formula - H2O: “My boots let H2O through.” Instead of boots, other shoes with holes may also be included in the saying.
• Water is one of the few substances in nature that expand during the transition from the liquid phase to the solid (besides water, bismuth, gallium, germanium and some compounds and mixtures have this property).
• Water and water vapor burn in a fluorine atmosphere. Mixtures of water vapor with fluorine within explosive concentrations are explosive. As a result of this reaction, hydrogen fluoride and elemental oxygen are formed.

Water (hydrogen oxide) is a binary inorganic compound with chemical formula H 2 O. A water molecule consists of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom, which are connected by a covalent bond.

Hydrogen peroxide.

Physical and chemical properties

The physical and chemical properties of water are determined by the chemical, electronic and spatial structure of H 2 O molecules.

The H and O atoms in the H 2 0 molecule are in their stable oxidation states, +1 and -2, respectively; therefore, water does not exhibit pronounced oxidizing or reducing properties. Please note: in metal hydrides, hydrogen is in the -1 oxidation state.

The H 2 O molecule has an angular structure. H-O bonds very polar. There is an excess negative charge on the O atom, and excess positive charges on the H atoms. In general, the H 2 O molecule is polar, i.e. dipole. This explains the fact that water is a good solvent for ionic and polar substances.

The presence of excess charges on the H and O atoms, as well as lone electron pairs on the O atoms, causes the formation of hydrogen bonds between water molecules, as a result of which they combine into associates. The existence of these associates explains the anomalously high m.p. values. etc. kip. water.

Along with the formation of hydrogen bonds, the result of the mutual influence of H 2 O molecules on each other is their self-ionization:
in one molecule a heterolytic cleavage of the polar O-N connections, and the released proton attaches to the oxygen atom of another molecule. The resulting hydronium ion H 3 O + is essentially a hydrated hydrogen ion H + H 2 O, so the self-ionization equation for water is simplified as follows:

H 2 O ↔ H + + OH -

The dissociation constant of water is extremely small:

This indicates that water very slightly dissociates into ions, and therefore the concentration of undissociated H 2 O molecules is almost constant:

IN clean water[H + ] = [OH - ] = 10 -7 mol/l. This means that water is a very weak amphoteric electrolyte, exhibiting neither acidic nor basic properties to a noticeable extent.
However, water has a strong ionizing effect on the electrolytes dissolved in it. Under the influence of water dipoles, polar covalent bonds in the molecules of dissolved substances turn into ionic ones, the ions are hydrated, the bonds between them are weakened, resulting in electrolytic dissociation. For example:
HCl + H 2 O - H 3 O + + Cl -

(strong electrolyte)

(or without taking into account hydration: HCl → H + + Cl -)

CH 3 COOH + H 2 O ↔ CH 3 COO - + H + (weak electrolyte)

(or CH 3 COOH ↔ CH 3 COO - + H +)

According to the Brønsted-Lowry theory of acids and bases, in these processes water exhibits the properties of a base (proton acceptor). According to the same theory, water acts as an acid (proton donor) in reactions, for example, with ammonia and amines:

NH 3 + H 2 O ↔ NH 4 + + OH -

CH 3 NH 2 + H 2 O ↔ CH 3 NH 3 + + OH -

Redox reactions involving water

I. Reactions in which water plays the role of an oxidizing agent

These reactions are only possible with strong reducing agents, which are capable of reducing hydrogen ions contained in water molecules to free hydrogen.

1) Interaction with metals

a) Under normal conditions, H 2 O interacts only with the gap. and alkaline-earth. metals:

2Na + 2H + 2 O = 2NaOH + H 0 2

Ca + 2H + 2 O = Ca(OH) 2 + H 0 2

b) At high temperatures, H 2 O reacts with some other metals, for example:

Mg + 2H + 2 O = Mg(OH) 2 + H 0 2

3Fe + 4H + 2 O = Fe 2 O 4 + 4H 0 2

c) Al and Zn displace H2 from water in the presence of alkalis:

2Al + 6H + 2 O + 2NaOH = 2Na + 3H 0 2

2) Interaction with non-metals having low EO (reactions occur under harsh conditions)

C + H + 2 O = CO + H 0 2 (“water gas”)

2P + 6H + 2 O = 2HPO 3 + 5H 0 2

In the presence of alkalis, silicon displaces hydrogen from water:

Si + H + 2 O + 2NaOH = Na 2 SiO 3 + 2H 0 2

3) Interaction with metal hydrides

NaH + H + 2 O = NaOH + H 0 2

CaH 2 + 2H + 2 O = Ca(OH) 2 + 2H 0 2

4) Interaction with carbon monoxide and methane

CO + H + 2 O = CO 2 + H 0 2

2CH 4 + O 2 + 2H + 2 O = 2CO 2 + 6H 0 2

The reactions are used industrially to produce hydrogen.

II. Reactions in which water plays the role of a reducing agent

These reactions are possible only with very strong oxidizing agents that are capable of oxidizing oxygen CO CO -2, which is part of water, to free oxygen O 2 or to peroxide anions 2-. In an exceptional case (in a reaction with F 2), oxygen is formed with c o. +2.

1) Interaction with fluorine

2F 2 + 2H 2 O -2 = O 0 2 + 4HF

2F 2 + H 2 O -2 = O +2 F 2 + 2HF

2) Interaction with atomic oxygen

H 2 O -2 + O = H 2 O - 2

3) Interaction with chlorine

At high T a reversible reaction occurs

2Cl 2 + 2H 2 O -2 = O 0 2 + 4HCl

III. Reactions of intramolecular oxidation - reduction of water.

Under the influence of electric current or high temperature, water can decompose into hydrogen and oxygen:

2H + 2 O -2 = 2H 0 2 + O 0 2

Thermal decomposition is a reversible process; The degree of thermal decomposition of water is low.

Hydration reactions

I. Hydration of ions. Ions formed during the dissociation of electrolytes in aqueous solutions attach a certain number of water molecules and exist in the form of hydrated ions. Some ions form such strong bonds with water molecules that their hydrates can exist not only in solution, but also in the solid state. This explains the formation of crystalline hydrates such as CuSO4 5H 2 O, FeSO 4 7H 2 O, etc., as well as aqua complexes: CI 3, Br 4, etc.

II. Oxides hydration

III. Hydration of organic compounds containing multiple bonds

Hydrolysis reactions

I. Hydrolysis of salts

Reversible hydrolysis:

a) by salt cation

Fe 3+ + H 2 O = FeOH 2+ + H +; (acidic environment. pH

b) according to the salt anion

CO 3 2- + H 2 O = HCO 3 - + OH -; (alkaline environment. pH > 7)

c) by cation and anion of the salt

NH 4 + + CH 3 COO - + H 2 O = NH 4 OH + CH 3 COOH (close to neutral environment)

Irreversible hydrolysis:

Al 2 S 3 + 6H 2 O = 2Al(OH) 3 ↓ + 3H 2 S

II. Hydrolysis of metal carbides

Al 4 C 3 + 12H 2 O = 4Al(OH) 3 ↓ + 3CH 4 netane

CaC 2 + 2H 2 O = Ca(OH) 2 + C 2 H 2 acetylene

III. Hydrolysis of silicides, nitrides, phosphides

Mg 2 Si + 4H 2 O = 2Mg(OH) 2 ↓ + SiH 4 silane

Ca 3 N 2 + 6H 2 O = ZCa(OH) 2 + 2NH 3 ammonia

Cu 3 P 2 + 6H 2 O = 3Сu(OH) 2 + 2РН 3 phosphine

IV. Hydrolysis of halogens

Cl 2 + H 2 O = HCl + HClO

Br 2 + H 2 O = HBr + HBrO

V. Hydrolysis of organic compounds

Classes of organic substances	Hydrolysis products (organic)
Haloalkanes (alkyl halides)
Aryl halides
Dihaloalkanes	Aldehydes or ketones
Metal alcoholates
Carboxylic acid halides	Carboxylic acids
Carboxylic acid anhydrides	Carboxylic acids
Complex ethers of carboxylic acids	Carboxylic acids and alcohols
	Glycerol and higher carboxylic acids
Di- and polysaccharides	Monosaccharides
Peptides and proteins	α-Amino acids
Nucleic acids

Peptides, or short proteins, are found in many foods - meat, fish, and some plants. When we eat a piece of meat, the protein is broken down into short peptides during digestion; they are absorbed into the stomach, small intestine, enter the blood, the cell, then into the DNA and regulate the activity of genes.

It is advisable to periodically use the listed drugs for all people after 40 years of age for prophylaxis 1-2 times a year, after 50 years of age - 2-3 times a year. Other medications are as needed.

How to take peptides

Since the restoration of the functional ability of cells occurs gradually and depends on the level of their existing damage, the effect can occur either 1-2 weeks after the start of taking peptides, or after 1-2 months. It is recommended to carry out the course for 1-3 months. It is important to consider that a three-month intake of natural peptide bioregulators has a prolonged effect, i.e. It works in the body for about 2-3 months. The resulting effect lasts for six months, and each subsequent course of administration has a potentiation effect, i.e. the effect of enhancing what has already been received.

Since each peptide bioregulator targets a specific organ and does not affect other organs and tissues, the simultaneous use of drugs with different effects is not only not contraindicated, but is often recommended (up to 6-7 drugs at a time).
Peptides are compatible with any medications and biological additives. While taking peptides, doses taken simultaneously medicines It is advisable to gradually reduce it, which will have a positive effect on the patient’s body.

Short regulatory peptides do not undergo transformation in the gastrointestinal tract, so they can be safely, easily and simply used in encapsulated form by almost everyone.

Peptides in the gastrointestinal tract break down into di- and tri-peptides. Further breakdown to amino acids occurs in the intestines. This means that the peptides can be taken even without a capsule. This is very important when a person for some reason cannot swallow capsules. The same applies to severely weakened people or children, when the dosage needs to be reduced.
Peptide bioregulators can be taken for both preventive and therapeutic purposes.

For prevention dysfunctions of various organs and systems, it is usually recommended to take 2 capsules 1 time per day in the morning on an empty stomach for 30 days, 2 times a year.

IN medicinal purposes, to correct the violation functions of various organs and systems, in order to increase the effectiveness of complex treatment of diseases, it is recommended to take 2 capsules 2-3 times a day for 30 days.

Peptide bioregulators are presented in capsulated form (natural Cytomax peptides and synthesized Cytogen peptides) and in liquid form.

Efficiency natural(PC) is 2-2.5 times lower than encapsulated. Therefore, their use for medicinal purposes should be longer (up to six months). Liquid peptide complexes are applied to the inner surface of the forearm in the projection of the veins or on the wrist and rub until completely absorbed. After 7-15 minutes, the peptides bind to dendritic cells, which carry out their further transport to the lymph nodes, where the peptides undergo a “transplant” and are sent through the bloodstream to the desired organs and tissues. Although peptides are proteins, their molecular weight is much smaller than that of proteins, so they easily penetrate the skin. The penetration of peptide drugs is further improved by their lipophilization, that is, their connection with a fatty base, which is why almost all peptide complexes for external use contain fatty acids.

Not long ago, the world's first series of peptide drugs appeared for sublingual use—

A fundamentally new method of application and the presence of a number of peptides in each of the drugs provide them with the fastest and most effective action. This drug, entering the sublingual space with a dense network of capillaries, is able to penetrate directly into the bloodstream, bypassing absorption through the mucous membrane of the digestive tract and primary metabolic decontamination of the liver. Taking into account direct entry into the systemic bloodstream, the rate of onset of the effect is several times higher than the rate when taking the drug orally.

Revilab SL line- these are complex synthesized drugs containing 3-4 components of very short chains (2-3 amino acids each). The concentration of peptides is the average between encapsulated peptides and PC in solution. In terms of speed of action, it occupies a leading position, because is absorbed and hits the target very quickly.
It makes sense to introduce this line of peptides into the course initial stage, and then switch to natural peptides.

Another innovative series is a line of multicomponent peptide drugs. The line includes 9 drugs, each of which contains a number of short peptides, as well as antioxidants and building material for cells. An ideal option for those who do not like to take many medications, but prefer to get everything in one capsule.

The action of these new generation bioregulators is aimed at slowing down the aging process, maintaining normal level metabolic processes, prevention and correction of various conditions; rehabilitation after serious illnesses, injuries and operations.

Peptides in cosmetology

Peptides can be included not only in medicines, but also in other products. For example, Russian scientists have developed excellent cellular cosmetics with natural and synthesized peptides, which have an effect on the deep layers of the skin.

External skin aging depends on many factors: lifestyle, stress, sunlight, mechanical irritants, climatic fluctuations, fad diets, etc. With age, the skin becomes dehydrated, loses elasticity, becomes rough, and a network of wrinkles and deep furrows appears on it. We all know that the process of natural aging is natural and irreversible. It is impossible to resist it, but it can be slowed down thanks to revolutionary cosmetology ingredients - low molecular weight peptides.

The uniqueness of peptides is that they freely pass through the stratum corneum into the dermis to the level of living cells and capillaries. Skin restoration occurs deep from the inside and, as a result, the skin retains its freshness for a long time. There is no addiction to peptide cosmetics - even if you stop using it, the skin will simply age physiologically.

Cosmetic giants are creating more and more “miracle” products. We trustingly buy and use, but no miracle happens. We blindly believe the labels on the cans, not realizing that this is often just a marketing technique.

For example, most cosmetic companies are busy producing and advertising anti-wrinkle creams with collagen as the main ingredient. Meanwhile, scientists have concluded that collagen molecules are so large that they simply cannot penetrate the skin. They settle on the surface of the epidermis and are then washed off with water. That is, when buying creams with collagen, we are literally throwing money down the drain.

Another popular active ingredient in anti-aging cosmetics is resveratrol. It really is a powerful antioxidant and immunostimulant, but only in the form of microinjections. If you rub it into the skin, a miracle will not happen. It has been experimentally proven that creams with resveratrol have virtually no effect on collagen production.

NPCRIZ (now Peptides), in collaboration with scientists from the St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology, has developed a unique peptide series of cellular cosmetics (based on natural peptides) and a series (based on synthesized peptides).

They are based on a group of peptide complexes with different application points that have a powerful and visible rejuvenating effect on the skin. As a result of application, skin cell regeneration, blood circulation and microcirculation are stimulated, as well as the synthesis of the collagen-elastin framework of the skin. All this manifests itself in lifting, as well as improving the texture, color and moisture of the skin.

Currently, 16 types of creams have been developed, incl. anti-aging and for problematic skin (with thymus peptides), for the face against wrinkles and for the body against stretch marks and scars (with peptides of bone-cartilaginous tissue), against spider veins (with vascular peptides), anti-cellulite (with liver peptides), for eyelids from swelling and dark circles (with peptides of the pancreas, blood vessels, osteochondral tissue and thymus), against varicose veins (with peptides of blood vessels and osteochondral tissue), etc. All creams, in addition to peptide complexes, contain other powerful active ingredients. It is important that the creams do not contain chemical components (preservatives, etc.).

The effectiveness of peptides has been proven in numerous experimental and clinical studies. Of course, to look great, creams alone are not enough. You need to rejuvenate your body from the inside, using from time to time various complexes of peptide bioregulators and micronutrients.

Ruler cosmetics with peptides, in addition to creams, also includes shampoo, mask and hair conditioner, decorative cosmetics, tonics, serums for the skin of the face, neck and décolleté, etc.

It should also be taken into account that appearance Consumed sugar has a significant impact.
Due to a process called glycation, sugar has a damaging effect on the skin. Excess sugar increases the rate of collagen degradation, which leads to wrinkles.

Glycation belong to the main theories of aging, along with oxidative and photoaging.
Glycation - the interaction of sugars with proteins, primarily collagen, with the formation of cross-links - is a natural for our body, a constant irreversible process in our body and skin, leading to hardening of the connective tissue.
Glycation products – A.G.E particles. (Advanced Glycation Endproducts) - settle in cells, accumulate in our body and lead to many negative effects.
As a result of glycation, the skin loses its tone and becomes dull, it sags and looks old. This is directly related to lifestyle: reduce your consumption of sugar and flour (which is also good for normal weight) and take care of your skin every day!

To combat glycation, inhibit protein degradation and age-related skin changes, the company has developed an anti-aging drug with a powerful deglycating and antioxidant effect. Action this tool is based on stimulating the deglycation process, which affects the deep processes of skin aging and helps smooth out wrinkles and increase its elasticity. The drug includes a powerful anti-glycation complex - rosemary extract, carnosine, taurine, astaxanthin and alpha-lipoic acid.

Are peptides a panacea for old age?

According to the creator of peptide drugs V. Khavinson, aging largely depends on lifestyle: “No drugs can save you if a person does not have the knowledge and correct behavior - this means observing biorhythms, proper nutrition, physical education and taking certain bioregulators.” As for the genetic predisposition to aging, according to him, we depend on genes for only 25 percent.

The scientist claims that peptide complexes have enormous restorative potential. But elevating them to the rank of a panacea and attributing non-existent properties to peptides (most likely for commercial reasons) is categorically wrong!

Taking care of your health today means giving yourself a chance to live tomorrow. We ourselves must improve our lifestyle - play sports, give up bad habits, eat better. And of course, whenever possible, use peptide bioregulators that help maintain health and increase life expectancy.

Peptide bioregulators, developed by Russian scientists several decades ago, became available to the general consumer only in 2010. Gradually more and more people around the world are learning about them. The secret of maintaining the health and youthfulness of many famous politicians, artists, and scientists lies in the use of peptides. Here are just a few of them:
UAE Minister of Energy Sheikh Saeed,
President of Belarus Lukashenko,
Former President of Kazakhstan Nazarbayev,
King of Thailand
pilot-cosmonaut G.M. Grechko and his wife L.K. Grechko,
artists: V. Leontyev, E. Stepanenko and E. Petrosyan, L. Izmailov, T. Povaliy, I. Kornelyuk, I. Wiener (trainer for rhythmic gymnastics) and many, many others...
Peptide bioregulators are used by athletes of 2 Russian Olympic teams - in rhythmic gymnastics and rowing. The use of drugs allows us to increase the stress resistance of our gymnasts and contributes to the success of the team at international championships.

If in our youth we can afford to do health prevention periodically, whenever we want, then with age, unfortunately, we do not have such luxury. And if you don’t want to be in such a state tomorrow that your loved ones will be exhausted with you and will wait impatiently for your death, if you don’t want to die among strangers, because you don’t remember anything and everyone around you seems strangers to you in reality, you We must take action from today and take care not only of ourselves, but of our loved ones.

The Bible says, “Seek and you will find.” Perhaps you have found your own way of healing and rejuvenation.

Everything is in our hands, and only we can take care of ourselves. No one will do this for us!