Stalin. Stalin era. Stalinism. Demography during the Stalin period

Stalin was born on December 9 (21), 1989 in Gori. He deserves that every citizen of Russia remember his savior on December 21.

Stalin was deservedly glorified during his lifetime, but after his death the bankers spared no money to slander him, and with him to slander the Soviet regime.

The West could not crush the Soviet Republic, Soviet Union militarily, throwing significantly superior military forces at our country in 1918 and 1941, but crushed it with lies about massive Stalinist repressions.

Huge amounts of money have been and are currently being spent on anti-Stalinist propaganda. For one article that positively assesses Stalin’s personality and Stalin’s Soviet times, there are tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of articles aimed at discrediting I.V. Stalin and his time. Under these conditions, the return of truth to people will not come soon, and may not come at all.

Stalin even today stands like a granite cliff in the path of all Russia’s ill-wishers. Whether the people of Russia live or not, whether the Russian state exists or not largely depends on whether or not our people believe the slanderers of Russia.

Since 1956, critics of Stalin have instilled in the Russian people an inferiority complex, fostered hatred of socialism, Soviet power, USSR, represent life in Soviet times as a succession of crimes committed by the state, as the darkest period in the history of our Motherland.

They strive to ensure that a great and independent people begins to be ashamed of its past, so that self-abasement becomes the norm of life.

But the actual deeds of Stalin and the people of Stalin's time indicate that the socialist time is the greatest and fairest time in the entire period of human existence. Over the course of two thousand years AD, ordinary people have always been powerless, humiliated and insulted, deprived of most of the blessings of life.

In Russia, the USSR, the only family state on earth was created, in which people were equal and were not divided into the chosen and the rejected.

Tens of thousands of built and restored plants and factories, the collapse of defeated Nazi Germany, created after the war by jet aircraft, rocket technology, the atomic bomb, happy faces of creators Soviet people, with population growth, Stalin is still smashing the fabrications of the liberal anti-Russian world.

During Stalin's time, the security of the peoples of the USSR was ensured. People's lives were reliably protected. The culture of the peoples of the country successfully developed, the moral level, education and upbringing protected the Soviet people from another danger of liberalism, which Leontyev warned about - the “bourgeoisification of everyday life.” Honest, educated, cultured people of honor did not recognize the cult of money and the cult of things. They had different values.

Under Stalin, a world socialist system was created, which included 13 countries, and an intergovernmental economic organization of socialist countries - the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA). The civil and military industries of the socialist countries developed according to a single plan.

K. N. Leontyev quite correctly saw the key to Russia’s prosperity in friendship with the East. I.V. Stalin also understood this. He based our foreign policy on an alliance with China, on friendship based on mutual respect. The population of the USSR, China and other socialist countries at that time amounted to a third of the total population of the planet - 800 million people. It was thanks to the help of the USSR that China became a great country not only in terms of population, but also in terms of industrial development.

In just over thirty years, despite two devastating wars unleashed by the West, the USSR has transformed from a backward country into a world superpower.

The peoples of the world admired the USSR, which without masters in an exceptionally short period of time became a highly developed power, defeated the strongest enemy in the world, and after the war, in the early 1950s, in industrial output, including consumer goods, overtook all European countries and began to compete with The richest and most developed country in the world is the USA.

And indeed our people, under the leadership of Stalin, worked miracles. Over the course of 35 years of socialist construction, we have emerged from a backward country into a leader. In fact, during this period, the USSR developed peacefully for 19 years, and 16 years were spent in wars (Civil and Patriotic) and the restoration of the national economy after wars.

The standard of living of people in peacetime constantly increased and, of course, fell sharply during wars and during the period of restoration of the country. The USSR government did everything possible to raise the standard of living of the people. The absence of private property allowed the government, in the most difficult conditions, to improve the welfare of workers.

And if after the war, in the period from 1946 to 1951 in the USA, England and France, prices for basic food products (bread, meat, butter, sugar) increased by 1.5-3 times, then in the USSR they decreased by 2 times during this period and more times.

Soviet people studied, rested and played sports in real palaces, accessible to every citizen of the country. From their mostly modest rooms they found themselves in the luxurious palaces of Pioneer Houses, clubs, libraries, gyms, etc.

In the early 1950s, there was a feeling of happiness in the country. In the late 1950s, even the US President admitted that he was lagging behind the USSR in space research, in the education system, medicine and science. At that time, the programs launched under Stalin were still working.

In 1950, the first electronic computer (computer) was created in the USSR. Perhaps these were the world's first computers. It was they who ensured the flights of our ballistic missiles, air defense missiles, aviation missiles, and later space flights.

After the war, work continued on automating production processes. Since 1949, automatic machines, automatic lines, and automatic process control systems began to be mass-produced at specialized enterprises put into operation.

Since 1951, the industry began mass production of watches, cameras, radios, televisions, refrigerators, washing machines, vacuum cleaners and passenger cars the latest designs.

When you deeply examine any decision made during the Stalinist period, you become convinced that it was the only correct one. This is not known to the current generation, to whom all decisions made during Stalin’s time are presented as erroneous. And our greyhound writers have a false answer ready for any question. Today, in Russia, the truth about Stalin’s time has become a rare exception, exotic.

J.V. Stalin wrote in 1952: “The goal of socialist production is not profit, but a person with his needs, that is, the satisfaction of his material and spiritual needs.”

The liberals exported more than 2 thousand tons of gold accumulated under Stalin to the West; the inscription that was on Soviet money was removed from Russian money: “Bank notes are backed by gold, precious metals and other assets of the State Bank.”

In general, as a result of perestroika and the collapse of the USSR, our people suffered colossal losses. These losses are still not fully realized by Russian citizens.

The West has defeated us after all. “If we don’t wash, we just roll.” If he couldn’t win in open battle, he won through creeping intervention. D. F. Dulles, who later became US Secretary of State, said about the West’s plans towards Russia: “The war will end, everything will somehow settle down, settle down. And we will throw everything we have, everything we have... all the gold, all the material power to deceive and fool people! Human brain, people's consciousness is capable of change. Having sowed chaos, we will quietly replace their values ​​with false ones and make them believe in these false values. How? We will find our like-minded people... our allies and helpers in Russia itself.

Episode after episode, the grandiose tragedy of the death of the most rebellious people on earth will play out...” To our grief, to date, Dulles’ plan towards Russia has been largely implemented.

But one should not think that all the great deeds of our people were in vain. Great October Revolution 1917 saved our country from destruction and division between the Entente countries. Industrialization and collectivization allowed Russia to survive, defeat Germany and its allies in 1945, and saved Russia from destruction by Hitler’s European hordes. The creation of the atomic bomb, thermonuclear weapons and the entire development of the country in the post-war period saved Russia from the nuclear strike that the United States was preparing against us.

The most important task in the life of Stalin and his associates was the creation of a new wonderful man and the construction of a great, free and independent state. Stalin's time showed that I.V. Stalin was a great statesman and cared for Russia in a fatherly way.

The first 57 years of Soviet legal science (1917-1964) constitute the least fruitful and most tragic period of Russian jurisprudence. Russian legal scholars were denied not only the right to think freely and reveal the patterns and ways of forming the world's first proletarian state, but also the natural right to life. Only fascist bourgeois states dared to apply such cruel sanctions for the publication of thoughts that did not fully correspond to the ideology of the politically dominant class. Even under the conditions of political oppression that existed in tsarist Russia, jurists had the opportunity to doubt the need to maintain the monarchy in the country and, within the framework determined by censorship, justified the advisability of carrying out fundamental political reforms in Russia.

The high scientific potential of Russian legal science, achieved by the beginning of the 20th century, did not receive further development in the conditions of the USSR. Moreover, the highly qualified teaching staff, formed in the pre-revolutionary period, was criticized and persecuted due to reactionary nature and inability to understand and creatively apply Marxist teaching in the knowledge of state and law. Even venerable professors were suspended from teaching and could not publish their works. At the same time, the attempt to create a new Soviet professorship capable of concretizing and developing the Marxist doctrine of state and law in relation to the practice of building a socialist society in the USSR and other countries, by and large, ended in failure. It was not possible to create either a teaching or a professorship.

The new galaxy of Soviet “Marxist-Leninist”, and in reality Stalinist, legal scholars only managed to “comb” positivism into Marxism, supplementing the positivist theory of law with the use of such categories as “classes”, “dictatorship of the proletariat”, “socialism”, “economic relations”, “base”, “superstructure”, having previously deprived them of the truly revolutionary content inherent in the Marxist doctrine. But the party did not really trust these, its own legal scholars. From time to time, the most creative Soviet researchers and even apologists of the Stalinist regime were accused of developing the ideas of Trotskyism, left-wing or legal opportunism, or even treason, other serious crimes and were sentenced to severe criminal liability, most often capital punishment. Approximately every fifth lawyer who published on legal topics was convicted, and most were sentenced to capital punishment - execution. Currently, all convicts have been rehabilitated.

From November 1917 to November 1964, Soviet legal science went through four stages, determined by the specific historical conditions of its existence in connection with the implementation of certain tasks of the party and state to build a socialist society or protect the gains of the proletariat from an external aggressor: 1) the formation of the Soviet states and civil war; 2) NEP; 3) building a socialist society and the Great Patriotic War; 4) restoration of the national economy.

Characteristic and most notable feature stages of formation of the Soviet state and civil war(November 1917 - 1921) was that it was during this period that the most active, fruitful and creative theoretical and practical activity of V.I. Lenin as the founder of the world's first proletarian state and law occurred. It was during this period that his main works came out, laying the theoretical foundation of Soviet jurisprudence on the formation and development of the dictatorship of the proletariat as a union of the working class and the poor peasantry, as well as the formation and improvement of Soviet legislation, strengthening the rule of law and the creation of state bodies capable of reliably protecting Soviet power from attacks from its external and internal enemies.

Significant, but to date not completely systematized, is V.I. Lenin’s contribution to understanding the essence of proletarian law, its role in strengthening the dictatorship of the proletariat and implementing its policies, in the protection and defense of workers’ rights. However, the leader of the Russian proletariat, like K. Marx and F. Engels, did not leave any special work on the theory of law, which significantly complicated the process of formation of the Marxist-Leninist theory of law by Russian and foreign jurists.

In the absence of systematic knowledge about the legal views of K. Marx and F. Engels, Soviet jurists (P. I. Stuchka, E. B. Pashukanis, I. P. Razumovsky, M. A. Reisner, N. V. Krylenko and others .) did not always accurately interpret certain provisions of the classics of Marxism on law and therefore came to a different understanding of the essence of law and its role in building a socialist society. Among Marxist jurists there was also a strong opinion that law would soon die out, and therefore its insignificant value under the dictatorship of the proletariat.

Russian jurists, who did not accept Marxism, as well as Soviet power, published a number of works containing thorough critical analysis activities (dictatorship) of the Russian proletariat. Thus, in 1921, Professor I. A. Ilyin sharply criticized Bolshevism in lectures and public speeches, as well as in a number of brochures published in 1918-1921. In his speech “The main tasks of jurisprudence in Russia,” delivered at a meeting of the Moscow Law Society in 1921, he recognized the main task of Russian legal scholars to comprehend the tragic experience of historical events, to recognize the defects and ailments of their own and national legal consciousness, and to assist in state renewal. P. A. Sorokin, who publicly recognized the Bolsheviks as “the curse of the Russian nation” and “Slavophilism in reverse,” N. A. Berdyaev, S. L. Frank and other opponents of the Soviet regime thought and wrote in unison with him.

NEP stage(1922-1929) was characterized by the expansion of private initiative in the economic and property spheres and directly opposite processes in legal science - a significant limitation on the ability of Russian legal scholars to publish works containing critical assessments of the Soviet state and law. More than 200 scientists, the most active critics of the Soviet state and law, were arrested by the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission and in 1922 expelled outside the RSFSR. At the same time, thanks to state censorship, works containing a critical analysis of the activities of the Soviet government and the events it carried out were not allowed for publication. The commercialization of publishing activities has led to the fact that clear priority is given to popular editions of collections of current legislation, various kinds of commentaries on current regulations legal acts in the field of civil, labor, financial, cooperative law. Monographic publications were published extremely reluctantly and under the indispensable condition that their provisions propagated the Marxist-Leninist teaching and political and legal practice of the dictatorship of the Soviet proletariat. As a result, a number of creative monographs prepared by E. E. Pontovich, V. I. Boshko, I. D. Ilyinsky, dedicated to fundamental problems states and rights never reached a wide readership.

The NEP stage in the history of Soviet legal science was characterized by the following features that most clearly characterize its specificity: 1) the completion of the scientific and political activity of V. I. Lenin; 2) recognition of the possibility of building a socialist society in the USSR in the conditions of a capitalist environment; 3) outstanding research problems government controlled and development of the foundations of Soviet administrative law; 4) further development of problems of financial, cooperative, land law, as well as problems of state education of children and re-education of offenders; 5) completion of research related to the formation of the Marxist-Leninist theory of state and law; 6) justification for the need to simplify the Criminal Code and tighten sanctions against persons recognized by enemies people, as well as the comprehensive simplification of the procedure for bringing to criminal liability.

Since the 1930s. Soviet legal science enters the stage of building a socialist society and the Great Patriotic War. It is at this time that such major events, such as the adoption of the Stalinist Constitution of the USSR in 1936 and the Great Patriotic War of 1941 - 1945. A characteristic feature of this period is that the right to present the problems of legal science and practice passed from scientists to party and government officials who, as a rule, did not have a special legal education and knew about the law only by hearsay, from the position of Stalinist-party principles and their own direct practical experience. Workers, including legal scholars, had to constantly clarify their legal views in accordance with the statements and wishes of I.V. Stalin, A.A. Andreev, A.F. Gorkin, M.I. Kalinin, L.M. Kaganovich, S. M. Kirov, V. V. Kuibyshev, A. I. Mikoyan, V. M. Molotov, A. A. Zhdanov, and other prominent government and party figures. Particularly trusted legal ideologists of the party also made their contribution to the formation of legal science of the Stalinist period: A. Ya. Vyshinsky, S. B. Ingulov, V. A. Karpinsky, D. Z. Manuilsky, P. F. Yudin.

All like-minded people and comrades-in-arms of I.V. Stalin, whose works were distributed in significant circulations throughout the country as an example of the “Lenin-Stalin” solution current issues Soviet state and law and methodological guidance of the practical activities of local party and Soviet bodies, in reality were not creative researchers of the problems of legal science. Their creative potential was limited to retelling the ideas and instructions of the “brilliant teacher and leader” Stalin. Most likely, his like-minded people and associates were not very keen on finding new ways to develop the state and law, so as not to conflict with the ideas of their teacher and leader. Most of their work consisted of a conscientious retelling of Stalin's ideas and instructions, with the main emphasis being on quoting Stalin's works and flattering statements about the great J.V. Stalin. Sometimes things got weird. Thus, A.I. Mikoyan, in a short speech at the 17th Party Congress, managed to mention Stalin’s name 41 times. At the same time, their proposals on issues of the Soviet state and law boiled down to ordinary demands to “strengthen the rule of law,” “increase responsibility,” and “put an end to the grossest violations of Soviet laws.” Such demands were put forward in the abstract, without a serious objective analysis of existing political and legal practice, which is why they were mainly of a subjective nature, determined by the current situation, and did not in any way influence the development of legal science or the improvement of law enforcement practice.

In order to consolidate the efforts of Soviet legal scholars to generalize and promote the political and legal practice of the party and the Soviet state, carried out under the leadership of I.V. Stalin, an All-Union meeting on issues of science of the Soviet state and law was held in July 1938. The USSR prosecutor and part-time director of the Institute of Law of the USSR Academy of Sciences A. Ya. Vyshinsky made an extensive report, presenting a vision of the problems of legal science during the period of strengthening the foundations of socialism from the standpoint of Stalinist theory and methodology. A particularly significant event of this meeting was the official formulation of the question of the “Marxist understanding” of law in a positivist interpretation, reducing law to the will of the ruling class.

Legal positivism is in blatant contradiction with the dialectical-materialist worldview. Indeed, K. Marx and F. Engels never reduced law to law; on the contrary, they clearly and consistently explained to their readers and opponents the immutable fact that the real source of law is society and the production relations inherent in it. Nevertheless, the clearly non-Marxist definition of law given by A.V. Vyshinsky fell on fertile ground. The majority of Soviet legal scholars throughout the history of the Soviet state were in agreement with the definition of law given by A. Ya. Vyshinsky, recognizing it as Marxism of the highest standard.

However, some authors of publications on legal topics still preferred an objective analysis of political and legal realities and their truthful coverage in their publications over the scientific situation. The most in-depth and objective analysis of the actual state of affairs in the country was given by N. M. Ryutin in his work “Stalin and the Crisis of the Proletarian Dictatorship,” which was initially distributed in manuscript and was published only 60 years later. The author reasonably showed that in the early 1930s. the country is experiencing an acute political and economic crisis caused by the anti-Marxist, voluntaristic decisions of the party. The Marxist-Leninist understanding of the most important theoretical and practical issues, emphasized N.V. Ryutin, has been replaced by an empty, deceitful and loud “leftist phrase”, which is in blatant contradiction with facts and reality. The theoretical, and at the same time practical, formulation of the decisive question for Bolshevism of the fight against opportunism was vulgarized, vulgarized to the last degree, turned into a caricature and simply a means to justify Stalin’s policies and terrorize dissidents.

Stage of restoration of the national economy begins with the resolution of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks “On the expansion and improvement of legal education in the country” dated October 5, 1946 and ends with the report “On the cult of personality and its consequences”, which was delivered by the First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee N. S. Khrushchev at the 20th Congress parties. During this period, there was a slow revival of Soviet legal science, as evidenced by the publication of a number of original monographic works that have not lost their relevance today. Among them are studies by A. M. Arzhanov, M. M. Agarkov, A. V. Venediktov, S. N. Bratus, D. B. Grekov, M. N. Gernet, D. M. Gen-

Kin, L.I. Dembo, M.M. Isaev, I.B. Novitsky, L.I. Povolotsky. However, the methodology remained unchanged scientific research, just as the persecution of Soviet jurists continued, albeit in a different, more gentle form.

After the death of I.V. Stalin in March 1953, Soviet jurists remained faithful to the previous style and methodology scientific work. Quotes from the works of the “great leader” Soviet people and all mankind” continued to make up a significant share in their publications, and flattering assessments of his activities remained unchanged. Thus, A.I. Denisov, in the textbook “Theory of State and Law” of 1948, assured students that I.V. Stalin further developed the Marxist-Leninist theory of state and law and enriched it with a number of new important provisions. A similar provision was contained in the textbook “Theory of State and Law,” published in 1955 under the editorship of M. P. Kareva and G. I. Fedkin.

The situation with legal science was so bad that in 1964 the Central Committee of the Party adopted a special resolution “On measures for the further development of legal science and improvement of legal education in the country,” which marked the beginning of the revival of Soviet legal science. Soviet legal scholars were freed from the obligation to propagate the works of I.V. Stalin and were aimed at understanding the ways of development of the state and law in the conditions of both Soviet socialist society and other countries.

Stalin period

Stalin period- a period in the history of the USSR when its leader was actually J.V. Stalin. The beginning of this period is usually dated to the interval between the XIV Congress of the CPSU (b) and the defeat of the “right opposition” in the CPSU (b) (1926-1929); the end comes with the death of Stalin on March 5, 1953. During this period, Stalin actually had the greatest power, although formally in the years 1923-1940 he did not hold positions in the executive power structures. The propaganda of the Stalinist period pathetically called it the Age of Stalin.

Stalin's period in power was marked by:

• On the one hand: the accelerated industrialization of the country, mass labor and front-line heroism, victory in the Great Patriotic War, the transformation of the USSR into a superpower with significant scientific, industrial and military potential, the unprecedented strengthening of the geopolitical influence of the Soviet Union in the world, the establishment of pro-Soviet communist regimes in Eastern Europe and a number of countries in Southeast Asia;
• On the other hand: the establishment of a totalitarian dictatorial regime, mass repressions, sometimes directed against entire social strata and ethnic groups (for example, the deportation of Crimean Tatars, Chechens and Ingush, Balkars, Kalmyks, Koreans), forced collectivization, which at an early stage led to a sharp decline in agriculture and the famine of 1932-1933, numerous human losses (as a result of wars, deportations, German occupation, famine and repression), the division of the world community into two warring camps and the beginning cold war.

Characteristics of the period

An analysis of Politburo decisions shows that their main goal was to maximize the difference between output and consumption, which required mass coercion. The growth of the accumulation fund entailed a struggle between various administrative and regional interests for influence on the process of preparing and executing political decisions. The competition of these interests partly smoothed out the destructive consequences of hypercentralization.

Modern researchers believe that the most important economic decisions in the 20s were made after open, broad and heated public discussions, through open democratic voting at plenums of the Central Committee and congresses of the Communist Party.

According to Trotsky’s point of view, as set out in his book “The Revolution Betrayed: What is the USSR and Where is It Going?”, Stalin’s Soviet Union was a degenerated workers’ state.

Collectivization and industrialization

Real wheat prices at foreign markets fell from 5-6 dollars per bushel to less than 1 dollar.

Collectivization led to a decline in agriculture: according to official data, gross grain harvests decreased from 733.3 million centners in 1928 to 696.7 million centners in 1931-32. Grain yield in 1932 was 5.7 c/ha compared to 8.2 c/ha in 1913. Gross agricultural production was 124% in 1928 compared to 1913, in 1929-121%, in 1930-117%, in 1931-114%, in 1932-107%, in 1933-101% Livestock production in 1933 was 65% of the 1913 level. But at the expense of the peasants, the collection of commercial grain, which the country so needed for industrialization, increased by 20%.

Stalin's policy of industrialization of the USSR required more funds and equipment obtained from the export of wheat and other goods abroad. Greater plans were established for collective farms to deliver agricultural products to the state. mass famine of 1932-33 , according to historians [ Who?], were the result of these grain procurement campaigns. Average level The life of the population in rural areas until Stalin’s death did not reach the levels of 1929 (according to US data).

Industrialization, which, due to obvious necessity, began with the creation of basic branches of heavy industry, could not yet provide the market with the goods necessary for the village. The supply of the city through normal trade was disrupted; in 1924, the tax in kind was replaced by a cash tax. A vicious circle arose: to restore the balance it was necessary to accelerate industrialization, for this it was necessary to increase the influx of food, export products and labor from the village, and for this it was necessary to increase the production of bread, increase its marketability, create in the countryside a need for heavy industry products (machines ). The situation was complicated by the destruction during the revolution of the basis of commercial production of bread in pre-revolutionary Russia- large landowner farms, and a project was needed to create something to replace them.

This vicious circle could only be broken through radical modernization of agriculture. Theoretically, there were three ways to do this. One is a new version of the “Stolypin reform”: support for the growing kulak, redistribution in its favor of the resources of the bulk of middle peasant farms, stratification of the village into large farmers and the proletariat. The second way is the elimination of pockets of capitalist economy (kulaks) and the formation of large mechanized collective farms. The third way - the gradual development of labor individual peasant farms with their cooperation at a “natural” pace - by all accounts turned out to be too slow. After the disruption of grain procurements in 1927, when it was necessary to take emergency measures (fixed prices, closing markets and even repression), and an even more catastrophic grain procurement campaign of 1928-1929. the issue had to be resolved urgently. Extraordinary measures during procurement in 1929, already perceived as something completely abnormal, caused about 1,300 riots. The path to creating farming through the stratification of the peasantry was incompatible with the Soviet project for ideological reasons. A course was set for collectivization. This also implied the liquidation of the kulaks.

The second cardinal issue is the choice of industrialization method. The discussion about this was difficult and long, and its outcome predetermined the character of the state and society. Not having, unlike Russia at the beginning of the century, foreign loans as an important source of funds, the USSR could industrialize only at the expense of internal resources. An influential group (Politburo member N.I. Bukharin, Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars A.I. Rykov and Chairman of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions M.P. Tomsky) defended the “sparing” option of gradual accumulation of funds through the continuation of the NEP. L. D. Trotsky - forced version. J.V. Stalin initially supported Bukharin’s point of view, but after Trotsky was expelled from the Party Central Committee at the end of the year, he changed his position to the diametrically opposite one. This led to a decisive victory for the supporters of forced industrialization.

The question of how much these achievements contributed to victory in the Great Patriotic War remains a matter of debate. During Soviet times, the view was accepted that industrialization and pre-war rearmament played a decisive role. Critics point out that by the beginning of the winter of 1941, the territory was occupied, in which 42% of the population of the USSR lived before the war, 63% of coal was mined, 68% of cast iron was smelted, etc. As V. Lelchuk writes, “victory had to be achieved cannot be forged with the help of the powerful potential that was created during the years of accelerated industrialization.” However, the numbers speak for themselves. Despite the fact that in 1943 the USSR produced only 8.5 million tons of steel (compared to 18.3 million tons in 1940), while the German industry that year smelted more than 35 million tons (including those captured in Europe metallurgical plants), despite the colossal damage from the German invasion, the USSR industry was able to produce much more weapons than the German industry. In 1942, the USSR surpassed Germany in the production of tanks by 3.9 times, combat aircraft by 1.9 times, guns of all types by 3.1 times. At the same time, the organization and technology of production quickly improved: in 1944, the cost of all types of military products was halved compared to 1940. Record military production was achieved due to the fact that all new industry had a dual purpose. The industrial raw material base was prudently located beyond the Urals and Siberia, while the occupied territories were predominantly pre-revolutionary industry. The evacuation of industry to the Urals, Volga region, Siberia and Central Asia played a significant role. During the first three months of the war alone, 1,360 large (mostly military) enterprises were relocated.

The rapid growth of the urban population has led to a deterioration in the housing situation; a period of “densification” passed again; workers arriving from the village were housed in barracks. By the end of 1929, the card system was extended to almost all food products, and then to industrial products. However, even with cards it was impossible to obtain the necessary rations, and in 1931 additional “warrants” were introduced. It was impossible to buy food without standing in huge lines. According to data from the Smolensk party archive, in 1929 in Smolensk a worker received 600 g of bread per day, family members - 300 each, fat - from 200 g to a liter vegetable oil per month, 1 kilogram of sugar per month; a worker received 30-36 meters of calico per year. Subsequently, the situation (until 1935) only worsened. The GPU noted acute discontent among the workers.

Changes in living standards

• The average standard of living throughout the country underwent significant fluctuations (especially associated with the first Five-Year Plan and the war), but in 1938 and 1952 it was higher or almost the same as in 1928.
• The greatest increase in living standards was among the party and labor elite.
• According to various estimates, the standard of living of the vast majority of rural residents has not improved or has worsened significantly.

Introduction of the passport system in 1932-1935. provided for restrictions for residents of rural areas: peasants were prohibited from moving to another area or going to work in the city without the consent of the board of a state farm or collective farm, which thus sharply limited their freedom of movement.

Cards for bread, cereals and pasta were abolished from January 1, 1935, and for other (including non-food) goods from January 1, 1936. This was accompanied by an increase in wages in the industrial sector and an even greater increase in state ration prices for all types of goods. Commenting on the abolition of cards, Stalin uttered what later became a catchphrase: “Life has become better, life has become more fun.”

Overall, per capita consumption increased by 22% between 1928 and 1938. Cards were reintroduced in July 1941. After the war and famine (drought) of 1946, they were abolished in 1947, although many goods remained in short supply, in particular there was another famine in 1947. In addition, on the eve of the abolition of cards, prices for ration goods were raised. The restoration of the economy allowed in 1948-1953. repeatedly reduce prices. Price reductions significantly increased the standard of living of Soviet people. In 1952, the cost of bread was 39% of the price at the end of 1947, milk - 72%, meat - 42%, sugar - 49%, butter- 37%. As noted at the 19th Congress of the CPSU, at the same time the price of bread increased by 28% in the USA, by 90% in England, and more than doubled in France; the cost of meat in the USA increased by 26%, in England - by 35%, in France - by 88%. If in 1948 real wages were on average 20% lower than the pre-war level, then in 1952 they were already 25% higher than the pre-war level.

The average standard of living of the population in regions remote from large cities and specializing in crop production, that is, the majority of the country's population, did not reach the levels of 1929 before the start of the war. The year of Stalin's death average calorie content The daily diet of an agricultural worker was 17% below the 1928 level.

Demography during the Stalin period

As a result of famine, repression and deportations, mortality exceeded the “normal” level in the period 1927-1938. amounted, according to various estimates, from 4 to 12 million people. However, during the 29 years in power, the population of the USSR increased by 60 million people.

Stalin's repressions

Make the following changes to the current criminal procedural codes of the union republics for the investigation and consideration of cases of terrorist organizations and terrorist acts against employees of the Soviet government: 1. The investigation in these cases should be completed within no more than ten days; 2. The indictment must be served on the accused one day before the hearing of the case in court; 3. Hear cases without the participation of the parties; 4. Cassation appeals against sentences, as well as filing petitions for pardon, should not be allowed; 5. A sentence of capital punishment shall be carried out immediately upon delivery of the sentence.

The mass terror of the Yezhovshchina period was carried out by the then authorities of the country throughout the entire territory of the USSR (and, at the same time, in the territories of Mongolia, Tuva and Republican Spain controlled at that time by the Soviet regime), based on the figures of “planned targets” for identifying and punishing people who harmed the Soviet government (the so-called “enemies of the people”).

During the Yezhovshchina, torture was widely used against those arrested; sentences that were not subject to appeal (often to death) were passed without any trial - and were carried out immediately (often even before the verdict was passed); all property of the absolute majority of arrested people was immediately confiscated; the relatives of the repressed themselves were subjected to the same repressions - for the mere fact of their relationship with them; Children of repressed persons left without parents (regardless of their age) were also placed, as a rule, in prisons, camps, colonies, or in special “orphanages for children of enemies of the people.” In 1935, it became possible to attract minors, starting from the age of 12, to capital punishment (execution).

In 1937, 353,074 people were sentenced to death, in 1938 - 328,618, in 1939-2,601. According to Richard Pipes, in 1937-1938 the NKVD arrested about 1.5 million people, of whom about 700 thousand were executed, that is, on average, 1,000 executions per day.

Historian V.N. Zemskov names a similar figure, arguing that “in the most cruel period - 1937-38 - more than 1.3 million people were convicted, of whom almost 700,000 were shot,” and in another of his publications he clarifies: “according to documented data, in 1937-1938. 1,344,923 people were convicted for political reasons, of which 681,692 were sentenced to capital punishment.” It should be noted that Zemskov personally participated in the work of the commission, which worked in 1990-1993. and considered the issue of repression.

As a result of famine, repression and deportations, mortality exceeded the “normal” level in the period 1927-1938. amounted, according to various estimates, from 4 to 12 million people.

In 1937-1938 Bukharin, Rykov, Tukhachevsky and other political figures and military leaders were arrested, including those who at one time contributed to Stalin’s rise to power.

The attitude of representatives of society who adhere to liberal democratic values ​​is reflected in particular in their assessment of the repressions carried out during the Stalin period against a number of nationalities of the USSR: in the RSFSR Law of April 26, 1991 No. 1107-I “On the rehabilitation of repressed peoples”, signed by the President RSFSR B. N. Yeltsin, it is argued that in relation to a number of peoples of the USSR on state level based on nationality or other affiliation “a policy of slander and genocide was pursued”.

War

According to modern historians, arguments about the quantitative or qualitative superiority of German technology on the eve of the war are unfounded. On the contrary, in terms of certain parameters (the number and weight of tanks, the number of aircraft), the Red Army grouping along the western border of the USSR was significantly superior to the similar Wehrmacht grouping.

Post-war period

Soon after the end of the war, repressions were carried out among the senior command staff Armed Forces THE USSR. So, in 1946-1948 according to the so-called. In the “trophy case”, a number of major military leaders from the inner circle of Marshal of the Soviet Union G.K. Zhukov were arrested and put on trial, among whom were Chief Marshal of Aviation A.A. Novikov, Lieutenant General K.F. Telegin.

The ideological split between the communist doctrine that guided the USSR and the democratic principles that guided the “bourgeois” countries, forgotten during the war against a common enemy, inevitably came to the fore in international relations, and after Winston Churchill’s famous Fulton speech, none of the former allies tried to hide this split. The Cold War began.

In the states of Eastern Europe liberated by the Soviet Army, with the open support of Stalin, pro-Soviet oriented communist forces came to power, which later entered into an economic and military alliance with the USSR in its confrontation with the United States and the NATO bloc. Post-war contradictions between the USSR and the USA in the Far East led to the Korean War, in which Soviet pilots and anti-aircraft gunners took direct part.

The defeat of Germany and its satellites in the war radically changed the balance of forces in the world. The USSR turned into one of the leading world powers, without which, according to V. M. Molotov, not a single issue of international life should now be resolved.

However, during the war years, the power of the United States grew even more. Their gross national product rose by 70%, and economic and human losses were minimal. Having turned into an international creditor during the war years, the United States gained the opportunity to expand its economic and political influence on other countries and peoples.

All this led to the fact that instead of cooperation in Soviet-American relations, a time of mutual competition and confrontation was coming. The Soviet Union could not help but be concerned about the US nuclear monopoly in the first post-war years. America saw a threat to its security in the growing influence of the USSR in the world. All this led to the beginning of the Cold War.

However, human losses did not end with the war, in which they amounted to about 27 million. The famine of 1946-1947 alone claimed the lives of from 0.8 to two million people.

In the shortest possible time, the national economy, transport, housing stock, and destroyed settlements in the former occupied territory were restored.

State security agencies took harsh measures to suppress nationalist movements that were actively manifested in the Baltic states and Western Ukraine.

The measures taken led to an increase in grain yields by 25-30%, vegetables by 50-75%, and herbs by 100-200%.

In 1952, the cost of bread was 39% of the price at the end of 1947, milk - 72%, meat - 42%, sugar - 49%, butter - 37%. As noted at the 19th Congress of the CPSU, at the same time the price of bread increased by 28% in the USA, by 90% in England, and more than doubled in France; the cost of meat in the USA increased by 26%, in England - by 35%, in France - by 88%. If in 1948 real wages were on average 20% lower than the pre-war level, then in 1952 they were already 25% higher than the pre-war level. In general, during 1928-1952. the greatest increase in living standards was among the party and labor elites, while for the vast majority of rural residents it did not improve or worsened.

The fight against cosmopolitanism

In the post-war period, massive campaigns began against the departure from the “principle of party membership”, against the “abstract academic spirit”, “objectivism”, as well as against “anti-patriotism”, “rootless cosmopolitanism” and “the derogation of Russian science and Russian philosophy”.

Almost all Jewish places were closed educational establishments, theaters, publishing houses and the media (except for the newspaper of the Jewish Autonomous Region “Birobidzhaner Shtern” ( Birobidzhan star) and the magazine "Soviet Gameland"). Mass arrests and dismissals of Jews began. In the winter of 1953, rumors circulated about the supposed impending deportation of Jews; the question of whether these rumors were true is debatable.

Science in the Stalinist period

Entire scientific fields, such as genetics and cybernetics, were declared bourgeois and banned; in these areas, the USSR, after decades, was still unable to reach the world level. . According to historians, many scientists, for example, academician Nikolai Vavilov and others, were repressed with the direct participation of Stalin. Ideological attacks on cybernetics could also affect the development of the closely related field of computer science, but the resistance of dogmatists was eventually overcome thanks to the position of the military and members of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

Culture of the Stalin period

• List of films of the Stalin period

• Stalinist architecture (“Stalinist Empire style”)

Stalin's time in works of art

see also

Literature

Links

Notes

1. Gregory P., Harrison M. Allocation under Dictatorship: Research in Stalin’s Archives // Journal of Economic Literature. 2005. Vol. 43. P. 721. (English)
2. See review: Khlevniuk O. Stalinism and the Stalin Period after the “Archival Revolution” // Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History. 2001. Vol. 2, No. 2. P. 319. DOI:10.1353/kri.2008.0052
3. (unavailable link) The misunderstood NEP. Alexander Mechanic. Discussions about economic policy during the years of monetary reform 1921-1924. Goland Yu. M.
4. M. Geller, A. Nekrich History of Russia: 1917-1995
5. Allen R. C. The standard of living in the Soviet Union, 1928-1940 // Univ. of British Columbia, Dept. of Economics. Discussion Paper No. 97-18. August, 1997. (English)
6. Nove A. About the fate of the NEP // Questions of history. 1989. No. 8. - P. 172
7. Lelchuk V. Industrialization
8. MFIT Reform of the defense complex. Military Herald
9. victory.mil.ru The movement of the USSR's productive forces to the east
10. I. Economics - World revolution and world war - V. Rogovin
11. Industrialization
12. A. Chernyavsky Shot in the Mausoleum. Khabarovsk Pacific Star, 2006-06-21
13. See review: Demographic modernization of Russia 1900-2000 / Ed. A. Vishnevsky. M.: New publishing house, 2006. Ch. 5.
14. CHRONOLOGY OF IMPORTANT EVENTS AND DATES. 1922-1940 "World History
15. The national economy of the USSR in 1960. - M.: Gosstatizdat TsSU USSR, 1961
16. Chapman J. G. Real Wages in the Soviet Union, 1928-1952 // Review of Economics and Statistics. 1954. Vol. 36, No. 2. P. 134. DOI:10.2307/1924665 (English)
17. Jasny N. Soviet industrialization, 1928-1952. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961.
18. Post-war reconstruction and economic development of the USSR in the 40s - early 50s. / Katsva L. A. Distance course in the History of the Fatherland for applicants.
19. Popov V. Passport system of Soviet serfdom // New world. 1996. № 6.
20. Nineteenth Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks). Bulletin No. 8, p.22 - M: Pravda, 1952.
21. Wheatcroft S. G. The first 35 years of Soviet living standards: Secular growth and conjunctural crises in a time of famines // Explorations in Economic History. 2009. Vol. 46, No. 1. P. 24. DOI:10.1016/j.eeh.2008.06.002 (English)
22. See review: Denisenko M. Demographic crisis in the USSR in the first half of the 1930s: estimates of losses and problems of study // Historical demography. Collection of articles / Ed. Denisenko M. B., Troitskaya I. A. - M.: MAKS Press, 2008. - P. 106-142. - (Demographic Studies, Vol. 14)
23. Andreev E. M., et al., Population of the Soviet Union, 1922-1991. Moscow, Nauka, 1993. ISBN 5-02-013479-1
24. Resolution of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR on December 1, 1934 // SZ USSR, 1934, No. 64, art. 459
25. Documents on repression
26. Great Russian Encyclopedia. Volume 4. Great Terror.
27. See Explanation to the court and prosecutor's office dated 04/20/1935 and the previous Resolution of the Central Executive Committee and Council of People's Commissars of the USSR dated 04/07/1935 “On measures to combat juvenile delinquency”
28. STATISTICS OF THE REPRESSIVE ACTIVITIES OF THE SECURITY BODIES OF THE USSR FOR THE PERIOD FROM 1921 TO 1940.
29. Richard Pipes. Communism: A History (Modern Library Chronicles), p. 67.
30. Internet vs TV screen
31. On the issue of the scale of repression in the USSR // Viktor Zemskov
32. http://www.hrono.ru/statii/2001/zemskov.html
33. Meltyukhov M. I. Stalin's missed chance. The Soviet Union and the struggle for Europe: 1939-1941. - M.: Veche, 2000. - Ch. 12. The place of the “Eastern Campaign” in the German strategy of 1940-1941. and the forces of the parties to the start of Operation Barbarossa. - See discussion. table 45−47 and 57−58.
34. Lektorsky V. A., Ogurtsov A. P.

Why is she so hated by the authorities in the Kremlin, the home-grown “liberal democrats” and the masters of the “civilized world”.

I live in Mordovia and have witnessed the historical events of the last 35 years. Now it is fashionable to remember, and mostly invent, about the blue blood or at least the kulak origin of family ancestors.

My parents’ generation in pre-revolutionary Russia consisted entirely of workers and peasants, and therefore I am proud of them. It was they who created the great Soviet state, where social justice was not an empty word, where people had confidence in the future. Everything is relative. I have something to compare with, past and present. There is something to compare with other eyewitnesses. That is why it is so important for the enemies of Russia to destroy this memory. They give a special place to the Stalin era, therefore our historical past is a cudgel in the political struggle.

From my childhood, I remember my grandmother, a Mordovian by nationality. She, like my grandfather, were illiterate peasants from the poor. Nowadays they are called drunks and parasites. I remember her soft, calm character, how she rejoiced and fussed when my father and I came to visit her from the city, to the Mordovian village of Otradnoye.

I didn't notice that she ever prayed, obviously she was an atheist. A special place, I remember her words when the conversation turned to the death of Stalin. She explained that when he died, the whole village cried. She also cried, because she was sure that the landowners and kulaks would now come to power. Not much wrong.

You think the kulaks of the Soviet era, as they are now called, were hard workers and honest entrepreneurs. You are wrong. These were ordinary world-eaters or “effective owners.” They received their main income from the needs of fellow villagers, giving them grain on credit at 250-300%, and for agricultural rent. inventory, burdening them with various quitrents. The kulak created reserves of grain, buying it from fellow villagers and really influenced prices on the market. It was economic power, and therefore in many ways political power in the village. Having caused a grain procurement crisis in 1927, withholding grain from sale, because The international situation became more complicated and the smell of war was in the air. No hard feelings, just business. As they say, they got caught up in greed and got collectivization. And when they started killing collective farm activists and burning collective farm barns, they deserved to be dispossessed.

Now it is fashionable to condemn terrorists, but it was the kulaks who carried out mass terror, both against fellow villagers who joined the collective farm, and against party activists in the countryside. Realizing the power floats away from their hands. True, now this terror is considered legitimate and justified. Do you think that their fellow villagers felt sympathy for them during dispossession? You are wrong again. My grandmother hated them. Ask yourself how you feel about a person who is in debt bondage and he is sucking all the juice out of you. Remember those evicted by banks from mortgaged apartments.

A similar exile or dispossession was carried out by Stolypin, only the peasants were driven to a new place by hunger and need. According to many historians, the Stolypin reform failed because was not prepared by the authorities, so most of the settlers returned, but they had already lost what little they had previously had. This means that, apart from fate, they become farm laborers, they had no food for the stew. Nobody was waiting for them in the cities.

Stolypin dreamed of eliminating communities and creating more kulaks. I didn’t understand that I was digging the grave of tsarism and my class when I destroyed the community. Now they try not to remember that during this period of time, 7 million farmers in the United States were kicked out of their land by banks for non-payment of debts. Most of them died of hunger. By the way, almost all the photographs shown at the exhibitions of “Nezalezhnaya”, as victims of “Stalin’s tyranny” and the “Holodomor” he organized in 32-33, are photographs of precisely the consequences of famine in the USA during the Great Depression. The more monstrous the lie, the more truthful it is.

According to official data, about 380 thousand families, total number of 1,803,392 hours., of which were resettled on specific plots of land 1,421,380 h., the rest mostly fled, because... The passport system was introduced in the USSR in 1934. This is a note to those who claim that peasants under Soviet rule were serfs.

Tvardovsky’s father was also dispossessed and ran away from exile to join his son in Moscow. Tvardovsky sent him back at his own expense. During Stalin’s lifetime, this writer praised him to the skies; after his death, he was in the forefront of denunciations of the “cult of personality.”

Immigrants before 1934 were exempt from taxes.. These special. migrants by 1938, according to the “Certificate on the state of the GULAG labor settlements in the NKVD of the USSR”: They had 1,106 primary, 370 junior high and 136 secondary schools, 12 technical schools and 230 vocational schools. A total of 217,456 students are children of labor settlers. For cultural and mass work in these villages, there was 813 clubs, 1202 reading rooms, 440 cinemas, 1149 libraries. Gradually they were restored to all civil rights. With special status migrants by 1950, there were about 20 thousand people.

You say innocent people suffered. The concept of innocent is different for everyone. I believe that guilt is determined by the law of that era. If you don’t like the law, then call those convicted of that time fighters against “Stalin’s tyranny,” but not innocent.

The Bolsheviks did not call themselves innocent victims of tsarism; these words would have sounded stupid and ridiculous. Yes, there have been and always will be innocent people, both here and throughout the world. But many who committed chaos during dispossession are now recorded as victims of “Stalin’s tyranny.” These victims of “Stalin's tyranny” committed terror and abuse of power; now many of their actions can safely be called terrorist acts.

And many “innocent” people dreamed and sought to divide the USSR, for their loved ones, in order to settle down at the feeding trough, new “independent” states, as happened in 1991. Or squander state lands, that is, donate them to the “civilized world” in order to receive them recognition and support. How do you feel about them? Everyone relates differently. Many terrorist attacks by Chechen religious obscurantists, ISIS, and Binder’s Nazis are considered justified by the struggle for democracy and freedom. They just forget to say that in the USSR at that time, as now in the Russian Federation, the laws are more humane than in “civilized countries.” Eg. On May 16, 1918, the U.S. Congress passed an amendment to the Espionage Act, according to which anyone “speaks orally or in writing in a disloyal, slanderous, rude or insulting tone about the form of government or in relation to the Constitution of the United States or in relations with the armed forces forces,” faces up to 20 years in prison or a fine of up to $10,000. This is what “democracy” is like there. What is prohibited among them is encouraged and considered democracy among others. Currently, the legislation there and in other “civilized countries” has been sufficiently improved, that is, the concept of a crime against the state has been expanded, and the punishment has become more severe.

Many “liberal democrats” argued that there were no saboteurs, spies, or terrorists in the USSR. I give statistics only for the RSFSR, but there were other republics of the USSR. In the period from 1921 to June 22, 1941, over 936 thousand people, approximately 128 people each, were detained for violators of the USSR border alone. in a day! In addition, during this period, over 30 thousand spies, saboteurs, over 40 thousand armed bandits were detained, and 1,119 gangs were liquidated. So little things. Even from these figures, it is obvious what kind of living conditions the “civilized guys” suited us.

Our Mordovian family of 8 people, before the war, had two cows, piglets, and chickens. Grandmother worked on a collective farm. Grandfather was a hired shepherd. IN free time, in an artel, he dug wells in villages. These people are now called shabashniks or small entrepreneurs. And he was never a member of any collective farm. This is about a fairy tale, about serfs before the war. The fields of collective farms were cultivated by tractors, and the harvest was harvested by MTS combines. The experience with MTS is currently being used in the USA. Why should a farm buy expensive equipment if it can be hired during the agricultural period without the risk of ruin? works This was the case in WWII. Our family sold the surplus milk through the collective farm, to the Consumer Cooperation (KOPTORG). Even in perestroika times, scarce products were sold there without problems, naturally more expensive than in state stores. But most importantly, collective farmers could sell the products from their personal farms, because there were markets. Who understands how much food these animals need? He will understand that without the support of the collective farm, this is not possible.

The older children studied at a seven-year school. Was canceled in 1935 card system There were no problems with food and basic goods. Even in August 1941 in Leningrad, sausage was freely available in stores. My mother's half-sister told me about this. She lived in Leningrad and was a member of the militia that defended the city. I didn’t believe it and asked to confirm what was said. She confirmed that food was on sale in stores in August, even sausage, but it never occurred to her to buy more than she could immediately eat.

Many people now tell tales about the insignificance of the size of personal plots of that era. In 1935, at the 11th Congress of Collective Farmers - Shock Workers, the size of collective farmers' private farms was established from 0.2 to 0.5 hectares, and in some areas - up to 1 hectare. Household land did not include residential buildings. The quantity was set: up to 2 - 3 cows, 2 - 3 pigs, sows, from 20 - 25 sheep and goats, etc., an unlimited number of poultry and rabbits, up to 20 beehives. And only under Khrushchev these plots were cut right under the walls of the villagers’ houses.

Yes, there was starvation during and immediately after the war. My father told me that they made dung from cow dung and subsequently used it to heat the stoves in the huts. Weaved bast shoes, because... there was nothing to wear. We ate bread with quinoa. The first cow was slaughtered because... there was no feed, the second died in 1944. I remembered how their children stole spikelets from the collective farm fields and how they were persecuted for this, how their younger brother died of exhaustion and illness. He also remembers that his father went missing near Kharkov in 1942, so the pension was paid in a smaller amount than those recognized as dead. And I think it's right. He remembers that they cut down the apple trees, because... Before 1947, there was a tax on literally all household plots. But most importantly, with rare exceptions, it was hard for everyone, and therefore no one complained, everyone brought victory closer as best they could. Children studied in schools. Despite the difficulties they survived the war. How do you think? Now a single woman can raise and raise five children.

After the war, life became better every year. After the currency reform in 1947, taxes on personal plots and personal agriculture were abolished. animals. People began to acquire farming. animals, from that time there were luxurious gardens, I remember the cherry orchard on seven acres, planted by my father and his older brother in 1951. Every year until 1953, prices for literally everything were reduced, salary. increased. And prices on average fell 2.5 times for almost all products and goods. My parents said that everyone was already used to it and was waiting New Year with joy. The elder brother moved to the village of Chamzinka, the sisters moved to Nizhny Tagil in the late 40s. years. This is a note to those who tell the tale about collective farm serfdom after wartime.

But then Khrushchev came to power, the denouncer of “Stalin’s tyranny”, and during Stalin’s life, his main public admirer and sycophant. He was in the forefront, kissing Stalin in one place, and he kissed this place less than thirty times during one performance. Khrushchev, along with Eikhe, Kasior, Postyshev, Chubar, Kosarev, were the most active initiators of “mass repressions” in 1937 - 1938. It was they who, at the Plenum of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks (b) in 1937, demanded for themselves special powers to fight with "enemies of the people". They were given these powers. They distinguished themselves by destroying their opponents and those who disagreed with their policies in the party. For their bloody lawlessness and abuse, they were shot. There were no untouchables then. You earned it, so get what you deserve.

It was for them that Khrushchev shed tears at the 20th Congress, as innocent victims of “Stalin’s tyranny.” Now these guys have naturally been rehabilitated; how else could they be victims of a “tyrant”. He had shed tears before. He himself recalled:

“When Stalin was buried, I had tears in my eyes. These were sincere tears."

As they say, super hypocritical scum, how can one not believe such a thing, the Lord God himself “recommends” believing such a thing. He himself wrote denunciations:

“Dear Joseph Vassarionovich! Ukraine monthly sends 17-18 thousand repressed enemies of the people, and Moscow approves no more than 2-3 thousand. I ask you to take urgent measures. N. Khrushchev, who loves you.”

He talked about approving sentences. And when Stalin reproachfully asked him whether he had found too many enemies in Ukraine, he replied that there were “in fact much more”

After coming to power, Khrushchev told a fairy tale that Stalin was going to increase the tax on collective farmers and only the death of this “tyrant” saved the peasants from poverty, that is, he showed himself to be a defender of the peasants. But Khrushchev started with personal plots, almost completely took them away from collective farmers and established taxes on agriculture. animals. Collective farmers put the animals under the knife. This led to a shortage of meat products. He explained his policy by saying that collective farmers should not be distracted by personal farming, because the USSR should build communism. Then at the 22nd Congress of the CPSU he announced the construction of Communism in 2000, not forgetting to tell another tale about the “tyrant Stalin”, who destroyed 2/3 of the participants in the 17th Congress of the CPSU (b) in 1934, this congress is called the “Congress of Winners” .

The corn saga has begun. She was planted where needed and where not needed. As Khrushchev said, corn is food for animals and people. MTS was disbanded and transferred equipment to collective farms, of course for money, which led not only to downtime due to breakdowns, because... there was no repair base, but also to the debt bondage of collective farms, and subsequently to their miserable existence. Stalin in his work: "Economic problems of socialism". He warned that the transfer of agricultural equipment to collective farms will lead to their bankruptcy and their forced consolidation, which will lead to the formation of unpromising villages. Like looking into the water.

After Khrushchev’s art, a shortage began, from bread and meat to shoes. Prices have skyrocketed. They raised prices, naturally, on behalf of and for the people, just as they are now planning to raise the retirement age for the people. It was not for nothing that Stalin called him an ever-experimenting agronomist, which means he must be looked after. At that time, Khrushchev repented and promised to improve. I didn’t forget to give a speech of praise to the “teacher.” Yes, he was a rare piece of rot, like most of the Soviet creative intelligentsia, and even the modern Russian intelligentsia, he is not particularly different from them.

It’s not surprising that modern “democrats” and “liberals” value Khrushchev so much, but the people then really hated him. But our fighters for “democracy” and “free enterprise” forget to say that before Stalin’s death, in the USSR they produced products, 114,000 workshops and industrial enterprises, they were called an artel, at the moment they are called small and medium-sized businesses. But the difference was that the artels were engaged in the production and marketing of their products, but the prices were no more than 10-15% of the state ones. There were 2 million such entrepreneurs. And they produced mainly consumer goods, which amounted to 6% of GDP. Which made up 40% of furniture, 1/3 of knitwear, almost all children's toys. Stalin understood that some industries needed rapid changes in the products themselves. For example, tailoring of clothes and shoes, because... fashion changes quickly. Having come to power, Khrushchev determined that artels are a relic of capitalism. The result, many remember, was that stores sold products in excess, which no one wanted to buy, these are the consequences of Khrushchev’s “thaw”. With him, the gradual destruction of socialism and its gains began; it was no longer communists who fought for social justice, but animal careerists who began to penetrate into the party. As they say, such is the priest, such is the arrival. The result is known. Showing off and fraud have become ordinary life, including in real Russia.

Before perestroika, the Mordovian village of Otradnoye, my father’s homeland, had about 300 households, almost every family had a cow and piglets, many had calves. There were three herds, which were tended by fellow villagers in turns. Collective farms provided feed and the opportunity to prepare it. The potatoes were sold. Now there is devastation in Otradnoye and neighboring villages. I ask one of my relatives why you don’t raise livestock. I received the answer that at such a price for feed, raising animals is not profitable. Potatoes are not sold because... purchase prices are too low.

It's the same story with milk. Now they are creating landowner farms, the same slippage, there are no honest slaves who are ready to work for a bowl of stew, cheap loans are not available, expensive equipment, mostly imported. Where is the domestic one? They tell us the equipment is not of high quality. So “effective owners” and the existing government, why do we need you if you cannot create high-quality equipment, under socialism it was high-quality. They created a state where all the people and entrepreneurs work on the profits of commercial banks, which, with the help of the authorities, put almost all enterprises and the majority of the population into debt bondage. Where will high-quality equipment come from, miracles cannot happen.

They sing to us that the farmer will feed us, Stalin is to blame, he slaughtered the hard-working peasants and destroyed the gene pool. My grandmother has already spoken about these men. But what about the gentlemen, the Soviet men and women who fed the country and the army during the Second World War and the entire Soviet people under socialism. Why haven’t you created the government in 30 years of “hard-working peasants”? No one needs these “hard-working men” except you. The state and the people need agronomists, livestock specialists, machine operators, agricultural specialists...

We do not live in the 19th century, when we plowed on horses with plows and mowed with sickles. Expensive equipment will pay for itself only if the production is large-scale. In the USA, more than 10 thousand small and medium-sized farmers go bankrupt every year. Nothing better than a large collective farm has been invented. In Israel, 90% is agricultural. Products are not even produced by collective farms, something similar to communes. You choose, the revival of landowners or, as in Israel, collective farms. But for this, very little to the state was led by a patriot and business executive, and not by a colonial manager and the great swindler of Russia. I have not personally met an agricultural resident. localities, namely workers who dreamed of working for landowners or as farm laborers for farmers. If they had a choice, they would prefer something similar to a collective farm.

Why is the Stalin era hated by the enemies of the country from the “civilized world” and the modern “democratic-liberal” public of Russia? Statistics are stubborn things. Everything is relative. According to the agricultural census:

• In 1927 (basically the USSR was equal in GDP volume to Russia in 1913), the gross grain harvest was 40.8 million, in 1940 - 95.6 million tons, peasants owned 29.9 million heads of cows,
• in 1941 - 54.8 million cows.

In 1942, 10 million heads of cattle were evacuated from Ukraine. Now there are only 5 million heads on the Square. This is food for thought for some.

Granulated sugar production increased in 1927 - from 1283 thousand tons to 2421 thousand tons in 1937.

By industry: Cars were produced by 1913 (screwdriver production) - 0.8 thousand units. In 1937 alone - 200 thousand units were produced.

Email energy, in 1913 they produced 2 billion kW, in 1940 - 48.37 billion kW.

Between 1932 and 1936, collective farms received 500 thousand tractors and more than 150 thousand combines. Since 1934, the country has completely abandoned agricultural imports. equipment and cars.

In 1928, 0.8 thousand machine tools were produced (before 1913, machine tools were imported), in 1940 - 48.5 thousand machine tools.

Now lathes are imported from Bulgaria. We've reached it. And it should be especially interesting for our “liberal democrats” who claim that growth was due to heavy industry. In 1913, 58 million pairs were produced, and already in 1940 -183 ml. steam. leather shoes. The list can be endless.

In the period from 1913 (1927), GDP grew more than 10 times. Everything is relative. In 1913, the Russian Empire ranked fifth in the world in terms of GDP, that is, 5.3% of the world. In 1938, the USSR occupied second place in the world in terms of GDP, that is, in production, namely 13.7%. Second only to the United States, which produced 41.9% of the world.

Who doesn’t understand what achievements there were. I'll try to explain. Money is paper. The equivalent of this paper is GDP, which is mainly production. How could the population live worse in the Stalinist era, as we are constantly told, compared to 1913, if the money supply backed by products, and therefore the purchasing power of the population, increased almost 10 times. Under Stalin, capital was not exported abroad; Soviet workers did not have accounts there. Guys like Pyatakov, who received kickbacks for purchasing technology in the “civilized world,” were put up against the wall.

Man does not live by bread alone. In 1914, there were 91 universities in the Russian Empire and 112 thousand students studied there, most of them with paid education, as in gymnasiums. In 1939, there were 750 universities in the USSR, with 620 thousand students studying there. This does not include technical schools.

Nowadays there is a lot of “broadcast” that the Russian Empire before 1913 was industrialized and fed the whole world. I indicated above what kind of industry it was. A country cannot have a scientific and technical base and developed industry if during this period about 15% of the population lived in rural areas, if 80% of the population was illiterate. For comparison.

In the United States during this period, 50% were literate, only among black US citizens. We are also “broadcast” that Russia ranked first in terms of growth rates. For some reason, Russia did not show its growth during the First World War (WWII). Here are the official statistics. During the WWII period, weapons were manufactured in units, I will give an example: 1. For machine guns; Russia – 28 thousand, England – 23.9 thousand, USA – 75 thousand, Germany – 280 thousand, Austria-Hungary – 40 thousand..2. Artillery; Russia – 11.7 thousand, England – 25.4 thousand, USA – 4 thousand, Germany – 64 thousand, Austria – 15.9 thousand; 3. Airplanes - Russia - 3.5 thousand (80% of engines are imported), England - 47.8 thousand, USA - 13.8 thousand, Germany - 4.73 thousand, Austria - Hungary 5.4 thousand. , 4. Tanks; Russia - 0, England - 3 thousand, France - 4.5 thousand, Germany - 70. Even Italy produced 4.5 thousand aircraft.

The result of such industrial development is known. Yes, there were those who fought valiantly, there were also heroes. But everything is learned by comparison. And the truth is this. According to Tsentrollenbezh, 3.9111 million former military personnel of the Russian army were captured by the enemy. Of these, there are 2.385 million in Germany, of which more than 70 are generals. Compared. On September 1, 1918 Russian army took more than half as many prisoners. You will say that there were the same number of prisoners during the Great Patriotic War (WWII). But you forget about 2 million Russian military personnel died in WWI. Empire, and in the Second World War there were about 8 million spacecraft and self-propelled forces of the USSR. The difference is significant. There is something to compare with. This is called the concept of courage.

A war cannot be won if a country is economically backward. When its elite rots and it is not able to think adequately, is not able to create scientifically technical base and industry. And at the same time, she believes that bad people, who are brilliant and kind, always owe something. And therefore, according to their views, it is the people who are to blame for the country’s troubles. That is, the boyars are good, the tsar is good, the people are not full-fledged. There is also ideological research - the king is good, the boyars are bad, the people are also good. Nowadays this theory is often applied to V.V. and Putin.

By the way, the same ideology is professed by the Chief Euro - the communist Zyuganov. The same theory is professed by the Euro communist Zyuganov. The third indoctrination of the consciousness of the people - the bad and stupid Russian people can only be ruled by tyrants, and since its king and its elite are soft and fluffy, therefore, these people need to be introduced to the “democratic values” of the “civilized world”. The last “brilliant idea” comes from over the hill. Who reads the statements of Kyiv trolls on social media? networks will understand me. This is exactly what the Russian Empire was like at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries. The same situation is in the modern former USSR, that is, Russia.

It doesn’t work out with the great agricultural power that fed the whole world. Yes, indeed, Russia exported a significant part of grain crops. In 1913, it ranked first in the world in exports, that is, 22.10%. Argentina – 21.34%. USA – 12.15%, Canada – 9.58%. But they forget to clarify that this year, with a record harvest in Russia, 30.3 pounds of grain were collected per capita, in the USA - 64.3 pounds, Argentina - 87.4 pounds, Canada - 121 pounds. And this is all grain, including for feeding livestock. That is, Russia itself did not have enough bread and at the same time it exported, mainly at the expense of landowners’ farms. What else could Russia export besides grain and raw materials?

China also exported rice during Cultural Revolution, like the USSR before 1941. Food shortages often led to famine when the harvest failed, even in certain areas of the country. The main periods of the Tsarina - famine occurred in 1901, 1906, 1907, 1908, 1911 - 1912.

In the winter of 1900/01, 42 million starved, 2 million 813 thousand Orthodox souls died of hunger. And in 1911 (after the much-praised Stolypin reforms), 32 million people were starving, with losses of 1 million 613 thousand people. By the way, Stolypin himself told us this while speaking before the State Duma. Information about the hungry and those who died of hunger was provided from church parishes, elders and landowners. And how many were not taken into account, Old Believers and non-Orthodox.

By the way, in 1912, 54.4% of all grain was exported, because prices on the world market for these products have increased. Some “historians” claim that Russia at that time was selling a record amount of butter on the world market. As they say, the more monstrous the lie, the more truthful it is. Interesting. How exactly were these products imported if the shelf life of butter is several days. Refrigerated containers were almost non-existent back then. I quote the words of the Minister of Agriculture of Russia. Empire from 1915 - 16: “Russia actually does not get out of the state of hunger, in one or another province, both before the war and during the war.”

The “broadcasters” don’t even have the power of the gold ruble. Vvito, or as Witte - Polusakhalinsky then began to call him, he was something like a mixture of Kudrin and Greff, so the “liberals” pray to him, with his “brilliant” reforms, he put Russia on a debt needle, subsequently the debt increased, and with debts and interest on them from 4.5 to 6%. By 1913, the external state. The Empire's debt was 8.85 billion, and by the summer of 1917 it reached 15.507 billion gold rubles. Who doesn't understand what kind of money these are? I remind you that the gold reserve Russian Empire amounted to about 3 billion gold rubles. That is, Russia was in debt bondage. You've probably heard about Kolchak's gold.

Facts are stubborn things, they are difficult to refute. Then they came up with another story. The achievements of the Stalin era were achieved by monstrous methods, innocent prisoners and their slave labor. The USSR had no enemies or swindlers, only angels. The population of the USSR, naturally, during collectivization and industrialization, was subjected to repression by tens of millions. There were achievements due to their inhumane exploitation, but tens of millions of children were not born because of the “tyrant Stalin”. A special place in this tale is given to the resolution of the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars dated August 7, 1932, now called the “Law on Three Spikelets”, naturally they were shot and imprisoned for 5 to 10 years, for three spikelets. Only the denouncers of “Stalin’s tyranny” forget to clarify that these punishments were applied for large thefts, and for small things criminal law Union republics. According to the official version of the authorities of the Russian Federation, the most monstrous and bloodiest year of 1937, in the ITR, ITC and prisons (prisons were then pre-trial detention centers), then 1,196,246 people were kept, with a population of about 164 million. In 1934 - 511 thousand prisoners, that is, by the end of the first five-year plan. This means that there was no one to carry out industrialization on the scale of the “liberal democrats” who “broadcast” to us. In the Russian Federation in 1998, with a population of about 145 million, there were 1.8 million prisoners. According to official data, now there are about 800 thousand prisoners, hundreds of thousands of suspended prisoners, in reality there are more. At the moment, for theft of state property on an especially large scale, they are given suspended sentences. Everyone knows Vasilyeva, who is always singing and drawing pictures, and who does not understand what kind of documents Serdyukov signed. Yes, these guys under the “tyrant” Stalin, at best, have long been waving their picks in Magadan, mining for gold, because they love him so much. Now they have found a warm place for Serdyukov again. Surely because of his “professionalism,” how could it be otherwise, the criminal case against him for negligence was dropped due to an amnesty. And therefore, he can again be called an irreplaceable specialist.

I cited official statistics. And where is the incredible number of prisoners here? And who told you that tongues should not work, they did not come to the resort and on the necks of the Soviet people, then it was forbidden to sit. This has always been the case everywhere, especially in the countries of the “civilized world.” Of course, there was a difference, in the USSR, even in the GULAG system, labor law was in force, that is, a 40-hour work week and a system of clubs and other cultural institutions. There are even private prisons in the USA, try not to work there, the administration will immediately add to your sentence, this is allowed by law, they are such “democrats”. Now, in the Russian Federation, prisoners indulge in excesses out of idleness, and the taxpayer feeds them.

The denouncers of “tyranny” also fail with a monstrous mortality rate. According to the census, about 164 mln. people lived in the Russian Empire in 1912. subjects, taking into account the lost territories in 1920, about 138 million subjects. Censuses in the USSR showed in 1926 - 147 million, 1937 - 164 million, 1939 - 170 million. citizens, without annexed territories. On average, population growth is about 1.36% per year. In the countries of the “civilized world”, during this period the population growth was: in England - 0.36%, Germany - 0.58%, France - 0.11%, USA - 0.66%, Japan - 1.37%. And as luck would have it, the “tyrant” Stalin was not there. According to the 1989 census, the RSFSR population was 147.6 ml. citizens, in the Russian Federation in 2009 - 142 mln., and this is with a million refugees from Kazakhstan and other republics of the former USSR. At the moment, without the annexed Crimea, according to ROSSTAT estimates there are about 144 million, and according to unofficial estimates, about 139 million of its citizens live in the Russian Federation. Explain, gentlemen, “democrats-liberals”, the authorities of the Russian Federation and the intelligentsia that feeds them, who carried out and is carrying out genocide and famine of their people. Everything is relative.

In conclusion, I will quote Stalin’s famous saying:

“I know when I’m gone, more than one bucket of dirt will be poured on my head, a heap of garbage will be placed on my grave. But I’m sure that the winds of history will scatter everything!”

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The five-year plan, hastily developed in 1929, provided for seemingly impossible volumes and incredible pace of construction. “Pace decides everything!”, “There are no fortresses that the Bolsheviks would not take” - these slogans thrown by Stalin to the people determined the entire work of the apparatus. But the most popular slogan (and at the same time order) was the call “Five in four!”, i.e., fulfilling the five-year plan in four years. Haste was justified by the expectation of capitalist invasion. Stalin argued that if we do not manage to build in 10 years what Europe built in 100 years, then “we will be crushed!”

Financial support for industrialization was achieved through a sharp increase in taxation of Nepmen, and simply townspeople and peasants, as well as through rising prices, a general decline in people's living standards, active (sometimes on an unprecedented scale) export abroad and sale at dumping prices of Russia's natural resources, especially forests, oil, gold, furs, food that the country desperately needs. Masterpieces from major museums began to be sold for next to nothing. The collections of the Hermitage and other museums suffered terrible, irreparable damage. Even the books of the first printers of the 16th century, priceless for the Russian people, were sold. Gold and jewelry hidden for a rainy day were “squeezed out” of people. They used different ways: from keeping those suspected of storing gold in prisons in unbearable conditions to opening stores selling for foreign currency, but attractive in a poor country - “torgsins”.

But still, industrialization was carried out primarily through collectivization. The village devastated by it became a huge reservoir of material assets and labor for the Five-Year Plan construction projects. There was no longer any talk about the previous unemployment characteristic of the mid-1920s - on the contrary (given the scale of construction projects with the dominance of manual labor), there were not enough people. This provided a powerful incentive for the development of forced labor. The growing Gulag system received a vast field of activity - increasingly, prisoners worked alongside Komsomol volunteers on socialist construction sites.

A significant role in the success of industrialization was played by the supply of equipment and the arrival of specialists from Germany, the USA, England, France, and Italy. New factories and virtually all power plants opened during these years were equipped with foreign machines and machines purchased for gold. Without the company of the American hydraulic engineer Cooper, the Dnieper Hydroelectric Station would not have been built. Without American automotive engineers, domestic trucks and cars would not have appeared. Hundreds of Soviet engineers and technicians could be found at the enterprises of the largest industrial centers in Europe, where they, sent by the party, mastered advanced technologies. Mountains of Soviet gold and promises of lucrative concessions attracted foreign firms. According to some data, Soviet purchases of equipment in 1931 amounted to a third of all world exports of machinery and equipment, and in 1932 - about half of world exports.

The ideological support of industrialization was achieved through skillful, talented propaganda, built on the romantic perception of the world by young people, the main labor force; on the desire of young people to rebuild own life; on the patriotism inherent in people, the desire to change their country, make it powerful and prosperous. The cult of technology, especially aviation(“And instead of a heart, a fiery engine”), the call to master technology, the romance of discovery and exploration of the far outskirts of the country - all this gave rise to genuine enthusiasm among young people who were ready to put up with “temporary difficulties”, and in essence, with terrible working and living conditions.

Against this background, the leaders’ calls to increase the pace, show “impact work,” and “expand competition,” which usually led to an increase in standards, were perceived not formally (as was the case later). Thousands of people were involved in these movements of their own free will, especially since the gratitude of the authorities to the winner turned out to be visible and quite material. Everywhere the foremost workers, “shock workers”, “Stakhanovites”, “Ipatovites” (after the names of the initiators of the movements - the miner Stakhanov and the blacksmith Ipatov) were surrounded with honor. They sat on the presidiums along with the leaders, they were awarded orders, sent to rest in sanatoriums, heavily fed with special rations, they were given better working conditions than their comrades (and often at the expense of the latter).

But to portray that “the whole country as one person” rushed to fulfill and exceed the plans of the five-year plans (and before the war there were almost three of them) is a gross exaggeration. For the majority, the five-year plans resulted in an increase in the norms of compulsory, almost forced, hard labor, tougher discipline, a sharp drop in the standard of living, the squalor of everyday existence with communal crowding, dirt, lice, malnutrition, rationing and queues for everything necessary.

Modern historians agree that the results of the first five-year plans announced under Stalin, supposedly fulfilled “according to the main indicators,” do not correspond to reality. By most indicators, the plans turned out to be unfulfilled, and the then-proclaimed “transformation of the USSR into an industrial country” was a myth. The USSR remained an agricultural country for a long time. But what was done allowed the USSR to take second place in the world in terms of production volumes after the USA. During the 10 pre-war years, not only separate railways(Turksib, Karaganda-Balkhash, etc.), huge enterprises (for example, the Stalingrad Tractor Plant, the Gorky Automobile Plant), but also entire new industries (heavy engineering, aviation, automotive, chemical industry, etc.), as well as giant industrial complexes and centers, among which Magnitka, Kuzbass, and the Baku oil region stand out. In a word, during the years of the first five-year plans the USSR made a genuine economic leap.