During construction sewer wells public service workers try to leave certain information about them on the walls or with the help of special signs.
Inscriptions can be seen on almost every house. They have become so ordinary that no one notices them. The designation of sewer wells on the ground has several options.
An example of a designation on the facade of a building
Designations of sewer wells are made on the walls or on special plates. Marking is done so that utilities can easily find the hatch in all weather conditions.
Safety marking
The designation of sewer wells on the plates has its own characteristics. The color of the pointer signals the types of hazards in the container.
The safest are the blue and white backgrounds of the inscriptions. They show that sewerage and water supply are very close.
Red labels indicate hazardous devices. In addition, fire hydrants are also indicated on red plates. According to the standards, numbers on light-colored plates should be printed in black. The color of the letters doesn't matter. The upper numbers show the distance from the wall along the axis back. The lower numbers indicate the distance of the hatch from the main axis.
See the breakdown below.
If you decipher the picture above, you can understand that you need to move away from the wall by 5.5 meters and immediately turn right by 0.5 meters. The distance to the hatch is indicated by numbers next to the letter "T".
There are green signs on the walls. They designate gas pipeline hatches or "carpets". The numbers on the pointers are indicated in centimeters.
Consider the letter designations of sewer wells
Types of sewer wells on the plates have certain abbreviations:
- linear well - "KL";
- viewing - "C";
- accumulative - "KN";
- rainwater well - "D";
- rotary well - "KP";
- control - "K";
- typical differential - "TPK";
- mine - "Sh";
- borehole - "BS";
- cable manhole - "KSK".
In addition, on the plates and hatches there are letter designations that describe the type of sewerage. The letter "B" means plumbing, "K" indicates sewerage, and "D" indicates a storm sewer hatch.
Examples of other markings
Marking sewer wells on the ground is a very useful and necessary measure. It allows you to quickly find a sewer hatch in any case.
Unfortunately, the signs are often painted over by the owners of houses, which prevents quality work public utilities. Do not do that.
We hope that the article was useful to you. We will be grateful if you share the link to it with your friends, share in in social networks. Let everyone who needs it learn about the nuances of marking sewer manholes from the article of our portal.
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Read also:
Pumping out sewer wells - do it yourself or order from professionals?
Filtration well - types and nuances of use
Symbols on the drawings of water supply and sewerage are mandatory indicated not only during the construction multi-storey buildings but also in the construction of small houses. Regardless of the type of building, special conventions. They are regulated by GOST, and they are used in any programs that allow you to create drawings of a sewerage and water supply system, including in AutoCAD.
For the most part, modern buildings are equipped with systems that are responsible for the implementation of sanitary standards. As a rule, this is a whole complex of engineering communications, which includes a system of hot and cold water supply, sewerage, gas supply, a garbage chute, drains, and heating. All this is necessary for comfortable living in a residential building of people. But in order for all systems to work correctly, the risks of malfunction must be minimized. And so that in case of any breakdowns you can immediately fix the problem, everything is carefully planned. The most important systems, including sewerage with water supply, should be thought out with the highest quality, applied to the drawing, and then executed in accordance with a pre-drawn plan. Only in the case of the correct drawing up of the drawing and the fulfillment of all its requirements, it is possible to build a building that will meet all standards of livability and comfort.
Sewerage and water supply design
These systems play a very important role in people's lives. The comfort of the inhabitants of the house, as well as the livability of the premises, depends on how correctly the drawing of the sewerage and water supply is drawn up. Drainage systems play a special role. Some people think that there is nothing complicated in installing a sewer system, but, in fact, drafting it is a very big, time-consuming and responsible job. If you make even the slightest mistake, then it will definitely show itself. Sometimes it comes to the point that design inaccuracies lead to the fact that the house is uninhabitable.
A sewer system is needed in order to remove waste liquids and some solid waste from each apartment. Most often, they have very unpleasant odors, so the design of the drainage system is drawn up taking into account all the norms, rules of hygiene and improvement of residential premises. Through the sewer pass and solid elements, and fats, and a large amount storm water. This suggests that the system must be reliable in order to qualitatively fulfill its main purpose throughout the entire established period of operation.
But no one is protected from force majeure situations. Therefore, the sewerage project should be designed in such a way that in case of unforeseen circumstances and any breakdowns, everything could be quickly corrected.
The drainage system is very important for any house - both multi-storey and private. Its task is to discharge wastewater into special reservoirs. It is very important to design the system so that contaminated fluids do not enter the ground. Otherwise, there may be a threat of sanitary and epidemiological danger throughout the surrounding area.
Designing a water supply system is no less complex and very responsible task. It also has its own rules and regulations. Most often, the water supply and sewerage system is designed at the stage of the beginning of the construction of the building. But it also happens that it is necessary to supply water and make a drainage system in an already finished house. Most often, this is found in the old fund and in the private sector. When drawing up such drawings, there are some peculiarities. For each case, decisions are made on an individual basis.
It is worth noting that even in the most simple case at first glance, there are a lot of nuances that must be taken into account. Therefore, when drawing up a drawing and a water supply and sewerage project for a residential building, it is worth contacting professionals. Specialists know exactly how to properly and safely provide the house with water and remove waste water from the premises.
Features of symbols on the diagram
In order to properly place the water supply and sewerage system, it is necessary to draw up a preliminary drawing. For each type of room, it will be different. Moreover, experts always take into account the features of the house, and the geographical location, and the number of rooms where the water will be supplied and where the water will come from. There are many nuances in this matter, but always before starting work, a scheme is created, on the basis of which further work will be carried out.
When making drawings, generally accepted symbols should be used. These are conditional symbols, by which any master will be able to easily read this or that scheme, even the most complex one.
The designations that are used to draw up drawings of the water supply and sewerage system are regulated by SNiP and GOST documents. It is unacceptable to use other conditional images. There is a whole list of valid characters with which you can compose detailed diagram how water will flow into and out of the house.
Each specialist knows how to properly draw up drawings using symbols. For this, there are special programs, for example, "AutoCAD". It is allowed to use all the elements approved by GOST. But it must be borne in mind that creating a high-quality and correct scheme for the system for supplying and discharging water from a house is a rather difficult task. No errors are allowed here, therefore, if there is no work experience in such a matter, it is worth entrusting the creation of a drawing to professionals.
When planning a project using the legend, the wizard specifies the entry points for the hot, cold water, location of plumbing fixtures and sewer outlet. Depending on the type of building, a compact or extended scheme can be used. This is where housing options play an important role. If a water supply and sewerage project is drawn up before the construction of a building begins, then all objects can be located nearby, which will simplify further work. When it comes to conducting water and introducing sewage into an already finished building, obstacles may arise due to which plumbing fixtures will have to be located in different places. This must be specified in the design documents.
Legend on the drawing
When designing a system of hot and cold water supply and sewerage, it is customary to use special designations. They may be different, but GOST regulates all standards, so you cannot change them at your discretion. The scheme should contain only those signs that are used by all specialists in this field.
Special characters and alphanumeric elements can be used to designate a water supply and sewerage system. In addition, lines are always used in the drawing. Symbols are used without any further explanation. The only exceptions are those elements that are regulated by industry standards. In this case, it is recommended to provide a link to them.
In total, more than 70 elements are used to create a water supply and sewerage scheme. Not all of them are common, but some are necessarily present in the preparation of a standard drawing.
On the diagram, you can often find straight and dashed lines and dotted lines with a dot. This is a sewage, storm and mixed sewer line. On the diagrams, there are elements with lines of different lengths, which are complemented by all kinds of elements, such as rectangles, circles, triangles, and simply perpendicular segments. They have different meanings and indicate the presence of a drain, the completion of a pipe segment, the presence of a damper, etc. A circular mark with one letter or another indicates the presence of a gasoline trap, grease trap, fuel damper, dirt trap, etc. in this area. By the letter in the center of the circle it is easy to understand what is at stake. If the diagram simply indicates a circle without indicating a letter, then the drawing provides for a sump.
Special designations are also provided in order to apply plumbing to the drawing. GOST provides for designations on the diagram and a shower stall with a flexible hose for water, and sinks with faucets, and bathtubs, and toilet bowls with various types flushing. Each case has its own element. They are displayed in the form of conditional drawings, by which it is easy to determine what type of plumbing is in question in the drawing.
What does the plumbing and sewerage scheme contain?
When drafting a project, you need to take into account a lot of different points. Here, as a rule, not only the layouts of various nodes, pipes, valves and traps are indicated, but also a considerable amount of other important information for the performers. It is necessary to make it easier and more convenient for craftsmen to read the drawings. Symbols are used here, but mostly in alphanumeric form.
The project documentation must contain a plan for the distribution of communications, namely the supply systems for hot, cold water supply and sewerage. The data of the well table, the specification of the project and a lot of other information that may be useful during the execution of the planned work are indicated. Only with the correct preparation of all documents, you can be sure that the system will function correctly and will not cause inconvenience to people who will live in the building being designed. It will be impossible to cope with this task without certain knowledge and experience, therefore, if you have doubts about your own abilities, you should entrust this work to professionals.
It is customary to enter information about the designation of the sewer system and water supply into project documents using alphanumeric symbols. They are common to all schemes and drawings of plumbing pipelines.
The general designation of the water supply is marked as B0, pipes for domestic and drinking water will be registered as B1. If the water supply for the fire system is marked on the diagram, then B2 is indicated, and water for production needs is supplied through the B4 pipe.
Thus, everything that is marked "B" refers to the water supply system. The sewer sign is marked with the letter "K". If it is necessary to designate a domestic drainage system on the diagram, K1 will be indicated. For rainwater drainage, the symbol K2 is used. To create a drainage system in an industrial building, mark K3 will be used.
All numeric, alphabetic and graphic characters must be applied correctly. It is not allowed to use in the drawings of water supply and sewerage those elements that are not regulated by GOST and SNiP. It must be remembered that with the help of the appropriate signs a formula is created, according to which the performers continue to work. If you prescribe a diagram and draw up a drawing incorrectly, this can lead to excessively rapid deterioration of the network, frequent breakdowns, or even make the building unsuitable for human life. The correct symbols and conventions ensure that the contractor reads the document as expected, and the quality of construction and installation work largely depends on this. Subject to all the requirements of GOST, it is possible to develop an effective sewerage and water supply system, which will guarantee their long and uninterrupted operation.
Creating a drawing in AutoCAD
This program is one of the main assistants in the design, as it allows you to create drawings quickly and conveniently. In the AutoCAD system, you can also develop a water supply and sewerage project. But this will require certain knowledge, since the program has its own characteristics.
Even in order to develop the simplest drawing in AutoCAD, you need to spend several hours studying the program. There are many on the web free lessons, which will be enough to master the basics. This is enough to create a simple drawing of a water supply and sewerage system.
The program is convenient in that here you can draw any scheme. To create a system for the withdrawal and drainage of water from a residential building in AutoCAD, the same symbols are used as in conventional drawings.
The AutoCAD program has a huge number of advantages that will be useful for those who create projects for water supply and sewerage systems. Here you can make a scanned drawing, and then make corrections on it, but already on a computer. The program features allow you not to draw all the elements, but to mark only half, and then use the drawing reflection function. This saves time and effort when it comes to symmetrical images.
The AutoCAD program will be useful for those involved in the design of various systems. But it needs to be carefully studied so that the work is simple and convenient. In addition to AutoCAD, there are other special programs. But in any case, it will take a lot of time to master them, so it is much easier to entrust the work of creating drawings of the water supply and sewer system to professionals.
WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION
(lecture course)
WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION
(Engineering networks and equipment of buildings and structures)
1. PURPOSE AND TASKS OF THE DISCIPLINE
The purpose of this discipline is to study the device of water supply and sewerage as part of engineering equipment and networks of buildings and structures in the field of civil and industrial construction.
The objectives of this discipline are:
a) study the arrangement of internal water supply and sewerage of buildings and structures;
b) to study the arrangement of external networks and structures of water supply and sewerage.
2. MAIN COMPONENTS OF THE DISCIPLINE
A) Federal component: Water supply and sanitation: systems and schemes of water supply of populated areas; internal plumbing of buildings and structures; internal sewerage of residential and public buildings; external sewer networks and structures.
b) Regional component: study of the arrangement of a part of sewer systems - drainage for protection against flooding of Siberian cities.
V) Institute component: study of plumbing and sewerage big city on the example of the city of Omsk.
T ema I. Internal plumbing of buildings
Internal plumbing of cold (B1, B2, B3) and hot (T3) water.
Domestic and drinking water supply B1. water quality requirements. Elements of the internal water supply: inlet, water meter unit, booster pumping unit, distributing network of pipelines, water risers, floor-by-floor pipelines, plumbing fittings. Calculation of internal water supply: water consumption, economical speeds when selecting pipeline diameters, pressure loss in the water supply network, selection of water meters and pumps.
Fire water supply B2. B2 systems with fire hydrants. Automatic fire extinguishing systems: deluge and sprinkler installations.
Industrial water supply B3. Areas of water use in production. Water supply for construction projects. Water consumers at a construction site.
Water pipes hot water T3. water quality requirements. Classification of hot water supply according to the location of the heat source. Elements of the centralized hot water supply system. Hot water circulation. Open (from the heating network) and closed (from water heaters) hot water supply systems.
Design, installation, testing and operation of internal water supply systems.
Theme II. Internal sewerage of buildings
Systems internal sewerage: separate (K1, K2, K3) and combined K1 + K3.
Household sewerage K1. Elements of internal sewerage: sanitary appliances and wastewater receivers, siphons and hydraulic gates, floor-by-floor outlet pipelines, sewer risers, collectors in the technical underground, sewer outlets. Sewer pipes and shaped details. Devices for cleaning the network. Ventilation of sewer networks. Construction of internal sewerage networks. Calculation of the sewer network, restrictions on flow rate, filling and slope of pipes. Diameters of pipelines of internal sewerage.
Rain sewerage of buildings K2: internal drains. Elements of internal drains. Design and calculation of internal drains.
Industrial sewerage K3. Local installations for the treatment and pumping of wastewater.
Sewerage of solid waste: refuse chutes.
Design, installation, testing and operation of internal sewage systems.
Topic III. Water supply: external networks and facilities
Water supply systems. water consumers. Water supply schemes for populated areas and industrial zones (on the example of the city of Omsk). Norms and regimes of water consumption. Estimated costs and free water pressure. Sources of water supply. Waterworks. Pump stations. Conduits. Water treatment stations: processes (cleaning and disinfection) and facilities (settlers, filters, reagent and chlorine facilities). Water towers and reservoirs. External water supply networks and structures on them. Water supply of industrial enterprises: direct-flow, with reuse of water and reverse water supply.
Topic IV. Sewerage: external networks and facilities
Purpose of sewerage. Classification of sewerage systems according to the composition of wastewater. Sewerage schemes (on the example of Omsk). City sewer networks and structures on them: yard networks, street and district collectors, pumping stations, the main city collector.
Sewage treatment facilities: types of wastewater treatment and applied technological schemes. Facilities for mechanical, biological treatment, wastewater disinfection and sludge treatment. The principle of operation of settling tanks, aerotanks, methanetanks.
Rain (storm) sewerage of cities. Drainage in industrial and civil construction to lower the level of groundwater: protection from flooding of Siberian cities. Connection drainage systems to rainwater.
4. Working plan of training sessions for the 5th or 6th semester
5. Practical classes (5 or 6 semester)
Get full text|
Topic of the lesson |
Quantity |
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System selection and development of an internal water supply scheme | ||
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Construction of an axonometric diagram of a water supply system | ||
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Hydraulic calculation of the water supply | ||
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Selection of water meters and pumps | ||
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System selection and development of a building sewerage scheme | ||
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Construction of an axonometric sewerage scheme | ||
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Hydraulic calculation of the sewer network | ||
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Construction of a longitudinal profile of a yard sewer | ||
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TOTAL hours |
6. LITERATURE
BASIC:
2. Guidelines to fulfillment term paper for water supply and sewerage of a residential building / Compiled. -Omsk: SibADI, 19p. -(1st edition).
3. Guidelines for the implementation of course work on water supply and sewerage of a residential building / Compiler. -Omsk: SibADI, 20p. -(2nd edition).
4. Hydraulics, water supply and sewerage: a textbook for universities / and others. -M .: Stroyizdat, 1980. -359 p.
5. Internal sanitary devices. Part 2. Plumbing and sewerage. - M.: Stroyizdat, 19s. - (Designer's Handbook).
6. SNiP 2.04.01-85. Internal plumbing and sewerage of buildings. -M.: CITP Gosstroy USSR, 1986. -56 p.
7. SNiP 2.04.02-84. Water supply. External networks and structures. -M.: Stroyizdat, 1985. -136 p.
8. SNiP 2.04.03-85. Sewerage. External networks and structures. -M.: CITP Gosstroy USSR, 1986. -72 p.
9. SNiP 3.05.01-85. Internal sanitary systems. -M.: CITP Gosstroy USSR, 1986. -40 p.
10. GOST 21.601-79. Water supply and sewerage. - M.: Publishing house of standards, 19s.
11. GOST 21.604-82. Water supply and sewerage. External networks. - M.: Publishing house of standards, 19s.
OPTIONAL:
1. SNiP 2.06.15-85. Engineering protection of the territory from flooding and flooding. -M.: CITP Gosstroy USSR, 1986. -20 p.
2. Forecasts of flooding and calculation of drainage systems in built-up and built-up areas / VNII VODGEO: et al. -M .: Stroyizdat, 1991. -272 p. (Reference guide to SNiP).
3. Degtyarev in industrial and civil engineering. -M.: Stroyizdat, 1990. -238 p.
4. Sologaev from flooding in urban construction. Device and work. Omsk: SibADI Publishing House, 19p.
Course work on water supply and sewerage of a residential building consists of calculations and a graphic part in the amount of 1 sheet in A1 format (594x841 mm). On a sheet of drawing paper (or graph paper) are drawn and taken out:
1) a plan of the technical underground with the drawing and designation of all pipelines and risers of the water supply and sewerage systems of the building, including the input of water supply and sewage outlets - scale 1:100 or 1:200;
2) axonometric diagram of the internal cold water pipeline with the application of shut-off and water fittings and the designation of the input of the water pipeline, risers, pipe diameters and characteristic elevations - scale 1:100 or 1:200;
3) an axonometric diagram of a sewer riser with an outlet to the first manhole with the application of sanitary equipment and the designation of the riser, outlet, pipe diameters, their slopes and marks of pipe trays - scale 1:100 or 1:200;
4) longitudinal profile of the yard sewerage to the manhole outdoor network- scale horizontally 1:500, vertically 1:100;
Literature ( minimum set from the library):
1. Program for water supply and sanitation / Compiled. – Omsk: SibADI, 1991. – 4 p.
2. Guidelines for the implementation of course work on water supply and sewerage of a residential building / Compiler. -Omsk: SibADI, 19p.
3. Hydraulics, water supply and sewerage: a textbook for universities / and others. -M .: Stroyizdat, 1980. -359 p.
4. SNiP 2.04.01-85. Internal plumbing and sewerage of buildings. -M.: CITP Gosstroy USSR, 1986. -56 p.
NOTE:
The full set of literature is listed in the WORKING PROGRAM. Full set literature is in in electronic format in Lotus Notes (WATER) in computer class auditorium on the 3rd floor of the 4th building of the SibADI (near the Drama Theatre).
ACCEPTED ABBREVIATIONS
B1 - drinking water supply.
B2 - fire water supply.
B3 - industrial water supply.
K1 - domestic sewage.
K2 - rain sewer.
K3 - industrial sewerage.
St B1-1 - the riser of the water supply B1 in the order of numbering 1st.
St K1-1 - sewer riser K1 in the order of numbering 1st.
KV1-1 - water supply well B1 in the order of numbering 1st.
KK1-1 - sewerage well K1 in the order of numbering 1st.
l- the length of the pipeline in the calculated section, m.
N- the number of devices serviced by the settlement section.
U– number of water users (residents).
P- probability joint action appliances.
q C - estimated consumption of cold water in the area, l/s.
q 0C - standard consumption of cold water by the device, l/s.
d is the inner diameter of the pipeline, mm.
V is the speed of water movement in the pipeline, m/s.
i- hydraulic slope.
kL- coefficient of accounting for local pressure losses.
D H- pressure loss in the design section of the pipeline, m.
Conventions
- visible section of the pipeline B1 (open laying).
- an invisible section of the pipeline K1 (hidden laying).
- crossing pipes.
- water faucet.
- watering faucet.
- float valve for the toilet flush tank.
- mixer for sink or washbasin.
- Mixer with shower screen.
– mixer tap for bath and washbasin.
- shut-off valve (diameter 15, 20, 25, 32, 40 mm).
- gate valve (diameter 50 mm or more).
- Check Valve.
– water meter (water flow meter).
- manometer.
- centrifugal pump.
– vibration insert (reinforced rubber hose).
- kitchen sink.
- wash basin.
- bath.
- a toilet with an oblique outlet.
- floor drain with siphon (water seal).
- funnel gutter bell (for non-exploited roofs).
- flat drain funnel (for exploited roofs).
- socket sewer pipe.
– transition pipe (usually for transition from Æ 50 mm to Æ 100 mm).
- Elbow (for turning sewer pipes by 90°).
- branch (for turning sewer pipelines by 135 °).
- straight tee (for risers).
- oblique tee (mainly for horizontal sections).
- straight cross (for risers).
- oblique cross (mainly for horizontal sections).
- cranked siphon (under washbasins and sinks).
- bottle-type siphon (under washbasins and sinks).
- bathtub siphon
- revision.
Section 1st
Internal plumbing of buildings
The internal plumbing of buildings is a system of pipelines and devices that supply water inside buildings, including the input of a water pipe that is located outside.
The composition of the internal plumbing includes:
1) pipelines and fittings (fittings);
2) fittings (faucets, mixers, valves, gate valves, etc.);
3) instruments (pressure gauges, water meters);
4) equipment (pumps).
Symbols for internal water supply, see above.
Classification of internal water pipes
Classification domestic water pipes shown in fig. 1.
Thus, the internal water supply is divided primarily into cold (B) and hot (T) water supply. On the diagrams and drawings in domestic documentation, cold water pipes are designated by the letter of the Russian alphabet B, and hot - by the letter of the Russian alphabet T.
Cold water pipes have the following varieties:
B1 - household and drinking water supply;
B2 - fire water supply;
B3 - industrial water supply (general designation).
A modern hot water supply system must have two pipes in the building: T3 - supply, T4 - circulation. In passing, we note that T1-T2 are designated heating systems (heating networks), which are not directly related to the water supply, but are associated with it, which we will consider later.
b) not lower than +50°С ¾ for centralized hot water supply systems connected to closed heat supply systems;
c) not higher than +75°C ¾ for all systems specified in subparagraphs "a" and "b".
3) In the premises of preschool institutions, the temperature of hot water supplied for showers and washbasins should not exceed +37 °C.
Classification T3-T4 according to the location of the heat source
The classification of hot water pipes T3-T4 according to the location of the heat source is shown in fig. 7.
Rice. 7
It should be noted that external networks of hot water supply are usually not laid, that is, hot water supply T3-T4 ¾ is typically internal water supply. The classification shown in fig. 7 reflects the fact that the location of the heat source is decided centrally or locally. In large and medium-sized cities, heat is carried by external water heating networks T1-T2 and heat is brought into buildings by separate inputs T1-T2. This centralized systems heat supply. In small towns and settlements, the heat source is located in a house or apartment ¾ this is a house boiler or hot water column that runs on gas, fuel oil, oil, coal, wood or electricity. This is the local system.
open hot water system (see fig. 7) takes water from return pipeline T2 heating system directly, directly, and then water flows through the T3 pipe to the mixers in the apartments. Such a solution for hot water supply is not the best in terms of ensuring the drinking quality of hot water, since the water actually comes from the hot water heating system. However, this solution is very inexpensive. In this way, for example, most of the buildings on the right bank of the city of Omsk are supplied.
Closed the hot water supply system (see Fig. 7) takes water from the cold water supply B1. Water is heated with the help of water heaters-heat exchangers (boilers or high-speed ones) and flows through the T3 pipe to the mixers in the apartments. Part of the unused hot water circulates inside the building through the T4 pipeline, which maintains a constant required water temperature. The source of heat for water heaters is the supply pipe of the heating network T1. Such a solution for hot water supply is already better in terms of ensuring the drinking quality of hot water, since water is taken from the B1 drinking water supply system. In this way, for example, most of the buildings on the left bank of the city of Omsk are supplied.
Elements T3-T4
Let's consider the elements of hot water supply T3-T4 using the example of fig. 8.
1 ¾ input of the heating network in the technical underground of the building. This is not a hot water supply.
2 ¾ heating unit. Here the scheme is implemented ( open or closed) hot water supply.
Get full text3 ¾ water meter on the hot water supply pipe T3 at the heating unit.
4 ¾ distribution network of supply pipelines T3 hot water supply.
5 ¾ supply riser T3 hot water. At its base, a shut-off valve is installed.
6 ¾ heated towel rails on the supply risers T3.
7 ¾ apartment hot water meters on floor connections T3.
8 ¾ floor-by-floor hot water connections T3 (usually Æ 15 mm).
9 ¾ mixing fittings (Fig. 8 shows a common mixer for a washbasin and a bathtub with a shower screen and a swivel spout).
10 ¾ circulation riser T4 hot water supply. A shut-off valve is also installed at its base.
11 ¾ outlet network of circulation pipelines T4 hot water supply.
12 ¾ water meter on the T4 hot water circulation pipe at the heating unit.
INSTALLATION, TESTING AND OPERATION OF INTERNAL WATER PIPELINES
INSTALLATION OF INTERNAL WATER PIPELINES
Work on the installation of internal water pipes of buildings is usually carried out by specialized installation organizations that are subcontractors in relation to purely construction organizations (general contractors), for example, any installation company in relation to a construction trust.
Installation is carried out in accordance with the provisions of SNiP 3.05.01-85 "Internal sanitary systems". Before the start of installation, before the installers come to the construction site, the builders must do:
3. Sanitary cabins. It is used in large-panel housing construction. The main pipelines and fittings are installed in the cab at the factory, and in the conditions of construction of the cab, you only need to carefully dock along the axes.
As soon as the installation of the water supply system is completed, the next stage begins: testing.
TESTING INTERNAL WATER SUPPLY
The test of the installed internal water supply system is carried out in the presence of a commission consisting of representatives:
a) the customer;
b) general contractor (construction organization);
c) subcontractor (assembly organization).
The following system indicators are checked:
1) Expenses. For example, the normal flow rate of cold water from a faucet or faucet should be at least 0.2 l/s.
2) Heads. The minimum free pressure at the most remote and highest water outlet on the top floor should not be less than 2-3 meters of water column.
3) The system must comply with the project in terms of dimensions, elevations, pipe diameters, their material, including water quality indicators.
4) There should be no leaks or leaks in the pipelines.
The test of the internal water supply is carried out for 10 minutes at a pressure one and a half times higher than the maximum allowable excess (gauge) pressure for this system. For example, for a drinking water supply system, the maximum allowable excess (gauge) pressure is 0.45 MPa or 45 meters of water column. Then the pressure during the test will be 0.675 MPa or 67.5 m of water. Art. If the system has successfully passed the pressure test, that is, it has not leaked, then a final act of a manometric leak test is drawn up in the form of Appendix 3 of SNiPa 3.05.01-85, which is signed by representatives of the above-mentioned commission.
After testing, the internal water supply system is ready for transfer to its operation.
OPERATION OF INTERNAL WATER SUPPLY
The operation of internal water pipelines is under the jurisdiction of PZHREU (industrial housing repair and maintenance sites) or under the authority of the department of the chief power engineer or mechanic of enterprises - this depends on the ownership of the building (municipal or departmental) and on the type of system (B1, B2, B3, T3-T4 ).
The work carried out is as follows:
Current repairs at the request of residents (change of valve gaskets, replacement of faulty fittings, equipment, elimination of leaks in pipes, installation of clamps, replacement of pipe sections with a high degree of corrosion damage, etc.);
Get full textRain sewerage of cities
Rain sewer K2 cities are designed in accordance with the requirements of SNiP 2.04.03-85 "Sewerage: external networks and structures." Her old name: storm sewer, downpour.
Rain sewer K2 collects rain and thawed surface water, diverts them by gravity through the K2 network and, through its regional collectors, discharges conditionally clean effluents into the reservoir in the city, If necessary, build additional treatment facilities, mainly mechanical cleaning, and in the conditions of a flat, flat terrain arrange pumping stations.
Elements of external rain sewerage:
1 ¾ grating storm water inlets, arranged along the roads with a step of 50-80 meters;
2 ¾ outlet underground pipeline with a diameter of at least Æ 200 mm;
3 ¾ street collectors with a diameter of Æ mm;
4 ¾ district collectors with a diameter of Æ mm.
From the territories of industrial enterprises, K2 effluents are cleaned, mainly at mechanical-type structures.
Drainage for lowering the level of groundwater
Drainage is an engineering system of drains (pipes with holes), filtering strands, layers and other elements, designed to lower the water level not less than the dehumidification rate or not less than 0.5 meters below the basement floor, the base of the structure with the discharge of drainage water:
In the rain sewer K2;
Nearby body of water or stream;
underlying underground layer.
Drainage is most often associated with K2 rainwater drainage, but unlike it, it does not drain surface water, but groundwater.
We list the main elements of drainage:
1) water intake device (drain, well);
2) filter cakes and layers (silt protection);
3) manholes (for ease of maintenance and repair);
4) drainage pipe (drainage collector);
5) pumping station for pumping drainage water (not always);
6) pipe-outlet of drainage water (in K2, reservoir or reservoir).
Rice. 18. Elements of drainage (for example, ring drainage)
Consider the elements of drainage using the example of an annular drainage (Fig. 17). It protects the basement of the house from flooding with groundwater. Drains 1 are laid around the building at such a depth that the GWL depression curve is at least 0.5 meters lower relative to the basement floor. The drains are sprinkled with layers of crushed stone (in the immediate vicinity) and sand (between the crushed stone and the surrounding soil) to protect the internal space of the drains from silting with soil particles. ground water passes through the filter bedding 2 and, quite clean, enters the drain 1 through water inlets or slots-saws. Groundwater that got inside the drain is called drainage runoff, which is discharged by gravity by drains and through one of the manholes 3 flows through the drainage collector 4 into the reservoir of the pumping station 5. From there drainage water from time to time they are pumped over by a pump into the K2 rain sewer collector. Item 5 is not always needed.
Drainages for industrial and civil construction are discussed in another course: "Protection against flooding in urban construction" (Author:, SibADI, Omsk, 2000). The normative document is SNiP 2.06.15-85 "Engineering protection of the territory from flooding and flooding".
END OF LECTURE COURSE
