Medical and health tourism. Medical and health tourism. Development, types, features of medical and health tourism. Balneological resorts of the Samara region

If in the old days many tourists went abroad solely for the sake of relaxation and sightseeing, today taking care of their health is also relevant on such trips. This is why medical tourism in Europe is gaining momentum.

The main goal of health tours is the treatment of one or another pathology, as well as its prevention. The branch of medicine that studies medical tourism is called balneology. Taking this into account, European medical tourism can be divided according to the types of resorts.

Balneological. The main therapeutic factor is mineral water.
Climatic. For treatment, climate features are used, temperature regime and air that have certain beneficial properties:
— mountain, because rarefied air is useful for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases, tuberculosis.
— seaside, the main healing factor of which is sea air, useful for bronchopulmonary pathology and for general strengthening of the body.
— desert, where water evaporates from the body, are useful for kidney diseases.
Mud resorts are recommended for diseases of the musculoskeletal system. The properties of mud are not lost even during transportation.
Combined(universal) – include a combination of several therapeutic factors.

Medical tourism is most popular in Europe. The local clinics and sanatoriums have long established themselves as the best. Qualified, experienced specialists, excellent environmental conditions, and the latest modern equipment contribute to the fact that health tours are so in demand here. Popular places for medical tourism in Europe include the foothills of the Alps (Austria, Germany, Vichy France, Northern Italy), the western part of the Czech Republic (Karlovy Vary), Hungary, the Dead Sea of Israel...

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European resorts for medical tourism

Austria

In addition to mountain lakes, picturesque peaks and a mild climate, the country is known for its well-developed healthcare system. Here there are medical and health resorts with mineral salt- and iodine-containing, radon and sulfur waters, which are used to treat various pathologies using balneotherapy. The most famous Austrian resorts are Bad Gastein, Bad Blumau, Bad Ischl, Laa an der Thaya, Loipersdorf.

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Germany

Picturesque and ecologically clean places, thermal springs, healing mud and mineral waters attract people from many parts of the world to Germany. Baden-Baden can be called the Mecca of European medical tourism. Local springs are rich in microelements (zinc, cobalt, copper) and minerals (magnesium, cesium, manganese, lithium, etc.). Other resorts in Germany include Scheidegg, Bad Fussing, Bad Tölz, and Hindeland.

France

Some of the most expensive medical resorts in Europe are French. They are distinguished by their special sophistication and high service. France is famous for its thalassotherapy centers and mineral water springs. The country's most famous resort is Vichy, which has 15 mineral springs. Water from them is indicated for people with metabolic disorders, diseases of the musculoskeletal system, digestive organs, depression, and fatigue.

Italy

Italy is rich in lakes and surrounded by four seas, making it the founder of thalassotherapy and the SPA industry. Picturesque landscapes and a wonderful climate have a beneficial effect on restoring psychological comfort among vacationers, which is very important for effective recovery. In the north of Italy there are large private clinics known for their innovative diagnostic techniques. The most famous resorts in the country are Abano Montegrotto and Abano Terme.

Czech

The Czech Republic is rightly called the state of mineral healing springs. known throughout the world, because they can successfully treat gynecological pathology, metabolic disorders, diseases of the musculoskeletal system and digestive organs. Therapeutic mud and peat are also used. However, medical tours to the Czech Republic are not limited to this resort. For those who want to improve their health, we can recommend Trzebon, Teplice.

Hungary

Hungary is famous for its large number of thermal springs and excellent infrastructure. Famous baths are Harkany, Lake Heviz, Miskolc-Tapolca, Budapest, Debrecen.

The tradition of treatment with thermal waters dates back to the times of the Roman Empire, as evidenced by numerous archaeological sites on the territory of the Republika Srpska. After the Romans, the springs were used during the Ottoman and Austrian domination. Today, balneological tourism in the Republika Srpska has great opportunities for development. Balneological centers provide ideal conditions for recreation and health tourism.

Laktashi

On the slope of Mount Kozara, in the valley of the Vrbas River, 20 km from Banja Luka, there is the Laktasi resort. The healing properties of the resort waters are confirmed by research from professional institutes from Vienna, Prague, Ljubljana and Zagreb. In 2001, research was carried out by the Belgrade Institute of Rehabilitation (Department of Balneo- and Climatological Health Resorts). The Sun Hotel offers: 78 rooms, 144 beds, a restaurant with 300 seats, seminar rooms, a TV room, an indoor hotel pool and a medical complex for therapeutic procedures.

The healing waters of the Laktashi resort belong to the category of hydrocarbonate calcium-magnesium carbon dioxide oligomineral waters. Organoleptic properties of water: the water is clear, colorless, odorless, and has a refreshing sour taste. The anion-cation composition is dominated by calcium and magnesium ions (which are very important for human body) and bicarbonate ions. Additionally, it is worth noting the amount of dissolved carbon dioxide (CO2) 1.25 g/l. Water temperature 31°C.

Water is used in balneotherapy as an auxiliary therapeutic agent: bathing (in baths and pools) and drinking.

Drinking water has a beneficial therapeutic effect on patients with diseases:

Chronic gastritis and duodenitis;
functional diseases of the stomach and intestines;
chronic non-calculous cholecystitis;
condition after cholecystectomy;
dyskinesia of the biliary system;
diseases of the kidneys and urinary tract (microurolithiasis, condition after removal of stones from the urinary tract, chronic cystitis).

Bathing in medicinal water helps improve the body’s condition in the following groups of diseases:
Group I – eye diseases, diseases of the neurovegetative system, psychiatric, endocrine diseases (in combination with drug therapy);
Group II – diseases of the heart and circulatory system;
Group III – diseases of the musculoskeletal system;
Group IV – rehabilitation and recovery (for chronic fatigue, stress, memory and concentration problems, etc.).

Mlečanica

The healing waters of the Mljecanica resort are more than 5000 years old. The first studies of mineral waters in this area were carried out from 1886 to 1889. The Mljecanica resort is located in a picturesque location on the northwestern slope of Mount Kozara.

The medicinal mineral water is sulfurous and bitter, the water temperature is 14°C. Mineral water is used in hydrotherapy, underwater massage, drinking and inhalation.

The resort specializes in physiotherapy and rehabilitation. The quiet and tranquil surroundings provide guests with the perfect opportunity to relax and unwind.
Main specializations:

Accommodation: hotel and bungalows.

Main attractions:

Slatina

The Slatina resort is located in the excursion and rehabilitation center. Thermal mineral springs are most likely one of the reasons why the area has been inhabited since ancient times, as evidenced by numerous archaeological finds (including the discovery of Roman coins in the water source). The temperature of the mineral water of the source reaches 40-42°C.

First Scientific research the quality of the mineral waters of the Slatina resort were carried out in 1888. Nature has gifted this resort with another miracle - a spring drinking water Kiseljak, who was also known during the Roman Empire.

The treatment program of the Slatina resort offers a wide range of physiotherapy procedures: thermotherapy, phototherapy, electrotherapy, magnetic therapy, laser therapy, hydrotherapy with mineral waters, underwater massage and swimming in the indoor pool. The proposed types of therapy are aimed at treating diseases of the musculoskeletal system, neurological diseases, gynecological diseases, and peripheral vascular diseases.

The resort is surrounded by forests with a large selection of excursion routes. There are sports grounds on the resort territory. The main attractions are the wooden churches of Mali Blaško and the 14th-century Slavic Glagolitic monument, opened in the 1930s.

Accommodation: the Slatina hotel has 17 double and 6 triple rooms and 3 apartments. The hotel complex has underwater massage baths, two restaurants and three conference rooms.

Bathhouse Kulashi

The Banya Kulashi resort is located 14 km from the town of Prnjavor at the foot of Mount Lubic, near a source with healing high-alkaline and sulfide oligo mineral water, the temperature of which reaches 27-28 oC. From a bacteriological point of view, the water is completely sterile. Its feature is its high alkali content (pH 11.75). There are only 2 such sources in Europe, and there are 6 in the whole world.

The Romans were the first to use healing waters in this area. They especially valued hot sulfurous waters and... To treat the aristocracy and wounded soldiers, the Romans built impressive buildings with pools and baths, which were decorated with marvelous mosaics.

Water is especially effective in treating psoriasis. In addition to the treatment of psoriasis, the main specializations of the health resort are kidney and urinary tract diseases, diseases of the digestive system, diseases of the female genital organs, increased arterial pressure, diabetes, consequences of injuries, diseases of the musculoskeletal system, skin diseases. Water is used in therapy: bathing, swimming (hydrokinesitherapy), drinking, inhalation, etc.

The renovated resort opened in 2015. There are 52 rooms and 2 apartments available for accommodation. Two pools with healing water.

The Ukrina River flows not far from the resort, suitable for swimming and sport fishing. Near the resort there is a horse farm “Vucjak”, which offers riding school services.

Bathhouse Vručica

In the valley of the Usora River, in close proximity to the town of Teslić, there is the Banya Vručica resort. Surrounded by the hills and slopes of Mount Borja, covered with dense deciduous and coniferous forests, the center is located at an altitude of 230 meters above sea level. According to its characteristics, the water belongs to the category of calcium-sodium-chloride-hydrocarbon fluorine-carbon dioxide high-temperature mineral waters. The water temperature is 38°C. The water is used for drinking, bathing, hydrotherapy in swimming pools, aerosol inhalation and gas baths.

Wellness programs are offered to guests:

The following health programs are offered:

The complex has four hotels designed to accommodate 1,000 guests.

Visegradska

The resort of Visegradska is located 5 km north of the city of Visegrad. The resort is located in a dense pine forest at an altitude of 414 m above sea level. Properties of the thermal waters of the Visegradsk resort: radon carbonate, temperature 34°C. The main medicinal properties are due to the content of radon and its decay products in water. In terms of radioactivity, the Visegradska resort is in first place in Bosnia and Herzegovina and in second place in the countries of the former Yugoslavia. The degree of radiation is optimal for therapy. Radon reduces pain, strengthens the immune system, has a beneficial effect on the endocrine system, and is used in the treatment of respiratory diseases and allergies. The spa waters are used for the prevention and treatment of rheumatic, neurological, orthopedic, gynecological, geriatric and respiratory diseases.

The thermal waters of the Visegrad resort were discovered more than 38 years ago. They make their way to the surface of the earth from a depth of 180 m. The water is enriched with calcium, magnesium and bicarbonate.

There is a stone bridge here, appearance which is decorated with the fern “Vilina Vlas” (translated as “Mermaid’s Braids”), from which the rehabilitation center got its name. During the construction of the Mehmed Pasha Sokolović Bridge in 1571, a source of mineral water and its medicinal properties were discovered. A hammam was installed at that place, which is still in use today.

The Vilina Vlas rehabilitation center offers accommodation for 160 guests, as well as:

surgical interventions

physical activity

different kinds

A restaurant with a summer terrace, where guests are offered national Serbian cuisine.

Dvorovi

The Dvorovi resort is located in the vast Sember Plain near the banks of the Drina and Sava rivers. On the territory of the resort there are parks, flower beds, alleys, sports grounds, five swimming pools, one of which is Olympic, the St. Stefan hotel, and restaurants.

The main value of the resort is geothermal waters. The water rises from a depth of 1300 meters, its temperature reaches 75°C. According to its mineral composition, the water belongs to the group of hydrocarbonate sodium chloride waters containing calcium ions.

A water well in Dvorov was drilled in 1056, when oil exploration was carried out here. Instead of “black gold” flowed hot water. Enterprising local residents sent it for laboratory research, and the results exceeded the expectations of even the greatest optimists.

The resort specializes in the treatment of chronic rheumatic diseases, initial stages diabetes, arthrosis, chronic gastritis, chronic gynecological diseases, spondylosis, diseases of the stomach, gall bladder and ducts. The resort also offers wellness programs.

Throughout the year, sports teams in basketball, football, volleyball, handball, tennis and other sports train here.

Accommodation at the Sveti Stefan hotel offers 42 double rooms and two apartments. The hotel is located at the same distance from Belgrade, Novi Sad, Sarajevo, Zagreb, Banja Luka, Sabac, Valjevo, making it a convenient location for seminars, symposiums, conferences and other major events.

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Introduction

Medical and health tourism in importance can be called the main type of tourism, since it is based on concern for human health as the main value of life. Medical tourism has a long, rich history and is one of the most ancient types of tourism industry. Since ancient times, people have learned to use mineral waters and medicinal mud for medicinal purposes. In each country it developed taking into account the availability of natural resources and socio-economic conditions. It is interesting because in addition to relaxing recreation and entertainment, the tourist receives not only an entertaining history of the people and the city as a whole, but also high-quality treatment using traditional and non-traditional techniques.

The relevance of the study of the organization of health tourism in global and domestic markets is due to a number of circumstances.

Firstly, the level of development of health tourism is important for every person. Health tourism consists not only in the use of favorable natural factors (climate therapy), sports and physical culture, but also in providing cultural and leisure activities and other forms of non-traditional prevention.

Secondly, the demand for health services remains undeveloped. According to the Public Opinion Foundation, 63% of Russians do not pay special attention to their health and do not take care of it in everyday life. In our country, people do not fully understand the purpose of this type of tourism and prefer to participate in medical tourism, when it is much easier to carry out prevention than to eliminate the consequences of a disease in the body. tourism balneological resort health

Thirdly, the preservation and reproduction of labor potential is a national task.

In this course work balneological tourism is considered. The essence of this type of tourism is described. Questions about the necessary natural factors for the development of balneology are considered. The history and development of the main major resorts in the World and in Russia is considered. Target scientific work consists of studying the essence of health tourism, and analyzing the organization at global and domestic resorts. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were solved:

The basic concepts of health services as the purpose of a tourist trip have been identified;

The features of the organization of health tourism have been studied

The features of balneological resorts in Russia and foreign countries are analyzed;

In my course work, I will dwell in detail on balneological resorts, the main priority of which is mineral waters, as well as therapeutic mud. Although therapeutic mud is not considered a balneological resource, modern balneological resorts do not specialize in one thing, but more often combine types and methods of preventing and treating diseases with the help of natural resources.

The object of the study is balneological tourism as a set of health-improving techniques and natural-health areas.

The subject of the study is the functioning of domestic and world health resorts.

Chapter 1.Types of tourism and their brief characteristics

1.1 Basic concepts

Having a long history, tourism has not yet received an unambiguous definition and is interpreted differently not only by individual specialists, but also by tourism organizations. As a complex socio-economic phenomenon, it is poorly understood and difficult to quantify.

Existing definitions of tourism can be combined into two groups. Some of them, workers, are highly specialized in nature, relate to certain economic, social, legal and other aspects of tourism or its specific features and act as a tool for solving specific problems (for example, defining tourism for statistical purposes). Other, conceptual, or essential, definitions cover the subject as a whole, reveal the internal content of tourism, expressed in the unity of the entire diversity of properties and relationships, and make it possible to distinguish it from similar, often interrelated, but alien phenomena.

Statistical definition of tourism. In statistics, tourism is understood as one of the forms of population migration that is not associated with a change of residence or work. The need for its definition arose in the first half of the 20th century. and was due to the widespread increase in tourist flows, the growing economic importance of tourism and, as a consequence, attempts to statistically record travelers.

One of the first definitions of a tourist belonged to the Committee of Experts on Statistics of the League of Nations (1937). It received international recognition and has largely survived to this day, with some later amendments. In recent decades, the problem of the definition of a tourist was discussed at meetings of the International Union of Official Tourism Organizations (Dublin, 1950; London, 1957), at the UN Conference on International Tourism and Travel (Rome, 1963), and the WTO Congress (Manila, 1986). g.), Interparliamentary Conference on Tourism (The Hague, 1989), etc., which indicates the theoretical and practical significance of the definition of a tourist, as well as the desire to make it more complete and accurate, taking into account new trends and phenomena.

Currently, the definition developed by the International Conference on Travel and Tourism Statistics (Ottawa, 1991) and approved by the WTO and the UN Statistical Commission is widely used in international practice. According to him, a tourist is a visitor, i.e. “a person who travels and stays in places outside his usual environment for a period of not more than 12 months for any purpose other than engaging in activities remunerated from sources in the place visited.”

The proposed definition made it possible to more clearly outline that part of travelers who are the object of statistical research in tourism. In the Ottawa Conference outcome documents and WTO technical manuals, a tourist is defined as a visitor. This concept is recommended to be used as a key concept in tourism statistics. It extends along with tourists to excursionists, who share common characteristics. The differences between them do not affect the essence of the phenomenon, therefore excursion trips are increasingly considered as a special case of tourism and are reflected in tourist statistical directories.

Three main features are identified that make it possible to unite tourists and excursionists into the category of visitors and at the same time distinguish them from other travelers: movement outside the usual environment, duration of stay at the destination and purpose of the trip.

Traveling outside the usual environment is the first criterion for classifying travelers. The term “brick and mortar” was coined at the Ottawa Conference to exclude people who commute daily from home to work/school and back. They do not leave their normal environment and are not considered tourists.

Length of stay is the second criterion for identifying a statistical population of visitors. It is introduced into the development of the concept of the usual environment and makes it possible to distinguish tourists and excursionists from residents. The duration of stay is limited to 12 months, after which the visitor becomes a permanent resident and is not counted in tourism statistics. In case of returning to their previous place of residence for a short-term visit (for example, to visit relatives and friends), this person is registered as a visitor to this territory. In Spain and Italy - the leading tourist receiving countries of Southern Europe - emigrants coming to their homeland make up the majority of the incoming tourist flow.

The purpose (motive) of the trip is the third sign of visitors. Unlike other travelers, they are driven by tourist motives, which are interpreted very broadly in official documents and scientific literature. For the convenience of statistical recording of visitors, on the recommendation of the WTO, tourist purposes were combined into several blocks: leisure, recreation, recreation; visiting relatives and friends; business and professional purposes (participation in business meetings, conferences, congresses, etc.); treatment; worship of religious shrines (pilgrimage); other tourist purposes.

So, the concept of “tourist” as a special case of a visitor is used in relation to a person who has traveled outside the usual environment, is in the visited place temporarily, travels for recreational, business and other tourist purposes. Only the presence of all these signs, without exception, allows us to consider a traveling person as a tourist.

Essential definition of tourism. With development scientific knowledge about tourism, the latter appears as a systemic object of study. Working definitions, limited to a narrow industry framework, do not reveal the full variety of internal and external connections of this socio-economic phenomenon. Therefore, there is a need for a conceptual, or essential, definition of tourism. It forms a comprehensive understanding of the subject of research.

In the scientific literature on tourism, there is no clear definition of it. But despite the difference in formulations, all authors include in the concept of “tourism” tourist needs and motivations, the behavior of tourists, their stay outside their permanent residence, economic relations that develop between tourists and producers of goods and services, the interaction of the tourism sector with the surrounding natural, economic and other macroenvironments. The essential definition of tourism proposed by the International Association of scientific experts in the field of tourism. According to him, tourism is “a set of relationships and phenomena that arise during the movement and stay of people in places other than their permanent place of residence and work.”

Tourism represents complex education. As a whole, it appears primarily in relations with the surrounding macroenvironments: political, economic, social, technological and environmental. The outside world actively influences tourism, in some cases opening up vast opportunities for it, in others threatening it with new dangers. In order to achieve sustainable development, it is forced to adapt to changes in the external environment.

In the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, tourism is defined as travel to free time; one of the types of active recreation; most effective remedy satisfaction of recreational needs.

Despite the difference in formulations, all authors include in the concept of “tourism” tourist needs and motivations, the behavior of tourists, their stay outside their permanent residence, economic relations that develop between tourists and producers of goods and services, the interaction of the tourism sector with the surrounding natural, economic and other macroenvironments. The essential definition of tourism proposed by the International Association of Scientific Experts in the Field of Tourism has become widespread among specialists. According to him, tourism is “a set of relationships and phenomena that arise during the movement and stay of people in places other than their permanent place of residence and work.”

According to the Law of the Russian Federation “On the Basics of Tourist Activities in the Russian Federation” of 1996, tourism is temporary trips (travels) of citizens of the Russian Federation, foreign citizens and stateless persons from their permanent place of residence for recreational, educational, professional, business, sports, religious and other purposes. purposes without engaging in paid activities in the country of temporary residence.

1.2 Types and forms of tourism and their brief characteristics

There are many classifications of tourism. They differ in the very understanding of this phenomenon, principles of construction, applied classification tasks, etc. The main thing is the division of tourism into international and domestic.

Types of tourism depending on nationality:

1) International covers trips of travelers for tourism purposes outside the country of permanent residence. For them, crossing the state border involves certain formalities: issuing foreign passports and visas, going through customs procedures, and currency and medical control. These rules are introduced by the state in order to combat illegal migration, international terrorism, drug trafficking, prostitution, etc. and ensure the established procedure for entering and exiting the country. Special services check compliance by travelers with the passport and visa regime, vaccination requirements, rules and conditions for transporting things, goods, currency across the border and conducting currency exchange transactions. In international tourism, there are two forms - inbound and outbound, which differ in the direction of the tourist flow. The same tourist can be classified as inbound and outbound at the same time depending on the country in relation to which his movement is described.

2) Domestic, unlike international, is not associated with crossing the state border and, therefore, does not require compliance with tourist formalities. It represents migration flows of people within the country of permanent residence for tourism purposes. The national currency used every day continues to be a means of circulation, and the tourist’s native language continues to be a means of communication. Such trips are relatively easy to organize. According to some estimates, domestic tourism accounts for 80-90% of all tourist trips, and the total expenditure on domestic tourism is 5-10 times higher than the expenditure of tourists on international travel.

Types of tourism depending on the organization and form:

1) Individual (from one to five people). As a rule, this can be unorganized tourism.

2) Group (six-seven people or more). Strictly regulated trips offered by travel companies and usually implemented on the basis of advance payment are called organized tourism. Organized tourists purchase tours according to pre-agreed routes, length of stay, and volume of services provided through a special tourist sales apparatus. Some of them prefer tours with comprehensive services, others limit themselves to partial tourist services (by purchasing, for example, a course pass only for food).

Types of tourism depending on motivational factors:

1) Tourism for the purpose of recreation (physical and psychological)

2) Tourism for the purpose of studying culture.

3) Social tourism for the purpose of visiting relatives and friends.

4) Sports tourism. Active and passive participation in sports competitions.

5) Economic or business tourism - trips made for professional interests. Covers travel for business purposes without receiving income at the place of assignment. In contrast to vacation trips, the decision on a business trip, the sources and amount of its financing is made, as a rule, not by the tourists themselves, but by other persons (the boss, the head of the company).

6) Congress or political tourism.

Types of tourism depending on the means of transport used for travel:

1) Aviation tourism.

2) Automobile tourism.

3) Railway tourism.

4) Cycling tourism.

5) Horse tourism.

6) Water tourism. It can be both river and sea.

7) Hiking.

Also distinguished are such types of tourism as mass and elite; sustainable and environmentally friendly; short term and long term. Tourism is divided depending on the age of the travelers, the length of stay, the time of year, and so on.

Chapter 2. Balneological tourism resources

2.1 The essence of balneological tourism

Balneological tourism involves the movement of residents and non-residents within state borders and beyond state borders for a period of 20 hours and no more than 6 months for health purposes and for the prevention of various diseases of the human body. Medical and health tourism is based on balneology.

Resortology is the science of natural healing factors, their effects on the body and methods of use for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes. Main sections of balneology:

1. Balneology is a branch of balneology that studies medicinal mineral waters, their origin, physical and chemical properties, their effect on the human body in various diseases, developing indications for their use in resorts and in non-resort conditions.

2. Balneotherapy - methods of treatment, prevention and restoration of impaired body functions with natural and artificially prepared waters at resorts and in non-resort conditions.

3. Mud therapy is a method of treatment and prevention of body diseases using peloids, i.e., therapeutic mud of various origins, at resorts in non-resort conditions.

4. Climatotherapy is a set of methods for treating and preventing diseases of the body using dosed exposure to climatic and weather factors and special climatic procedures on the human body.

5. Resortography - a description of the location and natural conditions of resorts and resort areas with a description of their therapeutic factors, balneotherapeutic, climatotherapeutic and other conditions.

Resort is an area with natural factors, and the necessary conditions for their use for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes.

The following requirements apply to resorts:

1. The presence of natural healing factors that ensure the normal functioning of the resort.

2. Necessary technical devices and buildings for the rational use of resort factors (swimming pools, mud baths, beaches, etc.)

3. Specially prepared premises for treatment and housing (sanatoriums, rest homes).

4. Availability of medical and preventive institutions providing medical care for patients and vacationers.

5. Availability of health facilities, sports facilities and playgrounds.

6. Availability of public facilities, institutions Catering, trade and consumer services, cultural and educational institutions.

7. Convenient entrances and means of communication.

8. Landscaped territory, engineering and technical structures providing electricity, water supply, and sewerage.

There are 4 types of resorts in the world:

1. Balneological - a type of resort where mineral waters are used as the main healing factors (for external and internal use).

2. Mud resort - a type of resort where therapeutic mud is used as the main healing factors.

3. Climatic - a type of resort where climate is the main healing factor. Forest, mountain, seaside, climatic and therapeutic.

4. Transitional - several natural healing factors are used at once.

At the balneological resort, natural mineral waters are used as the main healing factor. They are recommended for external (bath) and internal (inhalation, drinking, etc.) consumption. Among the patients coming to balneological resorts are mainly people with diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, cardiovascular and nervous systems, respiratory tract and musculoskeletal system. Treatment at these resorts gives results comparable to the effects of conventional medicines, but exclude side effects, inevitable when taking medications, the period of remission is extended, the likelihood of subsequent exacerbations and their intensity is reduced.

Medical and health tourism has a number of distinctive features. Firstly, your stay at the resort, regardless of the type of illness or disease, must be long, at least three weeks. Only in this case the desired healing effect is achieved. Secondly, treatment at resorts is expensive. Although in Lately Relatively cheap tours have begun to be developed; this type of tourism is designed mainly for wealthy clients who are increasingly focused on something other than the standard set medical services, but for an individual treatment program. Another feature is that people of the older age group go to resorts when chronic diseases worsen or their weakening body is unable to cope with everyday stress at work and at home. Accordingly, these tourists choose between resorts that specialize in the treatment of a specific disease, and mixed-type resorts that have a general strengthening effect on the body and help restore strength.

For the effectiveness of spa treatment, general resort, sanatorium and individual regimes are of particular importance. The general resort regime applies to the entire territory of the resort and is regulated by the rules of procedure at this resort. It includes the regulated work of resort-wide diagnostic, medical and resort facilities, as well as noise control. The sanatorium regime is the routine and rhythm of life in the sanatorium, which determines a certain frequency of exposure to patients. The sanatorium regime provides both general rules for all patients, as well as individual instructions and recommendations of the attending physician regarding the patient’s daily routine and the implementation of medical prescriptions. An individual regimen is compiled individually for each patient and is determined after the first conversation with the doctor. It depends on the nature of the disease and the patient’s condition and can be training, when an increased impact of procedures is used, or gentle - with a limitation of the quantity and intensity of the applied therapeutic effect.

Your stay at the sanatorium can be divided into three stages:

The initial period (adaptation), in which a gentle regimen is applied and treatment procedures are not yet prescribed in full; this period coincides with the additional examination of the patient and usually does not exceed 2-3 days.

The main treatment period during which the treatment complex is implemented (on average 20 days).

The final period (2-3 days), when a gentle regimen is reintroduced and patients rest after completing the treatment cycle. [Babkin]

Recently, the health tourism market has been undergoing changes. Traditional sanatorium resorts are ceasing to be places of treatment and recreation for the elderly and will become multifunctional health centers, designed for a wide range of consumers.

Modern transformations of resort centers are due to two circumstances. First of all, a change in the nature of demand for medical and health services. Comes into fashion healthy image life, and all over the world there is a growing number of people who want to maintain good physical shape and need restorative anti-stress programs. These are mostly middle-aged people who prefer active recreation and are often pressed for time. According to many experts, type consumers will be the main clients of sanatorium resorts and a guarantee of the prosperity of medical and health tourism in the 21st century.

2.2 Spa tourism resources

Balneological resources have their own characteristics and criteria, according to which they are divided into different groups and used to treat various pathologies.

Mineral waters are underground waters characterized by a high content of mineral or organic components and having specific physical and chemical properties, which is the basis of their effect on the human body and medicinal use. The formation of underground mineral waters involves processes of surface water infiltration and volcanic processes. The gas and ion-salt composition of water, its gas saturation and mineralization develop during the leaching of salt solutions, cation exchange, and reduction of sulfates. In the upper zone earth's crust where oxidative processes predominate, mineral waters contain gases of atmospheric origin - nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and in the deeper depths of the Earth hydrogen sulfide and hydrocarbon gases are formed. Mineral waters come to the surface of the Earth in the form of springs, and are also removed from the depths by boreholes.

Classification of mineral waters:

Group A. Waters without specific components and properties.

Group B. Carbonated waters.

Group B. Sulfide waters (hydrogen sulfide).

Group G. Ferrous, arsenic or arsenic waters with a high content of manganese, copper, aluminum, boron and other elements.

Group D. Waters containing bromine, iodine and high content of organic substances.

Group E. Radon waters (radioactive).

Group J. Siliceous baths.

Additionally, according to their gas composition, all waters are divided into a number of subgroups:

a) nitrogen, b) methane, c) carbon dioxide. In addition, they are divided according to their ionic composition into classes (by anions - hydrocarbonate, sulfate, chloride) and into subclasses - calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium. Water can be considered mineral if it meets at least one of the following officially established criteria:

Total mineralization is above 2 grams/liter.

Gases: carbon dioxide -- 0.7 g/l, hydrogen sulfide -- 10 mg/l, radon -185 Bq/l

Microelements: arsenic - 0.7 mg/l, iron - 10 mg/l, bromine - 25 mg/l, iodine - 5 mg/l, silicic acid - 50 mg/l, organic substances - 8 mg/l, etc.

Based on temperature, waters are divided into cold (below 20 degrees C), warm (21-35 degrees C) and hot (above 35 degrees C). When characterizing water, indicate the gas content, microelements, mineralization, content of anions and cations, temperature, acidity.

Thermal waters do not have any own criteria; in almost all classifications their composition is compared with the composition of mineral waters; they differ only in origin and temperature, and in the method of their use in treatment. After all, in essence these are the same mineral waters with their own chemical and gas composition, only those lying deep underground and temperatures above 20 degrees.

Among the factors of balneotherapy leading value belongs to the chemical composition and physical and chemical properties of mineral waters. The set of reactive changes in the body that develop during external or internal use of mineral waters is called a balneological reaction. It is physiologically natural as a manifestation of the adaptation process to a complex complex of chemical, thermal, mechanical, and biological balneoeffects.

Mud therapy is also one of the very effective procedures. The therapeutic effect of a mud procedure depends on the size of the area to which the mud is applied, on the temperature and physico-chemical properties of the therapeutic mud, and on the duration of the procedure itself. Healing mud is a natural formation that consists of water, minerals and organic substances. There are different types of mud, which differ from each other in composition and properties.

Therapeutic muds (peloids) are natural colloidal organomineral formations (silt, peat, hills) with high plasticity, heat capacity, and heat transfer. They contain active biological substances (salts, gases, vitamins, enzymes, etc.) and living microorganisms. Peloids consist of a crystalline skeleton, which consists of compounds of silicon, aluminum, gypsum, calcium carbonates and phosphates, magnesium carbonates and other water-insoluble compounds. The skeleton is also created by the undivided remains of the flora. The quality of mud depends on the degree of particle dispersion. The fewer coarse particles, the higher the degree of dispersion, the better the plastic and healing properties of the mud.

Cells of body tissues actively adsorb and use natural harmoniously balanced minerals, enzymes, amino acids and other components contained in medicinal mud. Depending on their origin, mud can be of the following types:

1. Silt sulfide mud. This mud is formed in salt water bodies and is black in color. This type of mud contains many mineral components.

2. Sapropel mud. This mud forms at the bottom of open reservoirs with standing water. The color can be brown, bluish-black, blue, dark olive and even pink. This mud is rich in trace elements (iodine, bromine, cobalt, etc.). Sapropel mud has a gentle effect on the body, which allows it to be used for many diseases.

3. Peat mud. It is formed in swampy places, has a dark brown color and is rich in organic matter.

Different muds, having different compositions and different properties, have a therapeutic and physiological effect on the body. One of the main healing factors is heat. The use of mud helps relieve pain, increases tone, the influence of mud is manifested by an anti-inflammatory and resolving effect.

Chapter 3. Development of balneological tourism

3.1 Development of balneological tourism in the world

The beginnings of balneology appeared back in the 5th century. BC e., when the ancient Greek scientist Herodotus proposed a method of use and indications for the use of mineral waters.

The writings of Hippocrates (5th-4th centuries BC) mention medicinal properties river, salty and sea water. The Roman physician Archogen (1st century AD) belonged to the first classification of mineral waters. In the 15th century Italian monk G. Savonarola published a “Treatise on Italian Mineral Waters,” containing instructions on the use of mineral baths. In the 16th century Lectures by the Italian physician G. Fallopius were published - “Seven Books on Warm Waters”, in which, by the way, the author tries to find out chemical composition mineral waters. The beginning of scientific balneology in the 17th and 18th centuries. laid down by the German scientist F. Hoffmann, who was the first to establish the chemical composition of mineral waters and the presence in them of carbonic acid salts, table salt, magnesium sulfate, etc. The Swedish chemist I. Ya. Berzelius in 1822 made precise chemical analyzes of mineral springs in Karlovy Vary (Carlsbad) ) and developed scientific methods for determining the composition of mineral waters. Subsequently, in connection with the development of natural sciences and medicine, balneology began to develop rapidly and turned into a vast field of theoretical and practical medicine.

Medical and health tourism is one of the most ancient types of tourism industry. Since ancient times, people have learned to use mineral waters and medicinal mud for medicinal purposes. Among the most ancient (Bronze Age) material evidence of treatment with mineral waters are the ruins of permanent structures at carbonic water sources in the vicinity of the modern Swiss resort of St. Moritz.

The ruins of similar structures from the period of Roman rule have been preserved in various modern resorts in Romania, on the coast of Lake Balaton in Hungary, Baden in Switzerland and Austria, Wiesbaden in Germany, Exleben in France. In Italy, especially in Latium and on the coast of the Gulf of Naples, there were numerous resorts with mineral springs. The resort of Bailly, which was a favorite vacation spot of the Roman nobility, was very famous.

In the early Middle Ages, famous resorts were Plombières-Leben and Anchen. Subsequently, the mineral springs of Spa and Cotres became famous, and the glory of the ancient springs of Abano Terme was revived. In the mid-14th century, the resort of Carlsbad (now Karlovy Vary) was founded. Also at the beginning of the 14th century, Baden-Baden became a heavily visited resort.

At the beginning of the 17th century, a resort inspectorate was created in France, whose task was to supervise the condition of resorts and their operation. At the same time, the use of resorts continued to remain the exclusive privilege of the nobility. In the 18th and 19th centuries, intensive development of European resorts began based on a commercial approach. The revival of the resort business was accompanied by an expansion of the circle of their visitors at the expense of representatives of the bourgeoisie, officials and intelligentsia. Founded in 1958 International Federation on the resort business. Initially its tasks were social problems resort business and organization of sanatorium and resort assistance to disabled people of the Second World War.

3.1.1 Medical and health tourism in Europe

In Europe, the main centers of health tourism are located in Eastern and Central Europe. Former socialist countries have rich traditions of sanatorium and resort business, use modern methods of disease prevention, treatment and rehabilitation of patients, and have the richest healing natural and climatic resources. With relatively low prices, they control most of the European health tourism market.

Among countries by health resort services leading place occupied by the Czech Republic. More than 50 thousand people from more than 70 countries visit this country every year for treatment. The most famous Czech resorts are Karlovy Vary, one of the oldest resorts in Europe, Teplice, the world's first radon sanatorium resort of Jáchymov, the Janske Lazne resort with the world's first sanatorium for the treatment of infantile paralysis, Marianske Lazne, Luhačovice and others. Currently, the Czech government is making attempts to promote health resorts in the global and European market of medical and health tourism.

The main competitor of the Czech Republic in the European health tourism market is Hungary. It is rightly called the thermal baths area. About half a million cubic meters thermal waters per day flows from natural sources and wells, some of them are used in medicine. In the 19th century Hungary is becoming a European center for hydrotherapy bathing. Today, 22 cities and 62 Hungarian villages have officially recognized healing springs. Visiting balneological resorts is one of the main motivations for traveling to Hungary. In 1998, every third tourist arriving in this country went to the waters. Holidays and treatment at Hungarian resorts are especially popular among citizens of Germany, the USA, Austria, as well as the population of Hungary itself. These four countries account for over half of all arrivals.

In Poland, the most famous mountain climatic resorts are located in the Sudetes and the Carpathians. One of the most famous Polish resorts is the city of Krinica.

In addition to the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland, health tourism is developing in Bulgaria, Romania and the republics of the former Yugoslavia. These countries have access to warm seas and offer mainly health programs at resorts of a seaside climatic type. In addition, Europe's only deposit of naphthalan, a type of oil used in medicine, has been discovered in Croatia. The Ivanich-Grad resort, created on its basis, accepts patients suffering from diseases of the skin and musculoskeletal system. Slovakia, reviving the resort business, is gradually changing the image of the country of ski tourism. By equipping thermal health resorts with modern equipment and technologies, it will soon be able to, to a certain extent, redirect tourist flows previously heading to the neighboring Czech Republic and take its rightful place in the market of medical and health tourism.

The vast majority of resorts Western Europe concentrated in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. They are represented mainly by two types: balneological and climatic. In Germany, besides the already mentioned Baden-Baden and Wiesbaden, the most famous balneological resorts are Badenweiler, Wildbad and Bayersbronn, located at the foot of the Black Forest, Bad Homburg and Bad Nauheim - not far from Frankfurt am Main, Aachen - in the west of the country, etc. Among the climatic resorts, mountain and forest resorts predominate (Quedlinburg, Oberhof, Füssen), as well as seaside resorts (Wangeroge, Dame, Travemünde, Heiligenhafen, Flensburg). Although the Germans themselves prefer to relax on seas that are warmer than the North, these health resorts do not experience a shortage of tourists. Every year, German resorts welcome over 1 million people. Preventive and rehabilitation programs offered by German climatic and balneological centers are in demand among residents of France, Belgium, Luxembourg, the USA and Canada.

Austria is rightfully proud of its numerous resorts. The most famous of them, the balneological resort of Bad Gastein, is located in the south of the province of Salzburg, in the valley of the Gastein River. It is created on the basis of hot radon springs.

Southern Europe is represented mainly by Italy in the health tourism market. Its balneological resorts are concentrated in the northeast of the country, in the Emilia-Romagna region, and on the island of Ischia, rich not only in thermal waters, but also in healing mud.

Spain, Portugal, and Greece attract tourists with their climatic seaside resorts, which are better known as recreation and entertainment areas. Specialized medical resorts in these countries are few in number, making up only a few percent of their total number.

In Northern Europe, health tourism is poorly developed. The seaside climatic resorts of Denmark and the Netherlands and the lakeside resorts of Norway, Finland and Sweden stand out, but they are of predominantly internal importance.

3.1.2 Health tourism in America

On the American continent, the undisputed leader in the health tourism market is the USA. Their achievements in the field of healthcare (tissue and organ transplantation, cardiac surgery, plastic surgery) are generally recognized. The medical and auxiliary medical personnel are considered one of the best, if not the most qualified in the world, and the clinical complexes are equipped with the latest science and technology. But health care in the USA it is expensive, so more and more Americans are paying priority to their health, the prevention of various diseases and for this purpose they go to resorts. The main type of North American resorts is balneological. They are available in many states. The famous mineral water resorts of Mammoth Springs, Heber Springs, and Hot Springs are located in the south-central part of the United States, in the state of Arkansas. Vacations at seaside climatic resorts are in demand: Long Beach in the suburbs of New York, Hatteras on the Atlantic coast in North Carolina, Miami Beach in Florida, San Diego and Santa Cruz in California, etc. Popular and lakeside resorts, although for the most part Americans prefer to relax and receive treatment in resorts in Central America, Barbados, Cuba and the Bahamas.

3.1.3 Medical and health tourism in the Middle East

In the Middle East, streams of tourists with medical and health purposes are sent to the Dead Sea. Saturated with salts and minerals, its waters are unsuitable for even the simplest organisms. But tourists coming to the Israeli resorts of Ein Bokek, Ein Bukek, Ein Gedi, Neve Zohar and others located on the Dead Sea know that they will receive first-class therapeutic treatment.

The area of the Dead Sea, or, as it is often called, the Salt Sea, is distinguished by a unique combination of natural healing factors - thermal mineral waters, healing mud and special biometeorological conditions that have a beneficial effect on humans. Therapy at the Dead Sea resorts radically changes our ideas about healing process. Here it is more reminiscent of pampering relaxation and entertainment rather than some set of procedures.

3.1.4 Medical and health tourism in Asia, Oceania and Africa

In the countries of South Asia, East and Southeast Asia, medical and health tourism is poorly developed. Alternative medicine, herbal medicine and acupuncture, which are widespread in the East, are not so attractive to foreign tourists.

Australia has all the natural resources necessary for health tourism. The large balneological resorts of Daylesford, Morck, and Springwood are concentrated in the southeast of the mainland. The seaside climatic resorts of Australia are also famous in the world. The Gold Coast, Daydream Island, and Cairns are considered ideal places for relaxation and treatment. However, Australia's remoteness from Europe and America - the main regions generating tourist demand - prevents the expansion of incoming tourist flows, therefore Australian resorts, like American ones, are focused on receiving mainly domestic tourists.

In Africa, health tourism is gaining momentum. The popularity of Tunisian resorts is growing. In 1996, a new Water and Mud Treatment Center was opened here, which became one of the largest in the world. It is equipped with modern equipment and highly qualified personnel. Treatment at the Center includes different types massage using sea water and mud.

On the northern coast of Africa there are seaside climatic resorts. In Egypt, these are Hurghada, a recognized tourist center on the Red Sea, the international class resort of Sharm el-Sheikh, as well as Dahab and Nuweiba; in Morocco - Agadir, Mohammedia, Tangier, El Hoceima, etc. On the coast of the Indian Ocean there are seaside resorts in Kenya: Mombasa, Kipini, Malindi, Lamu, Kilifi. There are several resorts in South Africa. The rest of Africa has neither natural resources nor the means to develop the resort business.

3 .2 Development of balneological tourism in Russia

The first mentions of hot mineral springs in the North Caucasus in the Pyatigorsk region are contained in the works of the Arab traveler Ibn Batuta, who wrote about them in the mid-14th century. For the first time in Russia, measures were taken to explore mineral waters and exploit them with medicinal purposes on the initiative of Peter J. In 1717, a decree was issued “On the search for mineral waters in Russia,” which can be used “for various diseases.” In 1714, a source of “iron water” was discovered in Karelia, and already in 1719 a decree was issued on the Marcial Konchezer waters near Petrozavodsk. This was the first officially approved resort in Russia - Marcial Waters.

In those same years, the German scientist H. Paulsen, by decree of Peter I, founded the Bader Baths resort on the Lipetsk salt waters. The discovery of Caucasian mineral waters near Kislovodsk took place in 1803, when the first residential buildings appeared near the source of “sour water” (Narzan) and the fortress was named Kislovodsk. In 1803, by decree of Alexander I, this region was recognized as a healing area. In 1810, mineral water springs were discovered in Zheleznovodsk and Essentuki. In 1828, the Staraya Russa resort was founded, in the 1830s - Odessa mud resorts, in 1833 - Sergievsky Mineral Waters. In 1836 on the shore Saki Lake A mud clinic was opened. In the second half of the 19th century, Issyk-Kul was recognized as a medical-climatic zone in Central Asia, Alma-Arsan in Kazakhstan, Borjomi and Tskhaltubo in Georgia. In 1868, mineral springs were also discovered on the coast of the Sea of Okhotsk, not far from modern Magadan. At the end of the 19th century, numerous resorts appeared on the southern coast of Crimea. By the beginning of the 20th century, there were 36 resorts in Russia, with 60 sanatoriums with a total capacity of 3,000 beds. The most popular and developed resorts were Pyatigorsk, Borjomi, Saki, Staraya Russa, Odessa, Yevpatoria and Yalta.

By the beginning of the 1940s, there were already 3,600 sanatoriums and rest homes in the USSR with almost 470 thousand beds. A significant number of sanatoriums were intended for the treatment of children. In 1990, there were 14 thousand sanatoriums and holiday homes in Russia with 2.5 million beds.

3.2.1 Basicbalneological resorts in Russia

Essentuki- the flattest resort of Kavminvod Essentuki, founded in 1798, is located in the south of the Stavropol Territory, 43 kilometers from the Mineralnye Vody airport, at an altitude of 600-625 meters above sea level in the picturesque foothills of the Northern slope of the Main Caucasus Range. Essentuki is rightfully considered the largest and most popular drinking balneological resort in our country. The main therapeutic agents are more than 20 mineral springs. The famous springs No. 17 and No. 4 brought it fame. The basis of the resort’s treatment is mineral water, healing mud from Lake Tambukan and a favorable microclimate. Therapeutic mineral waters (Essentuki-4, Essentuki-17, Essentuki Novaya-2), which have no analogues in Europe, will help you get rid of diseases of the liver, biliary tract, gastrointestinal tract, metabolic diseases, and central nervous system. The Essentuki resort is the only one in Russia that has specialized sanatoriums for the treatment of children, adolescents and adults suffering from diabetes. Every year, more than 250 thousand people improve their health at the resort.

Kislovodsk - a unique balneological and climatic resort - the southernmost of the Kavminvod resorts. Kislovodsk is located in a picturesque mountain basin, in the valley of two rivers, at an altitude of 830 to 1000 meters above sea level. Kislovodsk is the country's leading cardiological resort. The waters of the 7 springs operating in Kislovodsk are carbonic sulfate-hydrocarbonate calcium-magnesium. The water of the famous Narzan spring, which laid the foundation for the resort, has a mineralization of up to 1.8 g/l, contains over 1 g/l of carbon dioxide, and the water temperature is about 12°C. The unique natural factors of the resort, combined with the latest treatment and diagnostic facilities, provide effective treatment diseases of the circulatory system, respiratory system, nervous system, musculoskeletal system, etc. Kislovodsk is the largest of the Kavminvod resorts.

Zheleznovodsk- one of the most picturesque resort towns is located at the foot of Mount Zheleznaya, at an altitude of 630 m above sea level. The main wealth of the resort is its world-famous mineral waters, which have unique therapeutic effects, allowing for highly effective treatment of diseases of the digestive system, kidneys and urinary tract; diseases associated with metabolic disorders, including those due to disorders of the endocrine glands. The latter is especially important given the current situation ecological situation. In addition to drinking treatments, the resort uses one of the largest balneotherapy and mud baths in Europe for therapeutic procedures.

Pyatigorsk- balneological and mud resort is located in the center of Kavminvod. The city of health, the city-museum - the pearl of the Caucasus - is one of the oldest resorts in the country. The city is located at the foot of Mount Mashuk at an altitude of 550 meters above sea level and is connected by rail and road with all the Kavminvod resorts and many major cities Russia. Pyatigorsk is a balneological and mud resort of federal significance. There are more than 50 different mineral springs here. The land of Pyatigorye is famous for its healing radon, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide waters. The famous healing mud of Lake Tambukan is also used to improve the health of patients. Doctors recommend undergoing a course of complex treatment at the famous resort to improve their health for those who want to get rid of respiratory, nervous, musculoskeletal, immune, endocrine, genitourinary systems, digestive organs, circulatory system, gastrointestinal tract, who suffer from metabolic disorders.

Hot key- located in the foothills of the Greater Caucasus, on the right bank of the river. Psekups (a tributary of the Kuban), at its exit from the mountains onto the plain, 5 km from the Goryachiy Klyuch railway station, on the Krasnodar - Dzhugba highway, 65 km south of Krasnodar.

Hot Key is a balneological resort in the Russian Federation, which uses several types of water: thermal (up to +60C), sulfide, sodium chloride-hydrocarbonate - for baths for diseases of the musculoskeletal and support organs, peripheral nervous system, gynecological diseases. Sulfide sodium bicarbonate and sodium chloride with a lower water temperature and lower hydrogen sulfide content are used for drinking treatment and balneotherapeutic procedures, mainly for diseases of the digestive system.

Resort "Krainka" is one of the oldest resorts in Russia. In May 1999, the resort turned 155 years old. The resort is located in the Suvorovsky district of the Tula region. Since time immemorial, the healing water of the spring has been used to treat their own ailments by the peasants of the village of Krainskoye, who, in essence, were the discoverers. Among the drinking balneological and mud resorts in the central part of Russia, the Krainka resort is the largest and most versatile. This water is used for dysbiosis, chronic gastritis with normal and increased secretory function of the stomach, peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum, diseases of the operated stomach due to gastric and duodenal ulcers, chronic colitis and enterocolitis, chronic diseases of the liver, biliary and urinary tract, postcholecystectomy syndromes , chronic pancreatitis, metabolic diseases and as an excellent prophylactic for diseases of the central nervous system.

Anapa located in the southwestern part Krasnodar region, at the junction of the Greater Caucasus and the Taman Peninsula. Anapa is a balneological resort of the Russian Federation. Here we use mineral waters for table and medicinal drinking from the ancient Semigorsk springs with high gas content, nitrogen-carbon dioxide-methane, with mineralization from 4-5 g/l (source N6) to 10-11 g/l (source N6), chloride-bicarbonate sodium iodine boric, slightly alkaline.

There are also balneological resorts not only in the Caucasus region. For example, there is a whole resort area of St. Petersburg (Sestroretsk, Zelenogorsk), Belokurikha in the Altai Territory, Abalakh in Yakutia, resorts in the Novosibirsk region, Marcial Waters in Karelia, Staraya Russa in the Novgorod region and many others.

Conclusion

Modern man is increasingly experiencing the pressure of unfavorable factors that surround him in conditions of high urbanization - noise, bustle, stress, dust, dirty streets, etc. All this leads to serious diseases of the nervous system, deterioration of the heart, digestion and general condition of the body. But you can not wait for such consequences, but immediately take advantage of the benefits of health tourism. There are many options, from which everyone chooses the one that best suits their own needs, financial capabilities and desires.

Health tourism is a dynamically developing industry, attracting more and more people who expect to receive impeccable service and improve their health. Today, more than 1.3 million people a year visit health centers in countries such as Switzerland, Germany, Israel, France, Italy, Greece and Thailand, the Czech Republic and Slovakia, Finland and Malta, Estonia and Lithuania, Ukraine and Belarus and many others. These countries offer countless options for alternative medicine, luxury apartments, unforgettable cultural and entertainment programs, sightseeing and shopping routes.

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Balneological resorts of the Altai Territory

In the middle of wild forests and picturesque mountains in the river valley, you can relax in a large Siberian balneological, climatic and ski resort 228 km from Barnaul.

Balneological resorts of the Arkhangelsk region

Resort Solvychegodsk accepts vacationers with diseases of the musculoskeletal system. For treatment, sodium chloride-sulfate water and sulfide silt mud of Lake Solenoye are used.

Balneological resorts of Bashkortostan

On the banks of the Usolka River on the western slopes of the Southern Urals, 136 km from Ufa, you can improve your health at the most famous balneological resort Krasnousolsk. The springs, thanks to which the river does not freeze even in severe winter, were discovered several centuries ago. Since then, the waters have been studied and classified as sodium chloride; many procedures have been developed with them to help with diseases of the circulatory system, nervous, musculoskeletal, endocrine systems, diseases of the skin, respiratory and digestive organs.

Another popular resort in this republic is Yangan-Tau, located 196 km from Ufa on the slope of Mount Yangantau above the Yuryuzan River. This place is famous for its healing hot steams and gases released from the mountain, and the hydrocarbonate calcium-magnesium waters of the Kurgazak spring. The Yangan-Tau sanatorium, which is regularly mentioned among the best in the USSR and Russia, welcomes vacationers with diseases of the musculoskeletal system, nervous and circulatory systems, and digestive organs. It offers not only medical and comfortable residential buildings, but also steam and dry air hospitals, and an equestrian sports complex. In the vicinity of the resort there is a health path - the “Golden Ring of Yangan-Tau” healing trail.

Balneological resorts of Buryatia

There is also a large resort on the Black Sea coast, uniting several cities and towns. Sanatoriums in and other villages use unique Matsesta mineral water. Not far from the city of Sochi there is Imeretinskoye field, where useful freshwater silt is extracted.

There are also balneological resorts in the Krasnodar region, remote from the coast, and the most famous of them is located in the foothills of the Caucasus, 65 km from Krasnodar Hot key.

Balneological resorts of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

210 km from Krasnoyarsk in the Balakhtinsky district at the resort Kozhanovo near the village of the same name, they are ready to help people with diseases of the digestive system, endocrine and genitourinary systems, eating disorders and metabolic disorders. The main healing factor is bicarbonate calcium-sodium waters from a source discovered in this place. An additional healing effect is achieved through walks in the low mountains surrounding the resort. A large sanatorium "Krasnoyarsk Zagorye" has been built in Kozhanov, and other health resorts for children and adults are expected to open in the coming years.

The resort has been operating 326 km from Krasnoyarsk and 40 km from Uzhur for about a century Uchum, designed for people suffering from ailments of the musculoskeletal system, digestion, nervous system, and gynecological diseases. In the lake of the same name, on the shores of which this resort is located, brine and sulfide silt mud are extracted, which are used for external procedures. Also found nearby are mineral springs with sulfate-bicarbonate sodium-magnesium-calcium water, recommended for drinking and various procedures. While relaxing on the banks of the Uchum, you can take short hikes through pine and birch groves untouched by civilization. In summer you can swim in the lake and rent a boat.

Balneological resorts of Crimea

In the Southern Urals, 246 km from Orenburg there is a small resort Guy, which welcomes patients with diseases of the nervous, musculoskeletal, genitourinary systems and skin diseases. They will be helped thanks to the sulfate waters extracted in this place with a high content of iron, aluminum, copper and other elements.

Balneological resorts of the Perm region

In a centuries-old pine forest on the banks of the Kama in 1935, the now most popular balneological resort arose. It is located just 54 km from Perm and is one of the largest multi-profile resorts in Russia.

Balneological resorts of Primorsky Krai

In the valley of the Ussuri River, 430 km from Khabarovsk, not far from the Ruzhino railway station, the largest resort in the Primorsky Territory was built Shmarovka. In this place, with the help of carbon dioxide highly gas-saturated mineral waters, similar to Narzan from Kislovodsk, diseases of the digestive, endocrine, genitourinary systems and metabolic disorders are treated. An additional healing factor is the local favorable climate: dry, warm summers give way to sunny, friendly winters.

Balneological resorts of the Pskov region

On a picturesque plain 80 km from Pskov, you can relax at the oldest balneological resort Khilovo, founded in 1865. Low-sulfide sulfate-bicarbonate calcium water is extracted from a well from the depths of the earth, and the mud of Lake Khudykino is used for external procedures. The main profile of the resort is diseases of the musculoskeletal and nervous systems. There are 10 km of paths around the resort. It’s good to combine a holiday in this place with excursions to Pskov, Pushkin Mountains, Izborsk, and the Pskov-Pechersky Monastery.

Balneological resorts of the Samara region

Thanks to sources of hydrogen sulfide water, a multi-purpose resort arose in 117 km from Samara Sergievskie Mineralnye Vody, where patients with diseases of the musculoskeletal system, circulatory system, nervous system, skin, and gynecological problems are received; there are special divisions of the resort dedicated to the reception of children with cerebral palsy and adult patients with diseases of the spinal cord. Medium-sulfide, low-mineralized silt mud from nearby deposits is also used for procedures. When free from procedures, vacationers can walk through the surrounding oak forests and admire the turquoise Sulfur Lake, which does not freeze in winter. For more than a century of history of Sergievsky Mineralnye Vody, composers Alyabyev and Rubinstein, mathematician Lobachevsky and many other famous personalities rested and were treated in this place.

Balneological resorts of the Sakhalin region

In a beautiful valley 22 km from Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, springs were discovered with a record level of arsenic in carbon dioxide waters for Russia. These waters, as well as healing silt mud, are used in the resort founded in this place Sinegorsk for various balneological procedures for diseases of the digestive organs, skin, nervous, musculoskeletal and endocrine systems.

Balneological resorts of the Sverdlovsk region

A hundred kilometers west of Yekaterinburg, in the middle of a dense coniferous forest, you can improve your health at a resort. If you want to combine treatment with active recreation, it is better to go there in winter, when you can ski in the forests covered with thick snow.

112 km east of Yekaterinburg in a pine forest on the eastern slopes of the Ural Mountains, vacationers with diseases of the nervous system, circulatory system, respiratory system, skin diseases, and gynecological problems are welcome at a balneological resort Kurya. This resort owes its foundation to a source of low-iron mineral waters. Sapropel mud from Lake Kurtugaz is also used for procedures. The mountains protect the resort from bad weather and strong winds, there is very little precipitation, summer and autumn are warm and dry, winter pleases with a pleasant, healthy frost.

105 km northeast of Yekaterinburg, in an ecologically clean place in the middle of a forest on the banks of the river of the same name, there is a multi-functional resort Lipovka. This place is ready to accept people with diseases of the circulatory system, nervous, musculoskeletal and endocrine systems, diseases of the digestive system, skin, and metabolic disorders. Highly radon, low-mineralized waters are used for procedures.

Balneological resorts of North Ossetia

At the resort Tamisk in North Ossetia, strong hydrogen sulfide magnesium-calcium sulfate waters are extracted and used for patients with diseases of the nervous, digestive, musculoskeletal, circulatory and skin diseases. The resort is located 45 km from Vladikavkaz on the outskirts of the city of Alagir in the valley of the Tamiskdon River. In addition to health resorts for children and adults, Tamisk has a balneotherapy clinic where you can undergo procedures on an outpatient basis.

Each of them has its own specialization and a different composition of mineral waters from others. Also, all resorts use therapeutic mud from Lake Tambukan located near Pyatigorsk.

In addition to mineral waters and mud, the most important healing factor in these places is the climate: mostly resorts are located in valleys protected by peaks, in which special conditions have formed. There are health paths in the mountains - special paths, walking along which, thanks to changes in altitude and ascents, helps with treatment.

There are several springs and health resorts in the city of Mineralnye Vody, which is called the “gateway” of this region, because it is there that the only international airport in the Caucasian Mineralnye Vody and a large railway junction are located.

Balneological resorts of Tatarstan

The healing properties of Shifaly Su water were discovered back in the 19th century, and at the beginning of the 20th century, in a picturesque place on the high bank of the Kama River, next to the source, it was decided to build a resort. These days at the resort Izhminvody, located 250 km from Kazan and 60 km from Naberezhnye Chelny, using chloride-sulfate magnesium-calcium-sodium waters, similar in composition to the waters of the French resort of Vichy, treat diseases of the endocrine and genitourinary systems, digestive organs, metabolic disorders and disorders nutrition.

Balneological resorts of the Tver region

145 km from Tver there is an ancient city where sulfate sodium-calcium-magnesium mineral waters are extracted.

Balneological resorts of Tuva (Tuva)

Ush-Beldir- a renovated balneological resort in the republic almost on the border with Mongolia. It was founded in the 30s, but after perestroika it fell into disrepair and was actually rebuilt about ten years ago. The main healing factor of this resort is low-mineralized waters, which help with diseases of the circulatory system, musculoskeletal, endocrine, genitourinary and nervous systems, and skin diseases. Balneological procedures are usually combined with herbal medicine. In their free time from procedures, vacationers flock to fishing, because Ush-Beldir is located at the confluence of three rivers rich in fish. Rest and treatment await you far from civilization: you can only get to Ush-Beldir by plane from Kyzyl, the distance from the capital of the republic to this city is 360 km.

Balneological resorts of the Tula region

A hundred kilometers from Tula and 70 km from Kaluga, on the left bank of the Cherepet River, is one of the oldest Russian resorts - Krainka. Initially, appearing in the middle of the 19th century, it was called Likhvinsky Mineral Waters. The resort is considered multidisciplinary; local highly mineralized calcium sulfate waters are indicated for diseases of the digestive system, movement, peripheral nervous and endocrine systems. Also at this resort you can take treatments with medicinal peat mud. Treatment in Krainka can be combined with a cultural program: the most popular excursion from this resort is to Optina Pustyn, which is only 70 km away.

Balneological resorts of the Tyumen region

Sodium chloride thermal waters made the balneological resort famous Taraskul, located 33 km from. It was built on the shore of Lake Maly Taraskul to help people with diseases of the digestive system, endocrine system, metabolic and nutritional disorders. Sulfide-silt mud from the lake is also used for procedures. Takaskul is also considered a climatic resort: in summer, vacationers are recommended to take air and sun baths, and in winter they are recommended aeroionotherapy.

Balneological resorts of the Ulyanovsk region

Thanks to the deposit of mineral waters with a high content of organic substances, a resort appeared in the Ulyanovsk region, 42 km from Ulyanovsk Undors, intended for people with diseases of the genitourinary and endocrine systems and metabolic disorders. For the procedures, three types of mineral waters are used, as well as peat mud and Kimmerizh Undorov blue clay. Vacationers in this place can not only take treatments in local health resorts, but also breathe fresh air and admire the endless expanses of the Kuibyshev Reservoir, indistinguishable from the sea.

Balneological resorts of the Khabarovsk Territory

Health resorts at the resort Kuldur, which is located 135 km from Birobidzhan and 320 km from Khabarovsk, accepts vacationers with diseases of the circulatory system, musculoskeletal, nervous, endocrine, genitourinary systems, skin diseases, especially psoriasis and eczema. Low-mineralized nitrogen, siliceous, bicarbonate-chloride sodium thermal waters help in treatment. One of the wells also produces radon water, thanks to which it became possible to open a radon clinic at the resort.

Balneological resorts of Khakassia

Resort Lake Shira was created on the lake of the same name after its highly mineralized water and healthy silt mud, rich in calcium sulfate salts, were recognized as suitable for external balneological procedures, and wells were drilled nearby and drinking mineral water began to be extracted from a depth of 100 meters. The resort is located 175 km from the capital of the republic, Abakan. Lake Shira welcomes vacationers with diseases of the digestive, respiratory, endocrine, genitourinary, musculoskeletal and nervous systems; vacationers are also offered courses of spa treatments. While undergoing treatment at this resort, you can take long walks and admire the beauty of the Khakassian steppes, swim in the lake in the summer and sunbathe on pebble and sandy beaches.

Balneological resorts of the Chelyabinsk region

At the resort Uvildy, located on the shore of the lake of the same name, 80 km from, high-radon, low-mineralized waters and soft sapropel mud, suitable for treating children and the elderly, are used for procedures. The resort is ready to help people with diseases of the circulatory system, nervous, musculoskeletal, endocrine systems, digestive organs, eating disorders and metabolic disorders, and skin ailments. While relaxing in Uvildy in summer you can swim in the lake and rent catamarans, and in winter skiing along specially laid tracks.

Resortology is the science of natural healing factors, their effects on the body and methods of use for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes. Main sections of balneology:

1. Balneology is a branch of balneology that studies medicinal mineral waters, their origin, physical and chemical properties, their effect on the human body in various diseases, developing indications for their use in resorts and in non-resort conditions.
2. Balneotherapy - methods of treatment, prevention and restoration of impaired body functions with natural and artificially prepared waters at resorts and in non-resort conditions.
3. Mud therapy is a method of treatment and prevention of body diseases using peloids, i.e., therapeutic mud of various origins, at resorts in non-resort conditions.
4. Climatotherapy is a set of methods for treating and preventing diseases of the body using dosed exposure to climatic and weather factors and special climatic procedures on the human body.
5. Resortography - a description of the location and natural conditions of resorts and resort areas with a description of their therapeutic factors, balneotherapeutic, climatotherapeutic and other conditions.

A resort is a territory that has natural factors and the necessary conditions for their use for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes.

The following requirements apply to resorts:

1. The presence of natural healing factors that ensure the normal functioning of the resort.
2. Necessary technical devices and buildings for the rational use of resort factors (swimming pools, mud baths, beaches, etc.)
3. Specially prepared premises for treatment and housing (sanatoriums, rest homes).
4. Availability of medical and preventive institutions providing medical care for patients and vacationers.
5. Availability of health facilities, sports facilities and playgrounds.
6. Availability of public institutions, catering establishments, trade and consumer services, cultural and educational institutions.
7. Convenient entrances and means of communication.
8. Landscaped territory, engineering and technical structures providing electricity, water supply, and sewerage.

There are 4 types of resorts in the world:

1. Balneological - a type of resort where mineral waters are used as the main healing factors (for external and internal use).
2. Mud resort - a type of resort where therapeutic mud is used as the main healing factors.
3. Climatic - a type of resort where climate is the main healing factor. Forest, mountain, seaside, climatic and therapeutic.
4. Transitional - several natural healing factors are used at once.

At the balneological resort, natural mineral waters are used as the main healing factor. They are recommended for external (bath) and internal (inhalation, drinking, etc.) consumption. Among the patients coming to balneological resorts are mainly people with diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, cardiovascular and nervous systems, respiratory tract and musculoskeletal system. Treatment at these resorts gives results comparable to the effects of conventional medications, but it eliminates the side effects that are inevitable when taking medications, lengthens the period of remission, and reduces the likelihood of subsequent exacerbations and their intensity.

Medical and health tourism has a number of distinctive features. Firstly, your stay at the resort, regardless of the type of illness or disease, must be long, at least three weeks. Only in this case the desired healing effect is achieved. Secondly, treatment at resorts is expensive. Although relatively cheap tours have recently begun to be developed, this type of tourism is designed mainly for wealthy clients who are increasingly focused not on a standard set of medical services, but on an individual treatment program. Another feature is that people of the older age group go to resorts when chronic diseases worsen or their weakening body is unable to cope with everyday stress at work and at home. Accordingly, these tourists choose between resorts that specialize in the treatment of a specific disease, and mixed-type resorts that have a general strengthening effect on the body and help restore strength.

Your stay at the sanatorium can be divided into three stages:

- the initial period (adaptation), in which a gentle regimen is applied and treatment procedures are not yet prescribed in full; this period coincides with the additional examination of the patient and usually does not exceed 2-3 days.
- the main treatment period, during which the treatment complex is implemented (on average 20 days).
- the final period (2-3 days), when a gentle regime is reintroduced and patients rest after completing the treatment cycle. [Babkin]

Recently, the health tourism market has been undergoing changes. Traditional sanatorium resorts are no longer a place of treatment and recreation for the elderly, but will be replaced by multifunctional health centers designed for a wide range of consumers.

Modern transformations of resort centers are due to two circumstances. First of all, a change in the nature of demand for medical and health services. A healthy lifestyle is becoming fashionable, and all over the world there is a growing number of people who want to maintain good physical shape and need restorative anti-stress programs. These are mostly middle-aged people who prefer active recreation and are often pressed for time. According to many experts, type consumers will be the main clients of sanatorium resorts and a guarantee of the prosperity of medical and health tourism in the 21st century.

Medical and health tourism. Medical and health tourism. Development, types, features of medical and health tourism. Balneological resorts of the Samara region

European resorts for medical tourism

Austria

Germany

France

Italy

Czech

Hungary

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